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Статті в журналах з теми "Pinnatoxines"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 22 червня 2024

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1

Delcourt, N., E. Lagrange, E. Abadie, M. Labadie, S. Sinno-Tellier, J. Bloch, N. Arnich, J. Molgó, L. de Haro, and C. Mattei. "Pinnatoxines : Évaluation des risques et toxicovigilance." Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 33, no. 1 (March 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxac.2020.10.055.

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2

Hort, Vincent, Isabel Bastardo-Fernández, and Marina Nicolas. "Exploration of Vulcanodinium rugosum Toxins and their Metabolism Products in Mussels from the Ingril Lagoon Hotspot in France." Marine Drugs 21, no. 8 (July 29, 2023): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21080429.

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Over the year 2018, we assessed toxin contamination of shellfish collected on a monthly basis in Ingril Lagoon, France, a site known as a hotspot for Vulcanodinium rugosum growth. This short time-series study gave an overview of the presence and seasonal variability of pinnatoxins, pteriatoxins, portimines and kabirimine, all associated with V. rugosum, in shellfish. Suspect screening and targeted analysis approaches were implemented by means of liquid chromatography coupled to both low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We detected pinnatoxin-A and pinnatoxin-G throughout the year, with maximum levels for each one observed in June (6.7 µg/kg for pinnatoxin-A; 467.5 µg/kg for pinnatoxin-G), whereas portimine-A was detected between May and September (maximum level = 75.6 µg/kg). One of the main findings was the identification of a series of fatty acid esters of pinnatoxin-G (n = 13) although the levels detected were low. The profile was dominated by the palmitic acid conjugation of pinnatoxin-G. The other 12 fatty acid esters had not been reported in European shellfish to date. In addition, after thorough investigations, two compounds were detected, with one being probably identified as portimine-B, and the other one putatively attributed to pteriatoxins. If available, reference materials would have ensured full identification. Monitoring of these V. rugosum emerging toxins and their biotransformation products will contribute towards filling the data gaps pointed out in risk assessments and in particular the need for more contamination data for shellfish.

3

Lamas, J. Pablo, Fabiola Arévalo, Ángeles Moroño, Jorge Correa, Susana Muñíz, and Juan Blanco. "Detection and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Pinnatoxins in Shellfish from the Atlantic and Cantabrian Coasts of Spain." Toxins 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060340.

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For the first time, pinnatoxins have been detected in shellfish from the Atlantic and Cantabrian coasts of Spain. High sensitivity LC-MS/MS systems were used to monitor all the currently known pinnatoxins (A–H). Pinnatoxin G (PnTX G) was the most prevalent toxin of the group, but its metabolite PnTX A has also been found at much lower levels. No trend in PnTX G concentration was found in the area, but a hotspot in the Ría de Camariñas has been identified. The maximum concentrations found did not exceed 15 µg·kg−1, being, in most cases, below 3 µg·kg−1. The highest concentrations were found in wild (intertidal) populations of mussels which attained much higher levels than raft-cultured ones, suggesting that the toxin-producer organisms preferentially develop in shallow areas. Other bivalve species had, in general, lower concentrations. The incidence of PnTX G followed a seasonal pattern in which the maximum concentrations took place in winter months. PnTX G was found to be partially esterified but the esterification percentage was not high (lower than 30%).

4

Araoz, Romulo, Denis Servent, Jordi Molgó, Bogdan I. Iorga, Carole Fruchart-Gaillard, Evelyne Benoit, Zhenhua Gu, Craig Stivala, and Armen Zakarian. "Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxins A and G and Revision of the Mode of Action of Pinnatoxin A." Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, no. 27 (July 13, 2011): 10499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja201254c.

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5

Takada, Noboru, Naoyoshi Umemura, Kiyotake Suenaga, Tong Chou, Akito Nagatsu, Takeharu Haino, Kaoru Yamada, and Daisuke Uemura. "Pinnatoxins B and C, the most toxic components in the pinnatoxin series from the Okinawan bivalve Pinna muricata." Tetrahedron Letters 42, no. 20 (May 2001): 3491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00480-4.

