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1
Grundy, Myriam M. L., Cathrina H. Edwards, Alan R. Mackie, Michael J. Gidley, Peter J. Butterworth, and Peter R. Ellis. "Re-evaluation of the mechanisms of dietary fibre and implications for macronutrient bioaccessibility, digestion and postprandial metabolism." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 5 (July 7, 2016): 816–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516002610.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe positive effects of dietary fibre on health are now widely recognised; however, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in producing such benefits remains unclear. There are even uncertainties about how dietary fibre in plant foods should be defined and analysed. This review attempts to clarify the confusion regarding the mechanisms of action of dietary fibre and deals with current knowledge on the wide variety of dietary fibre materials, comprising mainly of NSP that are not digested by enzymes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These non-digestible materials range from intact cell walls of plant tissues to individual polysaccharide solutions often used in mechanistic studies. We discuss how the structure and properties of fibre are affected during food processing and how this can impact on nutrient digestibility. Dietary fibre can have multiple effects on GI function, including GI transit time and increased digesta viscosity, thereby affecting flow and mixing behaviour. Moreover, cell wall encapsulation influences macronutrient digestibility through limited access to digestive enzymes and/or substrate and product release. Moreover, encapsulation of starch can limit the extent of gelatinisation during hydrothermal processing of plant foods. Emphasis is placed on the effects of diverse forms of fibre on rates and extents of starch and lipid digestion, and how it is important that a better understanding of such interactions with respect to the physiology and biochemistry of digestion is needed. In conclusion, we point to areas of further investigation that are expected to contribute to realisation of the full potential of dietary fibre on health and well-being of humans.
2
Terry, Stephanie A., Ajay Badhan, Yuxi Wang, Alexandre V. Chaves, and Tim A. McAllister. "Fibre digestion by rumen microbiota — a review of recent metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 99, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 678–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2019-0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant biomass is the most abundant renewable resource on the planet, and the biopolymers of lignocellulose are the foundation of ruminant production systems. Optimizing the saccharification of lignocellulosic feeds is a crucial step in their bioconversion to ruminant protein. Plant cell walls are chemically heterogeneous structures that have evolved to provide structural support and protection to the plant. Ruminants are the most efficient digesters of lignocellulose due to a rich array of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa within the rumen and lower digestive tract. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies have enhanced the current understanding of the composition, diversity, and function of the rumen microbiome. There is particular interest in identifying the carbohydrate-active enzymes responsible for the ruminal degradation of plant biomass. Understanding the roles of cellulosomes- and polysaccharide-utilising loci in ruminal fibre degradation could provide insight into strategies to enhance forage utilisation by ruminants. Despite advancements in “omics” technology, the majority of rumen microorganisms are still uncharacterised, and their ability to act synergistically is still not understood. By advancing our current knowledge of rumen fibre digestion, there may be opportunity to further improve the productive performance of ruminants fed forage diets.
3
Kesavelu, Dr Dhanasekhar, and Dr Nithya Franklyn. "Review on the role and recommendation for dietary fibers in Childhood constipation." International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention 8, no. 01 (January 27, 2021): 5214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v8i01.06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The plant material in the diet that is resistant to enzymatic digestion is defined as “dietary fibre”. The primary ingredients that are classified as dietary fibres are cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances, gums, mucilages and lignin etc. Dietary fibre naturally exist in foods that are consumed daily viz.,cereals, fruits, vegetables and nuts. The diets with high content of fibre have shown benefits in multiple areas and systems in maintaining a mileu’-interior. Processing of foods leads to various changes in physical, chemical, enzymatic and thermal treatments, which may affect the composition of total fiber present in the diet.Fibres included in the diet leads to various changes in the qualitative aspects of the food that is processed. Favourable outcomes have been reported in various commodities such as cereals,bread,yoghurt and beverages. The importance and the uses of fibres in diet is an area of constant interest which needs to be explored further and our paper reviews and explains the relation between dietary fibres and their benefits, primarily in children [1]
4
Illius, A. W., and I. J. Gordon. "Prediction of intake and digestion in ruminants by a model of rumen kinetics integrating animal size and plant characteristics." Journal of Agricultural Science 116, no. 1 (February 1991): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076255.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYSimulation modelling was used to investigate interactions between forage degradation characteristics, rumen processes and body weight, and to predict the voluntary food intake and digestion of a range of forages. Predicted voluntary intake and digestion agreed well with empirical data, explaining 61 and 70%, respectively, of variance in observed values. Since the data covered a wide range of animal weights and forage qualities, these results suggest that the model is a useful means of integrating the effects of animal and forage variables. Interactions were examined between animal weight and diet quality, as defined by the proportion of potentially digestible cell contents and cell walls and their rates of digestion. Retention time of food in the digestive tract was shown by regression to scale with W0·27. The time taken to comminute large fibre particles also scaled with W0·27. Longer retention of digesta by large ruminants increases digestive efficiency compared with small animals and would permit them to survive on lower-quality foods. The model showed that maximum intake of metabolizable energy scales with c. W0·87, greater than the scaling of maintenance with W0·73.
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K, Divyashree, Amar Sankar, R. C. Chandni, and A. V. Raghu. "DIETARY FIBER IMPORTANCE IN FOOD AND IMPACT ON HEALTH." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 4RAST (April 30, 2017): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i4rast.2017.3297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dietary fibre is a non-digestable part of plant material in the diet which is resistant to enzymatic digestion in humans which includes cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, pectic substances, gums, mucilages and a non-carbohydrate component lignin. The diet rich in fibre such as cereals, nuts, fruits and vegetables have a positive effect on health since their consumption has been related to decreased incidence of several diseases. Higher intakes of dietary fiber are linked to less cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, intestinal cancer, constipation, and other disorders that have serious adverse effects on the health of human beings and also higher intakes of fiber are linked to lower body weights. So improvement of diet with high fiber will help in maintaining good health when consumed in the required amount.
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Tokarčíková, Katarína, Klaudia Čobanová, Margaréta Takácsová, Marcin Barszcz, Marcin Taciak, Anna Tuśnio, and Ľubomíra Grešaková. "Trace Mineral Solubility and Digestibility in the Small Intestine of Piglets Are Affected by Zinc and Fibre Sources." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Findings that Zn and fibre source affected the nutrient apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), made us hypothesize that interactions could occur affecting the apparent digestibility of Zn and trace elements (TEs) interacting with Zn in the digestive tract. Therefore, the study investigated the effects of Zn and fibre sources on the apparent digestibility and solubility of TEs (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) and pH in the small intestinal segments of 40-days-old piglets. In vitro solubility of TEs was estimated using a simulated digestion assay. Feed supplementation with potato fibre (PF) affected the ATTD of all TEs and dry matter as well as mineral solubility in the ileum and/or jejunum without any effect on pH in the small intestine. Intake of PF enhanced Zn and Cu absorption (p < 0.01), but significantly decreased ATTD of Fe and Mn (p < 0.001). Diet supplementation with Zn glycinate decreased Zn absorption in the gut (p < 0.01) and affected the solubility of other TEs in the different digestion phases. Although in vitro solubility of TEs does not provide a good prediction of mineral bioaccessibility, using a combination of in vitro and in vivo methods can enable prediction of the trace mineral absorption.
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Badhan, Ajay, Yu-Xi Wang, Robert Gruninger, Donald Patton, Justin Powlowski, Adrian Tsang, and Tim A. McAllister. "Improvement in Saccharification Yield of Mixed Rumen Enzymes by Identification of Recalcitrant Cell Wall Constituents Using Enzyme Fingerprinting." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/562952.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Identification of recalcitrant factors that limit digestion of forages and the development of enzymatic approaches that improve hydrolysis could play a key role in improving the efficiency of meat and milk production in ruminants. Enzyme fingerprinting of barley silage fed to heifers and total tract indigestible fibre residue (TIFR) collected from feces was used to identify cell wall components resistant to total tract digestion. Enzyme fingerprinting results identified acetyl xylan esterases as key to the enhanced ruminal digestion. FTIR analysis also suggested cross-link cell wall polymers as principal components of indigested fiber residues in feces. Based on structural information from enzymatic fingerprinting and FTIR, enzyme pretreatment to enhance glucose yield from barley straw and alfalfa hay upon exposure to mixed rumen-enzymes was developed. Prehydrolysis effects of recombinant fungal fibrolytic hydrolases were analyzed using microassay in combination with statistical experimental design. Recombinant hemicellulases and auxiliary enzymes initiated degradation of plant structural polysaccharides upon application and improved thein vitrosaccharification of alfalfa and barley straw by mixed rumen enzymes. The validation results showed that microassay in combination with statistical experimental design can be successfully used to predict effective enzyme pretreatments that can enhance plant cell wall digestion by mixed rumen enzymes.
