Статті в журналах: "PISTACHIO SHELLS"

1

Soleimanifard, Sedighe, and Naser Hamdami. "Modelling of the sorption isotherms and determination of the isosteric heat of split pistachios, pistachio kernels and shells." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 36, No. 3 (June 28, 2018): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/460/2016-cjfs.

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We aimed to measure the equilibrium moisture content of the Ohadi variety of pistachio shells, pistachio kernels and split pistachios using gravimetric methods at 25, 40, 55, and 70°C and saturated salt solutions with water activities ranging from 0.08 to 0.97. Then, 11 mathematical models were used to select the best model for data description. The GAB model, which had the maximum value for the correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) and minimum values for the chi-squared test (χ<sup>2</sup>) and root mean square error (RMSE), was identified as the best model for split pistachios and pistachio kernels. The Caurie model, meanwhile, was identified as the best model for pistachio shells. In this test, there was no significant hysteresis between the desorption and adsorption curves. Furthermore, the isosteric heat of adsorption and desorption were also determined using thermodynamic equations (e.g., the Clausius-Clapeyron equation).

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2

S. Hadi, Rusul, and Hwazen S. Fadhil. "THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMER COMPOSITES REINFORCED BY NATURAL MATERIALS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, no. 02 (March 1, 2021): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.25.2.10.

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Abstract the waste natural such as groundnut shell, rice husk, eggshell, pistachio shells, etc., are regionally available. All these waste natural has good mechanical characteristics and can be employed more efficiently in the improvement of composite materials for different uses. This paper shows the study of the impact test, tensile test and flexural test properties of the pistachio shell powder strengthened epoxy resin. Pistachio shell powder with different weight fraction (5%, 7%, and 9%) strengthened epoxy resin has been developed by hand lay-up method. The tensile test, flexural test and impact strength displays the sample (epoxy+7% wt. pistachio shells) has the highest comparison with other samples. The principal results extracted from this work that the Samples with (9%) weight fraction of the pistachio shell content in epoxy resin decreases the modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, tensile strength, impact strength and flexural modulus, while at (5% and 7%) weight fraction of the pistachio shell content in epoxy resin raise the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength and impact strength increased.

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3

Cardullo, Nunzio, Melania Leanza, Vera Muccilli, and Corrado Tringali. "Valorization of Agri-Food Waste from Pistachio Hard Shells: Extraction of Polyphenols as Natural Antioxidants." Resources 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10050045.

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The agricultural processing industry usually generates a remarkable amount of by-products rich in bioactive compounds, which can be exploited for agri-food or nutraceutical applications. Pistachio’s hard shell is one of the major by-products from pistachio industrial processing. The aim of this work was the evaluation of pistachio shells as a potential source of natural antioxidants. We evaluated different extraction procedures by measuring total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidative activity (DPPH•, TEAC and ORAC). The microwave-assisted ethanol extract turned out to be the most promising and was fractionated by XAD-16 column chromatography, affording six fractions analyzed through HPLC/ESI-MS/MS and 1H-NMR to identify the main antioxidative constituents. Fractions Fr4–Fr6 demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. Gallic acid and a monogalloylglusose isomer are the main phenolic constituents of Fr4. Both simple and complex phenolics, such as flavonoids and hydrolysable tannins, were identified in fractions Fr5 and Fr6; pentagalloylglucose and kaempferol, well-known for their antioxidant activity, are the most abundant constituents. The results highlighted that the proposed methodology can be an effective way to recover bioactive phenolic compounds from pistachio hard shell, making this by-product a promising source of compounds with potential applications in food and healthcare sectors.

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Jeníček, Lukáš, Barbora Tunklová, Jan Malaťák, Jan Velebil, Jitka Malaťáková, Michal Neškudla, and František Hnilička. "The Impact of Nutshell Biochar on the Environment as an Alternative Fuel or as a Soil Amendment." Materials 16, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16052074.

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Walnut, pistachio, and peanut nutshells were treated by pyrolysis to biochar and analyzed for their possible usage as fuels or soil fertilizers. All the samples were pyrolyzed to five different temperatures, i.e., 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C. Proximate and elemental analyses were carried out for all the samples, as well as calorific value and stoichiometric analysis. For sample usage as a soil amendment, phytotoxicity testing was performed and the content of phenolics, flavonoids, tannin, juglone, and antioxidant activity were determined. To characterize the chemical composition of walnut, pistachio, and peanut shells, lignin, cellulose, holocellulose, hemicellulose, and extractives were determined. As a result, it was found that walnut shells and pistachio shells are best pyrolyzed at the temperature of 300 °C and peanut shells at the temperature of 550 °C for their use as alternative fuels. The highest measured net calorific value was in pistachio shells, which were biochar pyrolyzed at 550 °C, of 31.35 MJ kg−1. On the other hand, walnut biochar pyrolyzed at 550 °C had the highest ash share of 10.12% wt. For their use as soil fertilizers, peanut shells were the most suitable when pyrolyzed at 300 °C, walnut shells at 300 and 350 °C, and pistachio shells at 350 °C.

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5

Pontikis, C. A. "‘Pontikis’ Pistachio." HortScience 21, no. 4 (August 1986): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.4.1074.

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6

Cho, C. H., M. Hatsu, and K. Takamizawa. "The production of D-xylose by enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0414.

