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Статті в журналах з теми "PISTON EXPANDER"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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1

Wang, Wei, Yu Ting Wu, Chong Fang Ma, and Jian Yu. "Efficiency Analysis on Low Temperature Energy Conversion System Based on Organic Rankine Cycle." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.498.

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The amount of low temperature heat resources is very huge, efficient utilization that energy is very important issue for improving energy efficiency, saving energy and protecting environment. Due to the small available energy of low temperature heat source, how to improve thermodynamic efficiency is the key problem. In this paper, the thermodynamic model of low temperature thermal power conversion system based on organic Rankine cycle was described firstly. Turbine, single screw and piston expanders were briefly described. R123, R245fa and R134a were chose as working fluid because of quite different critical temperature. Based on this model, the influence of thermodynamic property of organic working fluid on the efficiency of low temperature thermal power conversion system was discussed. The calculating result showed that R123 is the best choice if no considering the impact of expander types and that R245fa is the best choice if considering the impact of expander. This conclusion indicated that it is very important to investigate the match relationship between working fluid and expander. Moreover, single screw expander was proved to be more suitable than turbine and piston expanders for low temperature heat power conversion system.

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2

Panesar, Angad S., and Marco Bernagozzi. "Two-Phase Expander Approach for Next Generation of Heat Recovery Systems." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 8, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.3.203-213.

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This study presents the numerical adaptations to the semi-empirical expander model in order to examine the feasibility of piston expanders under off-design and two-phase scenarios. This expander model considers supply valve pressure drop, condensation phenomena, heat losses, leakage losses and friction losses. Using Aspen HYSYS©, the expander model is utilised in simulating the next generation of integrated engine cooling and exhaust heat recovery system for future heavy-duty engines. The heat recovery system utilises water-propanol working fluid mixture and consists of independent high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) expander. The results of off‑design and two-phase operation are presented in terms of expander efficiency and the different sources of loss, under two distinctive engine speed-load conditions. The heat recovery system, operating with the LP expander at two-phase and the HP expander at superheated condition, represented the design point condition. At the design point, the system provided 15.9 kW of net power, with an overall conversion efficiency of 11.4%, representing 10% of additional engine crankshaft power. At the extreme off-design condition, the two-phase expander operation improved the system performance as a result of the nullification of leakage losses due to the much denser working fluid. The optimised two-phase operation of the LP expander (x=0.55) and the HP expander (x=0.9) at the extreme-off design condition improved the system power by nearly 50% (17.4 vs. 11.7 kW) compared to the reference state. Finally, adapting piston air motors as two-phase expanders for experimental evaluation and reduction in frictional losses was a recommended research direction. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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3

Wu, Zhong, Hongguang Zhang, Zhongliang Liu, Guohong Tian, Xiaochen Hou, and Fubin Yang. "Force and energy analysis of single-piston free-piston expander—linear generator." Energy 251 (July 2022): 123926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123926.

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4

Cha, Jeongmin, Jiho Park, Kyungjoong Kim, and Sangkwon Jeong. "Free-piston reciprocating cryogenic expander utilizing phase controller." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 171 (February 2017): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/171/1/012079.

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5

Haiqing, Guan, Ma Yitai, and Li Minxia. "Some design features of CO2 swing piston expander." Applied Thermal Engineering 26, no. 2-3 (February 2006): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.05.011.

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6

Wu, Zhong, Hongguang Zhang, Zhongliang Liu, Xiaochen Hou, Jian Li, Fubin Yang, and Jian Zhang. "Experimental study on the performance of single-piston free-piston expander—linear generator." Energy 221 (April 2021): 119724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119724.

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7

Smorodin, Anatoliy I., and Artur I. Gimadeev. "Optimization of a compressed gaseous CO2 energy recovery dry ice pelletizer." MATEC Web of Conferences 324 (2020): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032402008.

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Анотація:

The disadvantages of the existing dry ice electromechanical pelletizers have been revealed. A schematic flow diagram of the new dry ice energy recovery pelletizer and a carbon dioxide TS diagram with the processes of the new pelletizer have been presented. The functions of the diameter of the piston expander of the new dry ice pelletizer and dry ice pressing pressure depending on the pressure of compressed gaseous CO2 have been derived. The optimal diameters of a piston expander for the dry ice pelletizer have been determined.