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6

Otero, Paz, Carmen Vale, Andrea Boente-Juncal, Celia Costas, M. Carmen Louzao, and Luis M. Botana. "Detection of Cyclic Imine Toxins in Dietary Supplements of Green Lipped Mussels (Perna canaliculus) and in Shellfish Mytilus chilensis." Toxins 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100613.

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Анотація:

Seafood represents a significant part of the human staple diet. In the recent years, the identification of emerging lipophilic marine toxins has increased, leading to the potential for consumers to be intoxicated by these toxins. In the present work, we investigate the presence of lipophilic marine toxins (both regulated and emerging) in commercial seafood products from non-European locations, including mussels Mytilus chilensis from Chile, clams Tawerea gayi and Metetrix lyrate from the Southeast Pacific and Vietnam, and food supplements based on mussels formulations of Perna canaliculus from New Zealand. All these products were purchased from European Union markets and they were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Results showed the presence of the emerging pinnatoxin-G in mussels Mytilus chilensis at levels up to 5.2 µg/kg and azaspiracid-2 and pectenotoxin-2 in clams Tawera gayi up to 4.33 µg/kg and 10.88 µg/kg, respectively. This study confirms the presence of pinnatoxins in Chile, one of the major mussel producers worldwide. Chromatograms showed the presence of 13-desmethyl spirolide C in dietary supplements in the range of 33.2–97.9 µg/kg after an extraction with water and methanol from 0.39 g of the green lipped mussels powder. As far as we know, this constitutes the first time that an emerging cyclic imine toxin in dietary supplements is reported. Identifying new matrix, locations, and understanding emerging toxin distribution area are important for preventing the risks of spreading and contamination linked to these compounds.

7

Barreiro-Crespo, Lourdes, Margarita Fernández-Tejedor, Jorge Diogène, and Maria Rambla-Alegre. "The Temporal Distribution of Cyclic Imines in Shellfish in the Bays of Fangar and Alfacs, Northwestern Mediterranean Region." Toxins 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010010.

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Анотація:

Spirolides (SPXs), gymnodimines (GYMs), and pinnatoxins (PnTXs) have been detected in shellfish from the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Spain. Several samples of bivalves were collected from Fangar Bay and Alfacs Bay in Catalonia over a period of over 7 years (from 2015 to 2021). Shellfish samples were analyzed for cyclic imines (CIs) on an LC1200 Agilent and 3200 QTrap triple–quadrupole mass spectrometer. In shellfish, SPX-1 was detected in two cases (of 26.5 µg/kg and 34 µg/kg), and GYM-A was only detected in trace levels in thirteen samples. Pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) was detected in 44.6% of the samples, with its concentrations ranging from 2 µg/kg to 38.4 µg/kg. Statistical analyses revealed that seawater temperature influenced the presence or absence of these toxins. PnTX-G showed an extremely significant presence/temperature relationship in both bays in comparison to SPX-1 and GYM-A. The prevalence of these toxins in different bivalve mollusks was evaluated. A seasonal pattern was observed, in which the maximum concentrations were found in the winter months for SPX-1 and GYM-A but in the summer months for PnTX-G. The obtained results indicate that it is unlikely that CIs in the studied area pose a potential health risk through the consumption of a seafood diet. However, further toxicological information about CIs is necessary in order to perform a conclusive risk assessment.

8

Finch, Sarah C., D. Tim Harwood, Michael J. Boundy, and Andrew I. Selwood. "A Review of Cyclic Imines in Shellfish: Worldwide Occurrence, Toxicity and Assessment of the Risk to Consumers." Marine Drugs 22, no. 3 (March 11, 2024): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22030129.