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Agricultural wastes, rich in D-xylose content, were hydrolyzed using the mixed crude enzymes produced by Penicillium sp. AHT-1 and Rhizomucor pusillus HHT-1. Shells of pistachio, peanut, walnut, chestnut, barley brans and sunflower seed peels, were used as raw or pretreated forms. Pretreatment was performed by milling or steam explosion. Enzymatic hydrolysis after steam explosion was more effective than milling processing. More than 13 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells, walnut shells, sunflower seed peels and peanut shells (less than 0.5 mm size) by the action of mixed enzyme solutions. A maximum of 36 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells when mixed enzyme solution, containing 3,000 U and 33 U per g of substrate with xylanase and β-xyosidase activities, respectively, was applied. The ratio of the enzymatic hydrolysis as compared to acid hydrolysis in this finding was 100%.

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7

Xiao, Nannan, Martin Felhofer, Sebastian J. Antreich, Jessica C. Huss, Konrad Mayer, Adya Singh, Peter Bock, and Notburga Gierlinger. "Twist and lock: nutshell structures for high strength and energy absorption." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 8 (August 2021): 210399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210399.

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Nutshells achieve remarkable properties by optimizing structure and chemistry at different hierarchical levels. Probing nutshells from the cellular down to the nano- and molecular level by microchemical and nanomechanical imaging techniques reveals insights into nature's packing concepts. In walnut and pistachio shells, carbohydrate and lignin polymers assemble to form thick-walled puzzle cells, which interlock three-dimensionally and show high tissue strength. Pistachio additionally achieves high-energy absorption by numerous lobes interconnected via ball-joint-like structures. By contrast, the three times more lignified walnut shells show brittle LEGO-brick failure, often along the numerous pit channels. In both species, cell walls (CWs) show distinct lamellar structures. These lamellae involve a helicoidal arrangement of cellulose macrofibrils as a recurring motif. Between the two nutshell species, these lamellae show differences in thickness and pitch angle, which can explain the different mechanical properties on the nanolevel. Our in-depth study of the two nutshell tissues highlights the role of cell form and their interlocking as well as plant CW composition and structure for mechanical protection. Understanding these plant shell concepts might inspire biomimetic material developments as well as using walnut and pistachio shell waste as sustainable raw material in future applications.

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8

Venegas-Martínez, Abraham, Beatriz Adriana Salazar-Cruz, José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Claudia Esmeralda Ramos-Galván, and María Yolanda Chávez-Cinco. "Evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Pistachio Shell Particles as Modifier for Asphalt Binder." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031151.

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In recent years, the use of waste materials from agricultural sources has attracted interest as a research field. Several kinds of waste particles have been studied as additives for asphalt modification, and good results in terms of rheological and physical properties have been discussed in recent literature. In the present work, two types of seed shell particles were evaluated as asphalt modifiers. The shells of Jatropha curcas and pistachio are considered waste materials with no further industrial applications; therefore, in this study, they were incorporated into asphalt at different concentrations in order to evaluate their effect on the binder’s properties. Modified asphalt mixtures were prepared through the hot mix method, and the physical, rheological, and thermal properties of the modified samples were measured and compared to those of the unmodified binder. According to the results of softening point, viscosity, and rheological characterization, the particles obtained from Jatropha curcas and pistachio shells can be used as efficient additives for asphalt modification. Pistachio shell particles act as an asphalt modifier, while Jatropha curcas behaves more like a filler agent since using it at high concentrations causes an inverse effect on the modified performance and properties of the asphalt. Finally, the results obtained showed that both shell particles were useful for improving the binder’s resistance to rutting and permanent deformations, compared to the pure asphalt’s original behavior.

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9

Dudek, Magdalena, Bartosz Adamczyk, Przemysław Grzywacz, Radosław Lach, Maciej Sitarz, Magdalena Leśniak, Marcin Gajek, et al. "The Utilisation of Solid Fuels Derived from Waste Pistachio Shells in Direct Carbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 6755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226755.

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The comprehensive results regarding the physicochemical properties of carbonaceous materials that are obtained from pistachio shells support their usage as solid fuels to supply direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells (DC-SOFCs). The influence of preparation conditions on variations in the chemical composition, morphology of the biochar powders, and degree of graphitization of carbonaceous materials were investigated. Based on structural investigations (X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy), it was observed that disordered carbon particles developed during the application of thermal treatments. The use of X-ray fluorescence enabled a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of the inorganic matter in biocarbon-based samples. Additionally, the gasification of carbonaceous-based samples vs. time at a temperature of 850 °C was investigated in a H2O or CO2 gas atmosphere. The analysis demonstrated the conversion rate of biochar obtained from pistachio shells to H2, CH4 and CO during steam gasification. The electrochemical investigations of the DC-SOFCs that were supplied with biochars obtained from pistachio shells were characterized by satisfactory values for the current and power densities at a temperature range of 700–850 °C. However, a higher power output of the DC-SOFCs was observed when CO2 was introduced to the anode chamber. Therefore, the impact of the Boudouard reaction on the performance of DC-SOFCs was confirmed. The chars that were prepared from pistachio shells were adequate for solid fuels for utilization in DC–SOFCs.

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10

Ahmad, Riaz, Louise Ferguson, and Stephen M. Southwick. "Identification of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Nuts with Microsatellite Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 6 (November 2003): 898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.6.0898.

