Дисертації з теми "Pin maritime – Croissance – Évaluation"
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Gerber, Sophie. "Variabilité des protéines de l'endosperme du pin maritime révélée par électrophorèse bidimensionnelle : interprétations génétiques, cartographie et relation avec des caractères quantitatifs." Institut national agronomique Paris-Grignon (1971-2006), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INAP0126.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work is intended as a step toward a description of the maritime pine genome (Pinus pinaster Ait. ). It initiates a study of quantitative traits variation using this description, The growth performances of the trees composing the breeding population of maritime pine are known thanks to general combining abilities measured in progeny tests. Eighteen trees representing the range of performances were sampled in this population. The variability of the proteins contained in the haploid endosperms (or megagametophytes) of these pines was studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis, An average of 12 endosperms per tree were analysed and compared. After a systematic analysis of the variation observed, 84 loci were described, responsible for position or amount modifications or presence/absence of proteins, Human genetics techniques were used to build a map. Seventeen linkage groups were detected, which included 65 loci and covered 530 centimorgans, The methods used to estimate and to test for linkage between loci are discussed. The linkage data allowed us to estimate the genome length of maritime pine, It was found to be around 2000 centimorgans, Pines contain one of the greatest quantity of DNA per cell. Some considerations about the relationship between physical and genetic maps in angiosperms and gymnosperms are thus proposed. The relationship between the weight of megagametophytes and the alleles expressed in these haploid organs was studied for every locus. The effect of three loci was detected. The diploid genotype of 18 pines for the 84 loci was compared to their growth performances thanks to different statistical techniques, The results suggest that protein amount variation could be related to quantitative traits, the usefulness and limits of quantitative trait loci (QTL), particularly for forest tree breeding, are discussed
Danjon, Frédéric. "Variabilité génétique des courbes de croissance en hauteur du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait. )." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10240.
Повний текст джерелаCheaib, Alissar. "Effets de la limitation croisée en phosphore et en lumière sur la croissance et la morphogénèse aérienne et racinaire de jeunes plants de pin maritime." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13289.
Повний текст джерелаJacquet, Jean-Sébastien. "Impacts des défoliations de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) sur la croissance du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14728/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of climate change, forest pest outbreaks, among other biotic disturbances, are expected to be more frequent in response to increasing temperatures. The resulting damage is likely to adversely affect forests net primary production and their contribution to climate mitigation via carbon sequestration. More specifically, insect defoliators are to predicted to be more prevalent in the future but their real impact on forest productivity is difficult to evaluate and interpret. Our main objective was then to improve our understanding of insect defoliation impact on tree growth at different tree ages and under various climatic conditions.First, we assessed the relationship between the intensity of pine processionary moth defoliation and maritime pine growth loss. We carried out a meta-analysis to summarize the outcomes of the 45 published studies that addressed this issue. Then, we took advantage of a severe pine processionary moth outbreak to set up a large field experiment where we controlled for both the age (from 3 to 40 years old) and the defoliation rate (from 25 to 100%) of Pinus pinaster trees. We showed that radial growth losses were proportional to defoliation intensity and more important in older trees.As the combination of several disturbances is likely to be more frequent under climate change, we developed a manipulative experiment to quantify the cumulative impact of water stress and defoliation on maritime pine tree growth. We found additive detrimental effects of water stress and defoliation on maritime pine tree growth.Our results confirm that tree response to defoliation, including various eco-physiological processes, is complex. To decipher the underlying mechanisms we analyzed the dynamics of nutrient and carbohydrates pools in defoliated trees during the growing season. Our findings suggest that defoliation affect tree growth through resource limitation rather than via a reduction of carbon fixation due to altered photosynthesis. Since carbohydrates pools were only affected early in the season, our results support the hypothesis of a nitrogen limitation in trees following defoliation. Additive effects of defoliation and water stress may then be explained by similar adverse consequences on water flow and nitrogen uptake
Berthier, Stéphane. "Effets des sollicitations aérodynamiques sur la croissance et le développement du pin maritime (pinus pinaster Ait. ) : influence sur la morphogenèse aérienne et racinaire, et sur la formation du bois de cœur." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12443.
Повний текст джерелаNefaoui, Mohammed. "Dendroécologie, productivité et dynamique de la croissance radiale du pin maritime naturel au Maroc (Pinus pinaster Soland. Subsp hamiltonii(Ten) H. Del Villar var. Maghrebiana H. Del Villar." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30114.
Повний текст джерелаGuyon, Jean-Paul. "Environnement et croissance du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Aït. ) et du pin noir d'Autriche (Pinus nigra Arn. ) : applications en sylviculture." Nancy 1, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1998_0144_GUYON.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBen, Brahim Mohammed. "Effets de la nutrition phosphatée sur la croissance et le bilan de carbone des jeunes plants de pin maritime." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10101.