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Анотація:

Cyclic imines are a class of lipophilic shellfish toxins comprising gymnodimines, spirolides, pinnatoxins, portimines, pteriatoxins, prorocentrolides, spiro-prorocentrimine, symbiomines and kabirimine. They are structurally diverse, but all share an imine moiety as part of a bicyclic ring system. These compounds are produced by marine microalgal species and are characterized by the rapid death that they induce when injected into mice. Cyclic imines have been detected in a range of shellfish species collected from all over the world, which raises the question as to whether they present a food safety risk. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considers them to be an emerging food safety issue, and in this review, the risk posed by these toxins to shellfish consumers is assessed by collating all available occurrence and toxicity data. Except for pinnatoxins, the risk posed to human health by the cyclic imines appears low, although this is based on only a limited dataset. For pinnatoxins, two different health-based guidance values have been proposed at which the concentration should not be exceeded in shellfish (268 and 23 µg PnTX/kg shellfish flesh), with the discrepancy caused by the application of different uncertainty factors. Pinnatoxins have been recorded globally in multiple shellfish species at concentrations of up to 54 times higher than the lower guidance figure. Despite this observation, pinnatoxins have not been associated with recorded human illness, so it appears that the lower guidance value may be conservative. However, there is insufficient data to generate a more robust guidance value, so additional occurrence data and toxicity information are needed.

9

Sosa, Silvio, Marco Pelin, Federica Cavion, Fabienne Hervé, Philipp Hess, and Aurelia Tubaro. "Acute Oral Toxicity of Pinnatoxin G in Mice." Toxins 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020087.

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Анотація:

Pinnatoxin G (PnTx-G) is a marine cyclic imine toxin produced by the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, frequently detected in edible shellfish from Ingril Lagoon (France). As other pinnatoxins, to date, no human poisonings ascribed to consumption of PnTx-G contaminated seafood have been reported, despite its potent antagonism at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and its high and fast-acting toxicity after intraperitoneal or oral administration in mice. The hazard characterization of PnTx-G by oral exposure is limited to a single acute toxicity study recording lethality and clinical signs in non-fasted mice treated by gavage or through voluntary food ingestion, which showed differences in PnTx-G toxic potency. Thus, an acute toxicity study was carried out using 3 h-fasted CD-1 female mice, administered by gavage with PnTx-G (8–450 µg kg−1). At the dose of 220 µg kg−1 and above, the toxin induced a rapid onset of clinical signs (piloerection, prostration, hypothermia, abdominal breathing, paralysis of the hind limbs, and cyanosis), leading to the death of mice within 30 min. Except for moderate mucosal degeneration in the small intestine recorded at doses of 300 µg kg−1, the toxin did not induce significant morphological changes in the other main organs and tissues, or alterations in blood chemistry parameters. This acute oral toxicity study allowed to calculate an oral LD50 for PnTx-G equal to 208 μg kg−1 (95% confidence limits: 155–281 µg kg−1) and to estimate a provisional NOEL of 120 µg kg−1.

10

Takada, Noboru, Naoyoshi Umemura, Kiyotake Suenaga, Tong Chou, Akito Nagatsu, Takeharu Haino, Kaoru Yamada, and Daisuke Uemura. "ChemInform Abstract: Pinnatoxins B (Ia) and C (Ib), the Most Toxic Components in the Pinnatoxin Series from the Okinawan bivalve Pinna muricata." ChemInform 32, no. 32 (May 25, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200132233.

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11

Tamele, Isidro José, Ilário Timba, Vitor Vasconcelos, and Pedro Reis Costa. "First Report of Pinnatoxins in Bivalve Molluscs from Inhaca Island (South of Mozambique)—South of the Indian Ocean." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091215.

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The objective of this work was to screen the EU-regulated lipophilic and cyclic imine toxins in four bivalve species (Atrina vexillum, Pinctada imbricata, Anadara antiquata, and Saccostrea Cucculata) from the Mozambican coast in the Indian Ocean. Toxins were extracted and analyzed according to the EU reference method for the determination of lipophilic toxins in shellfish via LC–MS/MS, but no regulated toxins were found in the analyzed species. However, pinnatoxins (PnTX G, E, and F) were detected in A. vexillum, P. imbricata, and A. antiquata. Higher levels of the PnTX G were determined for A. vexillum (7.7 and 14.3 µg·kg−1) than for P. imbricata (1.6 and 2.4 µg·kg−1), and for A. antiquata (4.5 and 5.9 µg·kg−1) with both hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed extracts, respectively. The higher levels of PnTX G determined in the hydrolyzed extracts indicate the high potential of this species to esterify pinnatoxins, in particular PnTX G.