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Huhtanen, Pekka, and Aila Vanhatalo. "Ruminal and total plant cell-wall digestibility estimated by a combinedin situmethod utilizing mathematical models." British Journal of Nutrition 78, no. 4 (October 1997): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970176.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three ruminally and duodenally cannulated non-lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows were used to investigate ruminal and intestinal digestion of cell-wall carbohydrates by a combinedin situmethod. Five grasses cut at 10 d intervals were incubated in the rumen for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, and the undegraded residues were exposed to intestinal digestion. With advancing maturity of grass both the rate and extent of cell-wall digestion decreased. At early stages of growth the decreases were faster for the rate of digestion and at late stages of growth for the extent of digestion. Applying a passage rate of 0.02/h in one compartmental rumen model resulted in digestibility values markedly lower than typically observedin vivo.However, applying a rumen model incorporating a selective retention of particles and time-dependent release of particles from the non-escapable pool resulted in much higher digestibility values. Recovery of lignin after 96 h ruminal incubation with a subsequent mobile-bag incubation was very low (from 244 to 460 mg/g). Intestinal disappearance of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and hemicellulose decreased with advancing maturity of grass and with increasing length of preceding ruminal incubation period, i.e. with decreasing potential digestibility of the material. Disappearance of hemicellulose was much greater than that of cellulose for intact grasses but the difference diminished with increasing length of preceding rumen incubation period. On average, 195 mg/g of potentially digestible NDF disappeared from the mobile bags in the intestines. The post-ruminal digestion as a proportion of the total NDF digestibility varied between 0.034 and 0.058. Despite methodological problems both in ruminalin situand intestinal mobile bag techniques, these methods can be used to investigate ruminal and intestinal cell-wall digestion and to partition cell-wall digestibility between ruminal and post-ruminal digestion providing that appropriate rumen models are used.
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Cherbut, C. "Inulin and oligofructose in the dietary fibre concept." British Journal of Nutrition 87, S2 (May 2002): S159—S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002532.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dietary fibre consists of remnants of edible plant cell polysaccharides and associated substances resistant to hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes, which may benefit health through a wide range of physiological effects. Inulin and oligofructose are storage carbohydrates found in a number of vegetables, fruits and whole grains. They resist digestion and absorption in the stomach and small intestine of humans, as shown by their almost full recovery at the end of the ileum of healthy or ileostomised volunteers. Inulin and oligofructose thus enter into the large intestine where they are available to fermentation, as demonstrated by increased breath hydrogen. Fermentation of both substrates is complete and no residue is found in human stools. Inulin and oligofructose improve laxation. Their bulking capacity comprised between 1·2 and 2·1 g of stool per g of ingested substrate, results mainly from increases in microbial biomass in the colon. As water content of bacterial cells is high, stools are softer and easier to expulse. Stool frequency is thus increased, particularly in slightly constipated individuals. In addition, likely due to their fermentation properties, inulin and oligofructose also affect the intestinal epithelium (trophicity, mucin expression, etc.), that may strengthen mucosal protection and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. In summary, inulin and oligofructose are plant carbohydrates, resistant to digestion in the human small intestine and fermented by colonic bacteria. They exert several intestinal physiological effects contributing to maintenance of health. Therefore, inulin and oligofructose fit well within the current concept of dietary fibre.
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Vaz, Ana A., Isabel Odriozola-Serrano, Gemma Oms-Oliu, and Olga Martín-Belloso. "Physicochemical Properties and Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds of Dietary Fibre Concentrates from Vegetable By-Products." Foods 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172578.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The agro-food industry generates a large volume of by-products, whose revaluation is essential for the circular economy. From these by-products, dietary fibre concentrates (DFCs) can be obtained. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterise (a) the proximal composition by analysing soluble, insoluble and total Dietary Fibre (DF), (b) the physicochemical properties, and (c) the phenolic profile of artichoke, red pepper, carrot, and cucumber DFCs. In addition, the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds was also evaluated after in vitro gastrointestinal and colonic digestions. The results showed that the DFCs had more than 30 g/100 g dw. The water holding and retention capacity of the DFCs ranges from 9.4 to 18.7 g of water/g. Artichoke DFC presented high concentration of phenolic compounds (8340.7 mg/kg) compared to the red pepper (304.4 mg/kg), carrot (217.4 mg/kg) and cucumber DFCs (195.7 mg/kg). During in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, soluble phenolic compounds were released from the food matrix, chlorogenic acid, the principal compound in artichoke and carrot DFCs, and hesperetin-7-rutinoside in red pepper cucumber DFCs. Total phenolic content decreased after in vitro colonic digestion hence the chemical transformation of the phenolic compounds by gut microbiota. Based on the results, DFCs could be good functional ingredients to develop DF-enriched food, reducing food waste.
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Hoshino, Satoru, Satoru Seino, Takashi Funahashi, Tomonori Hoshino, Marcus Clauss, Ikki Matsuda, and Masato Yayota. "Apparent diet digestibility of captive colobines in relation to stomach types with special reference to fibre digestion." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): e0256548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256548.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colobine monkeys are known for the anatomical complexity of their stomachs, making them distinct within the primate order. Amongst foregut fermenters, they appear peculiar because of the occurrence of two different stomach types, having either three (‘tripartite’) or four (‘quadripartite’, adding the praesaccus) chambers. The functional differences between tri and quadripartite stomachs largely remain to be explained. In this study, we aim to compare the apparent digestibility (aD) in tripartite and quadripartite colobines. Hence, we measured the aD in two colobine species, Nasalis larvatus (quadripartite) and Trachypithecus cristatus (tripartite), in two zoos. We also included existing colobine literature data on the aD and analysed whether the aD of fibre components is different between the stomach types to test the hypothesis of whether quadripartite colobines show higher aD of fibre components than tripartite colobines did. Our captive N. larvatus specimen had a more distinctively varying nutrient intake across seasons with a larger seasonal variation in aD than that of a pair of T. cristatus, which mostly consumed commercial foods with a lower proportion of browse and less seasonal variation. We observed higher aD of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in the N. larvatus specimen, suggesting a higher gut capacity of N. larvatus provided by the additional praesaccus forestomach chamber. Based on the analysis of literature data for aD, we also found that quadripartite species achieved higher fibre digestibility at similar dietary fibre levels compared with tripartite species, supporting the hypothesis that the additional gut capacity offered by the praesaccus facilitates a longer retention and hence more thorough microbial fermentation of plant fibre.
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Butts, Christine A., John A. Monro, and Paul J. Moughan. "In vitrodetermination of dietary protein and amino acid digestibility for humans." British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (August 2012): S282—S287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development, refinement and validation ofin vitrodigestibility assays for dietary protein and amino acids for single stomached mammals are reviewed. The general principles ofin vitrodigestibility assays and their limitations are discussed.In vitroprotein digestibility assays must be accurate, rapid, cheap, simple, robust, adaptable and relevant to the processes of digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Simplein vitromethods have the potential to give useful measures ofin vivoamino acid and protein digestibility for humans.In vitromethods, including the complex multi-component models of digestion simulating the various physical and chemical processes, require independent validation within vivodata from the target species or an acceptable animal model using the most appropriatein vivomeasure of digestibility. For protein sources devoid of anti-nutritional factors or plant fibre, true ileal digestibility is the recommendedin vivobaseline, while for plant proteins the recommendedin vivoassay is real ileal digestibility. More published comparative studies are required to adequately validatein vitrodigestibility assays.
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Elliott, R., B. W. Norton, and C. W. Ford. "In vivocolonization of grass cell walls by rumen micro-organisms." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 2 (October 1985): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600056343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYCell wall preparations from stems of four mature grass species, pangola grass, setaria, sugar cane and barley straw were incubated in nylon bags in sheep fitted with rumen cannulae and fed chopped pangola grass at hourly intervals. After varying incubation times D.M. loss, and incorporation of35S into microbial cystine on the fibres, were measured. Pangola and barley straw were digested to a much greater extent (ca.48 and 44%) than sugar cane and setaria (ca.29 and 23% respectively) and digestion was still continuing after 60 h. With the exception of setaria, microbial colonization of the cell wall preparations peaked after 24 h incubation and then declined. In setaria only a small amount of [35S]cystine was measured, the level of which did not change appreciably after 18 h.After 24 h incubation, microbial colonization on pangola fibre was about three times that on barley straw and sugar cane. Only on pangola fibre did cystine accumulation, and its subsequent rapid decline, coincide with the development and detachment of fungal sporangia. There was no relationship between the extent of microbial colonization and D.M. loss from the fibres. Sulphur concentrations, both in the plant fibres and rumen fluid, could not explain the greater fungal growth on the pangola cell walls in preference to the other species.