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A genomic DNA library enriched for dinucleotide (CT)n and (CA)n and trinucleotide (CTT)n microsatellite motifs has been developed from `Kerman' pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). The enrichment method based on magnetic or biotin capture of repetitive sequences from restricted genomic DNA revealed an abundance of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the pistachio genome which were used for marker development. After an enrichment protocol, about 64% of the clones contained (CT)n repeats while 59% contained (CA)n for CT and CA enriched libraries, respectively. In the (CT)n enriched library, compound sequences were 45% while for (CA)n it was 13.5%. In both dinucleotide enriched libraries, about 80% of the clones having microsatellites have a repeat length in the range of 10 to 30 units. A library enriched for trinucleotide (CTT)n contained <19% of the clones with (CTT)n repeats. Of the clones that contained microsatellites, 62% had sufficient flanking sequence for primer design. An initial set of 25 pairs of primers was designed, out of which 14 pairs amplified cleanly and produced an easily interpretable PCR product in the commercially important American, Iranian, Turkish, and Syrian pistachio cultivars. The efficient DNA extraction method developed for pistachio kernels and shells (roasted and nonroasted) yielded DNA of sufficient quality to use PCR to create DNA fingerprints. In total, 46 alleles were identified by 14 primer pairs and a dendrogram was constructed on the basis of that information. The SSR markers distinguished most of the tested cultivars from their unique DNA fingerprint. An UPGMA cluster analysis placed most of the Iranian samples in one group while the Syrian samples were the most diverse and did not constitute a single distinct group. The maximum number of cultivar specific markers were found in `Kerman'(4), the current industry standard in the United States, and the Syrian cultivar Jalab (5). The technique of using extracted DNA from pistachio kernal or shell coupled with the appropriate marker system developed here, can be used for analyses and measurement of trueness to type.

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11

Konsolakis, Michalis, Nikolaos Kaklidis, George E. Marnellos, Dimitra Zaharaki, and Kostas Komnitsas. "Assessment of biochar as feedstock in a direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell." RSC Advances 5, no. 90 (2015): 73399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13409a.

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The feasibility of directly converting biochar to electricity in a novel Direct Biomass Fuel Cell (DBFC) was investigated. Three different types of biochars, i.e., pistachio shells (PI), pecan shells (PE) and sawdust (SD) were employed as feedstock.

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12

Ahmad Ghedan Ahmad and Adnan Raad Ahmed. "study of some mechanical and thermal properties for a composite material of a polymeric basis reinforced by natural material shells." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 25, no. 4 (August 2, 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v25i4.272.

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This study includes the possibility of using the agricultural residues shell (walnut and pistachio) as a filler in epoxy resins as an alternative to wood and plastic based ingredients. specimens of composite materials were prepared by using hand lay-up method .These specimens were represented by two groups of composite materials that consist of epoxy resin as a material matrix reinforced with walnut shell powder once, and pistachio shell powder again with different weight ratios (11%, 15% and 19%). Mechanical tests (impact, hardness, bending) and some physical tests (thermal conductivity, absorption) were carried out. All the results were done at the temperature of the lab. The results of the specimens tests prepared showed an improvement in the impact strength when adding the minutes of the pistachio shell by ratio 15% where it reached (12.9 KJ/m2), while it saw a decrease in the composite reinforced by walnut shell powder at the same ratio (6.3 KJ/m2), The hardness of the composites also improved at the addition ratio 19% where it reached (83.2 N/m2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the walnut shell and (81.9 N/m2) in the composites reinforced by minutes of pistachio shell, Bending resistance also increased to the highest value at the addition ratio 19% to (56.82 N/mm2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the walnut shell and (54.4 N/mm2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the pistachio shell..On the other hand, physical measurement showed a slight increase in the values of thermal conductivity and absorption. The results indicate that the composite material reinforced with pistachio shell powder have higher values in impact, bending and thermal conductivity tests and lower values for hardness and water absorption tests when compared with composite material reinforced with walnut shell powder.

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13

Rasheed, Aseel Kais, Noor Kais Rasheed, and Ismail Ibrahim Marhoon. "Thermal and Natural Particles Addition Effects on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Epoxy–Polyurethane Resin Blend Polymer." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.8.836.

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In this study, natural particles were added to blend polymer resin. Composite material prepared from pistachio shells was added to epoxy–polyurethane blend polymer. The weight ratio of additive for liquid polyurethane to epoxy was 12 wt.%. In addition, their mechanical and physical properties were studied depending on a range of variables, such as temperature (25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C) and volume fraction (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%). Hardness, impact strength and thermal conductivity were studied. Results showed that the impact strength was increased and that the hardness and thermal conductivity values were reduced at high temperatures. Meanwhile, the impact strength and hardness increased and the thermal conductivity values decreased with increased volume fracture of pistachio shells particles.

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14

Rasheed, Aseel Kais, Noor Kais Rasheed, and Ismail Ibrahim Marhoon. "Thermal and Natural Particles Addition Effects on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Epoxy–Polyurethane Resin Blend Polymer." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.8.836.

