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Статті в журналах з теми "Plant growth regulators"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 29 липня 2024

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1

Carvalho, Deived Uilian de, Maria Aparecida da Cruz, Elisete Aparecida Fernandes Osipi, Conceição Aparecida Cossa, Ronan Carlos Colombo, and Maria Aparecida Fonseca Sorace. "PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON ATEMOYA SEEDS GERMINATION." Nucleus 15, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3738/1982.2278.2832.

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2

Sakri, Faisal Abdulkadir, Noori Hassan Ghafor, and Hoshiar Abdula Aziz. "Effect of Some Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield Component of Wheat – Plants CV. Bakrajo." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2002): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10100.

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3

Végvári, György, and Edina Vidéki. "Plant hormones, plant growth regulators." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 26 (June 2014): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29939.

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Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.

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4

Gubiš, J., Z. Lajchová, L. Klčová, and Z. Jureková. "Influence of growth regulators on plant regeneration in tomato." Horticultural Science 32, No. 3 (November 23, 2011): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3777-hortsci.

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We studied the effect of different plant growth regulators on in vitro regeneration and plant growth of three cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) from explants derived from hypocotyls and cotyledons of aseptically grown seedlings. The regeneration capacity was significantly influenced by cultivar and explant type. The highest number of shoots regenerated in both types of explants was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/dm<sup>3</sup> zeatin and 0.1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup> IAA. The cultivar UC 82 showed the best regeneration capacity on all types of used media. The most responsive explants were hypocotyls with 90–92% regeneration in dependence on the used cultivars and mean production from 0.18 to 0.38 shoots per explant.  

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5

Shaw, Sabrina L., Eddie B. Williams, and William F. Hayslett. "303 Effect of Growth Regulators on the Growth and Performance of Celosia plumosus." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 494F—495. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.494f.

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Seedlings of Celosia plumosus `New Look', a new variety, were evaluated for their response to the recommended rates of three different plant growth regulators commonly used by growers. The plant growth regulators were B-nine, paclobutrazol, and uniconizole. These plant growth regulators were applied at the rate recommended by the manufacturer for this species. Group I, the control, was not treated with a plant growth regulator, but was sprayed with water at the same time the other treatments were applied. Plants were grown in 5-inch plastic pots in the greenhouse. Plant height was recorded before treatment and once weekly thereafter for the duration of the experiment. Upon termination of the experiment, plant top fresh weight and top dry weight were measured. Results showed that at the recommended rate for all three plant growth regulators, there were no significant difference in height or weight between the plant growth regulator-treated groups of plants or the control group. The only observable difference noted was in leaf coloration of the plants treated with plant growth regulators.

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6

Murti, G. S. R., and K. K. Upreti. "Plant Growth Regulators in Water Stress Tolerance." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v2i2.611.

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The present review provides an insight into the relationship between plant growth regulators and water stress with emphasis on metabolic events that regulate growth regulator balance and physiological responses. Possible mechanisms by which ABA controls stomatal function and growth under stress, and interacts with proteins and important osmo-protectants, have been discussed. ABA involvement in signal transduction and root-shoot communication through its effects on gene and gene products is also included. A brief description of involvement of other growth regulators such as cytokinins, ethylene, polyamines and brasssinosteroids in water stress tolerance is also provided. Salient achievements in exploiting the potential of growth regulators in the resistance to water stress in some horticultural crops are also given. Gaps in existing information on plant growth regulator research in water stress tolerance have been summarized.

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7

Geetha, T., and N. Murugan. "Plant Growth Regulators in Mulberry." Annual Research & Review in Biology 13, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2017/29637.

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8

Wu, Jing, and Hirokazu Kawagishi. "Plant growth regulators from mushrooms." Journal of Antibiotics 73, no. 10 (July 20, 2020): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41429-020-0352-z.

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9

Cowan, A. Keith. "Phospholipids as Plant Growth Regulators." Plant Growth Regulation 48, no. 2 (February 2006): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-5481-7.

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10

Bulak, P., A. Walkiewicz, and M. Brzezinska. "Plant growth regulators-assisted phytoextraction." Biologia plantarum 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-013-0382-5.

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11

Ranade, Suiata, and S. B. David. "Quinones as plant growth regulators." Plant Growth Regulation 3, no. 1 (1985): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00123541.