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Cozzolino, D., A. La Manna, and D. Vaz Martins. "Prediction of ADF and NDF in faeces by NIRS to assess diet composition in grazing animals." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008280.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chemical analysis have been useful in characterising both nutrient content and digestibility of forages but less useful in predicting voluntary intake by animals (Ward et al., 1982). Faeces is the product of eroding and synthesising digestive processes and consists of residues of feed and plant tissue, component of microbial and animal origin, for this reasons faeces should contain information about the amount and characteristics of the diet. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used to predict quality characteristics in forages and several reports (Lyons and Stuth, 1992; Leite and Stuth, 1995, Coates, 1999) indicated that useful prediction of dietary digestibility in grazing ruminants using faecal NIRS analysis. It is assumed for different authors that rangeland herbivore faeces contains chemical bonds resulting from undigested residues and microbial fermentation and host animal digestion end products which can provide NIRS spectral information highly correlated with dietary crude protein and digestibility (Lyons and Stuth, 1992). The objective of this work was to develop NIRS equation calibrations to estimate acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and nitrogen in faecal samples to be used as a tool to estimate diet composition in ruminant animals under grazing conditions.
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Cummings, John H., and Amanda Engineer. "Denis Burkitt and the origins of the dietary fibre hypothesis." Nutrition Research Reviews 31, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422417000117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFor more than 200 years the fibre in plant foods has been known by animal nutritionists to have significant effects on digestion. Its role in human nutrition began to be investigated towards the end of the 19th century. However, between 1966 and 1972, Denis Burkitt, a surgeon who had recently returned from Africa, brought together ideas from a range of disciplines together with observations from his own experience to propose a radical view of the role of fibre in human health. Burkitt came late to the fibre story but built on the work of three physicians (Peter Cleave, G. D. Campbell and Hugh Trowell), a surgeon (Neil Painter) and a biochemist (Alec Walker) to propose that diets low in fibre increase the risk of CHD, obesity, diabetes, dental caries, various vascular disorders and large bowel conditions such as cancer, appendicitis and diverticulosis. Simply grouping these diseases together as having a common cause was groundbreaking. Proposing fibre as the key stimulated much research but also controversy. Credit for the dietary fibre hypothesis is given largely to Burkitt who became known as the ‘Fibre Man’. This paper sets out the story of the development of the fibre hypothesis, and the contribution to it of these individuals.
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Hardacre, Allan K., Roger G. Lentle, Sia-Yen Yap, and John A. Monro. "Predicting the viscosity of digesta from the physical characteristics of particle suspensions using existing rheological models." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 142 (May 2018): 20180092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The measurement of the viscosity of digesta is complicated by settling and compositional changes that accompany digestion. The current work determined whether the apparent and relative viscosities ( η a and η r ) of digesta could be accurately determined from the actual and maximum solid volume fractions ( ϕ and ϕ max , respectively) using the Maron–Pierce equation. The rheological properties of digesta from the small intestine of six pigs were determined at a shear rate of 1 s −1 at 37°C. A series of suspensions of plant fibre in a Newtonian liquid (70% aqueous fructose) were made at viscosities similar to pig digesta by adjusting ϕ . The relationships between the apparent and relative viscosities ( η a and η r ) and the plant fibre properties; aspect ratio (AR) and ϕ and ϕ max were then determined for digesta and the suspensions. The ARs for the digesta and plant fibre particles were determined using image analysis of scanning electron micrographs and η a from rheometric flow curves at 37°C, ϕ from image analysis and gas pycnometry, and ϕ max from AR and suspension viscosity. The η r of pig digesta and the test suspensions calculated using the Maron–Pierce equation were, with the exception of two outliers, in proportion with η a determined using a rheometer, indicating that η r could be successfully predicted from the Maron–Pierce equation.
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Lærke, Helle N., Marianne A. Mortensen, Mette S. Hedemann, Knud E. Bach Knudsen, José L. Penalvo, and Herman Adlercreutz. "Quantitative aspects of the metabolism of lignans in pigs fed fibre-enriched rye and wheat bread." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 7 (April 27, 2009): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509344098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A diet rich in lignans has been suggested to be protective against a range of chronic diseases. The distribution and metabolic fate of lignans is, however, very poorly understood. We fed high-fibre wheat breads low in lignans (n8) or high-fibre rye breads (n9) rich in plant lignans to pigs for 58–67 d, and analysed the content of plant lignans and their metabolites in the diet, blood, bile, faeces, urine and selected tissues. Apparent faecal digestibility of dietary precursors was higher than of total (plant- and entero-) lignans due to conversion to enterolactone and enterodiol. The digestibility of lariciresinol and matairesinol was lower than that of the sum of plant lignans. This suggests that interconversion of plant lignans during digestion and enterohepatic circulation occur without complete conversion to enterolignans. The majority of lignans present in plasma and urine was in the form of enterolignans, but up to 23 % in the plasma, and 11 % in the urine of the rye-fed pigs were in the form of plant lignans. There was a very high concentration of lignans in bile from the rye-fed pigs with as much as 77 % in the form of plant lignans. Lignans were detected in the tissue of colon, liver, breast and brain at a much higher level with rye than with wheat, but only in the form of enterolactone. The importance and implications of systemic exposure to plant lignans remain to be elucidated.
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Fondevila, M., G. Muñoz, A. Barrios, and C. Castrillo. "Effect of ammonia treatment of straw on rumen environmental conditions affecting fibre degradation." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620059156x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increase in rumen digestion of cereal straw by its treatment with anhydrous ammonia has been commonly explained by a chemical action on plant cell wall structure, increasing its solubility and potential degradability, and by an enhancement of microbial access to degradable cell wall. However, although some authors (Kolankaya et al., 1985; Balcells et al., 1993) have also reported an increase in rumen microbial synthesis and activity by treating straw with ammonia, Fondevila et al. (1993) did not observed a higher rumen degradation in sheep given ammonia-treated straw compared with untreated straw. This work was conducted to study straw cell wall degradation and the possible differences on rumen fermentation characteristics induced by ammoniation of dietary straw.
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Fondevila, M., G. Muñoz, A. Barrios, and C. Castrillo. "Effect of ammonia treatment of straw on rumen environmental conditions affecting fibre degradation." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029275.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increase in rumen digestion of cereal straw by its treatment with anhydrous ammonia has been commonly explained by a chemical action on plant cell wall structure, increasing its solubility and potential degradability, and by an enhancement of microbial access to degradable cell wall. However, although some authors (Kolankaya et al., 1985; Balcells et al., 1993) have also reported an increase in rumen microbial synthesis and activity by treating straw with ammonia, Fondevila et al. (1993) did not observed a higher rumen degradation in sheep given ammonia-treated straw compared with untreated straw. This work was conducted to study straw cell wall degradation and the possible differences on rumen fermentation characteristics induced by ammoniation of dietary straw.
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Beauchemin, K. A., D. Colombatto, D. P. Morgavi, W. Z. Yang, and L. M. Rode. "Mode of action of exogenous cell wall degrading enzymes for ruminants." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a02-102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent studies have shown that adding exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to ruminant diets can increase milk production of dairy cows and weight gain of growing beef cattle as a result of enhanced feed digestion. While much progress has been made in terms of advancing feed enzyme technology for ruminants, considerable research is still required to develop more effective enzyme products. The mode of action whereby exogenous enzymes improve digestion of plant cell wall is complex, and there is evidence for numerous potential modes of action suggesting they are interdependant. A mode of action that accounts for the most critical factors that explain the observed increases in feed digestion is presented. Adding exogenous enzymes to the diet increases the hydrolytic capacity of the rumen mainly due to increased bacterial attachment, stimulation of rumen microbial populations and synergistic effects with hydrolases of ruminal microorganisms. The net effect is increased enzymic activity within the rumen, which enhances digestibility of the total diet fed. Thus, improvements in digestibility are not limited to the dietary component to which the enzymes are applied, which explains why fibrolytic enzymes can be effective when added to supplement or grain. The magnitude of the improvements in feed digestibility reported in some research studies using feed enzymes suggests a viable future for enzyme products in commercial ruminant production systems. A more complete understanding of the mode of action of these products will allow development of low-cost enzyme products designed specifically to improve feed digestion by ruminants. Key words: Cattle, digestion, fibre digestion, enzymes, cellulases, hemicellulases
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Yang, Jen-Chieh, Victor H. Guevara-Oquendo, Basim Refat, and Peiqiang Yu. "Effects of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme Derived from Trichoderma reesei on Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Degradability of Low-Tannin Whole Plant Faba Bean Silage in Dairy Cows." Dairy 3, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy3020023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei on dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradability of whole plant faba bean silage (Snowbird), (2) evaluate the effects of fibrolytic enzyme (FETR) on DM and NDF degradation kinetics of whole plant faba bean silage, and (3) compare the difference between in the vitro approach (DaisyII incubation method) and the in situ assay-biological approach (nylon bag technique) in the determination of degradability of dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFD). The fibrolytic enzyme from Trichoderma reesei was a mixture of xylanase and cellulase. The whole plant faba bean silage was treated with seven doses of fibrolytic enzyme, with 0 as a control and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 mL of FETR/kg DM of silage. The results obtained from the in situ method show that fibrolytic enzyme cubically (p < 0.05) affected DMD and quadratically (p < 0.01) affected NDFD with increasing level of enzyme application. In vitro DM and NDF degradability were quadratically and cubically (p < 0.01) affected by the increasing dosage of enzyme. Correlation analysis between the in situ assay-biological approach and the In vitro DaisyII approach showed a strong correlation (r = 0.98, p < 0.01) on overall DMD and also a satisfactory relationship (r = 0.84, p < 0.01) was found on overall NDFD. The enzyme application showed a great impact on NDF rumen degradation kinetics by decreasing the undegradable fraction and increasing the potential degradable fraction and the effective degradable content of fiber. The washable (W) and potential degradation fraction (D) were linearly (p = 0.05) increased by the enzyme treatments. Therefore, the undegradable fraction was linearly decreased (p = 0.05) with increasing dosage of enzyme. Both bypass (BNDF) and effective degradable NDF (EDNDF) were cubically (p = 0.05) affected by fibrolytic enzyme. In conclusion, the exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei highly impacted rumen degradation characteristics and degradability of whole plant faba bean silage and could be used to improve fibre digestion of whole plant faba silage in dairy cows.