Повний текст джерелаLASCOUX, DENIS MARTIN. "Croissance et developpement de semis de pin maritime (pinus pinuster ait. ) en lumiere continue : perspectives pour la selection precoce." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112018.
Повний текст джерелаKremer, Antoine. "Decomposition de la croissance en hauteur du pin maritime (pinus pinaster ait. ) : architecture genetique et application a la selection precoce." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112051.
Повний текст джерелаLepoittevin, Camille. "Génétique d’association chez le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.) pour la croissance et les composantes de la qualité du bois." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13923/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the last four decades, the optimization of silvicultural and tree breeding methods has contributed to improve growth and wood homogeneity of maritime pine. In order to provide the different actors of the forestry wood-chain with high quality raw material, the genetic determinism and chemical components of wood quality are being studied in the frame of a multidisciplinary research program. First, nine transcription factors putatively involved in wood formation have been sequenced in the Aquitaine population, and their nucleotide diversity pattern studied. Since these genes potentially play important roles in the adaptation of trees to their environment, their patterns have been compared to those expected under neutral evolution. Strong departures from neutrality were observed, with high levels of linkage disequilibrium and an excess of intermediate frequency variants for three of them (HDZ31, LIM2 and MYB1), which could be linked to population size changes that affected the whole genome, and to balancing selection effects at one of them (MYB1). Secondly, the genitors of the Aquitaine breeding population were genotyped for 384 markers and evaluated for growth and wood chemical properties. Significant associations were detected for two markers, one in a HD-Zip transcription factor (HDZ31) with growth, and the other in a gene coding for a fasciclin protein with cellulose content. The consistency of evolutionary and molecular genetics opens encouraging perspectives for understanding the genetic architecture of wood formation in this species. However, the low number of associations detected raises several theoretical and methodological issues which are discussed for the perspective of improving future experimental designs
Lagraulet, Hélène. "Plasticité phénotypique et architecture génétique de la croissance et de la densité du bois du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0085/document.
Повний текст джерелаEvaluating the impact of climate change on current plantations supposes the evaluation of their phenotypic plasticity and their genotypic diversity within the species, under abiotic pressure. Maritime pine is a perennial species of major economical interest in the french Aquitaine region. Wildly studied genetically and ecophysiologically, maritime pine is a very good biological model to see that type of study to the end. In this thesis, we intend to study various traits related to maritime pine growth under a biotic constraints, according to the following approaches: (1) evalutation of the phenotypic variability and (2)dissection of the genetic architecture of the traits (number, location and effects of QTLs). The comparisonbetween envrionmental and phenotypic data will allow us to appreciate the phenotypic pasticity of individuals. Afterwards, studying the genetic architecture of these traits and its variability according to the genetic background of individuals and environmental conditions will allow us to assess the stability ofdetected QTLs.We used 4 progenies of maritime pines: 3 controlled crosses of parents originated from contrasted ecotypes (Corsica, Landes and Morocco) and 1 controlled cross from a second generation of self-pollination (F2). Micro-cores were extracted from the individuals of the F2 population andmicrodensity profiles were established trough 7 consecutive years. Total height and diameter of eachindividual were measured once a year on the 3 others crosses, from 2010 to 2014. Dynamics of apical budburst was also followed on the same individuals in 2012 and 2013. Finally, dynamics of radial growth were monitored on a sub-sample of 239 individuals (spread in 2 of the 3 controlled crosses) during 3 yearsthanks to a unique device of microdendrometers.At the same time, all individuals (form the 4 crosses) were genotyped with several DNA bioarraysof molecular markers, allowing the building of genetic maps. The confrontation of phenotypic and genotypic data enabled to identify genome are as involved in the genetic architecture behind the traitsand to study their stability according to environmental conditions and the genetic background of individuals.This study showed that bud burst varies from year to year, depending on the conditions oftemperature and of the genetic background of individuals. Same way as growth, bud burst is controlled bymany QTLs of moderate effect, varying according to climatic conditions and the genetic background of individuals. The monitoring of seasonal dynamics of wood formation also showed a QTL x environment interaction revealing that wood density is regulated by different genes or the same set of genes,differentially regulated in response to the climate. The last part of the study puts forwards, for the firsttime, the variability of radius daily fluctuations within a full-sib family and its interaction with environmental variables. [...]