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12

Klämbt, D. "Oligopeptides as plant growth regulators." Biologia Plantarum 27, no. 2-3 (March 1985): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02902161.

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13

Vashi, Jal D. "Plant Hormones- Natural Growth Regulators." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 45, no. 11 (October 28, 2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2023/v45i112232.

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Plant hormones are compounds that can regulate the overall growth and development of plants and have a great influence throughout the lifecycle of plants. Various hormones act on the plant at different points of time depending on the vegetative or reproductive state of the plant. The effects of hormones on plants are quite complex to understand and a single plant hormone can have multiple effects on the growth and development of plants. They can help to regulate the homeostasis of plants under stress from both biotic and abiotic factors. Plant hormones have a very complex mode of interaction among themselves and how they influence plant development. There has always been more research done on understanding the individual plant hormone and their mechanism. More recent work focuses on complex problems like how different hormones work together to regulate the growth of plants. This mini-review article will focus on the five main hormones, their role in the growth and development of plants and their commercial uses in modern agriculture.

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14

Karneta, Railia, Nurlaili Fitri Gultom, Dewi Meidalima, and Nyimas Manisah. "Growth and Yield Response of Arumba (Zea mays L. Ceratina) Glutinous Corn Varieties Toward Ameliorants and Growth Regulators on Peatland." BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24233/biov.8.1.2022.247.

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Planting glutinous corn on peatland must be treated using ameliorant ingredients of manure fermented with EM4 and growth regulators. Ameliorated peatland can accelerate the supply of organic and mineral compounds which is easily absorbed by plants so that production can be optimized. This study aims to see the response of ameliorant ingredients and growth regulators on the growth and production of glutinous corn of Arumba (Zea mays L. Ceratina) variety on peatland. This study used a randomized block design (RAK) in factorial consisting of two factors, and three replications. The first factor was the ameliorant material (A), namely A0 = without ameliorant (control), A1 = cow manure fermented with EM4, A2 = chicken manure fermented with EM4, A3 = goat manure fermented with EM4 and he second factor is the type of Growth Regulatory Substance (ZPT), namely Z0 = without ZPT (control), Z1 = Superior Plant Hormone Growth Regulator (Ghost), Z2 = Harmonic Growth Regulatory Substance, Z3 = Atonic Growth Regulator Substance. The variables observed included plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), weight of wet bean (g), weight of ear (g), length of ear (cm) diameter of ear (cm). The results showed that the ameliorant material from chicken manure fermented with EM4 and the use of superior plant hormone growth regulators (phantoms) provide optimal growth and production of glutinous corn because it corresponds to the description of glutinous corn of the Arumba variety, and is the best treatment.

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15

Davies, W. J., J. Metcalfe, T. A. Lodge, and A. R. da Costa. "Plant Growth Substances and the Regulation of Growth Under Drought." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 1 (1986): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860105.

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This paper reviews briefly the effects of water deficits on the synthesis and distribution of plant growth regulators with some emphasis on genotypic variation in synthesis. The effects of abscisic acid on growth and development are also considered and interactions between growth regulators are highlighted. One possible role for a growth regulator in providing a mechanism to regulate physiology, growth and development as a function of water availability is discussed in detail. It is proposed that reduction in root tip turgor will reduce the synthesis and transport of cytokinins in the root tip and that this reduced transport, perhaps combined with drought-induced reduced uptake of nutrients from the soil, will influence the physiology of the shoot independently from any hydraulic influence.

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16

Tsygankova, VA, YaV Andrusevich, NM Vasylenko, VM Kopich, RM Solomyannyi, SV Popilnichenko, OP Kozachenko, SG Pilyo, and VS Brovarets. "The Use of Thioxopyrimidine Derivatives as New Regulators of Growth and Photosynthesis of Barley." Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 8, no. 2 (July 2, 2024): 090–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001139.