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8

Patel, Raj C., Diego C. Bass, Ganza Prince Dukuze, Angelina Andrade, and Christopher S. Combs. "Analysis and Development of a Small-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO2) Brayton Cycle." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 13, 2022): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103580.

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Carbon dioxide’s (CO2) ability to reach the supercritical phase (7.39 MPa and 304.15 K) with low thermal energy input is an advantageous feature in power generation design, allowing for the use of various heat sources in the cycle. A small-scale supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycle operating on the principle of a closed-loop Brayton cycle is currently under construction at The University of Texas at San Antonio, to design and develop a small-scale indirect-fired sCO2 Brayton cycle, acquire validation data of the cycle’s performance, and compare the cycle’s performance to other cycles operating in similar conditions. The power cycle consists of four principal components: A reciprocating piston compressor, a heating source, a reciprocating piston expander to produce power, and a heat exchanger to dissipate excess heat. The work explained in the present manuscript describes the theory and analysis conducted to design the piston expander, heating source, and heat exchanger in the cycle. Theoretical calculations indicate that using sCO2 for the Brayton cycle generates 4.5 kW of power with the inlet pressure and temperature of 17.23 MPa and 358.15 K to the piston expander. Based on the fully isentropic conditions, the thermal efficiency of the system is estimated to be 12.75%.

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9

Preetham, B. S., and L. Weiss. "Investigations of a new free piston expander engine cycle." Energy 106 (July 2016): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.03.082.

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10

Burugupally, Sindhu Preetham, and Leland Weiss. "Design and performance of a miniature free piston expander." Energy 170 (March 2019): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.158.

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11

Jiang, Yuntao, Yitai Ma, Lin Fu, and Minxia Li. "Some design features of CO2 two-rolling piston expander." Energy 55 (June 2013): 916–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.053.

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12

Li, Jian, Hongguang Zhang, Yaming Tian, Xiaochen Hou, Yonghong Xu, Tenglong Zhao, and Yuting Wu. "Performance analysis of a single-piston free piston expander-linear generator with intake timing control strategy based on piston displacement." Applied Thermal Engineering 152 (April 2019): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.02.121.

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13

Liu, Zhuxian, Zhong Wu, Yonghong Xu, Hongguang Zhang, Jian Zhang, and Fubin Yang. "Performance Investigation of Single–Piston Free Piston Expander–Linear Generator with Multi–Parameter Based on Simulation Model." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 9078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239078.

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The structural design and operating strategy of a free piston expander–linear generator (FPE–LG) has a major impact on performance. In this paper, the simulation model of single–piston FPE–LG was built and verified by combining the structural parameters of the existing test rig with a set of kinetic and thermodynamic equations. On this basis, the influence of the design and operating parameters of the device on the performance was studied, while keeping other parameters fixed. Then, a sensitivity analysis of power output and operating frequency was carried out. The results show that within a certain range of external load and intake beginning position, increasing the diameter of the intake and exhaust pipes, or reducing the piston rod diameter can improve the power output. Within a certain range of frictional coefficient and intake time, increasing the cylinder diameter and intake pressure, or reducing the piston assembly mass and back electromotive force (EMF) constant can increase the operating frequency. Both the power output and the operating frequency are most sensitive to the cylinder diameter among the design parameters. Among the operating parameters, power output is the most sensitive to intake pressure, and operating frequency is the most sensitive to intake beginning position. The optimization of structural design and operation strategy in expander provides important guiding significance for ORC waste heat recovery system.

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14

Cha, Jeongmin, Jiho Park, Kyungjoong Kim, and Sangkwon Jeong. "Development of cryogenic free-piston reciprocating expander utilizing phase controller." Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9714/psac.2016.18.2.042.

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15

Hu, Jing, Minxia Li, Li Zhao, Borui Xia, and Yitai Ma. "Improvement and experimental research of CO2 two-rolling piston expander." Energy 93 (December 2015): 2199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.10.097.

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16

Gusev, S., D. Ziviani, J. Vierendeels, and M. De Paepe. "Variable volume ratio free-piston expander: Prototyping and experimental campaign." International Journal of Refrigeration 98 (February 2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.10.004.

