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1
Faes, Koen, Patrick De Baets, Alfred Dhooge, Wim De Waele, Rudi Denys, E. Van Der Donckt, and D. Delbaere. "Weldability of micro-alloyed high-strength pipeline steels using a new friction welding variant." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 1, no. 1 (November 6, 2010): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v1i1.20401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An innovative welding method for fully automatic joining of pipelines has been developed. Theproposed welding procedure is a variant of the conventional friction welding process. A rotatingintermediate ring is used to generate heat necessary to realise the weld. The working principles of thewelding process are described. The weldability of the micro-alloyed high-strength pipeline steel API-5L X65is experimentally investigated. It was found that the new welding process is suitable for joining this material.When welding with a sufficiently low heat input, a high weld quality is obtained. Under these circumstancesthe weld strength, ductility and impact toughness are high and fulfil the requirements of the commonly usedstandard EN 12732 for joining pipes.
2
Birsan, Dan Catalin, Elena Scutelnicu, and Daniel Visan. "Modeling of Heat Transfer in Pipeline Steel Joint Performed by Submerged Double-Arc Welding Procedure." Advanced Materials Research 814 (September 2013): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.814.33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Submerged arc welding is the most applicable and productive procedure when thick sections have to be welded. Nevertheless, the manufacturers of pressure vessels, pipelines, ships and offshore structures keep on looking for new and modern design solutions of equipments and technologies which should lead to increase of welding process productivity. For instance, the longitudinal welds of pipelines are, mostly, performed by submerged arc welding procedure with multiple arcs and/or multi-wires, such as twin, tandem or twin-tandem, in order to increase the process productivity. However, achievement of optimal mechanical properties of the welded joint should remain the most important quality criteria. It is well known that dependence of the mechanical and metallurgical changes on heat transfer plays a major role in obtaining of safe welded structures and preserving of their structural integrity. That is why the investigation of heat transfer induced by the welding process is required. Furthermore, setting of distance between thermal sources and its influence on the overlapping phenomenon of temperature fields should be explored when submerged double-arc welding procedure is applied. Three dimensional finite element model of butt welded joint - used for simulation of heat transfer in pipeline steel joint performed by submerged double-arc welding process - is developed and described in this paper. Numerical results and a comparative analysis related to the temperature distribution, thermal history, and temperature variation in cross section of the welded joint at different time steps are discussed. Finally, important conclusions regarding the influence of distance between thermal sources on thermal effects and temperature fields overlapping are drawn.
3
Kim, Woo-Sik, Young-Pyo Kim, and Cheol-Man Kim. "Development of Girth Automatic Welding Procedure of Gas Pipeline." Journal of the Korean Welding and Joining Society 28, no. 6 (December 31, 2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2010.28.6.001.
Повний текст джерела
4
Hudeček, Pavel, and Petr Dostál. "Determination of Elements and Carbon Content of Stainless Steel Welded Pipeline." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 5 (2016): 1547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664051547.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Find out defects or problems of welds are not so simple from time to time. Specially, if weld has been made in rough environmental conditions like high temperature, dusty wind and humidity. It is important to assure have good conditions to realize basic step of welding. For welding, have been used welding procedures specification and procedure qualification record. However, difficult conditions, documentations rightness or human errors are always here. Common weld defects like cracks, porosity, lack of penetration and distortion can compromise the strength of the base metal, as well as the integrity of the weld. According of site inspection, there were suspicion of inclusions, leaker or segregation in root of weld. Surface treatment after welding and keep the intervals between single welds to not overheat the pipes. To recognize those suspicions, mechanical testing around weld joint, determination of carbon content and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy will be done.