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In this study, natural particles were added to blend polymer resin. Composite material prepared from pistachio shells was added to epoxy–polyurethane blend polymer. The weight ratio of additive for liquid polyurethane to epoxy was 12 wt.%. In addition, their mechanical and physical properties were studied depending on a range of variables, such as temperature (25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C) and volume fraction (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%). Hardness, impact strength and thermal conductivity were studied. Results showed that the impact strength was increased and that the hardness and thermal conductivity values were reduced at high temperatures. Meanwhile, the impact strength and hardness increased and the thermal conductivity values decreased with increased volume fracture of pistachio shells particles.

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15

Kuśmierek, Krzysztof, and Andrzej Świątkowski. "Removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solutions by sorption onto walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0005.

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Abstract The efficiency of walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells to remove three monochlorophenols (2-CP, 3-CP and 4-CP) from aqueous solutions has been investigated. To describe the kinetic data pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models were used. The kinetics data were fitted better into the pseudo-second order model with the coefficient of determination values greater than 0.99. The k2 values increased in the order 4-CP < 3-CP < 2-CP. Sorption was also analyzed as a function of solution concentration at equilibrium. The experimental data received were found to be well described by the Freundlich isotherm equation. Effectiveness of chlorophenols removal from water on the walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells was comparable. Individual differences in sorption of monochlorophenols were also negligible.

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16

T. Pearson and N. Toyofuku. "AUTOMATED SORTING OF PISTACHIO NUTS WITH CLOSED SHELLS." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 16, no. 1 (2000): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.4982.

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17

Noman, M., A. Sanginario, P. Jagadale, A. Tagliaferro, and D. Demarchi. "Activated carbonized pistachio nut shells for electrochemiluminescence detection." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 45, no. 6 (March 14, 2015): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-015-0813-4.

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18

Jadhav, Balawanthrao, Ranen Roy, Md Sajjadur Rahman, and Douglas E. Raynie. "Extraction and Depolymerization of Lignin from Pine Sawdust and Pistachio Shells." Biomass 2, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomass2040023.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource that contains three major constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin is a potential source of aromatic phenols. The extraction and subsequent depolymerization of lignin was studied using pine sawdust and pistachio shells. Lignin extraction used 70:30 methyl isobutyl ketone:ethanol followed by 0.1M H2SO4. The extraction yield of lignin was 15.78 ± 3.38% from pistachio shells and 18.86 ± 1.52% from pine sawdust. The extracted lignin was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The extracted lignin was depolymerized using subcritical water and a Ni-Graphene catalyst at 240 °C for 10 min. The depolymerization products were identified as phenolic monomers, such as phenol, guaiacol, vanillin, syringol, guaiacylpropane, syringaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, synapyl alcohol, and synapyl aldehyde, using GC-MS.

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19

Al Karawi, Mohammed Qasim, Rasha Jasim Al Karawi, and Tumadhir Merawi Borhan. "The Properties of Cement Mortar Reinforced by Pistachio Shells Fibre." Materials Science Forum 1021 (February 2021): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1021.210.

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Pistachio shells (PS) are one of the agricultural wastes, that are considered as economic and wide available material. It has some features that encourage using it to produce lightweight concrete and cement mortar. The essential objective of the current investigation is to evaluate the possibility of incorporating PS as a fibre in the cement mortar and the effect on its properties. Four different fibre percentages (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% by volume of cement) were examined. After curing the samples for 7 and 28 days, the fundamental properties of the cement mortars, including splitting tensile and compressive strengths I addition to the density, were determined and compared. The results revealed that the optimum content of the pistachio shells fibre lies between 0.5% and 1% where the splitting tensile and compressive strengths increased and the mortar’s density reduced at age of 28 days.

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20

Noszczyk, Tomasz, Arkadiusz Dyjakon, and Jacek A. Koziel. "Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030682.

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The European Union created a European Green Deal Program (EGDP). This program aims at a sustainable economy through the transformation of the challenges related to climate and the environment. The main goal of EGDP is climate neutrality by 2050. The increase of alternative biomass residues utilization from various food processing industries and cooperation in the energy and waste management sector is required to meet these expectations. Nut shells are one of the lesser-known, yet promising, materials that can be used as an alternative fuel or a pre-treated product to further applications. However, from a thermal conversion point of view, it is important to know the energy properties and kinetic parameters of the considered biowaste. In this study, the energy and kinetic parameters of walnut, hazelnut, peanut, and pistachio shells were investigated. The results showed that raw nut shells are characterized by useful properties such as higher heating value (HHV) at 17.8–19.7 MJ∙kg−1 and moisture content of 4.32–9.56%. After the thermal treatment of nut shells (torrefaction, pyrolysis), the HHV significantly increased up to ca. 30 MJ∙kg−1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) applying three different heating rates (β; 5, 10, and 20 °C∙min−1) was performed. The kinetic parameters were determined using the isothermal model-fitting method developed by Coats–Redfern. The activation energy (Ea) estimated for β = 5 °C∙min−1, was, e.g., 60.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for walnut, 59.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for hazelnut, 53.4 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for peanut, and 103.8 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for pistachio, respectively. Moreover, the increase in the Ea of nut shells was observed with increasing the β. In addition, significant differences in the kinetic parameters of the biomass residues from the same waste group were observed. Thus, characterization of specific nut shell residues is recommended for improved modeling of thermal processes and designing of bioreactors for thermal waste treatment.

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21

Scholten, Jos M., and Martien C. Spanjer. "Determination of Aflatoxin Bi in Pistachio Kernels and Shells." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 6 (November 1, 1996): 1360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.6.1360.