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17

Yusha, V. L., G. I. Chernov, I. D. Obukhov, O. G. Bessonov, V. V. Denisenko, A. A. Goncharenko, and V. B. Shipov. "Multipurpose conversion of marine diesel engines when creating piston motor-compressor units." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering 5, no. 3 (2021): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2588-0373-2021-5-3-14-22.

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Анотація:

This paper present an assessment of the energy efficiency of various combinations of piston stages of an internal combustion engine, a compressor, and a Rankine engine as part of piston motor-compressor units based on modernized marine diesel engines. An eight-cylinder single-row diesel engine 8Ch23/30-1 is chosen as the object of research, the base of which is used as a single platform for creating powertechnology units for various purposes and power. The proposed variants for converting the original engine allow, with minimal costs for the development of design and manufacturing technology, to create gas engine compressor units with reduced fuel consumption and improved weight and size characteristics in comparison with the known mobile compressor stations driven by diesel internal combustion engines. In the paper, on the basis of the developed mathematical models of working processes, the possibility of joint operation of diesel cylinders with piston expanders of the Rankine cycle and one or more stages of a piston compressor is assessed. Various possible combinations of diesel cylinders, compressor cylinders and expander cylinders are considered, as well as the dependences of engine power and compressor performance depending on the number of compressor stages and the number of diesel power cylinders used.

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18

Ismael, Mhadi A., A. Rashid A. Aziz, Ezrann Z. Zainal A., Salah E. Mohammed, Wasiu B. Ayandotun, Masri B. Baharom, M. Syafiq Sallehudin, M. Syakirin R., A. R. T. Anwerudin, and M. Muzani Masri. "Investigation on free-piston motion and power generation of a dual-piston air-driven expander linear generator." Energy Reports 7 (November 2021): 2388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.04.035.

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19

Al-Hamadani, Ali A. F., and Aya Haitham A. Kareem. "REVIEW OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE USED IN SMALL- SCALE APPLICATION." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, no. 1 (February 22, 2020): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i1.2020.496.

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Анотація:

Organic Rankine cycle an alternative way of generating energy from waste heat, fuel and gases at low-temperature. Method (ORC) proved successful and high efficiency to reduce environmental pollution, fuel consumption and convert low to medium heat sources. The paper will be presenting a review investigation on the organic Rankine cycle(ORC), cycle Background, (ORC) configuration, and selecting of working fluids and experimental studied of expansion apparatuses, which are classified into two type volumetric type such as (expander of rotary vane, scroll, reciprocating piston expander and screw) velocity kind (for example axial and radial turbine). Heat exchanger and expander apparatuses are considered economically expensive parts in (ORC).

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20

Tian, Hua, YiTai Ma, MinXia Li, ShengChun Liu, and KaiYang Wang. "Leakage research on supercritical carbon dioxide fluid in rolling piston expander." Science China Technological Sciences 55, no. 6 (April 22, 2012): 1711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-012-4831-8.

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21

Giuffrida, Antonio, Gianluca Valenti, Davide Palamini, and Luigi Solazzi. "On the conceptual design of the novel balanced rolling piston expander." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 12 (September 2018): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2018.03.003.

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22

Bianchi, M., L. Branchini, A. De Pascale, F. Melino, S. Ottaviano, A. Peretto, and N. Torricelli. "Performance prediction of a reciprocating piston expander with semi-empirical models." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 1737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.403.

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23

Fukuta, Mitsuhiro, Fumiya Anzai, Masaaki Motozawa, Hiroyuki Terawaki, and Tadashi Yanagisawa. "Performance of radial piston type reciprocating expander for CO2 refrigeration cycle." International Journal of Refrigeration 42 (June 2014): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.02.005.

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24

Peng, Xue Jun. "The Application Study of Hybrid Expansion System in the Compressed Air Energy Storage Power Generation." Advanced Materials Research 934 (May 2014): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.934.150.

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Анотація:

The large capacity storage technologies at present are reviewed, particular attention is paid to the principle and current situation of compressed air energy storage power generation. Considering the operating characteristic of non-fuel compressed air energy storage, this paper proposes a hybrid expansion system with piston expander and turbine expander in series and preliminarily analyses the expansion process. The results display that the application of hybrid expansion system can significantly enhance the efficiency of compressed air energy storage power generation and it shows a broad application prospect.