Bogeat-Triboulot, Marie-Béatrice. "Effets du stress osmotique et de la carence en potassium sur la croissance racinaire du pin maritime : étude biomécanique du grandissement cellulaire." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0019_TRIBOULOT.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis work allowed us to improve our knowledge about the control of root growth of maritime pine. This study, which is based on a biophysical analysis of cell expansion, utilised two new microtechnologies: the cell pressure probe and the picolitre osmometer. In unstressed plants, cell turgor pressure was uniform over the entire elongation zone. On the other hand, cell wall rheological properties changed during cell maturation and controlled cell expansion. Three levels of osmotic stress affected root growth differently. A moderate water deficit stimulated root growth by increasing cell wall extensibility, in spite of a small decrease of cell turgor pressure. During the medium water deficit, a reduction of cell turgor pressure was compensated by an increase of cell wall extensibility, root growth rate was not affected. During the highest water deficit, root growth was inhibited by a strong reduction of turgor pressure. The root system responded heterogeneously to a potassium shortage. Tap root growth was not modified by this constraint: neither turgor pressure nor rheological properties were affected. On the other hand, lateral roots growth was strongly inhibited by a reduction of cell wall extensibility. Moreover, in the apex of the tap root, a small reduction in potassium concentration (divided by 2), and also of other inorganic ions, was completely compensated by an increase of soluble sugars and glutamine concentrations. In the apex of lateraI roots, a large reduction in potassium concentration (divided by 8), and of other inorganic ions, was practically not compensated, inducing a reduction of the osmotic pressure in mature tissues
Meredieu, Céline. "Croissance et branchaison du pin laricio (Pinus nigra Arnold ssp laricio (Poiret) Maire) : élaboration et évaluation d'un système de modèles pour la prévision de caractéristiques des arbres et du bois." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10242.
Повний текст джерелаShaiek, Olfa. "Allométrie, biomasse et production primaire du pin maritime (pinus pinaster ait. ) aux marges nord et sud de son aire de répartition : les Landes de Gascogne en France et le nord de la Tunisie." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14216.
Повний текст джерелаMaritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aït.) covers the largest area of the French forest. In Tunisia, it’s after Pinus halepensis Mill. And Pinus pinea L, the most used in reforestations. Biomass estimation of forest populations is generally based on allometric relationships. These relations are of two types: specific relations to a given site and general equations applicable to a vast region. In the first, we have developed specific allometric relationships in a site of one hectare n the forest of Rimel. Biomass compartments are: stem wood, stem bark, branch wood, branch bark, needles, twigs, cones, buds and roots. The allometric relationships are of the form W = a Db, D being either the branch diameter at its insertion on the stem or the stem diameter measured at 1,30m height. These elationships revealed that branch diameter at stem insertion and DBH explained 92 and 95% of variances of the partial and total biomass of branch and tree respectively. After that, some generalized allometric equations were developed for predicting the biomass of aerial components of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) using data collected from he southern and northern latitudinal margins of its geographical area. The data comprised aboveground biomass values divided into foliage, branch, stem and minor components collected from 26 trees in Tunisia and 152 trees in France. (...)
Porté, Annabel. "Modelisation des effets du bilan hydrique sur la production primaire et la croissance d'un couvert de pin maritime (pinus pinaster ait) en lande humide." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112115.
Повний текст джерелаLabbé, Frédéric. "Étude de l’émergence et de la dynamique évolutive d’Armillaria ostoyae, agent pathogène du pin maritime." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0387/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) forest of the Landes de Gascogne (south-western France), pine mortality due to the root rot fungus Armillaria ostoyae (Basidiomycete) has been increasing over the last 30 years. The first cases of this disease were reported a few years after a major change in land use which occurred in this region following the replacement of original moors by an intensively managed planted forest. Our aim was to understand the factors driving this disease emergence. For this, we investigated the spatial distribution of pathogen damage related to historical factors, estimated the variation in fungal traits related to parasitism and saprophytism and investigated the demographic history of A. ostoyae. The current distribution of A. ostoyae mortality appeared depending on the pre-existing forests, suggesting that A. ostoyae was commonly distributed in pre-existing forest areas which acted as a reservoir for the colonization of recent planted forests. The rhizomorphs production was significantly correlated with virulence, suggesting that this trait plays an important role in the parasitic stage of A. ostoyae, but no significant relationship between parasitism and saprophytism components was detected, which may suggest that there is no trade-off between these traits. Finally, the best demographic scenario to explain A. ostoyae population structure in the Landes forest is a two step scenario: there was first a decrease and then an expansion in the fungal population, which appeared to follow the dynamics of the host population. The generation time of A. ostoyae was estimated between 10 and 20 years
Picon-Cochard, Catherine. "Effets combinés d'un doublement de la concentration en C02 de l'air et de sécheresses édaphiques sur la croissance et l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau de Quercus petraea, Quercus robur et Pinus pinaster." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10076.
Повний текст джерелаPérot, Thomas. "Quel est le niveau de détail pertinent pour modéliser la croissance d'une forêt mélangée ? Comparaison d'une famille de modèles et application aux peuplements mélangés chêne sessile - pin sylvestre." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00432573.
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