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New synthetic compounds - thioxopyrimidine derivatives as regulators of vegetative growth and photosynthesis of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Acordine were studied. The growth-regulatory effect of new synthetic compounds, thioxopyrimidine derivatives, used in a concentration of 10-6M, was compared with the growth-regulatory effect of a plant hormone auxin IAA (1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid) or synthetic plant growth regulators, derivatives of sodium and potassium salts of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur, Kamethur), N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine (Ivin), used in a similar concentration of 10-6M. The conducted study showed the similarity of the growth-regulatory effects of synthetic compounds, thioxopyrimidine derivatives, the plant hormone auxin IAA, and synthetic plant growth regulators Methyur, Kamethur, and Ivin. Morphometric parameters (average length of shoots (mm), average length of roots (mm), and average biomass of 10 plants (g)) and biochemical parameters (content of photosynthetic pigments chlorophylls a, b, a+b and carotenoids (µg/ml)) of barley plants treated with the plant hormone auxin IAA or synthetic plant growth regulators Methyur, Kamethur, Ivin or thioxopyrimidine derivatives were increased after 4 weeks compared to control plants. The dependence of the growth-regulatory effect of synthetic compounds, thioxopyrimidine derivatives on their chemical structure was analyzed. The use of the synthetic plant growth regulators, derivatives of sodium salt of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur), potassium salt of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Kamethur), N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine (Ivin) and selected most active synthetic compounds, thioxopyrimidine derivatives for regulating the growth and photosynthesis of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Acordine is proposed.

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17

Fry, Jack D. "Centipedegrass Response to Plant Growth Regulators." HortScience 26, no. 1 (January 1991): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.1.40.

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A field study was conducted in southern Louisiana to screen several plant growth regulators (PGRs) for efficacy in suppressing centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] vegetative growth and seedhead production. PGRs were applied in three sequential treatments in 1988 and included ethephon, glyphosate, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, sethoxydim, and sulfometuron methyl. Ethephon (5.0 kg·ha-1) suppressed mean centipedegrass vegetative growth by 15% with no turf injury. Mefluidide (0.6 kg·ha-1) and ethephon reduced mean seedhead number by 55% and 61%, respectively. Glyphosate (0.6 kg·ha-1) suppressed vegetative and reproductive growth, but caused unacceptable phytotoxicity and reduced centipedegrass cover and quality during Spring 1989. Use of ethephon or mefluidide to reduce trimming requirements or mower operation in hazardous areas may be an effective means of inhibiting centipedegrass growth. Chemical names used: N -(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate); N -[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluromethyl) sulfonyl]amino] phenyl]acetimide (mefluidide); 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl] -5[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cycIohexen-l-one (sethoxy-dim); 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2 -pyrimidinyl) amino] carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl]benzoic acid (sulfometuron methyl); (2-chloroethyl) phosphoric acid (ethephon); (±)-(R*R*)β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl) -1 H -l,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

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18

Kreuser, W. C., J. R. Young, and M. D. Richardson. "Modeling Performance of Plant Growth Regulators." Agricultural & Environmental Letters 2, no. 1 (January 2017): 170001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/ael2017.01.0001.

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19

Brunoni, Federica, Jesús Mª Vielba, and Conchi Sánchez. "Plant Growth Regulators in Tree Rooting." Plants 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11060805.

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20

K. Singh, Saurabh, Ashvin A. Bhople, Paresh P. Kullarkar, Nikhil Bhople, and Ajay Jumale. "Plant Growth Regulators and Strawberry Production." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 08 (August 10, 2018): 2413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.243.

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21

Kitahara, Takeshi, and Koji Matsumura. "Synthesis of Brevicompanines, Plant Growth Regulators." HETEROCYCLES 54, no. 2 (2001): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-00-s(i)51.

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22

Krug, Brian A., Brian E. Whipker, Ingram McCall, and John M. Dole. "Narcissus Response to Plant Growth Regulators." HortTechnology 16, no. 1 (January 2006): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.1.0129.