5
Iovanas, Daniela Maria, Cosmin Toma, and Radu Iovanas. "Research on the Use of Robotized Tandem MAG Welding in Steel Plates Destined for the Manufacture of Pipelines." Advanced Materials Research 1138 (July 2016): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1138.133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The performed research focuses on the complete replacement of the pipeline manufacturing process consisting in welding on SAW+MIG / MAG generators with the robotized Tandem MIG / MAG welding procedure, with low energy consumption.The Tandem MAG procedure was experimented on X52 MS steel plates destined for the manufacture of pipelines, measuring 400x150x12 mm, with Y-joints (30o).The welded joints were executed horizontally and unilaterally, with flux bed support, 3 welding seams, using for filler material two wires of the same quality, EN ISO 14341: G 42 4 M G3Si1 (Filcord C), measuring 1.2 mm in diameter, and shielding gas EN ISO 14175 (CORGON 18).The entire technological welding process was carried out in fully robotized, laboratory conditions, using the QIROX -315 welding robot, fitted with Tandem MIG/MAG welding equipment, type QUINTO-GLC 603.The welding seams were executed with the same Tandem MAG welding head, with two wires, taking advantage of the possibility to rotate the welding head so as to obtain welding seams with the wires either positioned one after the other (tandem), or transversally (perpendicular to the welding direction), obtaining, by correlation with the welding speed, optimal linear energies, implicitly, seams of various widths and penetrations.The results of the tests concerning the characterization of the obtained welded joints corresponded to the mechanical – metallographic tests, falling within the ranges provided by the applicable standards.The welding parameters used in the robotized Tandem MAG procedure may lead to remarkable advantages concerning the use of energy and filler metal. Thus, linear energies are about 40% - 45% smaller than in the case of the classical SAW+MIG / MAG process, with positive effects on the mechanical and metallographic characteristics of the welded joints, leading to significant reductions in energy consumption. Furthermore, the use of filler materials (wire, shielding gas) decreases by 10% - 15% as compared to the classical SAW+MIG / MAG process, leading, implicitly, to lower costs.As a consequence of the obtained results, MAG Tandem welding procedure may become an alternative to SAW submerged arc welding and combined SAW and MIG / MAG welding and a classical reference method for the manufacture of pipelines
6
Wang, Xiao Yan, Xiao Dong He, Xin Li Han, Na Li, Ke Tong, and Mei Juan Hu. "Study on FCAW Semi-Automatic Welding Procedure of Girth Weld Joint of Line Pipes." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 2078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.2078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigate the mechanical property and microstructure of girth weldment of Lan Zhou to Cheng Du crude oil pipeline. The welding joint was bottomed by cellulose electrode E6010 and filled and covered by flux-cored wire AWS A 5.29 E71T8-Ni1. According to SY/T 4103-2006, test results show that the selected process parameters and welding method take on outstanding performance .Microstructure of weld joints is acicular ferrite, polygonal ferrite, proeutectoid ferrite and granular bainite, and widmanstaten ferrite dosn’t exsist in heat affected zone(HAZ). Microstrure of the whole weld joint is mainly polygonal ferrite and granular bainite, this is the reason that mechanical properties can meet the Lan Zhou to Cheng Du crude oil pipeline project requirement.
7
Bazulin, A. E., A. V. Butov, D. S. Tikhonov, and S. V. Romashkin. "MECHANIZED ULTRASONIC INSPECTION OF TIEIN WELDS OF THE MAIN GAS PIPELINE WITH AN AUGUR-ART FLAW DETECTOR." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 289 (July 2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2022.07.pp.042-048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To perform ultrasonic testing of golden joints of the main gas pipeline, a procedure for mechanized ultrasonic testing was developed. The procedure complied with the requirements of EN ISO 13588:2019 inspection level C and EN ISO 10863:2020 inspection level C. Testing for transverse defects was carried out using conventional piezoelectric transducers using the echo-mirror method and frontal SAFT processing. The use of the AUGUR-ART flaw detector, the SPIDER scanner and the ECHO-scan and AUGUR-Analysis software demonstrated stable detection of defect simulators in the reference block. All this made it possible to analyze the shortcomings of welding at training joints and successfully perform golden joints of the main gas pipeline.
8
Srisutraporn, Sermsak, Rittichai Paoniam, Bovornchok Poopat, and Supolchai Kwankaew. "Effect of tempered bead techniques on maximum HAZ hardness for in service pipeline welding." MATEC Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819201046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research intends to investigate the main factors of tempered bead techniques affecting on maximum HAZ hardness for in-service pipeline welding. Tempering parameters to be considered are the overlap ratio, weld bead sequences, and subsequent welding processes. This research consists of two parts of experimental procedure. Firstly, critical HAZ hardness (< 350 HV) in the first weld bead was estimated using computational simulation. Secondly, welding experiments were conducted with tempered techniques. Experimental setup included the used material of API 5L Gr. B pipe steel with nominal size of DN 200, wall thickness of 8.18 mm, and water piping How of 18.77 m3/hr. As a results, it suggested that the overlap weld ratio of 50h and 75%, weld bead sequences, as well as subsequent SMAW processes, were proficient of reducing significantly maximum HAZ hardness at the weld root. Nevertheless, in the case that the weld root was built up, maximum HAZ hardness was slightly changed with different weld bead sequences.
9
Gonçalves e Silva, Régis Henrique, Tiago Loureiro Fígaro da Costa Pinto, Jair Carlos Dutra, Eduardo Bidese Puhl, Alberto Bonamigo Viviani, and Mateus Barancelli Schwedersky. "Welding Joint Features Extraction Algorithm for Laser Triangulation Sensors Applied to Root Pass Control." Soldagem & Inspeção 22, no. 1 (March 2017): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2201.03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Joint geometry measurement is a key task for welding automation. Among the sensors used for this purpose, the Laser Triangulation Sensors for welding (LTS) are the ones that best characterize the joint geometry. Root gap measurement is especially important for success in the automated root pass deposition, with production and quality benefits in different applications, such as pipeline construction for the Oil & Gas industry. The measurement of this feature is sensitive to noises generated by welding and joint surface reflexivity. The image processing algorithms for gap measurement available in literature do not have the desired characteristics of measurement error and flexibility for dimensional variability of welding joints. This paper presents a new algorithm for root gap measurement of “V” type joints using a linear adjustment technique. This developed algorithm was evaluated from measurement errors found in images captured before and during orbital welding procedure of a standard test piece. The same images were processed with pattern correlation algorithm and derivative algorithm, both presented in academic papers. The proposed algorithm presented the best results of measurement error, robustness and flexibility.