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Yang, Jen-Chieh, Victor H. Guevara-Oquendo, Basim Refat, and Peiqiang Yu. "Effects of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme Derived from Trichoderma reesei on Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Degradability of Low-Tannin Whole Plant Faba Bean Silage in Dairy Cows." Dairy 3, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy3020023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei on dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradability of whole plant faba bean silage (Snowbird), (2) evaluate the effects of fibrolytic enzyme (FETR) on DM and NDF degradation kinetics of whole plant faba bean silage, and (3) compare the difference between in the vitro approach (DaisyII incubation method) and the in situ assay-biological approach (nylon bag technique) in the determination of degradability of dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFD). The fibrolytic enzyme from Trichoderma reesei was a mixture of xylanase and cellulase. The whole plant faba bean silage was treated with seven doses of fibrolytic enzyme, with 0 as a control and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 mL of FETR/kg DM of silage. The results obtained from the in situ method show that fibrolytic enzyme cubically (p < 0.05) affected DMD and quadratically (p < 0.01) affected NDFD with increasing level of enzyme application. In vitro DM and NDF degradability were quadratically and cubically (p < 0.01) affected by the increasing dosage of enzyme. Correlation analysis between the in situ assay-biological approach and the In vitro DaisyII approach showed a strong correlation (r = 0.98, p < 0.01) on overall DMD and also a satisfactory relationship (r = 0.84, p < 0.01) was found on overall NDFD. The enzyme application showed a great impact on NDF rumen degradation kinetics by decreasing the undegradable fraction and increasing the potential degradable fraction and the effective degradable content of fiber. The washable (W) and potential degradation fraction (D) were linearly (p = 0.05) increased by the enzyme treatments. Therefore, the undegradable fraction was linearly decreased (p = 0.05) with increasing dosage of enzyme. Both bypass (BNDF) and effective degradable NDF (EDNDF) were cubically (p = 0.05) affected by fibrolytic enzyme. In conclusion, the exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei highly impacted rumen degradation characteristics and degradability of whole plant faba bean silage and could be used to improve fibre digestion of whole plant faba silage in dairy cows.
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Tu, Juncai, Margaret Anne Brennan, Gang Wu, Weidong Bai, Ping Cheng, Bin Tian та Charles Stephen Brennan. "Delivery of Phenolic Compounds, Peptides and β-Glucan to the Gastrointestinal Tract by Incorporating Dietary Fibre-Rich Mushrooms into Sorghum Biscuits". Foods 10, № 8 (5 серпня 2021): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081812.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sorghum biscuits were enriched with mushroom powders (Lentinula edodes, Auricularia auricula and Tremella fuciformis) at 5%, 10% and 15% substitution levels. An in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was used to evaluate the effect of this enrichment on the phenolic content and soluble peptide content as well as antioxidant activities of the gastric or intestinal supernatants (bio-accessible fractions), and the remaining portions of phenolic compounds, antioxidants and β-glucan in the undigested residue (non-digestible fraction). The phenolic content of the gastric and intestinal supernatants obtained from digested mushroom-enriched biscuits was found to be higher than that of control biscuit, and the phenolic content was positively correlated to the antioxidant activities in each fraction (p < 0.001). L. edodes and T. fuciformis enrichment increased the soluble protein content (small peptide) of sorghum biscuits after in vitro digestion. All mushroom enrichment increased the total phenolic content and β-glucan content of the undigested residue and they were positively correlated (p < 0.001). The insoluble dietary fibre of biscuits was positively correlated with β-glucan content (p < 0.001) of undigested residue. These findings suggested that enriching food with mushroom derived dietary fibre increases the bioavailability of the non-digestible β-glucan and phenolic compounds.
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Stockdale, CR. "The nutritive value of subterranean clover herbage grown under irrigation in northern Victoria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 6 (1992): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9921265.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A series of experiments is described which considered the nutritive value of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) herbage grown under irrigation in northern Victoria. Digestion studies were undertaken with sheep and dairy cows and the degradation of herbage samples in nylon bags was evaluated. Digestion coefficients were estimated, 1eaf:stem ratios were measured, mineral and amino acid profiles were obtained, and protein degradabilities were assessed. The digestibility and chemical composition of freshly cut subterranean clover herbage was relatively constant until wilting of the herbage in mid spring. With few exceptions, in vivo DM digestibility and nitrogen content were greater than 75% and 3.2%, respectively, and neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and lignin were less than 40%, 30% and 6%, respectively. The chemical composition of leaves and petioles/stems were very different. The digestibility of the leaf fraction was often much lower than that of petiole/stem, but its nitrogen content was higher. Reasons for this, and their implications, are discussed. Discussed also are the adequacy of herbage minerals and their solubilities. Rumen protein degradability for vegetative herbage ranged from 0.51 to 0.64. Of the plant components, the protein in stems was more degradable than the protein in leaves. The effects of incubation of herbage in nylon bags in the rumen for 24 h on amino acid composition are also discussed.
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Low, Kristin E., Xiaohui Xing, Paul E. Moote, G. Douglas Inglis, Sivasankari Venketachalam, Michael G. Hahn, Marissa L. King, et al. "Combinatorial Glycomic Analyses to Direct CAZyme Discovery for the Tailored Degradation of Canola Meal Non-Starch Dietary Polysaccharides." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121888.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Canola meal (CM), the protein-rich by-product of canola oil extraction, has shown promise as an alternative feedstuff and protein supplement in poultry diets, yet its use has been limited due to the abundance of plant cell wall fibre, specifically non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin. The addition of exogenous enzymes to promote the digestion of CM NSP in chickens has potential to increase the metabolizable energy of CM. We isolated chicken cecal bacteria from a continuous-flow mini-bioreactor system and selected for those with the ability to metabolize CM NSP. Of 100 isolates identified, Bacteroides spp. and Enterococcus spp. were the most common species with these capabilities. To identify enzymes specifically for the digestion of CM NSP, we used a combination of glycomics techniques, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay characterization of the plant cell wall fractions, glycosidic linkage analysis (methylation-GC-MS analysis) of CM NSP and their fractions, bacterial growth profiles using minimal media supplemented with CM NSP, and the sequencing and de novo annotation of bacterial genomes of high-efficiency CM NSP utilizing bacteria. The SACCHARIS pipeline was used to select plant cell wall active enzymes for recombinant production and characterization. This approach represents a multidisciplinary innovation platform to bioprospect endogenous CAZymes from the intestinal microbiota of herbivorous and omnivorous animals which is adaptable to a variety of applications and dietary polysaccharides.
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Mesgaran, M. Danesh, T. Mohammadabidi, A. Heravi Moussavi, and M. Nassiry. "Disappearance of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of sunflower meal treated with sodium hydroxide or formaldehyde by isolated mixed rumen bacteria usingin vitroculture." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cellulolytic bacteria, such asRuminococcus albus,R. flavefaciensandFibrobacter succinogenesare major micro-organisms responsible for ruminal digestion of plant cell walls ingested by the animal due to their numerical predominance and metabolic diversity (Chenget al., 1991). It has been proposed that sodium hydroxide might breakdown hemicelluloses, expose the cellulose to microbial attachment and improve digestibility (Chenet al., 2006). The objective of this experiment was to estimate the disappearance of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of sunflower meal (25 g fat/kg DM; SM) as untreated or treated with formaldehyde (3 g/kg DM) or sodium hydroxide (40 g/kg DM) usingin vitroculture with isolated mixed rumen bacteria.