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Abstract A method was developed for accurate measurement of aflatoxin B1 in the edible portion of pistachio nuts. Twenty-nine samples of kernels with and without their shells were slurried with a Mega Ultra Turrax. A subsample of the homogenate was extracted with water–methanol, defatted with petroleum ether, purified with a silica solid-phase extraction column, and redissolved in methanol. After separation on an octadecy! column and postcolumn reaction with on-line electrochemically generated bromine, the aflatoxin Bi derivative was detected fluorometrically. The shells contained less than 1 % of the aflatoxin Bi found in the edible kernel, and they accounted for 41.7–46.8% of the weight of the whole pistachio. These observations indicate it is possible to analyze an entire sample, up to 25 kg, as a whole and still be able to judge whether it meets the legal tolerance limit of 5 μg aflatoxin B1/kg edible part, as set by the Dutch Food Act.

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22

Víctor-Ortega, María Dolores, Ana S. Fajardo, and Diego Airado-Rodríguez. "Sustainable Development: Use of Agricultural Waste Materials for Vanillic Acid Recovery from Wastewater." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052818.

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The management of agricultural waste is an important issue related to environment protection, as the inappropriate disposal of this waste yields negative effects on the environment. Proper management of industrial effluents is totally aligned with sustainable development goal (SDG) number six “clean water and sanitation”, as well as partially related to other several SDG. In this work, two agricultural waste materials were used for vanillic acid recovery from wastewater. In this scenario, vanillic acid could be considered as both an organic pollutant present in several industrial effluents and a high added-value product when isolated. Therefore, its removal from wastewaters, as well as its recovery and isolation, are very interesting from environmental and economical points of view. Peanut and pistachio shells were studied as no-cost and readily accessible potential adsorbents for the removal and recovery of vanillic acid from aqueous solutions. The evolution of equilibrium isotherms of vanillic acid on both biosorbents was investigated. Three isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) were tested to fit the experimental equilibrium data and compared. The Langmuir model provided the best correlation for vanillic acid biosorption onto both peanut and pistachio shells. Finally, the negative values of ΔG indicated that the biosorption process was spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable for both agricultural waste materials. Accordingly, peanut and pistachio shells were shown to be very efficient low-cost adsorbents, and a promising alternative for vanillic acid recovery from industrial wastewaters.

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23

Trnka, Juraj, Nikola Čajová Kantová, Michal Holubčík, Alexander Čaja, Tomáš Najser, and Jan Najser. "Comparison of energy properties of pellets from shells of different nut species." BioResources 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 2137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.2137-2145.

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Bio-waste is a source of energy-rich material. Therefore, it can be used in further processes and efficiently utilized. Further processes of waste utilization include compressing them to pellets. However, this type of pellet often has a low bulk density, high ash content, low ash melting temperature, and low calorific value. This research dealt with the energy properties of peanut and pistachio nut shells that were pure or mixed with spruce sawdust in half proportion and compressed into pellets. As a continuation of previous research, the properties of these pellets prepared were measured and compared with pure spruce pellets and with pellets from walnut shells. The tested shell pellets had calorific values similar to wood pellets from spruce. However, mixing nut shells with spruce solved the problems of high ash content and low ash melting temperatures. The amount of wood present in the pellets resulted in increased ash melting temperatures and decreased the ash content.

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Nitu, Silvia Andreea, Nicoleta Sporea, Radu Iatan, Ion Durbaca, Ovidiu Vasile, and Gheorghe Cosmin Ciocoiu. "Research on Obtaining Biocomposite Structures with Sound Absorbing Properties." Materiale Plastice 59, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.22.1.5566.

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The paper addresses the methodology for obtaining biocomposite structures from waste, with sound-absorbing properties, such as: thuja shells, walnut shells, pistachio shells, beech sawdust, pumpkin seeds shells and sunflower seeds shells. The experimental analysis carried out considers the study of the sound-absorbing properties held by the proposed new biocomposite materials, by determining the value of the sound absorption coefficient, reflection coefficient, impedance ratio, using the Kundt tube. The interpretation of the results obtained from the evaluation of biocomposites shows that they have sound-absorbing properties. Consequently, sound-absorbing panels with soundproofing properties can be made from these materials, which can be used in industry, transportation, construction, etc. as well as for decorative purposes in spaces such as cinemas, malls, spas, etc.

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Göncü, Betül, Hakki Gülşen, and Emir Zafer Hoşgün. "Bioethanol production from pistachio (pistacia vera L.) shells applying ozone pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis." Environmental Technology 42, no. 15 (March 25, 2021): 2438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2021.1903565.

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26

Ferguson, L., J. Maranto, and R. Beede. "Mechanical Topping Mitigates Alternate Bearing of `Kerman' Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.)." HortScience 30, no. 7 (December 1995): 1369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.7.1369.