12

Nakamura, S., S. Hashimoto, and F. Kikuchi. "Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A." Synfacts 2009, no. 03 (February 19, 2009): 0237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1087694.

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13

Nagasawa, Kazuo. "Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 58, no. 9 (2000): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.58.877.

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14

Stivala, Craig E., and Armen Zakarian. "Total Synthesis of (+)-Pinnatoxin A." Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, no. 12 (March 2008): 3774–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja800435j.

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15

McCauley, John A., Kazuo Nagasawa, Peter A. Lander, Steven G. Mischke, Marcus A. Semones, and Yoshito Kishi. "Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A." Journal of the American Chemical Society 120, no. 30 (August 1998): 7647–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja981257o.

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16

Nakamura, Seiichi, Fumiaki Kikuchi, and Shunichi Hashimoto. "Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47, no. 37 (September 1, 2008): 7091–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200802729.

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17

Nakamura, Seiichi, Fumiaki Kikuchi, and Shunichi Hashimoto. "Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A." Angewandte Chemie 120, no. 37 (September 1, 2008): 7199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200802729.

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18

Selwood, Andrew I., Alistair L. Wilkins, Rex Munday, Haifeng Gu, Kirsty F. Smith, Lesley L. Rhodes, and Frode Rise. "Pinnatoxin H: a new pinnatoxin analogue from a South China Sea Vulcanodinium rugosum isolate." Tetrahedron Letters 55, no. 40 (October 2014): 5508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.056.

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19

Amzil, Zouher, Amélie Derrien, Aouregan Terre Terrillon, Véronique Savar, Thomas Bertin, Marion Peyrat, Audrey Duval, et al. "Five Years Monitoring the Emergence of Unregulated Toxins in Shellfish in France (EMERGTOX 2018–2022)." Marine Drugs 21, no. 8 (July 31, 2023): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21080435.

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Shellfish accumulate microalgal toxins, which can make them unsafe for human consumption. In France, in accordance with EU regulations, three groups of marine toxins are currently under official monitoring: lipophilic toxins, saxitoxins, and domoic acid. Other unregulated toxin groups are also present in European shellfish, including emerging lipophilic and hydrophilic marine toxins (e.g., pinnatoxins, brevetoxins) and the neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). To acquire data on emerging toxins in France, the monitoring program EMERGTOX was set up along the French coasts in 2018. Three new broad-spectrum LC-MS/MS methods were developed to quantify regulated and unregulated lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins and the BMAA group in shellfish (bivalve mollusks and gastropods). A single-laboratory validation of each of these methods was performed. Additionally, these specific, reliable, and sensitive operating procedures allowed the detection of groups of EU unregulated toxins in shellfish samples from French coasts: spirolides (SPX-13-DesMeC, SPX-DesMeD), pinnatoxins (PnTX-G, PnTX-A), gymnodimines (GYM-A), brevetoxins (BTX-2, BTX-3), microcystins (dmMC-RR, MC-RR), anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin and BMAA/DAB. Here, we present essentially the results of the unregulated toxins obtained from the French EMERGTOX monitoring plan during the past five years (2018–2022). Based on our findings, we outline future needs for monitoring to protect consumers from emerging unregulated toxins.

20

Pelc, Matthew J., and Armen Zakarian. "An Approach to the Imine Ring System of Pinnatoxins." Organic Letters 7, no. 8 (April 2005): 1629–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol050321l.

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21

Stivala, Craig E., and Armen Zakarian. "Studies toward the synthesis of pinnatoxins: the spiroimine fragment." Tetrahedron Letters 48, no. 39 (September 2007): 6845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.182.

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22

Arnich, Nathalie, Eric Abadie, Nicolas Delcourt, Valérie Fessard, Jean-Marc Fremy, Vincent Hort, Emmeline Lagrange, et al. "Health risk assessment related to pinnatoxins in French shellfish." Toxicon 180 (June 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.03.007.

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23

Rundberget, Thomas, John A. Bunæs Aasen, Andrew I. Selwood, and Christopher O. Miles. "Pinnatoxins and spirolides in Norwegian blue mussels and seawater." Toxicon 58, no. 8 (December 2011): 700–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.08.008.