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Carré, B., and B. Leclercq. "Digestion of polysaccharides, protein and lipids by adult cockerels fed on diets containing a pectic cell-wall material from white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) cotyledon." British Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 3 (November 1985): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
1. The cell-wall material of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) cotyledon is characterized by low contents of cellulose (47 g/kg) and lignin (17 g/kg) and a high content of pectic substances (710 g/kg). The digestion of lupin cell-wall material by adult cockerels was estimated using gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of alditol acetates derived from polysaccharide sugars. The analyses were performed in the destarched water-insoluble fractions of feed and excreta. Digestibility measurements were carried out using a 3 d balance period including a 2 d feeding period and a 24 h final starvation period.2. In the first experiment, six animals were given a diet containing 510 g white lupin cotyledon flour/kg which was the only source of protein and cell walls in the diet. The apparent digestibility of cell-wall components was near zero.3. In the second experiment, three diets were prepared by diluting a fibre-free basal diet (diet A) by a semi-purified cell-wall preparation introduced at two different levels: 100 g/kg (diet B) and 200 g/kg (diet C). The semi-purified cell walls were prepared from the white lupin cotyledon flour used in the first experiment. The true digestibilities of polysaccharides measured in birds given diets B and C were near zero. It is suggested that the measurement of the neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) content according to Van Soest & Wine (1967) is not a suitable procedure for estimating the undigestible fibre content in poultry nutrition as the cell-wall pectic substances are not included in the NDF measurement.4. Addition of the semi-purified cell-wall preparation (Expt 2) resulted in a slight decrease in the apparent protein digestibility. This decrease might be explained by the addition of undigestible cell-wall protein.5. Addition of the semi-purified cell-wall preparation (Expt 2) had no effect on the apparent lipid digestibility.6. The metabolizable energy values of the basal diet fraction of diets B and C were calculated assuming that the added plant cell-wall fraction was of no energy value. These calculated values were similar to the measured metabolizable energy value of diet A (basal). Thus, the tested pectic plant cell walls seemed to act as a diluent. It is suggested that, on the point of the digestion yields, all types of plant cell walls would act as diluents, in poultry.
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Chatterjee, Arpita, Anirban Roy, and Subrata K. Ghosh. "CAPS Analysis: A Possible Tool to Detect and Group Geminiviruses Infecting Some Fibre Crops and Weeds." Plant Health Progress 10, no. 1 (January 2009): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2009-0202-01-rs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some fibre crops and weeds, showing typical symptoms caused by begomoviruses, were subjected to PCR amplification using different sets of primers specific for DNA A and DNA β molecules of begomoviruses. Restriction digestion of full length DNA A and DNA β using different enzymes revealed variation in restriction profiles amongst the virus isolates in the present study. Moreover, variation in the restriction profile of different DNA β molecule with that of their corresponding reported sequences were also noticed. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis of DNA β revealed little or no genetic distance between the begomoviruses infecting Sida acuminata and S. rhombifolia and also among the begomoviruses infecting Urena, Hibiscus cannabinus, and H. sabdariffa. But the same analysis with full length DNA A showed close phylogenetic relationships between begomoviruses infecting H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa. Hence, for wide spread variation and unavailability of any sequence information CAP analysis might be a useful tool to detect and group begomoviruses. Accepted for publication 9 October 2008. Published 2 February 2009.
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Muhonen, Sara, Sophie Sadet-Bourgeteau, and Véronique Julliand. "Effects of Differences in Fibre Composition and Maturity of Forage-Based Diets on the Microbial Ecosystem and Its Activity in Equine Caecum and Colon Digesta and Faeces." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fibrous feeds are essential for horses. When developing feeding regimens promoting health and performance, we need to understand the digestion of plant cell walls and the functioning of the hindgut microbial ecosystem. Our objective was to investigate the effect of grass fibre maturity and legume forage on the hindgut microbiota and its activity. Six caecum and colon fistulated geldings were fed three diets differing in fibre composition: concentrate and late harvested grass haylage (35:65 energy ratio) (C); early and late harvested grass haylage (80:20) (G); lucerne and late harvested grass haylage (80:20) (L) for 28 days in a Latin-square design. No differences were measured in total bacteria concentrations, fungi and protozoa numbers nor in cellulolytic bacteria concentrations between the diets. Short-chain fatty acid concentrations did not differ between diets, but a lower (acetate + butyrate)/propionate ratio when the horses were fed Diet C, compared to G and L, was observed, suggesting lower fibrolytic and higher amylolytic activity. The pH increased when the horses were fed Diet L and decreased when fed C and G from caecum to faeces. The buffering capacity (BC) of hindgut digesta was five to fifteen-fold higher than that of the feeds, suggesting a decreased effect of feed BC as digesta travelled through the digestive tract. In conclusion, an early harvested forage opens up the possibility for forage-only diets, providing high energy without the negative effects of concentrate.
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Sutaryo, Sutaryo, Aldila Nugrahaini Sempana, Rifo Martio Mulya, Dian Sulistyaningrum, Mochamad Sofyan Ali, Rafi Ihsa Damarjati, Endang Purbowati, Retno Adiwinarti, and Agung Purnomoadi. "Methane Production of Pistia Stratiotes as a Single Substrate and as a Co-Substrate with Dairy Cow Manure." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mono anaerobic digestion (AD) of dairy cow manure (DCM) is constrained by high moisture, ash and crude fibre content. Anaerobic co-digestion DCM and other biomass is one of the methods to overcome this drawback. This study aimed to evaluate: methane production from different parts of Pistia stratiotes (PS), methane production from the mixed substrate of PS and DCM in different proportions of PS in terms of volatile solids (VS) (0%, 7.99%, 14.91%, and 20.94%) using continuous digesters, and the potency of biogas yield from the digested slurry. Methane production from the whole plant, shoot system, and root of PS was 405.68, 416.82, and 326.42 L/kg VS, respectively. The highest methane production was obtained from the shoot system because that part contained higher crude protein and hemicellulose contents. Utilization of PS as a co-substrate for AD of the DCM can increase methane production by 28.65–56.98% compared to the control digester. No effect on pH, total ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid indicated that PS was suitable as a co-substrate of DCM and can significantly increase methane yield of the mixed substrate. AD of digested slurries showed that to recover the biogas production from the mixed substrate, the post-digestion treatment should be applied before the slurries are used as organic fertilizer.
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Rastall, R. A., M. Diez-Municio, S. D. Forssten, B. Hamaker, A. Meynier, F. Javier Moreno, F. Respondek, B. Stah, K. Venema, and M. Wiese. "Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome." Beneficial Microbes 13, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 95–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2021.0090.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
32
Codron, Daryl, and Marcus Clauss. "Rumen physiology constrains diet niche: linking digestive physiology and food selection across wild ruminant species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 11 (November 2010): 1129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We propose a hypothesis for digestive constraints on the browsing and grazing options available to ruminants: that the diet-niche range (maximum and minimum grass intake) of a species is dependent upon its predisposition to stratified rumen contents, based on observations that this characteristic is a critical step towards enhanced fibre digestion and greater fluid throughput. We compare a physiological (heterogeneity of ingesta fluid content) and an anatomical (the intraruminal papillation pattern) measure with dietary evidence for a range of African and temperate species. Both measures are strongly related to the mean percentage of grass in species’ natural diets, as well as to the maximum and minimum levels of grass intake, respectively. The nature of these effects implies a stratification-level threshold, below which a species will not use a grass-based diet, but above which grass consumption can increase exponentially. However, above this threshold, a minimum percentage of grass in the diet is a prerequisite for optimal performance. We argue that this second constraint is crucial, as it depicts how a greater fluid throughput reduces potential for detoxification of plant secondary compounds, and therefore limits the maximum amount of browse a stratifying species will consume.
33
Nordberg, Å., and M. Edström. "Co-digestion of energy crops and the source-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0520.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The biological and technical performance during co-digestion of energy crops and the source-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste has been investigated at laboratory and pilot scale. A 50:50 (TS-based) mixture of energy crops and organic waste reached a loading rate of 6.0 gVS L−1d−1 with a methane yield of 0.33–0.38 L gVS−1, while a 80:20 mixture showed elevated levels of volatile fatty acids at 5.5 gVS L−1d−1 The better performance of the 50:50 mixture can partly be explained by a better nutritional composition. Mincing the ley crop reduced viscosity and reduced problems with fibre floating and scum-blanket formation. The electricity consumed for mincing and stirring at a full-scale plant corresponds to ca 3% of the energy produced. Calculations of the costs for full-scale plants indicate that the price of the up-graded biogas has to be at least 0.078 Euro/kWh in order to balance the costs.