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25

Li, Minxia, Yitai Ma, and Hua Tian. "A Rolling Piston-Type Two-Phase Expander in the Transcritical CO2 Cycle." HVAC&R Research 15, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2009.10390860.

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26

Mohamad, M. N. A., W. S. I. W. Salim, and W. N. A. W. Muhammad. "Feasibility study on the conversion of a small engine into a single-piston expander operating under different pressure and valve timing conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012078.

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Abstract There are limited studies on improving the piston expander performance for a wider operating range by adopting the variable valve timing method. This study uses a simple conversion technique to develop a single-piston expander (SPE) from a small two-stroke engine. The SPE is being tested at different operating conditions to study the feasibility of the SPE operating under different intake pressure and valve timing conditions. By fixing the exhaust valve timing, the SPE was tested at four intake pressure; 3, 4, 5, and 6 bar, while the intake valve closing varied from 30° to 110°. From the study, the highest power produced by the SPE was only 64 Watt when tested at 6 bar, with the intake valve opening at TDC and closed at 70°. The results show that the converted SPE is feasible in terms of functionality, but it is not performance-wise because much power has been lost through the recompression process. The study also observed that the intake valve timing could significantly affect the SPE power output, besides the intake pressure alone.

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27

Tian, Yaming, Hongguang Zhang, Jian Li, Xiaochen Hou, Tenglong Zhao, Fubin Yang, Yonghong Xu, and Xin Wang. "Development and validation of a single-piston free piston expander-linear generator for a small-scale organic Rankine cycle." Energy 161 (October 2018): 809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.192.

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28

Lai, Guang Jer, C. K. Lin, Yoshiyuki Kobayashi, Masahiro Matsuo та Min Chie Chiu. "A Theoretical Study of the Phase Angle for the β Type Pulse-Steam Stirling Expander". Applied Mechanics and Materials 597 (липень 2014): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.597.425.

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This paper introduces a small steam expander linked to a moderate/small industrial steam boiler to form a small scale cogeneration system for the purpose of energy conservation and carbon-emission reduction. Here, a traditional regulator will be replaced by the steam expander. In order to effectively extract the high pressure steam’s unused energy (flow energy) from the boiler, the steam will be induced into an expanding process. Here, a Pulse-Steam Stirling Expander (PSSE), which is different from a normal steam expander, is proposed in the study. In order to decrease the steam condensation and increase the overall output power, the PSSE expander adopts an isothermal process instead of the traditional isentropic process. The PSSE cycle, which is composed of an isothermal process and an isovolumetric process, is similar to the Stirling cycle. Therefore, considering the influence of the valve’s opening/closing within the PSSE cycle and adopting the Stirling engine’s Schmidt theory, the mathematical model of the PSSE cycle has been established. The characteristic analysis of the PSSE expander has been assessed based on the mathematical model. Moreover, a prototype of the PSSE expander has been constructed and tested. According to theoretical analysis and experimental data, the output power for the PSSE expander is closely related to the phase angle between the displacer and the piston. Consequently, the mathematical model of the PSSE expander proposed in this study can be applied to design the practical PSSE expander in industry.

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29

Ali, A. Z. A., M. F. Zakaria, M. N. A. Mohamad, W. N. A. W. Muhammad, and W. S. I. W. Salim. "Development of Electronic Valve Timing Control Unit for Single Piston Expander with Microcontroller." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012073.

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Abstract An electronic valve timing control unit has been developed mainly for the internal combustion engine operation. This study aims to implement a similar technology into a single-piston expander (SPE) with readily available and low-cost microcontrollers. The study used an Arduino Mega 2560 and ESP32-WROOM microcontrollers to control the valve timing with the rotational input signal obtained from an absolute encoder. The SPE has been expected to run at the rotational speed of up to 2000 rpm. This setup was prepared to simulate the actual SPE operation using a direct current motor to drive the spindle connected to the encoder shaft to create a similar hardware testing and controlled environment. The study aims to identify the efficiency of the microcontroller’s performance with a variation of the valve’s opening and closing time. Results have shown that the clock rate of the microcontroller affects the performance of valve timing response. By increasing the clock rate, the microcontroller can control the valve at a higher speed.