10
Bakrewal, Ayush. "A Recent Progress in Performance and Property Improvement in Underwater Welding." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Underwater welding is the process of connecting materials underwater in the presence of water. It is used to maintain and improve the structure in marine and offshore applications. It's utilized for underwater pipeline maintenance, submerged offshore oil drilling, and ship repairs. It can also be found in nuclear power plants and deep-sea mining. Underwater welding is divided into two categories dry welding and wet welding. Dry welding entails enclosing the weld zone in a hyperbaric tank filled with a gas mixture and welding at the prevailing pressure. Wet welding is a type of welding that uses waterproof electrodes and is done directly on the component to be welded. The major benefit of this welding is its simplicity and cost effectiveness, but we can't obtain high weld quality as easily as we can with dry welding. Dry welding, on the other hand, may provide high weld quality, but it is a time-consuming procedure that needs the welder to secure the region with the hyperbaric vessel, and it is also a costly method. Underwater welding has a number of issues, including bubble arc generation, cold cracking, microstructural deformation, and more. We attempted to bring together the most recent developments in the field of underwater welding. We've outlined several techniques that were used to improve welding characteristics as well as important issues that must be addressed. This review article may be used to figure out what measures need to be taken to enhance the underwater weld joint quality. Keywords: Underwater welding, underwater wet welding, underwater dry welding, hyperbaric vessel, underwater welding development
11
Bott, Ivani S., A. A. H. Vieira, L. Felipe G. de Souza, and Paulo Rangel Rios. "Microstructural Evaluation of API 5L X80 Pipeline Steels Submitted to Different Cooling Rates." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the life cycle of an API steel there are occasions when it will be submitted to thermal cycle. For tubes produced by the UOE process, for the oil and gas industry, severe thermal cycles occur during the welding procedure and when the tube requires hot induction bending. It is therefore of interest to learn about the influence of different cooling rates on the microstructure of these steels, produced by TMCP (Thermomechanical Controlled Process), since these changes can be reflected in a variation in the mechanical properties and hence in the performance of the pipeline. In this work three steels of class API 5L X80, with additions of, Nb-Cr, Nb-Cr-Mo and Nb-Cr-Mo-V, and otherwise similar alloy content, produced by TMCP without accelerated cooling were investigated. These alloys were submitted to austenitization at 900oC for 1 hour followed by three different cooling rates of 1.5oC/s, 30oC/s, 115oC/s, in air, oil and water respectively. It is well known that the main strengthening mechanism in TMCP, which allows a simultaneous increase in strength and toughness, is the reduction of the grain size. Other mechanisms such as solid solution hardening, precipitation and increasing dislocation density also contribute. For the steels in this study, all having a similar base chemical composition and yield strength, all the different thermal cycles applied promoted a reduction in the grain size, and only for the higher cooling rate (115oC/s) were there significant observable phase transformations. The Nb-Cr-Mo-V system exhibited a higher percentage of martensite than the Nb-Cr and Nb-Cr-Mo systems.
12
Blatnický, Miroslav, Ján Dižo, and Dalibor Barta. "Design and Structural Analysis of a Rack System for Using in Agriculture." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 3 (2018): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866030641.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper deals with a construction design and structural analysis of the rack system which will be used for storage of steel tubes of pressure pipeline for fodder mixtures transportation in agricultural company. Structure of the designed equipment is made by the welding of steel parts and consists of the main framework and four pull-out racks on both sides. Racks move by means of human power through a rotating crank. Every individual pull-out racks is able to carries pipes of various dimensions, both length and diameter with total weight up to 3 tons with respect to customer requests. Since it is a prototype’s structure, we have designed main dimensions of it, material and technology for production and performed also structural analyses as the integral part of every engineering design. Structural analyses were conducted by means of numeric procedure known as finite element method. With respect to the used steel profiles shell elements were used for FE model. Analyses were performed for maximal loading cases in order to identify the level of safety in the most exposed locations of the structure.
13
Yin, Tie, Jinpeng Wang, Hong Zhao, Lun Zhou, Zenghuan Xue, and Hehe Wang. "Research on Filling Strategy of Pipeline Multi-Layer Welding for Compound Narrow Gap Groove." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 5967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175967.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the increase in transmission pressure and pipe diameter of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, automatic welding of the pipeline has become the mainstream welding method. The multi-layer and multi-pass welding path planning of large-diameter pipelines with typical narrow gap grooves are studied, and a welding strategy for pipeline external welding robot is proposed. By analyzing the shape of the weld bead section of the narrow gap groove and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the equal-height method and the equal-area method, the mathematical model of the filling layer is established. Through the test and analysis in the workshop, the predicted lifting value meets the actual welding requirements. The microstructure of the weld was analyzed by SEM. The main structure of the weld was fine acicular ferrite, which could improve the mechanical properties of the welded joint. After multi-layer filling, the filling layer is flush with the edge of the groove. The establishment of this model lays a foundation for the formulation of welding process parameters for large-diameter pipes and the off-line programming of welding procedures.