34
Wilson, JR. "Shade-stimulated growth and nitrogen uptake by pasture grasses in a subtropical environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 7 (1996): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9961075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fibrous feeds constrain voluntary feed intake by ruminants through a complex of interacting animal and plant factors. The animal factors are briefly assessed indicating some control over digesta load in the rumen and that only small particles (<1 mm screen size) achieve ready passage from the rumen. There is evidence that retention of small particles may be prolonged because their movement from the rumen to reticulum may be restricted by their buoyancy and entrapment within the digesta raft in the rumen. Ingestive chewing and rumination effort varies with feed type, is greater for stem than leaf and increases with feed maturity. It is still not clear from animal studies whether passage rate and VFI are limited more by the time to break large particles to small particles or by the hindrance of small particle passage from the rumen. Digestion in rumen decreases the physical grinding energy needed to comminute feed, but it is not readily shown that this makes a difference to efficiency of animal rumination. Anatomical characteristics of leaves and stems of tropical and temperate grasses and legumes are analysed to assess their influence on the ease and pattern of breakdown, and the characteristics of the resultant fibre particles. Epidermal and vascular structures, and microbial digestion, determine the initial breakdown of organs which is fast in leaves of legumes and high quality temperate grasses, but slow in tropical grass leaves. All stems require a high chewing effort to facilitate swallowing of feed and passage of particles from the rumen. Some tissue components directly enter the 'fines' fraction, the rest (vascular strands in isolated or composite form) become the large particle fraction. Rumination is essential to degrade these to small particles. It is hypothesised that inaccessibility of cell walls for microbial attack limits digestive weakening in both large and small particles. A conceptual framework summarizing the breakdown pattern for different feed groups is presented. Potential future opportunities for overcoming these intake constraints associated with modification of rumen microbes and plant anatomical structure are discussed.
35
Beauchemin, K. A., D. Colombatto, and D. P. Morgavi. "A rationale for the development of feed enzyme products for ruminants." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a02-103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of exogenous cell wall degrading enzymes is an emerging technology that shows potential in terms of improving feed utilization by ruminants. This review discusses current information related to enzyme product formulation for ruminants, and addresses the conditions necessary to ensure effective and consistent in vivo results of providing feed enzymes to ruminants. Research has demonstrated that, in some cases, adding fibrolytic enzymes to dairy cow and feedlot cattle diets improves cell wall digestion and, consequently, weight gain or milk production are enhanced. However, considerable research is required to develop more effective enzyme products and to ensure consistency of responses in vivo. There is a need to identify the key enzyme activities involved in the positive responses observed in vivo and these enzyme activities should be assessed using a temperature and pH representative of the conditions in the rumen. However, to date, it has not been possible to accurately evaluate exogenous enzymes based only on their biochemical characterization because the model substrates used do not represent the complexity of plant cell wall material. In vitro techniques using feed substrates, buffer and ruminal fluid can be used more reliably as a bioassay to predict in vivo response to exogenous enzymes, however, other factors, including under or over-supplementation of enzyme activity, method of providing the enzyme product to the animal, composition of the diet, and the target animals must also be considered. Key words: Cattle, digestion, fibre digestion, enzymes, cellulases, hemicellulases
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Scotto di Perta, Ester, Elena Cervelli, Maria Pironti di Campagna, and Stefania Pindozzi. "From biogas to biomethane: Techno-economic analysis of an anaerobic digestion power plant in a cattle/buffalo farm in central Italy." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 50, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2019.939.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a mature technology commonly used for manure treatment, both for the stabilisation of waste and for the production of energy. The introduction of new incentives could represent an opportunity for biogas production, when the current feed-in-tariffs, which improved the financial feasibility of AD plants producing electricity will end. This paper examines the feasibility of reconverting an existing AD biogas production plant into a biomethane production plant. The AD plant, in this case study, is a two-stage reactor situated in the centre of Italy and mainly fed with livestock manure from both cows and buffaloes. The economic analysis of two hypotheses is provided: i) continuing the electricity production from biogas after the end of the current incentives (2025); ii) considering the new incentives program for the biomethane and reconverting the plant, using hollow-fibre membranes for the purification of the raw biogas (SEPURAN® Green modules, EnviTec). For this purpose, investment and operating costs, based on plant monitoring data (2105.3 m3 d–1, Biogas production; 4432.9 kWh d–1, electricity production) as well as on market analysis for costs evaluation were considered. The mean biogas production for the considered year was about 30% less than the expected production, indicated by producer, highlighting the need for the optimisation of the management of the reactors. Moreover, based on the averaged methane production (June 2017-June 2018), results show that: i) plant conversion for the biomethane production is not suitable for small-scale plants, due to the high investment costs of upgrading technology (1.2 M€); ii) when current incentives end, the electricity production from biogas in the current plant may not be self-sufficient, due to the highly expensive operating costs. This paper provides a first analysis of the possible fate of the biogas plants under the new incentives.
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Neylon, Emma, Elke K. Arendt, Emanuele Zannini, and Aylin W. Sahin. "Fermentation as a Tool to Revitalise Brewers’ Spent Grain and Elevate Techno-Functional Properties and Nutritional Value in High Fibre Bread." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recycling of by-products from the food industry has become a central part of research to help create a more sustainable future. Brewers’ spent grain is one of the main side-streams of the brewing industry, rich in protein and fibre. Its inclusion in bread, however, has been challenging and requires additional processing. Fermentation represents a promising tool to elevate ingredient functionality and improve bread quality. Wheat bread was fortified with spray-dried brewers’ spent grain (BSG) and fermented brewers’ spent grain (FBSG) at two addition levels to achieve “source of fibre” and “high in fibre” claims according to EU regulations. The impact of BSG and FBSG on bread dough, final bread quality and nutritional value was investigated and compared to baker’s flour (BF) and wholemeal flour (WMF) breads. The inclusion of BSG and FBSG resulted in a stronger and faster gluten development; reduced starch pasting capacity; and increased dough resistance/stiffness. However, fermentation improved bread characteristics resulting in increased specific volume, reduced crumb hardness and restricted microbial growth rate over time. Additionally, the inclusion of FBSG slowed the release in reducing sugars over time during in vitro starch digestion. Thus, fermentation of BSG can ameliorate bread techno-functional properties and improve nutritional quality of breads.
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Kahlaoui, Maher, Marta Bertolino, Letricia Barbosa-Pereira, Hayet Ben Haj Kbaier, Nabiha Bouzouita, and Giuseppe Zeppa. "Almond Hull as a Functional Ingredient of Bread: Effects on Physico-Chemical, Nutritional, and Consumer Acceptability Properties." Foods 11, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11060777.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hulls are the principal almond by-products and are rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and fibre. Generally, hulls are used as animal feed; however, because of their valuable chemical composition, alternative applications as a natural food ingredient and dietary supplement should be evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics and the consumer acceptability of bread produced by replacing 4% and 8% of wheat flour with almond hulls (AHs) obtained from six almond varieties at two ripening stages (green and mature). The use of AHs in bread production increased fibre content, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity. In particular, bread containing mature AHs showed the highest quantities of fibre and sugars, mainly glucose, whereas bread containing green AHs showed the highest polyphenol content. The polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in bread containing green AHs were 272.88 mg GAE/100 g dry weight and 1145.32 μmol TE/100 g dry weight, respectively, of which 60.5% and 52% were bioaccessible after in vitro digestion. Bread containing AH powder showed slightly lower specific volume, darker crumb colour, and lower hardness than those of the control. Consumer evaluation indicated that breads with 8% AH powder were those with the most overall liking.
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Wang, Yan-Lu, Wei-Kang Wang, Qi-Chao Wu, Fan Zhang, Wen-Juan Li, Sheng-Li Li, Wei Wang, Zhi-Jun Cao, and Hong-Jian Yang. "In Situ Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Bacterial Colonization of Corn Silages Differing in Ferulic and p-Coumaric Acid Contents." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In plant cell wall, ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA) are commonly linked with arabinoxylans and lignin through ester and ether bonds. These linkages were deemed to hinder the access of rumen microbes to cell wall polysaccharides. The attachment of rumen microbes to plant cell wall was believed to have profound effects on the rate and the extent of forage digestion in rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bound phenolic acid content and their composition in corn silages on the nutrient degradability, and the composition of the attached bacteria. Following an in situ rumen degradation method, eight representative corn silages with different FA and pCA contents were placed into nylon bags and incubated in the rumens of three matured lactating Holstein cows for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Corn silage digestibility was assessed by in situ degradation methods. As a result, the effective degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre were negatively related to the ether-linked FA and pCA, and their ratio in corn silages, suggesting that not only the content and but also the composition of phenolic acids significantly affected the degradation characteristics of corn silages. After 24 h rumen fermentation, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota were observed as the dominant phyla in the bacterial communities attached to the corn silages. After 72 h rumen fermentation, the rumen degradation of ester-linked FA was much greater than that of ester-linked pCA. The correlation analysis noted that Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002, Olsenella, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Acetitomaculum, and Bifidobacterium were negatively related to the initial ether-linked FA content while Prevotella was positively related to the ether-linked FA content and the ratio of pCA to FA. In summary, the present results suggested that the content of ether-linked phenolic acids in plant cell walls exhibited a more profound effect on the pattern of microbial colonization than the fibre content.