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30

Peng, Baoying, Liang Tong, Dong Yan, and Weiwei Huo. "Experimental research and artificial neural network prediction of free piston expander-linear generator." Energy Reports 8 (November 2022): 1966–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.021.

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31

Xu, Yonghong, Liang Tong, Hongguang Zhang, Xiaochen Hou, Fubin Yang, Fei Yu, Jingxia Li, Tenglong Zhao, Jian Li, and Mengru Zhang. "Experimental investigation of a free piston expander-linear generator with different valve timings." Applied Thermal Engineering 142 (September 2018): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.050.

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32

Srivatsa, Anirudh, and Perry Y. Li. "How moisture content affects the performance of a liquid piston air compressor/expander." Journal of Energy Storage 18 (August 2018): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.04.017.

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33

Oudkerk, J. F., R. Dickes, O. Dumont, and V. Lemort. "Experimental performance of a piston expander in a small- scale organic Rankine cycle." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 90 (August 10, 2015): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/90/1/012066.

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34

Champagne, C., and L. Weiss. "Performance analysis of a miniature free piston expander for waste heat energy harvesting." Energy Conversion and Management 76 (December 2013): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.08.045.

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35

Yu, Qihui, Xiaodong Li, Zhigang Wei, Guoxin Sun, and Xin Tan. "Study on Performance of a Modified Two-Stage Piston Expander Based on Spray Heat Transfer." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 12764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912764.

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Анотація:

To fully use high-pressure air, the two-stage piston expander (TSPE) has been widely studied. The following factors obstruct the use of the TSPE: A high expansion ratio will inevitably result in a lower air temperature in the cylinder, causing adverse effects such as ice blockage and lubricating oil freezing; the residual air from the I-stage cylinder will all flow into the II-stage cylinder, causing a large reverse force to the I-stage piston during the working process. To address the above problems, a modified two-stage piston expander (M-TSPE) based on spray heat transfer is proposed. Firstly, the working principle of the M-TSPE is introduced, followed by the construction of a mathematical model of the M-TSPE. Secondly, the valve-timing of the M-TSPE is determined and compared with the output power and efficiency of the TSPE. The output power and efficiency of the M-TSPE are increased by 57.58% and 13.28%, respectively. Then, the performance parameters of the M-TSPE with and without spray are compared and analyzed. Finally, parameter analysis is carried out on the air/water mass ratio and water mist particle size. Results show that when the intake pressure and load torque are set to 3 MPa and 150 N·m, respectively, the output power of the M-TSPE without spray is 14.22 kW and the output power of the M-TSPE with spray is 16.08 kW, which is a 13.08% increase in output power. The average air temperatures in the I-stage cylinder of the M-TSPE with and without spray are 321 K and 263 K, respectively, and the average air temperature in the I-stage cylinder is enhanced by 58 K. The output performance of the M-TSPE can be improved by increasing the mass ratio of the water mist in the cylinder and decreasing the particle size of the water mist.

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36

Wu, Weifeng, Qi Wang, Zhao Zhang, Zhijun Wu, Xiaotian Yang, and Liangcong Xu. "Influence of evaporating rate on two-phase expansion in the piston expander with cyclone separator." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part B (2020): 2077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180903322w.

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The trilateral flash cycle shows a greater potentiality in moderate to low grade heat utilization systems due to its potentiality of obtaining high exergy efficiency, compared to the conventional thermodynamic cycles such as the organic Rankine cycles and the Kalina cycle. The main difference between the trilateral flash cycle and the conventional thermodynamic cycles is that the superheated vapor expansion process is replaced by the two-phase expansion process. The two-phase expansion process actually consists of a flashing of the inlet stream into a vapor and a liquid phase. Most simulations assume an equilibrium model with an instantaneous flashing. Yet, the experiments of pool flashing indicate that there is a flash evaporating rate. The mechanism of this process still remains unclear. In this paper, the flash evaporating rate is introduced into the model of the two-phase expansion process in the reciprocating expander with a cyclone separator. As such, the obtained results reveal the influence of evaporating rate on the efficiency of the two-phase expander.