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Three experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on `Tete a Tete', `Dutch Master', and `Sweetness' narcissus (Narcissus pseudonarcissus). Ethephon foliar sprays (500 to 2500 mg·L-1) and substrate drenches of flurprimidol and paclobutrazol (0.25 to 4 mg/pot a.i.) did not control height during greenhouse forcing of `Tete a Tete' at any concentration trialed. Stem stretch was controlled during postharvest evaluation with ethephon foliar sprays ≥1000 mg·L-1, flurprimidol substrate drenches ≥0.5 mg/pot a.i., and paclobutrazol substrate drenches of 4 mg/pot a.i. A second experiment investigated preplant bulb soaks of flurprimidol (10 to 40 mg·L-1) applied to `Dutch Master' and `Tete a Tete' narcissus bulbs. Flurprimidol preplant bulb soaks controlled postharvest stretch on `Tete a Tete' and `Dutch Master' at concentrations ≥15 and ≥10 mg·L-1, respectively. A third experiment was conducted with paclobutrazol (75 to 375 mg·L-1) on `Tete a Tete' and `Dutch Master' and three concentrations of flurprimidol on `Sweetness' to determine optimal soak recommendations. Paclobutrazol preplant bulb soaks ≥75 mg·L-1 controlled postharvest stretch of `Tete a Tete' and `Dutch Master', while 37.5 mg·L-1 of flurprimidol controlled postharvest stretch of `Sweetness'. Based on the results of these experiments, growers can now select a PGR to help control excessive plant growth.

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23

Eberle, Joachim, Angelika Arnscheidt, Dieter Klix, and Elmar W. Weiler. "Monoclonal Antibodies to Plant Growth Regulators." Plant Physiology 81, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.2.516.

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24

Cutler, Horace G., and John M. Wells. "Unusual plant‐growth regulators from microorganisms." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 6, no. 4 (January 1988): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352688809382254.

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25

Baltas, M., M. Benbakkar, L. Gorrichon, and C. Zedde. "Plant growth regulators G1, G2, G3." Journal of Chromatography A 600, no. 2 (May 1992): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)85566-c.

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26

W. R. Al-Karawi1, Ali, and Jassim M. A. Al-Jumaily2. "STUDY OF SOME GROWTH CRITERIA AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN CROP WITH THE EFFECT OF BORON AND SOME GROWTH REGULATORS." iraq journal of market research and consumer protection 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28936/jmracpc14.1.2022.(15).

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The study was conducted at research station A, department of field crops, college of agricultural engineering sciences, university of Baghdad during summer 2021 to evaluate the effect of boron and some growth regulators on some growth criteria and yield of soybean crop (cv. shimaa). The experiment was carried out according to split plots by using randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included three concentrations of boron (75, 150 and 225) mg.L-1, the sub-plots included three levels of growth regulators, spraying kinetin (100 mg. L-1), spraying ethrel (200 mg.L-1) and spraying kinetin (100 mg.L-1) + spraying ethrel (200 mg.L-1) as well as spraying of distilled water as control treatment. The findings revealed that the spraying of ethrel at 200 mg.L-1 gave the lower means of plant height (114.68 cm), and gave the higher means of No. of branches (5.60 branch. plant-1), leaf area (97.86 dcm2), plant dry weight (206.64 g plant-1) and this led to give higher means of seed yield (2.715 ton. ha-1), while the concentrations of growth regulators did not significantly affect the leaf area index. Boron concentrations affected most of studied traits, 150 mg.L-1 of boron effect on most of traits and gave higher means of plant height (143.93cm), No. of branches (6.21 branch plant-1), leaf area (111.53 dcm2 plant), leaf area index (7.47), plant dry weight (246.45 g), this led to give higher means of seed yield (3.071 ton.ha-1). Result showed that boron and some growth regulators interaction have a significant effect on some characteristics under study. It has achieved spray treatments Boron with 150 mg.L-1 and ethrel of 200 mg.L-1 gave the higher means of No. of branches (6.97 branch plant-1), leaf area (114.26 dcm2.plant), LAI (7.62), plant dry weight (265.24 g.plant-1).

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27

Gaspar, Thomas, Claire Kevers, Claude Penel, Hubert Greppin, David M. Reid, and Trevor A. Thorpe. "Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 32, no. 4 (October 1996): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02822700.

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28

Volobueva, O. G. "Legume plant yields using biopreparation and plant growth regulators." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1206, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1206/1/012027.

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Abstract The effect of the biopreparation Rizotorfin and growth regulators Albit, Kornevin, Epin-Extra on symbiotic activity and yield of the bean plant varieties Geliada and Shokoladnitsa was studied under field conditions. The nitrogenase activity was increased in Heliada bean plants after treatment of seeds with Epin-Extra against the increase of bacteroides area, amount and area of volutin and decrease of area and amount of poly-ß-oxybutyric acid (POM). The protective effect of Rizotorfin was evident in the variety Shokoladnitsa. The relationship between symbiotic nitrogen fixation and yield of bean plants of varieties Heliada and Shokoladnitsa was detected. The varietal responses of these plants to the use of Risotorfin and growth regulators have been identified. To increase the efficiency of legume-rhizobium symbiosis and plant productivity, the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a biopreparation based on nodule bacteria and growth regulators is recommended.