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Barta, Tamás, and István Majzinger. "Examination of the main parameters of roe deer feed compound on two territories." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 37 (December 21, 2009): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/37/2776.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is widespread that roe deer are very choosy. He needs this sorting because the micro organizms, which help the digestion of high fibre plants, are missing in his stomack, that is why they are mostly called „concentrate selectors” Hoffmann, 1985, 1988, 1989).These animals should mostly eat easily digestable plants with high nutrition level (pulses, buds, sprouts and flowers), and they are able to do this sorting because of their small mouth size. In winter there is a lack of these plants, so the high selectivity occurs only when the feed is in abundance.Examining the amount and quality of vegetation available on the habitat of roe deer we can identify the species which can satisfy their feed demand. It is known, that roe deer as other large ruminants, from the plant abundance prefer certain plants and plant parts while there are others which are avoided. The identification of the eaten species and the rate of their occurance in the feed is the first step to become acquainted with the interaction between animal and the surroundings.
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Tamás Barta and István Majzinger. "Analysis of the main parameters of spring and summer food compound of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) on the two hunting grounds of the Alföld plain." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 40 (December 1, 2010): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/40/2695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is widespread that roe deer are very choosy. It needs this sorting because the micro organisms, which help the digestion of high fibre plants, are missing in its stomach that is why they are mostly called „concentrate selectors” (Hoffmann, 1985, 1988, 1989).These animals should mostly eat easily digestible plants with high nutrition level (pulses, buds, sprouts and flowers), and they are able to do this sorting because of their small mouth size. In winter there is a lack of these plants, so the high selectivity occurs only when the feed is in abundance.Examining the amount and quality of vegetation available on the habitat of roe deer we can identify the species which can satisfy their feed demand. It is known, that roe deer as other large ruminants, from the plant abundance prefer certain plants and plant parts while there are others which are avoided. The identification of the eaten species and the rate of their occurrence in the feed is the first step to become acquainted with theinteraction between animal and the surroundings.
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Englyst, Klaus N., and Hans N. Englyst. "Carbohydrate bioavailability." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051457.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is consensus that carbohydrate foods, in the form of fruit, vegetables and whole-grain products, are beneficial to health. However, there are strong indications that highly processed, fibre-depleted, and consequently rapidly digestible, energy-dense carbohydrate food products can lead to over-consumption and obesity-related diseases. Greater attention needs to be given to carbohydrate bioavailability, which is determined by the chemical identity and physical form of food. The objective of the present concept article is to provide a rational basis for the nutritional characterisation of dietary carbohydrates. Based on the properties of carbohydrate foods identified to be of specific relevance to health, we propose a classification and measurement scheme that divides dietary carbohydrates into glycaemic carbohydrates (digested and absorbed in the small intestine) and non-glycaemic carbohydrates (enter the large intestine). The glycaemic carbohydrates are characterised by sugar type, and by the likely rate of digestion described by in vitro measurements for rapidly available glucose and slowly available glucose. The main type of non-glycaemic carbohydrates is the plant cell-wall NSP, which is a marker of the natural fibre-rich diet recognised as beneficial to health. Other non-glycaemic carbohydrates include resistant starch and the resistant short-chain carbohydrates (non-digestible oligosaccharides), which should be measured and researched in their own right. The proposed classification and measurement scheme is complementary to the dietary fibre and glycaemic index concepts in the promotion of healthy diets with low energy density required for combating obesity-related diseases.
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Kabré, P., M. Doreau, and B. Michalet-Doreau. "Effects of underfeeding and of fish meal supplementation on forage digestion in sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 124, no. 1 (February 1995): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007132x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYThe effects of severe food restriction and of protein supplementation on the apparent digestibility of a forage were studied on 12 wethers in 1992 at INRA, Theix. Ruminal digestion of the forage cell walls was studied in a second experiment carried out on four ewes fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas, receiving the same diets as the wethers. The animals were fed on two different hay-based diets: hay only (58 or 25 g/kg BW0·75 per day) or hay supplemented with fish meal (48 or 20 g hay with 6·5 and 3·0 g fish meal respectively per kg BW0·75). The effects of fish meal supplementation on apparent digestibility of the hay cell walls were small, + 1·8 and + 2·3 units for neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) respectively. In contrast, NDF and ADF digestibility was respectively 4·0 and 4·7 units higher at low than at high intake. Rumen fluid volume decreased by 2·4 1 with decreasing intake, while water concentration in rumen content increased slightly from 89·8 to 91·8%. The mean retention time of the hay particles in the foreguts increased concomitantly from 39·5 to 55·1 h. This was achieved by a higher retention time to a similar extent in both slow and fast compartments. The calculated in situ degradability of NDF and ADF increased respectively by 12·1 and 13·1 units with decreasing intake. This reflected the lower fractional outflow rate recorded at low intake. If a fractional outflow rate value of 4·1%/h (as measured in high intake diets) was applied to all dietary treatments, NDF and ADF in situ degradability would be greater at low than at high intake (31·7 v. 26·6% for NDF; 27·9 v. 22·1 % for ADF), indicating a higher microbial activity in restricted diets. Interactions between intake and fish meal supply were detected for in situ degradation parameters, indicating principally a reduction of the cell wall undegraded fraction in supplemented diets when intake declined. Ruminal fermentation was modified by the dietary treatments, the acetate: propionate ratio being higher at low intake. Fish meal increased concentrations of ammonia and of isoacids in rumen liquid. The relationship between apparent digestibility and in situ degradability of plant particles is discussed.
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Gordon, Geoffrey L. R., and Michael W. Phillips. "The role of anaerobic gut fungi in ruminants." Nutrition Research Reviews 11, no. 1 (June 1998): 133–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr19980009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAnaerobic chytridiomycete fungi are found in the gastrointestinal tracts of sheep, cattle and goats, as well as in many other domesticated ruminant and nonruminant herbivores and a wide variety of wild herbivorous mammals. They are principally found associated with the fibrous plant particles of digesta and as free swimming zoospores in the fluid phase. The presence of large fungal populations in animals consuming mature pasture or diets largely composed of hay or straw together with the production of highly active fibre degrading enzymes lead to' the belief that anaerobic fungi may have a significant role to play in the assimilation of fibrous feeds by ruminants. While many early studies focused on anaerobic fungi because of their unusual biology and metabolism, the large part of subsequent research has emphasized the biotechnological potential of their cellulases, xylanases and phenolic esterases. In recent years, the extent of the contribution of anaerobic fungi to the nutrition of ruminants has also been established through studies of fungal populations in the rumen and the dietary factors which influence them, as presented in this review. Further, we discuss the evidence supporting an important contribution of anaerobic fungal populations in the rumen to feed intake and digestion of poor quality feed by domesticated ruminants. In conclusion, the review explores some different methods for manipulating fungi in the rumen for increased feed intake and digestion.
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Cervini, Mariasole, Mario Gabrielli, Giorgia Spigno, and Gianluca Giuberti. "Characterization of Durum-Wheat Pasta Containing Resistant Starch from Debranched Waxy Rice Starch." Foods 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020327.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Durum wheat spaghetti samples prepared with increasing levels of resistant starch (RS) from debranched waxy rice starch (DWRS; i.e., 0, 5, 10, 15 g/100 g w/w) were analyzed for chemical composition, quality and sensory parameters and in vitro starch digestion. All the DWRS-containing spaghetti was “high in fibre”, the dietary fiber content being > 6 g/100 g. In addition, spaghetti with the highest level of DWRS showed the highest RS content (p < 0.05), being 11.4 g/100 g dry matter. The starch hydrolysis index decreased (p < 0.05) as the level of DWRS increased, with a reduction of >20% comparing the 15-DWRS pasta to the control. DWRS had a negative impact on quality parameters, especially at higher DWRS levels. The use of DWRS shortened the optimal cooking time and impacted the samples’ cooking loss, firmness, and stickiness. In addition, sensory analysis revealed differences among samples. However, irrespective of the level of DWRS in the recipe, the score for all attributes was > 5, which is considered the limit of acceptability. Substituting part of the semolina flour with DWRS increased the level of RS and the overall nutritional profile and affected the quality of semolina pasta, mainly at higher levels in the recipe.