14
Wang, Fu Shan, Fa Gen Li, Ya Jun Li, Xue Qiang Mao, Bai Chun Liu, and Gu Hong. "Analysis of Welding Technology about Bimetallic Clad Pipelines." Key Engineering Materials 905 (January 4, 2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.905.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Butt girth welding was a knotty problem for future application of bimetallic clad pipelines. At present, there were two kinds of problems: 1) To decide whether to use a variety of alloy welding procedure or to use corrosion resistant alloy full welding procedure; 2) After selecting the procedure, what kind of welding material should be equipped. In view of the above problems, taking 316L SS or 2205 DSS clad pipe as an example, welding process design and experimental analysis were conduted in this paper. Analysis of welding process from theory, standard and practice pointed out the control of welding hardness under different welding materials and procedure and directional suggestions of welding for bimetallic clad pipelines were provided. Futher the hardness distribution and CVN absorbed Energy test results of different welding processes showed welding quality could be guaranteed only when ENiCrMo-3 welding material was chosen for the whole weld.
15
Iovanas, Radu, Cosmin Toma, Daniela Maria Iovanas, Ionut Claudiu Roata, and Viorel Anton. "Research on the Use of the MIG/MAG-Tandem Procedure in Welding X52MS Plates for the Manufacture of Pipelines." Advanced Materials Research 1128 (October 2015): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.236.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The pipelines used for carrying fluids and gas, made of specially designed steels in keeping with their intended uses, are obtained by welding on generator or by spiral welding, in a wide range of diameters (from 350 to 1800 mm) and pipe wall widths (between 6 and 40 mm). At present, the following welding procedures are used: automatic submerged arc welding (with 1 and 2 wires), combined with the unilateral or bilateral MIG/MAG welding procedure, according to plate thickness and edge working method. Ongoing researches focus on improving the end product [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] by replacing the submerged arc welding procedure with other welding procedures which use less energy and have high deposit rates. This paper presents the results obtained by using tandem MAG welding, with two wires (2 x ø1.2 mm), in welding Y joint X52MS steel plates. The welds were carried out using a QUIROX 315 welding robot, with a 2-wire tandem MIG/MAG welding head, supplied by 2 QUINTO-GLC 603 welding sources, equipment found at Research Centre C12, Advanced Welding Eco-Technologies, owned by ICDD - UTBV. The results of the tests (carried out as per the enforceable regulations) concerning the characterisation of the executed welds proved that it is possible to obtain welds with lower energy use and lower material-relates costs and high productivity and quality.
16
He, Xiao Dong, Ke Tong, Ming Hua Liang, Li Xia Zhu, and Wei Ping Lin. "Properties of X80 Pipeline Girth Welds for Different Welding Procedures." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1747.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The X80 girth welds were produced by solid-wire gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and shield metal arc welding (SMAW) using two welding consumables respectively, which contained different mass fraction of C, Mo and Ni. The tensile properties, notch toughness, hardness, and microstructures of welded joints were evaluated. The results indicate that high strength and good toughness of welded joints can be achieved. But the tensile properties of all weld metal of GMAW and SMAW process were evidently different because of the difference of mass fraction of C, Mo, Ni. The strength reduced slightly in softening zone of HAZ. Using welding consumable which contain higher Mo additions, the microstructure in filler weld and fusion zones were IAF+GB and GB+M respectively. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of X80 pipeline welded by single wire welding and double wire welding respectively have been compared. The double wire welds exhibited lower yield strength but higher toughness compared to the corresponding single wire welds.
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Miranda, R. M., L. Quintino, S. Williams, and D. Yapp. "Welding with High Power Fiber Laser API5L-X100 Pipeline Steel." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.592.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing length of oil and gas transportation pipelines, associated with their construction and operating costs, has lead to the development of new steel grades with higher performance. The API 5L- X100 is a new high strength steel for pipeline applications which enables the use of thinner walled pipes, lighter to transport and easier to handle on site, allowing greater operating pressures and reducing overall costs. However, this steel grade has limited ductility. Since advantages largely surpass disadvantages, these materials are being seen adequate for earthquake risk areas and low temperature environment as in the Arctic region. X100 grade is already used in northern Canada and is planed for Japan Sub Sea. Automatic metal arc welding on site is the most common method of welding onshore pipelines in steel grades X65, X70 and X80. The use of high strength steels requires the development of new welding procedures with narrow specifications and the X100 steel has limited weldability. Research is needed to develop appropriate welding procedures, avoiding typical metallurgical problems like cold cracking and toughness reduction in the weld area and to achieve high productivity and economical feasibility. This paper presents results on API X100 steel grade welded by high power fiber lasers. Since these lasers are quite new in the market, an analysis of the laser source, as well as the beam/material interaction is made. The welds produced were investigated for both macro- and microstructural analysis and mechanical properties, contributing to a better understanding of the transformations induced in this material by the thermal cycle associated with laser welding.