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29

Vamshi, Thammali, Rajni Rajan, Gundu Boina Gopichand Reddy, Tanya Singh, Keerthana Chundurwar, Akshay Kumar, and Rahul Rodge Ramprasad. "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators for Improvement of the Quality and Shelf Life of Kinnow (Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa): A Review." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 8 (June 9, 2023): 1111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82050.

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Анотація:

Plant growth regulator’s plays a very important role in Kinnow production. There are different type of PGR’s that includes GA3, NAA, CPPU and Ethyl which when applied on kinnow performs well and give good results such as high quality, yield and long shelf life of the fruit. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are well known for having a significant impact on fruit retention. Plant growth regulators are hormones that are involved in physiological functions, developmental aspect and have an impact on cell development and growth. They are cellular communication tools known as chemical messengers Also known by the name "plant hormones”. Plant growth regulators enhance fruit set, minimize fruit drop, and correct a variety of physiological functions to improve quality and productivity by improving the physiology of fruits. Gibberellins and auxin are frequently used to reduce fruit drop and enhance fruit quality. The primary role of plant growth regulators in the creation of Kinnow mandarins is the main subject of this review.

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30

Sulistyowati, Desty Dwi, and Wahyu Widiyono. "Application of potassium fertilizer and plant growth regulators to the growth and productivity of purple sweet potato." Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies 4, no. 2 (October 29, 2023): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/injast.v4i2.8966.

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The study aimed to determine the effect of plant growth regulators and potassium fertilizer on the growth and productivity of three clones of purple sweet potato. The experiment was conducted at IPB University experimental station in Leuwikopo Dramaga Bogor for seven months. The study used a split-plot design with three factors and three replications. The first factor was as a subplot, namely plant growth regulators (PGR) application which consisted of two levels of without PGR (S0) and with PGR (S1) concentration of 2 cc l-1 of water (2,000 ppm). The second factor was as a subplot, namely rates of potassium chloride fertilizer (60, 120, 180 kg ha-1 K2O). The third factor as the main plot was sweet potato clones of (K1) Ayamurasaki, (K2) RIS-03063-05, and (K3) MSU 03028-10. The concentration of 2,000 ppm PGR did not significantly affect growth and tuber yield components. Potassium chloride K2O of 60 kg ha-1 up to 180 kg ha-1 did not significantly affect growth and tuber yield components. MSU 03028-10 clone had the highest total tuber yield (1537.8), healthy tuber (1529.9), unmarketable tuber (740.3), and small tuber (709.0). MSU 03028-10 clones have the longest stem length and the largest number of leaves 3-12 WAP. This study indicates that the MSU 03028-10 clone produces better growth and productivity than other clones.

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31

Rademacher, Wilhelm. "Plant Growth Regulators: Backgrounds and Uses in Plant Production." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 34, no. 4 (October 13, 2015): 845–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00344-015-9541-6.

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32

Santner, Aaron, Luz Irina A. Calderon-Villalobos, and Mark Estelle. "Plant hormones are versatile chemical regulators of plant growth." Nature Chemical Biology 5, no. 5 (April 17, 2009): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.165.

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33

Sessa, Giovanna, Monica Carabelli, and Massimiliano Sassi. "The Ins and Outs of Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper/Hormone Networks in the Regulation of Plant Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11 (May 23, 2024): 5657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115657.

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The generation of complex plant architectures depends on the interactions among different molecular regulatory networks that control the growth of cells within tissues, ultimately shaping the final morphological features of each structure. The regulatory networks underlying tissue growth and overall plant shapes are composed of intricate webs of transcriptional regulators which synergize or compete to regulate the expression of downstream targets. Transcriptional regulation is intimately linked to phytohormone networks as transcription factors (TFs) might act as effectors or regulators of hormone signaling pathways, further enhancing the capacity and flexibility of molecular networks in shaping plant architectures. Here, we focus on homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) proteins, a class of plant-specific transcriptional regulators, and review their molecular connections with hormonal networks in different developmental contexts. We discuss how HD-ZIP proteins emerge as key regulators of hormone action in plants and further highlight the fundamental role that HD-ZIP/hormone networks play in the control of the body plan and plant growth.