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24

Hellyer, Shane D., Andrew I. Selwood, Lesley Rhodes, and D. Steven Kerr. "Neuromuscular blocking activity of pinnatoxins E, F and G." Toxicon 76 (December 2013): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.009.

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25

Matsuura, Fumiyoshi, Junliang Hao, Reinhard Reents, and Yoshito Kishi. "Total Synthesis and Stereochemistry of Pinnatoxins B and C." Organic Letters 8, no. 15 (July 2006): 3327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol0611548.

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26

Jackson, Jeffrey J., Craig E. Stivala, Bogdan I. Iorga, Jordi Molgó, and Armen Zakarian. "Stability of Cyclic Imine Toxins: Interconversion of Pinnatoxin Amino Ketone and Pinnatoxin A in Aqueous Media." Journal of Organic Chemistry 77, no. 22 (November 6, 2012): 10435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo301632d.

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27

Hellyer, Shane D., Dinesh Indurthi, Thomas Balle, Vanda Runder-Varga, Andrew I. Selwood, Joel D. A. Tyndall, Mary Chebib, Lesley Rhodes, and D. Steven Kerr. "Pinnatoxins E, F and G target multiple nicotinic receptor subtypes." Journal of Neurochemistry 135, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13245.

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28

Ishihara, Jun, Shingo Tojo, Akio Kamikawa, and Akio Murai. "One-step assembling reaction to the pentacyclic acetal of pinnatoxins." Chemical Communications, no. 15 (2001): 1392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b104200a.

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29

Munday, Rex, Andrew I. Selwood, and Lesley Rhodes. "Acute toxicity of pinnatoxins E, F and G to mice." Toxicon 60, no. 6 (November 2012): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.07.002.

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30

MCCAULEY, J. A., K. NAGASAWA, P. A. LANDER, S. G. MISCHKE, M. A. SEMONES, and Y. KISHI. "ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A." ChemInform 29, no. 49 (June 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199849300.

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31

Nagasawa, Kazuo. "ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A." ChemInform 32, no. 16 (April 17, 2001): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200116289.

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32

Sakamoto, Satoshi, Hayato Sakazaki, Koji Hagiwara, Kei Kamada, Kento Ishii, Takeshi Noda, Masayuki Inoue, and Masahiro Hirama. "A Formal Total Synthesis of (+)-Pinnatoxin A." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, no. 47 (December 3, 2004): 6505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200461802.

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33

Sakamoto, Satoshi, Hayato Sakazaki, Koji Hagiwara, Kei Kamada, Kento Ishii, Takeshi Noda, Masayuki Inoue, and Masahiro Hirama. "A Formal Total Synthesis of (+)-Pinnatoxin A." Angewandte Chemie 116, no. 47 (December 3, 2004): 6667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200461802.

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34

Couesnon, A., J. Lindovsky, A. Zakarian, S. Creuzet, and J. Molgó. "28. Pinnatoxins block skeletal neuromuscular junction activity and affect embryo development." Toxicon 91 (December 2014): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.036.

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35

Delcourt, Nicolas, Emmeline Lagrange, Eric Abadie, Valérie Fessard, Jean-Marc Frémy, Jean-Paul Vernoux, Marie-Bénédicte Peyrat, et al. "Pinnatoxins’ Deleterious Effects on Cholinergic Networks: From Experimental Models to Human Health." Marine Drugs 17, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17070425.

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Анотація:

Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) are emerging neurotoxins that were discovered about 30 years ago. They are solely produced by the marine dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, and may be transferred into the food chain, as they have been found in various marine invertebrates, including bivalves. No human intoxication has been reported to date although acute toxicity was induced by PnTxs in rodents. LD50 values have been estimated for the different PnTXs through the oral route. At sublethal doses, all symptoms are reversible, and no neurological sequelae are visible. These symptoms are consistent with impairment of central and peripheral cholinergic network functions. In fact, PnTXs are high-affinity competitive antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Moreover, their lethal effects are consistent with the inhibition of muscle nAChRs, inducing respiratory distress and paralysis. Human intoxication by ingestion of PnTXs could result in various symptoms observed in episodes of poisoning with natural nAChR antagonists. This review updates the available data on PnTX toxicity with a focus on their mode of action on cholinergic networks and suggests the effects that could be extrapolated on human physiology.