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Smith, Frazer Howard. "Field joint coating of pipelines – effect of soluble salt contamination on 2-layer heat shrink sleeve performance." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 63, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-09-2015-1573.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – During offshore pipe-lay, pipe lengths with anticorrosion coating are welded together, and, to facilitate the welding process, the ends of the pipe remain uncoated. A wide range of field joint coating (FJC) types is available for coating this bare section, functioning in conjunction with the pipeline cathodic protection system to provide an anti-corrosion system or package. This paper aims to relate to two-layer type heat shrink sleeves (2LHSS), which commonly are used for FJC of concrete-weighted offshore pipelines where the sleeve typically is over-coated with a solid or foam type polyurethane “infill”. Similar sleeves also are used sometimes in exposed conditions on lines without concrete over-coating. The maximum allowable soluble salt contamination prior to application of high-performance coating systems can vary, depending upon the coating type, but typically has been set at 20 mg/m2 (de la Fuente et al., 2006). The first layer of three-layer heat shrink sleeve (3LHSS) systems for pipeline FJC, liquid epoxy, falls into this category (ISO_21809-3:2008, 2008). In contrast, the 2LHSS system does not use a liquid epoxy first layer but relies instead on the bonding of a “mastic” layer directly to the pipe metal surface. The maximum acceptable concentration of salt contamination on prepared metal surfaces prior to the application of 2LHSS has been a subject of debate and was the focus of this study. International standards for FJC do not provide a maximum salt level. However, some companies have continued to specify low thresholds for the maximum allowable salt level for 2LHSS, which can result in expensive delays in production during offshore pipe-lay. In this study, salt contamination levels of up to 120 mg/m2 were found to have no effect on peeling performance after accelerated aging by hot water immersion. Furthermore, preparation for welding and the use of potable water during ultrasonic testing procedures prior to FJC, typically reduces the salt contamination level to below 50 mg/m2 providing a strong case for the deletion of salt contamination testing for 2LHSS. Design/methodology/approach – The potential risk of failure of the coating due to poor surface cleanliness/contamination was assessed by testing the adhesion between the coating and the steel substrate to which the coating is adhering, following a period of hot water immersion. Compliance with ISO 21809-3 “Annex I” requires 28 days’ immersion at maximum operating temperature. For this study, to create a severe situation, the test rings were subjected to accelerated aging by water immersion at the HSS upper specified temperature of 65°C for more than twice the specified period (ISO_21809-3:2008, 2008). Two HSS were tested; one was widely used in applications where exposure to moderate mechanical stress is required, having a high shear strength type mastic “hybrid” adhesive containing a significant proportion of amorphous polypropylene blended with tackifiers and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), Andrenacci et al. (2009) referred to as “Type A”. The second, referred to as “Type B”, is widely used in applications where it is covered by a layer of “infill”, typically consisting of polyurethane foam or solid polyurethane elastomer, i.e. typical design methodology for concrete coated pipelines. “Type B” HSS had a more moderate strength traditional type mastic than “Type A” containing a significant percentage of butyl rubber with asphalt, activation agents and tackifying resins. To determine how to apply the salt contamination without causing flash rust, a mini-study was completed on the steel substrate. After numerous trials, it was found impossible to not to form visible rust on the pipe surface. The extent of rusting was minimised by heating the pipe immediately after the application of the salt solution. Findings – High levels of sea salt on power tool prepared pipe surfaces were investigated by peel testing of 2LHSS after hot water immersion and compared against peel tests undertaken prior to hot water immersion. The test conditions were considered severe: salt contamination levels of up to 120 mg/m2 applied on power tool cleaned pipe surfaces that had been aged for one year without prior grit blasting. The accelerated ageing procedure had twice the specified (ISO_21809-3:2008, 2008) water immersion duration, and the test samples had exposed edges providing the possibility for moisture to creep under the coating. The test results showed that there were no noticeable deleterious effects on the performance of the two most commonly used FJCs, 2LHSS. Therefore, it was concluded that, as the level of salt contamination on prepared pipe surfaces after wet non-destructive testing typically is much lower than the levels tested in this study, pipe surfaces prepared for the application of 2LHSS type do not require specific additional measures to further reduce salt contamination, provided that care is taken to ensure that these conditions are maintained consistently during pipe laying operations. Practical implications – The frequency of salt contamination testing of power tool cleaned surfaces prior to mastic type heat shrink sleeves can be minimised, and perhaps omitted entirely, provided the above criteria are satisfied. Originality/value – A literature review revealed there was little published information on the testing of 2LHSS and nothing related to hot water immersion testing. Hence, the results of this investigation have provided useful industrial data regarding the effect of hot water ageing and the influence of surface salt contamination on field joint corrosion prevention capabilities.
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Foidaş, Ion, and Florin Marius Bîrsan. "Comparative Analysis of Natural Gas Pipeline Interconnections." MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134309005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper shows a comparison between two intervention methods for interconnecting two gas transmission pipelines within a natural gas transmission system. One intervention implies shutdown of pipelines, while the other one in-service pipelines. Each method is described in detail along with the main technological issues, as well as the related advantages and disadvantages. The technological procedures imply special working techniques such as welding or hot tapping in service pipelines.