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34

Khan, Naeem, Asghari M. D. Bano, and Ali Babar. "Impacts of plant growth promoters and plant growth regulators on rainfed agriculture." PLOS ONE 15, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): e0231426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231426.

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35

Fry, Jack D., and D. Wayne Wells. "Carpetgrass Seedhead Suppression with Plant Growth Regulators." HortScience 25, no. 10 (October 1990): 1257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.10.1257.

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Field studies were conducted in south Louisiana to identify plant growth regulators that suppress carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis Chase.) seedhead development. In an initial study, best results were obtained with sethoxydim (0.11 kg·ha-1) and sulfometuron methyl (0.6 kg·ha-1), which reduced seedhead development by 88% and 86%, respectively, compared to untreated plots 21 days after treatment. Sulfometuron methyl caused unacceptable carpetgrass injury, however. Evaluation of seven sethoxydim application levels between 0 and 0.34 kg a.i./ha showed that carpetgrass seedhead number and elongation rate declined with increasing sethoxydim amount [SEEDHEAD NUMBER (m-2) = 515 – 1340 (kg), R2 = 0.82; ELONGATION (cm) = 25.3 – 151 (kg) + 276 (kg2), R2 = 0.77]. Carpetgrass seedhead production was restricted up to 6 weeks after sethoxydim (0.17 and 0.22 kg·ha-1) application. Chemical names used: (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl)-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one) (seth-oxydim); (2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid) (sulfometuron methyl).

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36

Agudelo-Morales, Carlos E., Tulio A. Lerma, Jina M. Martínez, Manuel Palencia, and Enrique M. Combatt. "Phytohormones and Plant Growth Regulators - A Review." Journal of Science with Technological Applications 10 (May 2021): 27–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34294/j.jsta.21.10.66.

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37

YOSHIKAWA, Hiromichi, and Keiko DOI. "BenzaldehydeO-Alkyloximes as New Plant Growth Regulators." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 62, no. 5 (January 1998): 996–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.62.996.

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38

Rademacher, W., and T. Bucci. "New Plant Growth Regulators: High Risk Investment?" HortTechnology 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.1.64.

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Worldwide, plant growth regulators (PGRs) account for only 3% to 4% of the total sales of plant protection agents. This limited market potential, the rising costs of development and registration, and the demand for high profitability have created major constraints to the introduction of new PGRs. Conversely, PGRs have become an integral part of agricultural and horticultural practices and one might assume that the market is sufficiently lucrative to those companies active in this area. In the past decade, at least seven new PGR products have been introduced. In many cases, reduced requirements for registration have lowered the financial risks relative to expected profits.

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39

Osborne, Daphne J. "Book review: Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 3 (September 1987): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600326.

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40

Márquez-López, Ruth E., Ana O. Quintana-Escobar, and Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas. "Cytokinins, the Cinderella of plant growth regulators." Phytochemistry Reviews 18, no. 6 (November 28, 2019): 1387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09656-6.

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41

Iacobellis, N. S., A. Evidente, and G. Surico. "Isolation of plant growth regulators fromPseudomonas amygdali." Experientia 44, no. 1 (January 1988): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01960252.

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42

RAJALA, A. "Plant growth regulators to manipulate oat stands." Agricultural and Food Science 13, no. 1-2 (December 4, 2008): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/1239099041838058.

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Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are exogenously applied chemicals that alter plant metabolism, cell division, cell enlargement, growth and development by regulating plant hormones or other biological signals. For example, some PGRs regulate stem elongation by inhibiting biosynthesis of gibberellins or through releasing ethylene. PGR effects are widely studied and reported on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), whereas there are only a few reports addressing oat (Avena sativa L.). This is likely to be a result of smaller acreage and lower intensity of oat management and production and hence a reduced need for stem shortening by PGRs. However, this is not the case for all cereal producing regions and there exists a need to understand the potential application of PGRs to oat production. This paper represents a review of the potential of PGRs to regulate stem elongation and other biological traits governing plant stand structure and yield components, with special emphasis on oat and its responses to PGRs. Yield improvement requires more heads per unit land area, more grains per head or heavier grains. Of these yield-determining parameters, the number of head bearing tillers and grain numbers per head, compared with grain weight, are more likely to be improved by PGR application. In the absence of lodging, PGR may reduce grain yield due to potential reduction in mean grain weight and/or grain number. Cultivation systems aiming at extensive yields with intensive use of inputs likely benefit from PGR applications more often compared with low or moderate input cultivation, for which cost effectiveness of PGRs is not frequently reached.;

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43

Napier, Richard M., and Michael A. Venis. "Receptors for plant growth regulators: Recent advances." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 9, no. 1-4 (December 1990): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02041950.