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Behie, Alison M., and Mary S. M. Pavelka. "Food selection in the black howler monkey following habitat disturbance: implications for the importance of mature leaves." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 2 (February 13, 2012): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000678.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract:Primates commonly consume leaves that are high in protein but low in digestion-inhibiting fibre. Due to the fact that mature leaves do not meet these criteria, they are typically avoided and many leaf-eating primates select for leaves high in protein and low in fibre leading to the theory that food selection is based on protein maximization. However, feeding records for a population of black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) in Monkey River, Belize, collected over a 5-y period, together with synchronous phenological data, indicate that this population does not meet the expectation and actually prefer mature leaves. This study aims to describe the nutritional composition of the food supply and investigate the possibility that, rather than to maximize protein ingestion, mature leaves are eaten to balance nutrient intake. Macronutrient analyses (moisture, lipids, protein, NDF, ADF and simple sugars) were conducted on a sample of 96 plant samples from 18 food species of this population of black howler. Results reported here show that mature leaves eaten by howlers in this forest contain sufficient protein to meet minimum metabolic requirements (range: 11.6–24%; mean: 16.4% ± 3.8%) and have significantly higher concentrations of simple sugars than young leaves (means of 7.2% ± 2.7% vs. 4.4% ± 2.3% respectively). Thus, it appears that mature leaf ingestion is likely serving to balance energy and protein intake. This result may be due to the disruptive effects of a hurricane in 2001 that resulted in a loss of 80% of the howler population, changed forest composition and may have affected plant chemistry. Despite this, the data reported here suggest that the accepted view that mature leaves are simply fallback foods for primates, eaten only in times of preferred food scarcity, may have to be revised.
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Sissons, Mike. "Development of Novel Pasta Products with Evidence Based Impacts on Health—A Review." Foods 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pasta made from durum wheat is a widely consumed worldwide and is a healthy and convenient food. In the last two decades, there has been much research effort into improving the nutritional value of pasta by inclusion of nonconventional ingredients due to the demand by health-conscious consumers for functional foods. These ingredients can affect the technological properties of the pasta, but their health impacts are not always measured rather inferred. This review provides an overview of pasta made from durum wheat where the semolina is substituted in part with a range of ingredients (barley fractions, dietary fibre sources, fish ingredients, herbs, inulin, resistant starches, legumes, vegetables and protein extracts). Impacts on pasta technological properties and in vitro measures of phytonutrient enhancement or changes to starch digestion are included. Emphasis is on the literature that provides clinical or animal trial data on the health benefits of the functional pasta.
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Dejnega, A. O., V. O. Lesova, and A. S. Anatsky. "Evaluation of efficiency of using the enzyme preparation «Celloviridin Dx20» in the content of pig feed." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 7, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021603.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the main problems in the feeding of farm animals is the low degree of digestion and assimilation of nutrients in the feed used in animal production. In the bodies of animals such as pigs and poultry enzymes and microflora which are necessary for breaking down cellulose and other polysaccharides of vegetable raw materials are absent, therefore they not only fail to be digested in the gastrointestinal tract, but also obstruct access of other digestive enzymes to the other feed components, in particular intracellular proteins. The only way to solve this problem is deliberate introduction of enzymes into food. Depending on the type and composition of the feed, amylolytic, proteolytic, cellulolytic enzyme preparations are used. The purpose of this work is to assess the effect of the enzyme preparation "Celloviridin Dx20" as a fodder component on the growth and biochemical parameters of young pigs. For this purpose, a scientific and economic experiment on feeding young pigs was conducted at the agro-industrial farm«Niva» (Novonikolaevka village, Dnipropetrovsk region), in which the enzyme preparation «Celloviridin Dx20», which promotes the breakdown of plant cell polysaccharides (cellulose, xylans) was introduced to a standard feed mixture used in swine husbandry. The composition of the ration consisted of 60% barley, 20% wheat and 20% of the protein-vitamin-mineral complex «ShenPigStart». The results of the experiment showed that the introduction into the feed mixture of the enzyme preparation at 100 g per ton helps to increase the body weight of pigs by 11.6% compared to the control, can increase the digestion rate of fibre (13.8%), protein and fat. These results can be explained by the mechanism of action of the enzyme complex, which consists in the hydrolysis of polysaccharides of plant cell walls in the feed in the digestive tract of pigs, the formation of digestable polysaccharides and the release of additional quantities of intracellular proteins. The result of these phenomena is also a positive trend in feed nitrogen assimilation in animals of the experimental group: a 19% decrease in the amount of physiological secretions and a 12.5% increase in nitrogen use. At the same time hematology (hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes), calcium and phosphorus metabolism remained unchanged. This shows that the preparation used does not accumulate in the body and gradually loses enzymatic activity, and under the influence of the pigs’ stomach proteases it is broken down into separate amino acids which are absorbed by the animals. The resulting stimulatory effect of using "Celloviridin Dх20" has not only physiological but also economic importance, as it helps reduce the time for the pigs to reach slaughter weight (close to 100 kg) by 11 days, and consequently, reduces feed intake and its costs in rearing pigs on farms. Therefore, it is advisable to use "Celloviridin Dх20" in swine husbandry.
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Wei, Lingyun Y., Peixin X. Jiao, Trevor W. Alexander, and Wen Zhu Yang. "Inclusion of Red Osier Dogwood in High-Forage and High-Grain Diets Affected in Vitro Rumen Fermentation." Annals of Animal Science 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2017-0042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Red osier dogwood (ROD) is an abundant shrub plant in Canada and other places in the world. It is rich in antioxidants such as quercetin, gallic acid and tyrosol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting barley silage with ROD in high-forage (HF) or high-grain (HG) diets on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in ruminal batch cultures. The study was a randomized design with 2 media pH (5.8 vs. 6.5) × 4 doses of ROD. An additional treatment of monensin and tylosin was added as a positive control for each pH level. The basic diet consisted of 60% barley silage and 40% barley grain for HF or 15% silage and 85% grain for HG diet. The barley silage was partly replaced with ROD at 0, 3, 6 or 12% in both diets (DM basis). Each diet was incubated for 24 h in culture bottles with three replicates for each treatment combination, and three runs on different days. The GP and DMD were greater (P<0.01) with media pH 6.5 vs. pH 5.8. The DMD linearly (P<0.01) decreased at pH 5.8 with increasing levels of ROD. Increasing ROD levels also linearly (P<0.01) decreased total VFA concentration and the proportion of propionate, and increased (P<0.01) the acetate to propionate ratio (A:P) at pH 5.8. Compared to the antibiotic treatment, the inclusion of ROD resulted in lower (P<0.02) DMD at pH 5.8, and a greater (P<0.01) proportion of acetate but a lower (P<0.01) proportion of propionate. These results indicated that the DMD of diets and the fermentation pattern were adversely affected by ROD at pH 5.8. However, the increased A:P along with the decreased DMD at pH 5.8, suggested a lower impact on fibre digestion than on starch digestion by ROD. Feeding ROD may therefore potentially reduce the incidence of rumen acidosis resulting from feeding HG diets to ruminants by decreasing starch digestion in the rumen.
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Blandino, Massimo, Claudio Fabbri, Mariangela Soldano, Carlo Ferrero, and Amedeo Reyneri. "The use of cobs, a by-product of maize grain, for energy production in anaerobic digestion." Italian Journal of Agronomy 11, no. 3 (August 10, 2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2016.754.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Owing to the rising energy demand and the conflict between food, feed and energy crops for agricultural land, there is a growing need for alternative biomasses for energy purposes. New developments in harvesting technology have created the possibility of harvesting cobs as a by-product of maize grain harvesting. The aim of the present work has been to evaluate the potential and limitations of maize cob utilisation in an anaerobic digestion chain, considering the main agronomic, productive and qualitative traits. Maize grain and cob yields as well as the moisture content of samples collected from 1044 (farm) fields (located) in North West Italy have been determined over the 2012 growing season. Moreover, 27 representative fields were harvested using a modified combine-harvester that is able to collect maize grains and threshed cobs separately. The chemical composition and biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the cobs have been analysed. The relative potential yield of maize cobs was established as 18.7% of the grain mass, while the wet cob yield recorded in the field after mechanical harvesting was 1.6 t ha<sup>–1</sup>. The total solid content was 60%. Fibre fractions represented over 85% of the dry cob matter, lignin content was about 16%, while the protein, ash, lipids and macro-elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) contents were very low compared to the whole-plant maize used for silage. The average BMP of wet threshed cob was 250±20 Nm<sup>3</sup> t VS<sup>–1</sup>. Collected data have underlined that maize cobs could be used as a sustainable feedstock for anaerobic digestion processes.