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The effects of four mechanical pruning treatments [hedging, topping, hedging/topping, and hand-pruning (control)] on nut yield, nut quality, alternate bearing, and growth of 14-year-old female `Kerman' pistachio trees on Pistacia atlantica L. rootstocks were assessed. A single pruning was done before an “off,” or low-crop, year followed by retopping of those treatments incorporating topping the first year. Over 7 years, yields of hedged/topped and topped trees were equal to those of control trees, while hedged trees produced significantly less. The incidence of nonsplit shells and blank nuts were not affected by pruning. Nuts weighed more all years for hedged/topped and topped trees than for the others. Alternate-bearing indices within 7 years were lower for pruning treatments incorporating topping. Topping mitigated the fluctuating annual vegetative growth pattern and resulted in 27% of the shoots retaining buds through three successive alternate-bearing cycles after the year of treatment. Hedged/topped and topped trees had significantly less alternation in annual girth growth than control or hedged trees. These results demonstrated that two successive seasons of mechanical topping, started before the off year, produced changes in shoot growth, trunk growth, and bud retention that mitigated alternate bearing through three biennial cycles, without decreasing yield. Thus, severe annual hand-pruning could be used to prevent or minimize alternate bearing of pistachios.

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Rivera-Armenta, José Luis, Beatriz Adriana Salazar-Cruz, Ana Cecilia Espindola-Flores, Diana Samantha Villarreal-Lucio, Claudia María De León-Almazán, and Jorge Estrada-Martinez. "Thermal and Thermomechanical Characterization of Polypropylene-Seed Shell Particles Composites." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 8336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168336.

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The use of plant waste, such ashusks, fibers, and bagasse, as additives in polymeric matrices generated great interest recently, since they became an option to be used as additives, reinforcers, or only as fillers. The pistachio is a seed for human consumption, while the Jatropha curcas (JC) is a seed from which oils are extracted, and are used to obtain biofuels; however, their shells are not used when discardedbecause no useful application is known.An interesting application for this waste material is to use it as a bioadditive in polymeric matrix. The objective of the present work is to prepare polymer composites with polypropylene (PP) as a matrix and as a bio-additive particle inseed shells, in this case Jatropha curcas shell particles (JA) and pistachio shell particles (PI), in different content from 2 to 10 phr. The composites were characterized by techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate crystallinity; by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the thermal stability was studied, and by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) the viscoelastic behavior of composites was evaluated. According to DSC, results suggest that a nucleating effect occurs with the addition of the JA and PI, which was reflected in an increase in thepercent of crystallinity of the composites. The TGA results show that thermal stability of the composites was modified with the presence of JA and PI, compared with that PP pristine.In addition, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) reported that the viscoelastic behavior was modified, findinga higher capacity to dissipate energy for composites, PI being the one that presented a greater effect on them.

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28

Robles, Eduardo, Nagore Izaguirre, Ander Martin, Dimitra Moschou, and Jalel Labidi. "Assessment of Bleached and Unbleached Nanofibers from Pistachio Shells for Nanopaper Making." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051371.

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Cellulose and lignocellulose nanofibrils were extracted from pistachio shells utilizing environmentally friendly pulping and totally chlorine-free bleaching. The extracted nanofibers were used to elaborate nanopaper, a continuous film made by gravimetric entanglement of the nanofibers and hot-pressed to enhance intramolecular bonding. The elaborated nanopapers were analyzed through their mechanical, optical, and surface properties to evaluate the influence of non-cellulosic macromolecules on the final properties of the nanopaper. Results have shown that the presence of lignin augmented the viscoelastic properties of the nanopapers by ≈25% compared with fully bleached nanopaper; moreover, the hydrophobicity of the lignocellulose nanopaper was achieved, as the surface free energy was diminished from 62.65 to 32.45 mNm−1 with an almost non-polar component and a water contact angle of 93.52°. On the other hand, the presence of lignin had an apparent visual effect on the color of the nanopapers, with a ΔE of 51.33 and a ΔL of −44.91, meaning a substantial darkening of the film. However, in terms of ultraviolet transmittance, the presence of lignin resulted in a practically nonexistent transmission in the UV spectra, with low transmittance in the visible wavelengths. In general, the presence of lignin resulted in the enhancement of selected properties which are desirable for packaging materials, which makes pistachio shell nano-lignocellulose an attractive option for this field.

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29

Kennedy-Hagan, K. J., J. E. Painter, C. S. Honsleman, A. Halvorson, K. Rhodes, and K. Skwir. "Pistachio Shells Serve as a Visual Cue of Calorie Consumption." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110, no. 9 (September 2010): A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.06.214.

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30

Marett, Josh, Alex Aning, and E. Johan Foster. "The isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from pistachio shells via acid hydrolysis." Industrial Crops and Products 109 (December 2017): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.039.

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31

Younes, Ali, Jafar Sunga Ali, Mohamed Tousif Nur, Artem Duda, Jasmine Wang, Jacopo Samson, Akira Kawamura, Lynn Francesconi, Spiro Alexandratos, and Charles Michael Drain. "Pistachio shells as remediating agents for uranium in contaminated industrial seawater." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 217 (June 2020): 106209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106209.

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32

Enache, Andra-Cristina, Corneliu Cojocaru, Petrisor Samoila, Victor Ciornea, Roxana Apolzan, Georgeta Predeanu, and Valeria Harabagiu. "Adsorption of Brilliant Green Dye onto a Mercerized Biosorbent: Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Molecular Docking Studies." Molecules 28, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 4129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104129.