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44

Çavuşoğlu, K., S. Kılıç, and K. Kabar. "Effects of some plant growth regulators on stem anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline (NaCl) conditions." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 10 (October 24, 2008): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/405-pse.

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In this work, effects of gibberellic acid, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), triacontanol, 24-epibrassinolide and polyamine (cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine) pretreatments on the stem anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline conditions were studied. Salt stress decreased the stem diameter, epidermis cell size, cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width, cambium thickness, xylem width, trachea diameter and phloem width in the seedlings non-pretreated with the growth regulators, in comparison with the control seedlings grown in distilled water medium. In addition, it slightly increased the cuticle thickness. On the other hand, many of the growth regulator pretreatments more or less stimulated the stem diameter, epidermis cell width, cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width, xylem width, trachea diameter and phloem width in comparison with the control seedlings grown on saline medium. Moreover, they generally reduced the cuticle thickness, epidermis cell length and cambium thickness.

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45

Wang, Shi-Ying. "482 Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Plant Size, Branching, and Flowering in Petunia × hybrida." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 528B—528. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.528b.

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Five Wave™ petunias, i.e., `Purple Wave™', `Pink Wave™', `Misty Lilac Wave™', and `Rose Wave™', and two hedgaflora petunias, i.e., `Dramatica Cherry™', and `Dramatica Hot Pink™', were investigated to determine the effects of plant growth regulators on plant size, branching, and flowering. Plant regulator treatments consisted of daminozide (B-Nine) spray two times at 7500 ppm, Paclobutrazol (Bonzi) spray two times at 30 ppm, paclobutrazol drench at 5 ppm, paclobutrazol drench at 5 ppm plus spray at 30 ppm, and ethephone (Florel) spray two times at 500 ppm. Plant diameter and central stem height were controlled effectively through daminozide spray and paclobutrazol drench. Plant branching was promoted by ethephone and daminozide. However, time to flowering was delayed significantly in the ethephone treatment. The size of the first flower responded to plant growth regulators negatively. The different responses to growth regulators among different types of petunias and different varieties in the same petunia type will be discussed based on the current trial and other separated experiments.

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46

B. Gujar, Shivani, Aparna G. Pathade, and Girish R. Pathade. "The Plant Growth Regulators: Advances, their applications and Potential Uses in Agriculture – A Review." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, Suppl (2024): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i02s.057.

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Plant growth regulators (PGRs) or plant hormones are the chemical species that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of various parts of plant. PGRs called biostimulats or bioinhibitors, act inside plant cells to stimulate or inhibit specific enzymes or enzymes systems and help regulate plant metabolism. To study on this review is the brief introduction and applications of various plant growth regulators including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids and jasmonates, triacontanol, triazoles and polyamines. Several novel plant growth regulators discovered in the recent past includes compounds like Melatonin, Serotonin, Strigolactone, Harzianolide and Karrikins. This review presents a Recent Advances in Use of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs), the Plant growth regulators (PGRs) and their applications and Novel Plant Growth Regulators and their Potential Uses in Agriculture.

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47

Ram, Masina Sai, Sagar Maitra, and Tanmoy Shankar. "Effect of plant growth regulators on crop production." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/775-782.

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Plant growth regulators are the naturally extracted or synthesised compounds which are used in smaller quantity to modify the hormonal activity in agricultural and horticultural crops. Though there effect was not totally revealed there was some significant works carried out to know the effect of growth regulators on agronomic crops they are now using in wide range of crops to alter different parameters such as plant height, canopy development, effective branching, flower imitation and improving yield. They also play a key role in dryland farming as some of the plant growth regulators are used in stress tolerance of the crops. Few research works are carried to know the effect of major plant growth regulators on cereals and pulses. The plant growth regulators like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and ethephon are the majorly used plant growth regulators in cereals and pulses to obtain optimum plant growth and to improve the yields.