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Hanea, Camelia Maria, Radu Iovanas, Ionut Claudiu Roată, and Alexandru Pascu. "Experimental Research on Modern Methods of Welding Pipelines Using Base Materials X60 and X70." Solid State Phenomena 216 (August 2014): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.216.298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the research is to highlight the properties of the welded joints of the steels that are used for mains X60 and X70. X60 and X70 steels were welded by automatic welding procedure (STT) at the root and also by automatic MIG procedure for the filling layers. Thereby an increase between 6 15 [%] of the weld bead hardness was obtained in the case of the X 60 steel welding. An increase of bead fracture strength was also noticed from 570 [N/mm2] X 60 steel to 646 [N/mm2] X70 steel.
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Toma, Cosmin, Radu Iovanas, and Daniela Maria Iovanas. "Research Regarding the Manufacture of Pipelines through Automatic Tandem MAG Welding on Generators." Advanced Materials Research 1029 (September 2014): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1029.100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The manufacture of pipelines is a complex technological process starting with laminates supply, joints cutting-processing, rolling, welding, calibration, control, packing, delivery. As a rule, the technological welding process is achieved by welding on generators through MAG and submerged arc welding, procedures which generally take place completely automatically, affecting the quality and cost of products. Beside a series of advantages, submerged arc welding also has disadvantages; it does not eliminate the operator’s intervention and implies some high linear energies with implications on the mechanical-metallurgical characteristics of the welded joints. In this paper we present the preliminary results of the experiments which have been carried out on welded joints on X52 steel plate, g = 12 mm, through classical MAG welding, with one wire - filler material on the first layer, and the filling beads through tandem MAG welding, with two wires. We should mention that the plates had a V(30°) joint and the welding was executed unilaterally, horizontally, the wire - filler material being of the same quality G42 4 M G3 SI1 ( EN ISO 14341) and diameter (1.2 mm), and EN ISO 14175 protection gas. The entire technological welding process was carried out in laboratory conditions, fully robotized, using a QIROX-315 welding robot fitted with QUINTO-GLC 603-type tandem MAG welding installations, owned by ICDT-PRO-DD C12 “Advanced welding eco-technologies”, belonging to Transylvania University of Braşov.
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Cocard, Marius. "Influence Analysis of the Controllable Factors on the Objective Functions for Optimizing the Welding of PE 100 Pipelines for Natural Gas Distribution." Advanced Materials Research 1164 (June 23, 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1164.25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper presents a series of experimental researches performed using the design of experiments method RSD (Response Surface Design) for modeling and optimizing the welding process of PE 100 pipelines, used in natural gas distribution. In this sense, the aim was to analyze the influence of controllable factors such as pressure, temperature and time on the objective functions, aiming to obtain certain characteristics of the welded joint. By modeling the welding process, based on the results obtained, an optimal welding procedure was established and validated to meet the conditions imposed on the objective functions.
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Baranenko, Valery I., Olga M. Gulina, and Nikolaj L. Salnikov. "Flow-accelerated corrosion rate and residual life time estimation for the components of pipeline systems at nuclear power plants based on control data." Nuclear Energy and Technology 4, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.4.29850.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As of today, large volumes of data related to non-destructive operational control are accumulated on NPPs. For ensuring safe operation of power units, optimization of scope and scheduling operational control it is necessary to continue development of guidance documents, software products, methodological guidance and operational documentation (Baranenko et al. 1998, Gulina et al. 2013, Recommendation (NSAC-202L-R4) 2013). Approaches are examined to assessment of the rate of erosion-corrosion wear (flow-accelerated corrosion - FAC) according to the data of operational control. The present study was performed based on the data of thickness gauging of different elements of pipelines of NPPs with different types of reactor. Further development of ideas exposed in (Baranenko et al. 2016) allowed revealing specific features of ECW processes on straight sections, bends and in the zones adjacent to weld joints of pipelines of NPPs equipped with VVER and RBMK reactors. Presence of the process of deposition of corrosion products on internal surfaces of pipeline walls results in the fact that residual lifetime of elements nominally increases due to deposition. However, real wall thickness under the layer of deposits is unknown just as the initial wall thickness is unknown as well. Investigation implemented in the present study is aimed at the substantiation of the methodology of calculation of FAC rate according to the data of operational control for the purpose of drawing calculation results closer to the reality keeping conservatism. Uniform approach to the assessment of FAC rate in the examined elements of pipelines was developed. Methodologies for evaluation of correction coefficients taking into account dimensional technological tolerances, special features of geometry of the element, as well as effect of deposits on the results of thickness measurements were suggested based on the data of operational control and industry standards. The implemented studies demonstrated efficiency of the developed procedures for pipeline welding zones. Analysis of known and newly developed procedures was performed for bends and ranking of these procedures according to the criterion of “conservatism of evaluation of residual lifetime” was executed. Introduction of correction coefficients allows enhancing conservatism of calculations of lifetime characteristics as compared with calculations performed on the basis of nominal values of thicknesses; the result depends on the type and dimensions of the element, its geometry, as well as on the type of reactor.