36

Sugimoto, Tetsuya, Jun Ishihara, and Akio Murai. "Synthesis of the B,C,D,E,F-Ring Fragment of Pinnatoxins." Synlett 1999, no. 5 (May 1999): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-2689.

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Selwood, Andrew I., Christopher O. Miles, Alistair L. Wilkins, Roel van Ginkel, Rex Munday, Frode Rise, and Paul McNabb. "Isolation, Structural Determination and Acute Toxicity of Pinnatoxins E, F and G." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, no. 10 (May 26, 2010): 6532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf100267a.

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38

Lu, Chong-Dao, and Armen Zakarian. "Studies toward the Synthesis of Pinnatoxins: The B,C,D-Dispiroketal Fragment." Organic Letters 9, no. 16 (August 2007): 3161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol071266e.

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39

Rhodes, L., K. Smith, A. Selwood, P. McNabb, R. van Ginkel, P. Holland, and R. Munday. "Production of pinnatoxins by a peridinoid dinoflagellate isolated from Northland, New Zealand." Harmful Algae 9, no. 4 (May 2010): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2010.01.008.

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40

Ishihara, Jun, Shingo Tojo, Akio Kamikawa, and Akio Murai. "ChemInform Abstract: One-Step Assembling Reaction to the Pentacyclic Acetal of Pinnatoxins." ChemInform 32, no. 45 (May 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200145249.

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41

Otero, Paz, and Marisa Silva. "Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges." Marine Drugs 20, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20030199.

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Harmful algal blooms pose a challenge regarding food safety due to their erratic nature and forming circumstances which are yet to be disclosed. The best strategy to protect human consumers is through legislation and monitoring strategies. Global warming and anthropological intervention aided the migration and establishment of emerging toxin producers into Europe’s temperate waters, creating a new threat to human public health. The lack of information, standards, and reference materials delay effective solutions, being a matter of urgent resolution. In this work, the recent findings of the presence of emerging azaspiracids, spirolildes, pinnatoxins, gymnodimines, palitoxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, and tetrodotoxins on European Coasts are addressed. The information concerning emerging toxins such as new matrices, locations, and toxicity assays is paramount to set the risk assessment guidelines, regulatory levels, and analytical methodology that would protect the consumers.

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Kim, Young-Sang, Hyun-Joo An, Jaeseong Kim, and You-Jin Jeon. "Current Situation of Palytoxins and Cyclic Imines in Asia-Pacific Countries: Causative Phytoplankton Species and Seafood Poisoning." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 4921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084921.

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Among marine biotoxins, palytoxins (PlTXs) and cyclic imines (CIs), including spirolides, pinnatoxins, pteriatoxins, and gymnodimines, are not managed in many countries, such as the USA, European nations, and South Korea, because there are not enough poisoning cases or data for the limits on these biotoxins. In this article, we review unregulated marine biotoxins (e.g., PlTXs and CIs), their toxicity, causative phytoplankton species, and toxin extraction and detection protocols. Due to global warming, the habitat of the causative phytoplankton has expanded to the Asia-Pacific region. When ingested by humans, shellfish that accumulated toxins can cause various symptoms (muscle pain or diarrhea) and even death. There are no systematic reports on the occurrence of these toxins; however, it is important to continuously monitor causative phytoplankton and poisoning of accumulating shellfish by PlTXs and CI toxins because of the high risk of toxicity in human consumers.

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Beaumont, Stéphane, Elizabeth A. Ilardi, Nicholas D. C. Tappin, and Armen Zakarian. "Marine Toxins with Spiroimine Rings: Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2010, no. 30 (September 1, 2010): 5743–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201000842.

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44

Rossignoli, Araceli E., Begoña Ben-Gigirey, Mónica Cid, Carmen Mariño, Helena Martín, Soledad Garrido, Francisco Rodríguez, and Juan Blanco. "Lipophilic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Marine Invertebrates from the Galician Coast." Toxins 15, no. 11 (October 27, 2023): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15110631.