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48

Silva, Dayane Mércia Ribeiro, Isabelly Cristina da Silva Marques, Beatriz Lívero Carvalho, Eduardo Santana Aires, Francisco Gilvan Borges Ferreira Freitas Júnior, Fernanda Nery Vargens, Vinicius Alexandre Ávila dos Santos, et al. "Application of Plant Growth Regulators Mitigates Water Stress in Basil." Horticulturae 10, no. 7 (July 11, 2024): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070729.

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Abiotic stresses, such as water limitation, are significant limiting factors in basil production. One alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of this stress on plants is using plant growth regulators. This study’s objective is to evaluate different doses of plant regulators in basil under water deficiency conditions. A randomized block experimental design in a factorial scheme with two factors was used: the first factor referred to the water regimes of 50% and 100% stomatal conductance, the second to different doses of the plant regulator mixture: 0 mL L−1 (control), 3 mL L−1, 6 mL L−1, 9 mL L−1, and 12 mL L−1. Each treatment consisted of 12 pots per repetition. Biometric parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and gas exchange were analyzed. The plant regulator positively influenced basil plants under water deficiency, with the most pronounced effects observed at the 12 mL L−1 dose: a 17% increase in the number of leaves, a fourfold increase in CO2 assimilation and carboxylation efficiency, and a sevenfold increase in water use efficiency. Therefore, the application of plant regulators on basil is recommended to mitigate the negative effects of water stress, with the most significant results observed at a dose of 12 mL L−1.

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49

Amoanimaa-Dede, Hanna, Chuntao Su, Akwasi Yeboah, Hang Zhou, Dianfeng Zheng, and Hongbo Zhu. "Growth regulators promote soybean productivity: a review." PeerJ 10 (March 4, 2022): e12556. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12556.

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is a predominant edible plant and a major supply of plant protein worldwide. Global demand for soybean keeps increasing as its seeds provide essential proteins, oil, and nutraceuticals. In a quest to meet heightened demands for soybean, it has become essential to introduce agro-technical methods that promote adaptability to complex environments, improve soybean resistance to abiotic stress , and increase productivity. Plant growth regulators are mainly exploited to achieve this due to their crucial roles in plant growth and development. Increasing research suggests the influence of plant growth regulators on soybean growth and development, yield, quality, and abiotic stress responses. In an attempt to expatiate on the topic, current knowledge, and possible applications of plant growth regulators that improve growth and yield have been reviewed and discussed. Notably, the application of plant growth regulators in their appropriate concentrations at suitable growth periods relieves abiotic stress thereby increasing the yield and yield components of soybean. Moreover, the regulation effects of different growth regulators on the morphology, physiology, and yield quality of soybean are discoursed in detail.

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50

GONIAS, E. D., D. M. OOSTERHUIS, and A. C. BIBI. "Cotton radiation use efficiency response to plant growth regulators." Journal of Agricultural Science 150, no. 5 (October 2012): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000803.

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SUMMARYPlant growth regulators are widely used in cotton production to improve crop management. Previous research has demonstrated changes in crop growth, dry matter (DM) partitioning and lint yield of cotton after the application of plant growth regulators. However, no reports are available demonstrating the effect of plant growth regulators on light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Field studies were conducted in Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA in 2006 and 2007. RUE was estimated for the period between the pinhead square stage (PHS) of growth and 3 weeks after first flower (FF+3) from plots receiving three applications of the nitrophenolate and mepiquat chloride with Bacillus cereus plant growth regulators (Chaperone™) at 7·19 g a.i./ha and Pix Plus® at 41·94 g a.i./ha compared with an untreated control. No differences between the Chaperone treatment and the untreated control were found in the present study. However, Pix Plus significantly reduced plant height (both 2006 and 2007) and leaf area (2007 only), and altered the canopy structure of the crop as recorded by increased values of canopy extinction coefficient. Although DM accumulation was found not to be affected by plant growth regulator treatments, RUE was significantly increased after Pix Plus application, by 33·2%. RUE was increased because less light was intercepted by the Pix Plus treatment for the same biomass production, and this is probably a result of changes in photosynthetic capacity of the leaves and changes in light distribution throughout the canopy.

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