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Ribeiro, Rafael, Paulo Assunção, Emanuel Dos Santos, Ademir Filho, Eduardo Braga, and Adrian Gerlich. "Application of Cold Wire Gas Metal Arc Welding for Narrow Gap Welding (NGW) of High Strength Low Alloy Steel." Materials 12, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Narrow gap welding is a prevalent technique used to decrease the volume of molten metal and heat required to fill a joint. Consequently, deleterious effects such as distortion and residual stresses may be reduced. One of the fields where narrow groove welding is most employed is pipeline welding where misalignment, productivity and mechanical properties are critical to a successful final assemblage of pipes. This work reports the feasibility of joining pipe sections with 4 mm-wide narrow gaps machined from API X80 linepipe using cold wire gas metal arc welding. Joints were manufactured using the standard gas metal arc welding and the cold wire gas metal arc welding processes, where high speed imaging, and voltage and current monitoring were used to study the arc dynamic features. Standard metallographic procedures were used to study sidewall penetration, and the evolution of the heat affected zone during welding. It was found that cold wire injection stabilizes the arc wandering, decreasing sidewall penetration while almost doubling deposition. However, this also decreases penetration, and incomplete penetration was found in the cold wire specimens as a drawback. However, adjusting the groove geometry or changing the welding parameters would resolve this penetration issue.
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Odanović, Zoran Dušan. "Some advanced welding technologies applied for repair welding in power plants." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 27, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/631.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Steels are subjected to many time-dependent degradation mechanisms when they are applied in electric power plants. They are exposed to high temperatures, multi-axial stresses, creep, fatigue, corrosion, and abrasion during such services. Used under these threatening conditions, those materials could develop various damages or failures or even form cracks. Therefore, it is desirable to prevent in-service failures, improve reliability, and extend the plant's operational life. The efficiency of the electric power plant, among other processes, depends on effective maintenance. The paper presents the evaluation of advanced procedures and knowledge in the field of steel repair welding in the maintenance of the power plants. Most repair welding of low alloy steels requires high-temperature post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), but in certain repairs, however, this is not always possible. Application of the nickel-based filler metal could also be an alternative to performing post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). The repair work expenses could be reduced if the repair is performed on-site. The novel developed repair welding procedures presented in this paper were applied for emergency weld repairing of the steel pipelines in thermal power plant, repairing without disassembling the working wheel of the coal mill in thermal power plant and "on-site" repairing turbine shaft of the hydropower plant. For all the presented repair welding procedures, weldability analysis based on the analytical equations and technological ''CTS'' and ''Y'' tests to determine the sensitivity to cold and hot crack forming were applied. Tensile tests, absorbed energies tests, banding tests, and hardness measurements were performed on trial joints, which were used to develop and verify the applied methodologies. Presented advanced weld repair technologies enable repairs for a shorter time and at lower costs compared to conventional procedures.
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Окунев, Denis Okunev, Тульский, Mikhail Tulskiy, Литвинов, and Ivan Litvinov. "Procedure of NDT Instruments Qualification Tests. Classification of Ultrasonic Testing Devices." NDT World 18, no. 4 (December 16, 2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. Qualification tests are carried out with the aim to understand real possibilities of NDT instruments to detect defects as well as calculate measurement errors at size measurements.
Method. Previous experience has shown that it is impossible to obtain defects with given parameters only by changing welding conditions. Defects were made mechanically or with electroerosive method. Size measurements were fulfilled with X-Ray tomograph; its measurement accuracy was confirmed by the results of metallographic study.
Results. 18 types of UT instruments have been tested on 5 types of weld grooving. Tests were fulfilled in accordance with DNV-OS-F-101 and DNV-RP-F118 standards. Welds’ unfoldings with indications of detected defects have been presented as well as average values and dispersion of absolute errors of defect parameters measuring. Classifications of UT instruments have been proposed – according to testing hardware implementation and to the methodology of ultrasound application. The results of NDT instruments qualification tests fulfilled in 2014 were used as the basis.
Conclusions. The fulfilled tests have made it possible to determine acceptability of each instrument for pipelines construction and repair.
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Prodan, Maria, Emilian Ghicioi, Irina Nalboc, Andrei Szollosi-Mota, and Sonia Suvar. "Study regarding the Determination of the Flammability Characteristics of the Residue Collected from Natural Gas Transport." E3S Web of Conferences 241 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124104001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the natural gas pipelines, the so-called black powder is formed. It can take many forms, including wet tarred substance or fine dry powder. Black powder occurs in both newer and older natural gas pipelines. This can disrupt the distribution of natural gas either by interrupting distribution to the customer or by reducing the quality of products delivered to customers. This residue, black powder can damage operations that take place in the transport pipelines, such as reduced inspection accuracy, erosion of the control valve and reduced flow. In addition, this powder also presents a health hazard due to the fact that it may contain pyrophoric sulphides, which require specific handling and storage procedures. Black powder is a solid contaminant found in natural gas distribution systems around the world. Drilling mud, dust, construction dirt, sand, iron oxide, iron carbonate, iron sulfides, welding slag, salt crystals, valve grease, corrosion inhibitors, and other organic materials can contribute to the formation and the presence of this residue, also called black powder. In this paper were analyzed the flammability properties of black powder collected from natural gas transmission pipelines of an operator in Romania.