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For the purpose of assessing human health exposure, it is necessary to characterize the toxins present in a given area and their potential impact on commercial species. The goal of this research study was: (1) to screen the prevalence and concentrations of lipophilic toxins in nine groups of marine invertebrates in the northwest Iberian Peninsula; (2) to evaluate the validity of wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as sentinel organisms for the toxicity in non-bivalve invertebrates from the same area. The screening of multiple lipophilic toxins in 1150 samples has allowed reporting for the first time the presence of 13-desmethyl spirolide C, pinnatoxin G, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxins 2 in a variety of non-traditional vectors. In general, these two emerging toxins showed the highest prevalence (12.5–75%) in most of the groups studied. Maximum levels for 13-desmethyl spirolide C and pinnatoxin G were found in the bivalves Magallana gigas (21 µg kg−1) and Tellina donacina (63 µg kg−1), respectively. However, mean concentrations for the bivalve group were shallow (2–6 µg kg−1). Okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin 2 with lower prevalence (1.6–44.4%) showed, on the contrary, very high concentration values in specific species of crustaceans and polychaetes (334 and 235 µg kg−−1, respectively), to which special attention should be paid. Statistical data analyses showed that mussels could be considered good biological indicators for the toxicities of certain groups in a particular area, with correlations between 0.710 (for echinoderms) and 0.838 (for crustaceans). Polychaetes could be an exception, but further extensive surveys would be needed to draw definitive conclusions.

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Sugimoto, Tetsuya, Jun Ishihara, and Akio Murai. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the B,C,D,E,F-Ring Fragment of Pinnatoxins." ChemInform 30, no. 33 (June 14, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199933286.

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46

Bouquet, Aurélien, Marie Anaïs Perdrau, Mohamed Laabir, Elodie Foucault, Nicolas Chomérat, Jean Luc Rolland, and Eric Abadie. "Liza ramada Juveniles after Exposure to the Toxic Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum: Effects on Fish Viability, Tissue Contamination and Microalgae Survival after Gut Passage." Toxins 14, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060401.

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Pinnatoxins (PnTX) and Portimines (Prtn), two toxins produced by the benthic dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, are known to be lethal to mice after intraperitoneal or oral administration. They are also known to accumulate in shellfish such as mussels and clams, but their effect on fish and the upper food chain remains unknown. In this work, juveniles of the fish Liza ramada (Mullet) were exposed to a strain of V. rugosum producing PnTX G and Prtn A. The fishes’ viability and contamination were recorded at times interval. Results showed that L. ramada juveniles were able to feed on V. rugosum and that their tissues could be contaminated by PnTX G and Prtn A without impact on fish viability. Furthermore, the microalgae temporary cysts survived and germinated after fish gut passage. This study showed the potential of L. ramada to transfer PnTX and Prtn toxins to the upper food chain and to disseminate V. rugosum in environment.

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Cangini, Monica, Sonia Dall’Ara, Silva Rubini, Barbara Bertasi, Paolo Rizzi, Giovanni Dell’Orfano, Stefania Milandri, Stefano Manfredini, Erika Baldini, and Silvia Vertuani. "First Report of Pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G) in a Marine–Coastal Area of the Adriatic Sea Associated with the Presence of the Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum." Marine Drugs 22, no. 3 (March 5, 2024): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22030122.

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This study reports the first detection of the marine neurotoxin pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G) in clams collected in the northwestern Adriatic Sea (Italy). It also represents the first report of the potential toxin-producing dinoflagellate, Vulcanodinium rugosum, in Italian seas. This result, from the coasts of the Emilia-Romagna Region, indicates a successful colonization process, reflecting conditions in France where V. rugosum was initially documented. In this case, the concentration of PnTXs was very low, making further sampling necessary to fully understand the extent of the phenomenon. Discussions on the need to obtain more data to support a proper risk assessment and the need to implement a monitoring program that includes emerging marine biotoxins are also included.

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Hellyer, Shane D., Andrew I. Selwood, Lesley Rhodes, and D. Steven Kerr. "Marine algal pinnatoxins E and F cause neuromuscular block in an in vitro hemidiaphragm preparation." Toxicon 58, no. 8 (December 2011): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.09.006.