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This study reports the valorization of pistachio shell agricultural waste, aiming to develop an eco-friendly and cost-effective biosorbent for cationic brilliant green (BG) dye adsorption from aqueous media. Pistachio shells were mercerized in an alkaline environment, resulting in the treated adsorbent (PSNaOH). The morphological and structural features of the adsorbent were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy. The pseudo-first-order (PFO) kinetic model best described the adsorption kinetics of the BG cationic dye onto PSNaOH biosorbents. In turn, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity decreased with temperature (from 52.42 mg/g at 300 K to 46.42 mg/g at 330 K). The isotherm parameters indicated improved affinity between the biosorbent surface and BG molecules at lower temperatures (300 K). The thermodynamic parameters estimated on the basis of the two approaches indicated a spontaneous (ΔG < 0) and exothermic (ΔH < 0) adsorption process. The design of experiments (DoE) and the response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to establish optimal conditions (sorbent dose (SD) = 4.0 g/L and initial concentration (C0) = 10.1 mg/L), yielding removal efficiency of 98.78%. Molecular docking simulations were performed to disclose the intermolecular interactions between the BG dye and lignocellulose-based adsorbent.

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33

Parfitt, Dan E., Craig E. Kallsen, and Joe Maranto. "(228)`Golden Hills' Pistachio—A Replacement for `Kerman'." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1007D—1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1007d.

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`Golden Hills' is a new female pistachio cultivar with improved performance characteristics compared to the standard female cultivar Kerman. `Golden Hills' produces a greater yield and higher percentage of split, edible nuts than `Kerman' while maintaining a similar low percentage of loose shells and kernels. Harvest date is 2–4 weeks earlier than `Kerman', which will permit growers to extend their harvest period and better utilize their harvesting equipment and personnel. Earlier harvest may reduce disease in the northern production areas of California by permitting an earlier harvest before fall rains, as well as reducing navel orangeworm infestations. The cultivar requires less chilling than `Kerman', which improves uniformity of foliation, bloom, nut set, nut fill, and uniformity of nut maturity at harvest in years with insufficient chilling for `Kerman'. Based on all of our evaluations, this cultivar appears to be an exceptional producer and has the potential to increase grower profits by more than 40%.

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34

Karaca, F., and I. Bektas. "Direct liquefaction of pistachio nut shells—Effects of parameters on product yields." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 39, no. 4 (February 16, 2017): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2011.629283.

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35

Yang, Ting, and Aik Chong Lua. "Characteristics of activated carbons prepared from pistachio-nut shells by physical activation." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 267, no. 2 (November 2003): 408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00689-1.

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36

Sawalha, Hassan, Aseel Bader, Jinan Sarsour, Maher Al-Jabari, and Eldon R. Rene. "Removal of Dye (Methylene Blue) from Wastewater Using Bio-Char Derived from Agricultural Residues in Palestine: Performance and Isotherm Analysis." Processes 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10102039.

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The main aim of this study was to perform a parametric study for treating a model dye containing wastewater (i.e., methylene blue, MB) using locally available biomass wastes in Palestine as the adsorbent. Eight different types of biomasses were investigated in batch adsorption tests, including coffee grains, almond shells, pistachio shells, date pits, jute sticks, sunflower shells, peanut shells, and grapevine sticks. The experiments were conducted on three different phases of processing for these materials: as natural adsorbents, biochar, and activated carbon. The biochar was prepared by pyrolysis, while ZnCl2 was used to chemically activate the materials for obtaining activated carbon. The influences of pH, initial MB concentration, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacity and kinetics were investigated for activated carbon obtained from sunflower shells. The results indicate that the adsorption efficiency of natural adsorbents and biochar is highly dependent on the biomass type. As a natural adsorbent, peanut hulls demonstrated the maximum efficiency (>95%) for removing MB, whereas date pits showed the lowest efficiency (20%). In terms of biochar, jute sticks provide the highest removal efficiency. After activation with ZnCl2, a considerable increase in their adsorption efficiency (>95%) was obtained for most of the adsorbents, with sunflower shells being the most efficient adsorbent. The results confirm the technical feasibility of the adsorption technology to treat dye containing wastewater using locally available biomass wastes.

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37

Yang, Ting, and Aik Chong Lua. "Characteristics of activated carbons prepared from pistachio-nut shells by potassium hydroxide activation." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 63, no. 1-3 (September 2003): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-1811(03)00456-6.

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38

Koodalingam, B., P. Senthilkumar, and S. Rajesh Babu. "Study of mechanical properties of the polymer matrix composite materials using pistachio shells." Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020): 2912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.876.

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39

Kennedy-Hagan, K., J. E. Painter, C. Honselman, A. Halvorson, K. Rhodes, and K. Skwir. "The effect of pistachio shells as a visual cue in reducing caloric consumption." Appetite 57, no. 2 (October 2011): 418–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.06.003.

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40

Fadhil, Rihab, and Shatha H. Mahdi. "Effect of Pistachio Husks Powder Additive on Unsaturated Polyester Composites." Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 36, no. 2 (April 20, 2023): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30526/36.2.3055.