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37

Li, Jian, Fubin Yang, Hongguang Zhang, Zhong Wu, Yaming Tian, Xiaochen Hou, Yonghong Xu, and Jing Ren. "Comparative analysis of different valve timing control methods for single-piston free piston expander-linear generator via an orthogonal experimental design." Energy 195 (March 2020): 116966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.116966.

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38

JIANG, Yuntao. "Study of Two-rotor Rolling Piston Expander Used in Trans-critical CO2 Compression Cycle." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, no. 06 (2010): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2010.06.139.

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39

Ertesvåg, I. S. "Analysis of the Vading concept-a new rotary-piston compressor, expander and engine principle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 216, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765002320256909.

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Анотація:

A novel concept for rotary machines is described. A rotor is positioned acentrically in a cylindrical cavity. One or more (typically, three or four) vanes slide radially in slots in the rotor. The vanes are connected to an axle such that the tip of a vane follows the internal surface of the housing without touching it. It is shown how the concept can be utilized in the design of compressors, expanders, and internal combustion engines. A thermodynamic model is formulated for the engine process, and calculations for a chosen set of geometrical data are presented. It is concluded that the machine can be described mathematically, and that it can work as claimed by the inventor, Kjell Vading. Some potential advantages over other concepts are discussed.

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40

Peng, X., B. Zhang, B. Guo, Z. Xing, and P. Shu. "Development of the free piston expander for work recovery in transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 220, no. 7 (October 14, 2006): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe202.

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41

Wang, Yaodong, Lin Chen, Boru Jia, and Anthony Paul Roskilly. "Experimental study of the operation characteristics of an air-driven free-piston linear expander." Applied Energy 195 (June 2017): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.032.

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42

Hou, Xiaochen, Hongguang Zhang, Fei Yu, Hongda Liu, Fubin Yang, Yonghong Xu, Yaming Tian, and Gaosheng Li. "Free piston expander-linear generator used for organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system." Applied Energy 208 (December 2017): 1297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.024.

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43

Tenissara, Nopporn, Sirichai Thepa, and Veerapol Monyakul. "Performance study of a small-single piston expander using compressed air as working fluid." Energy Procedia 138 (October 2017): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.169.

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44

Ferrara, Giovanni, Lorenzo Ferrari, Daniele Fiaschi, Giovanni Galoppi, Sotirios Karellas, Riccardo Secchi, and Duccio Tempesti. "Energy recovery by means of a radial piston expander in a CO2 refrigeration system." International Journal of Refrigeration 72 (December 2016): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.07.014.

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45

T, K., and Yap K. S. "Design Evolution: From Rolling Piston to Revolving Vane to Cross-Vane Expander-compressor unit." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 90 (August 10, 2015): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/90/1/012036.

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46

Ahmed T. Raheem, A. Rashid A. Aziz, Saiful A. Zulkifli, Abdalrazak T. Rahem, and Wasiu B Ayandotun. "Development, Validation, and Performance Evaluation of An Air-Driven Free-Piston Linear Expander Numerical Model." Evergreen 9, no. 1 (March 2022): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/4774218.

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47

Hou, Xiaochen, Hongguang Zhang, Yonghong Xu, Yaming Tian, Tenglong Zhao, Jian Li, and Fei Yu. "Performance investigation of a free piston expander-linear generator for small scale organic Rankine cycle." Applied Thermal Engineering 144 (November 2018): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.08.059.

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48

Bianchi, M., L. Branchini, N. Casari, A. De Pascale, F. Melino, S. Ottaviano, M. Pinelli, P. R. Spina, and A. Suman. "Experimental analysis of a micro-ORC driven by piston expander for low-grade heat recovery." Applied Thermal Engineering 148 (February 2019): 1278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.12.019.

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49

Zhao, Tenglong, Hongguang Zhang, Xiaochen Hou, Yonghong Xu, Jian Li, Xin Shi, and Yuting Wu. "Modelling and validation of a free piston expander-linear generator for waste heat recovery system." Applied Thermal Engineering 163 (December 2019): 114377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114377.

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50

Zheng, N., L. Zhao, X. D. Wang, and Y. T. Tan. "Experimental verification of a rolling-piston expander that applied for low-temperature Organic Rankine Cycle." Applied Energy 112 (December 2013): 1265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.12.030.

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