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49

Bouquet, Aurélien, Christine Felix, Estelle Masseret, Coralie Reymond, Eric Abadie, Mohamed Laabir, and Jean Luc Rolland. "Artificial Substrates Coupled with qPCR (AS-qPCR) Assay for the Detection of the Toxic Benthopelagic Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum." Toxins 15, no. 3 (March 11, 2023): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15030217.

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Vulcanodinium rugosum is an emerging benthopelagic neuro-toxic dinoflagellate species responsible for seasonal Pinnatoxins and Portimines contaminations of shellfish and marine animals. This species is challenging to detect in the environment, as it is present in low abundance and difficult to be identified using light microscopy. In this work, we developed a method using artificial substrates coupled with qPCR (AS-qPCR) to detect V. rugosum in a marine environment. This sensitive, specific and easy-to-standardize alternative to current techniques does not require specialized expertise in taxonomy. After determining the limits and specificity of the qPCR, we searched for the presence of V. rugosum in four French Mediterranean lagoons using artificial substrates collected every two weeks for one year. The AS-qPCR method revealed its occurrences in summer 2021 in every studied lagoon and detected cells in more samples than light microscopy. As V. rugosum development induces shellfish contamination even at low microalga densities, the AS-qPCR method is accurate and relevant for monitoring V. rugosum in a marine environment.

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CHATZIANASTASIOU (Μ. ΧΑΤΖΗΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΙΟΥ), M., M. KATIKOU (Μ. ΚΑΤΙΚΟΥ), Th ZACHARAKI (Θ. ΖΑΧΑΡΑΚΗ), A. PAPAZACHARIOU (Α. ΠΑΠΑΖΑΧΑΡΙΟΥ), and A. McKEVITT. "Cyclic imines, as emerging marine toxins: Chemical properties, distribution, toxicological aspects and detection methods." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 62, no. 3 (November 10, 2017): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14856.

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Shellfish and, specifically, bivalve molluscs are a food commodity of great nterest for both commercial and public health reasons. They consume microalgae from surrounding waters, which are generally beneficial for aquaculture, but they comprise certain toxin-producing species. These species produce marine toxins which, via the filter-feeding mechanism of bivalve molluscs, accumulate in their tissues. This accumulation is more intense andmore dangerous for public health during the so-called periods of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) when the microalgal population grows. According to their chemical structure, marine toxins are classified into 8 groups, one of which is the cyclic imines. These lipophilic toxins were accidentally discovered during routine bioassays for the detection of other lipophilic marine toxins due to the induction of neurological symptoms and acute death in mice. They include the following subgroups: Spirolides (SPX), gymnodimines (GYM), pinnatoxins (PnTX), pteriatoxins (PtTX), prorocentrolides and spiro-prorocentrimines. The European Union (EU) is more concerned about the first three subgroups, because, in contrast with the latter three, they have already been detected in Europe or there is strong evidence supporting their presence. Spirolides are produced by the dmof\a.ge\\ate Alexandrìum ostenfeldii/peruvianum, gymnodimines by the dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis and pinnatoxins by a peridinoid dinoflagellate recently described in the new genus Vulcanodinium spp.. Although there is insufficient information regarding the geographical distribution of cyclic imines, the fact that they have been detected on multiple occasions in European waters, in combination with their aforementioned acute toxicity in mice after intraperitoneal injection, has established them, at least within the EU, as a topic of profound scientific research. In spite of their acute toxicity in mice, no incident of human intoxication has been attributed to cyclic imines. Presently, the EU has neither set any Maximum Permissible Limits for the concentration of cyclic imines in shellfish nor appointed any reference method for their detection and quantification. Currently, the methods applied are biological, biochemical and chemical. The biological method is a bioassay, which is conducted via the intraperitoneal injection of mice with an extract containing the compound under examination and it detects total toxicity. This properly is essential for the detection of unknown toxins, but the use of laboratory animals raises serious ethical concerns and animal welfare issues. The biochemical method is based on competition between cyclic imines and a fluorescently labelled compound for binding to receptors of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata. Finally, in respect of chemical methods, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) is the most significant method because it is fast, of high repeatability and specificity.