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In this study, polyester composites reinforced with pistachio shells powder (P.) with an averagediameter (150 – 200 μm) with different weight ratios (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) wereprepared to the resin. The Shore D hardness, thermal conductivity (K), and the glass transitiontemperature (Tg) of the samples were examined. The results showed that the Shore D hardnessincreases with the increase of the reinforcement ratio and its maximum value is (87.55) at (2.5%P.) While the value of hardness at (0%) is (86.5). The thermal conductivity increases slightly withthe increase in the percentage of reinforcement and its maximum value is (0.213253 W/ m. K) at(2.5% P.), while the value of K at (0% P.) is (0.170264W/ m. K), but with this slight increase inthermal conductivity, polyester composites remain from the insulating materials. The minimum(Tg) of (UPE/ P.) composites was the value (113.898°C) at (2.5% P.). Polyester composites areused in wood paints, either in primitive finishes or final finishes.

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41

Nowicki, Piotr, Aleksandra Bazan, Justyna Kazmierczak-Razna, and Robert Pietrzak. "Sorption Properties of Carbonaceous Adsorbents Obtained by Pyrolysis and Activation of Pistachio Nut Shells." Adsorption Science & Technology 33, no. 6-8 (August 2015): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0263-6174.33.6-8.581.

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42

Yang, Ting, and Aik Chong Lua. "Textural and chemical properties of zinc chloride activated carbons prepared from pistachio-nut shells." Materials Chemistry and Physics 100, no. 2-3 (December 2006): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2006.01.039.

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43

Peters, Bernhard. "Prediction of pyrolysis of pistachio shells based on its components hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin." Fuel Processing Technology 92, no. 10 (October 2011): 1993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.05.023.

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44

Kasiri, Negar, and Milad Fathi. "Production of cellulose nanocrystals from pistachio shells and their application for stabilizing Pickering emulsions." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 106 (January 2018): 1023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.112.

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45

Turan, Nurdan Gamze, and Başak Mesci. "Use of Pistachio Shells as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Zinc(II) Ion." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 39, no. 5 (May 2011): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000297.

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46

Ventura, Giovanni, Cosima Damiana Calvano, Davide Blasi, Davide Coniglio, Ilario Losito, and Tommaso R. I. Cataldi. "Uncovering heterogeneity of anacardic acids from pistachio shells: A novel approach for structural characterization." Food Chemistry 426 (November 2023): 136636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136636.

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47

N. Taha, Dakhil, Luma A. Mohammed, Ahmed S. Farhood, and Ilham N. Abid Ali. "Adsorption of Janus Green B Dye From Industrial Waste Water on The Pistachio Shells." Engineering and Technology Journal 32, no. 13 (December 1, 2014): 3106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.32.13a.3.

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48

YETILMEZSOY, K., and S. DEMIREL. "Artificial neural network (ANN) approach for modeling of Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solution by Antep pistachio (Pistacia Vera L.) shells." Journal of Hazardous Materials 153, no. 3 (May 30, 2008): 1288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.092.

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49

LITTLE, C. L., W. JEMMOTT, S. SURMAN-LEE, L. HUCKLESBY, and E. de PINNA. "Assessment of the Microbiological Safety of Edible Roasted Nut Kernels on Retail Sale in England, with a Focus on Salmonella." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.4.853.

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There is little published information on the prevalence of Salmonella in edible nut kernels. A study in early 2008 of edible roasted nut kernels on retail sale in England was undertaken to assess the microbiological safety of this product. A total of 727 nut kernel samples of different varieties were examined. Overall, Salmonella and Escherichia coli were detected from 0.2 and 0.4% of edible roasted nut kernels. Of the nut varieties examined, Salmonella Havana was detected from 1 (4.0%) sample of pistachio nuts, indicating a risk to health. The United Kingdom Food Standards Agency was immediately informed, and full investigations were undertaken. Further examination established the contamination to be associated with the pistachio kernels and not the partly opened shells. Salmonella was not detected in other varieties tested (almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia, peanuts, pecans, pine nuts, and walnuts). E. coli was found at low levels (range of 3.6 to 4/g) in walnuts (1.4%), almonds (1.2%), and Brazils (0.5%). The presence of Salmonella is unacceptable in edible nut kernels. Prevention of microbial contamination in these products lies in the application of good agricultural, manufacturing, and storage practices together with a hazard analysis and critical control points system that encompass all stages of production, processing, and distribution.

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Dias, Mariana, João Pinto, Bruno Henriques, Paula Figueira, Elaine Fabre, Daniela Tavares, Carlos Vale, and Eduarda Pereira. "Nutshells as Efficient Biosorbents to Remove Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury from Contaminated Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041580.

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The release of potentially toxic elements into the environment, and their effects on aquatic ecosystems still present a real threat. To avoid such contamination, the use of biological sorbents as an alternative to conventional and expensive water remediation techniques has been proposed. The present study evaluated the potential of 0.5 g L−1 of peanut, hazelnut, pistachio, walnut, and almond shells to remove the requisite concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) from contaminated water. Hazelnut shells were identified as the sorbent with the highest potential and were evaluated in mono- and multi-contaminated mineral water. The influence of sorbent-intrinsic and solution-intrinsic characteristics were assessed. Differences among sorbents were attributed to varying percentages of their main components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Matrix complexity increase caused a decrease in Cd removal, presumably due to the diminution in electrostatic interaction, and complexation with anions such as Cl−. When simultaneously present in the solution, contaminants competed, with Pb showing higher affinity to the sorbent than Hg. High efficiencies (>90%) obtained for hazelnut shells for all elements in ultrapure water and for Pb and Hg in mineral water) reveals the high potential of this low-cost and abundant waste for use in the remediation of contaminated waters (circular economy).

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