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Scutelnicu, Elena, Carmen Catalina Rusu, Bogdan Georgescu, Octavian Mircea, and Melat Bormambet. "Mechanical Behaviour of Welded Joints Achieved by Multi-Wire Submerged Arc Welding." Advanced Materials Research 1143 (February 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper addresses the development of advanced welding technologies with two and three solid wires for joining of HSLA API-5l X70 (High-strength low-alloy) steel plates with thickness of 19.1 mm. The experiments were performed using a multi-wire Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) system that was developed for welding of steels with solid, tubular and cold wires, in different combinations. The main goal of the research was to assess the mechanical performances of the welded joints achieved by multi-wire SAW technology and then to compare them with the single wire variant, as reference system. The welded samples were firstly subjected to NDT control by examinations with liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic and gamma radiation, with the aim of detecting the specimens with flaws and afterwards to reconsider and redesign the corresponding Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS). The defect-free welded samples were subjected to tensile, Charpy V-notch impact and bending testing in order to analyse and report the mechanical behaviour of API-5l X70 steel during multi-wire SAW process. The experimental results were processed and comparatively discussed. The challenge of the investigation was to find the appropriate welding technology which responds simultaneously to the criteria of quality and productivity. Further research on metallurgical behaviour of the base material will be developed, in order to conclude the complete image of the SAW process effects and to understand how the multi-wire technologies affect the mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of the API-5L X70 steel used in pipelines fabrication.
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Farzadi, A. "Gas Pipeline Failure Caused by In-Service Welding." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 138, no. 1 (October 6, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4031443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the research presented in this paper, a failure analysis had been carried out to identify causes of an incident, which had taken place after an operation to repair a leak in an interstate natural gas pipeline. In this operation, a partial encirclement reinforcement (patch) was welded to the carrier pipe according to an available hot taping procedure, while gas was flowing in the pipeline. The failure analysis commenced with preliminary steps of information gathering of background data regarding the repair operation and then several samples were extracted for macroscopic and microscopic metallurgical examinations. In addition to fractographic analyses of fracture surfaces, pipe material was examined because the pipeline had been in service for prolonged period and there was not any official material information available. The analyses disclose that hydrogen-assisted cracking, wrong design of branch connection, paint coating, and pipeline operating conditions were major factors contributing to the failure. The work undertaken also included development and recommendation of a repair procedure to avoid similar failures in the future.
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Al-Showaiter, Aiman, Farid Taheri, and Shawn Kenny. "Effect of Misalignment and Weld Induced Residual Stresses on the Local Buckling Response of Pipelines." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 133, no. 4 (May 17, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4002858.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the present study is to develop numerical modeling procedures to simulate and study the effect of girth weld induced residual stresses and geometric imperfections on the behavior of conventional carbon steel oil and gas pipelines. The effect of welding residual stresses was obtained through computational simulations of the multipass girth weld process. The numerical procedures were calibrated using available pubic domain data on stainless steel. The methodology for conducting the welding simulation is presented. A parametric analysis was conducted using the finite element methods to evaluate the effects of welding residual stress due to girth welding processes, joint-to-joint misalignment associated with the girth weld, internal pressure, axial force, and diameter to wall thickness ratio on the local buckling response of pipelines. The pipeline moment-curvature response was examined to determine the influence of these parameters. For the parameters investigated, results from this study have demonstrated the significance of residual stress state due to welding processes and girth weld misalignment on the local buckling response of pipelines subjected to monotonic loading with combined stress state.
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Bhardwaj, Sachin, R. M. Chandima Ratnayake, Efthymios Polatidis, and Jan Capek. "Experimental investigation of residual stress distribution on girth welds fabricated at proximity using neutron diffraction technique." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, June 24, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09574-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMaintaining minimum distance between repair and existing welds often becomes impractical due to the presence of compact layouts, original welds of branches, nozzles, etc. on offshore structural elements, pipelines, and piping. Although some international codes and standards provide criteria for maintaining a minimum distance between proximity welds, most of them lack technical justification in relation to their effect on the structural integrity of welded components. The development of residual stresses has a significant effect (i.e., a negative effect on tensile stresses and a positive effect on compressive stresses) on the integrity of the welds fabricated at proximity. Hence, it is important to investigate the residual stress distribution on welds fabricated at proximity, especially at a distance away from the weld toe. This study presents findings on the characterization of residual stresses by neutron diffraction at the proximity region between two girth welds. The two welds were fabricated at proximity, using two different welding procedure specifications and at three different distances, on a structural steel pipe, grade S355. The three different welding distances between weld toes were maintained at 5, 10, and 15 mm respectively. The neutron diffraction-based residual stress distributions were investigated at the POLDI neutron instrument at the Swiss spallation source SINQ in Switzerland. The axial, hoop, and radial components of the residual stresses were experimentally investigated between proximity welds. The findings revealed that residual axial stresses at a 5-mm proximity distance were increased beyond the yield strength of the structural steel, grade S355. The findings of this study enable practitioners to take remedial actions to minimize the residual stresses developed in girth welds fabricated at proximity. Also, the findings enable us to derive technical justification for maintaining a minimum distance and developing welding procedure for welds fabricated at proximity.