Статті в журналах з теми "PILOT FUELS"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: PILOT FUELS.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 статей у журналах для дослідження на тему "PILOT FUELS".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте статті в журналах для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Antoshkiv, O., Th Poojitganont, L. Jehring, and C. Berkholz. "Main aspects of kerosene and gaseous fuel ignition in aero-engine." Aeronautical Journal 121, no. 1246 (December 2017): 1779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTVarious liquid and gaseous alternative fuels have been proposed to replace the kerosene as aircraft fuel. Furthermore, new combustion technologies were developed to reduce the emissions of aero-engine. A staged fuel injection arrangement for a lean burn combustion system was applied to improve the operability of an aero-engine by achieving high flame stability at reduced combustion emissions. Originally, both circuits (pilot and main) are fuelled by kerosene; moreover, the pilot injector is operating at low power (engine idle and approach) and the pilot flame is anchored in an airflow recirculation zone. In the case of the performed research, the pilot injector was modified to allow the use of gaseous fuels. Thus, the burner model allows a flexible balancing of the mass flows for gaseous and liquid fuel. The present paper describes the investigation of ignitability for the proposed staged combustor model fuelled by gaseous and liquid fuels. A short overview on physical properties of used fuels is given. To investigate atomisation and ignition, different measurements systems were used. The effectiveness of two ignitor types (spark plug and laser ignitor) was analysed. The ignition performance of the combustor operating on various fuels was compared and discussed in detail.
2
Wierzbicki, Sławomir, Michał Śmieja, and Andrzej Piętak. "EFFECT OF THE PILOT CHARGE INJECTION ADVANCE ANGLE ON THE OPERATING PARAMETERS OF A DUAL-FUEL COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE FUELLED WITH BIOGAS." Agricultural Engineering 46, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ageng.2014.012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the ways of increasing the share of renewable fuels in the overall energy balance is to develop effective methods for using low calorific gaseous fuels, including biogas, to fuel combustion engines. This paper presents the results of research on the effect of changing the diesel fuel pilot charge injection advance angle on the operating parameters of a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine. The obtained results confirm the significant effect of the pilot charge injection advance angle on the engine torque value at a constant engine speed.
3
Kenanoğlu, Raif, M. Kaan Baltacioğlu, and Ertuğrul Baltacioğlu. "Numerical Comparison of HHO and HHOCNG Fuel Performance Analysis with Pilot Diesel Injection." Advanced Engineering Forum 18 (September 2016): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.18.58.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, alternative fuels usage is increasing due to limited oil reserves and increasing petrol demands. There are many advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels when used alone. In this study, alternative fuels with various specifications are mixed in different proportions to tolerate these disadvantages. Hydroxy (HHO) and hydroxy enriched compressed natural gas (HHOCNG) fuel mixtures with pilot diesel injection was used as dual-fuels on a non-modified diesel engine and investigated their performance parameters such as torque (T), power (P), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and volumetric efficiency (ηv). This study conducted with AVL Boost simulation program and all graphs are plotted to compare HHO and HHOCNG fuel mixtures performance outputs, additionally all results are compared with neat diesel performance values. The general results show that, HHOCNG enrichment has the best improvement values with respect to single HHO enrichment. Overall improvements for BSFC, torque, power and IMEP values of 25 HHOCNG are 4,086%, 1.67%, 4.13% and 3.67%, respectively.
4
Anthony, E. J., D. Y. Lu, and J. Q. Zhang. "Combustion Characteristics of Heavy Liquid Fuels in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1446475.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Liquid fuels such as bitumen, tars, and pitches are byproducts of heavy oil upgrading processes, and are usually contaminated with high sulphur and sometimes heavy metals contents as well. Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) appears to be a promising technology for the combustion of such fuels due to its inherent fuel flexibility and low emissions characteristics. The combustion of three liquid fuels, i.e., no. 6 oil, bitumen and pitch was investigated in a pilot-scale bubbling FBC unit. An efficient liquid fuel feeding system was developed and a bubbling FBC was successfully used to combust all three liquid fuels. The proportion of fuel escaping in the form of unburnt hydrocarbons in the flue gas was less than 0.4 percent and combustion efficiencies higher than 98.5 percent were achieved. However, combustion of liquid fuels tended to occur in the freeboard and, therefore, good mixing of the fuels in the bed was critical in achieving satisfactory combustion performance.
5
Mikulski, Maciej, Sławomir Wierzbicki, and Andrzej Piętak. "Numerical Studies on Controlling Gaseous Fuel Combustion by Managing the Combustion Process of Diesel Pilot Dose in a Dual-Fuel Engine." Chemical and Process Engineering 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2015-0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Protection of the environment and counteracting global warming require finding alternative sources of energy. One of the methods of generating energy from environmentally friendly sources is increasing the share of gaseous fuels in the total energy balance. The use of these fuels in compression-ignition (CI) engines is difficult due to their relatively high autoignition temperature. One solution for using these fuels in CI engines is operating in a dualfuel mode, where the air and gas mixture is ignited with a liquid fuel dose. In this method, a series of relatively complex chemical processes occur in the engine's combustion chamber, related to the combustion of individual fuel fractions that interact with one another. Analysis of combustion of specific fuels in this type of fuel injection to the engine is difficult due to the fact that combustion of both fuel fractions takes place simultaneously. Simulation experiments can be used to analyse the impact of diesel fuel combustion on gaseous fuel combustion. In this paper, we discuss the results of simulation tests of combustion, based on the proprietary multiphase model of a dual-fuel engine. The results obtained from the simulation allow for analysis of the combustion process of individual fuels separately, which expands the knowledge obtained from experimental tests on the engine.
6
Li, Chun Ping. "Pilot Experiments on Co-Processing Oversized Products Screened from Aged Refuse in Cement Kiln." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3421.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Re-processing of aged refuse with particle size of 100mm, heating value above 3000kcal/kg above, chlorine content of about 0.13% was added into cement kiln as alternative fuels using screw conveyor. The results show that: except for NOx, emission rate and concentrations of TSPs, HCl, HF, SO2, CO from cement kiln flue gas were increased and volatized significantly after adding alternative fuels. Dosage of 2t/h of alternative fuels affected little on kiln system, so, main process parameters were normal and no more substantial fluctuations, but, the amount of feeding coal at calciner were adjusted more frequently. Element of S in hot raw material into the kiln seemed no significant changes while K and Cl content was significantly increased within the manageable range. Compressive strength, flexural strength, water demand for normal consistency, surface area of clinker all reduced when using alternative fuels, initial setting time and final setting time were increased compared with clinker saturation. Adding alternative fuels saving of coal, but the actual effect of alternative fuel was less than theoretical results, indicating that intermittent feeding mode was not desirable.
7
Wierzbicki, Sławomir, Michał Śmieja, and Maciej Mikulski. "Effect of Fuel Pilot Dose Parameters on Efficiency of Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Engines Fuelled with Biogas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 817 (January 2016): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.817.19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasing the share of renewable electrical energy in the overall energy balance is one of the major challenges of humanity. It is primarily connected with global warming and increasing environmental pollution. One of the ways to counteract this problem is to promote the importance of renewable fuels, including gaseous fuels which are relatively low in carbon.This paper presents the effects of selected parameters of a pilot dose of diesel fuel on the efficiency of a dual-fuel compression ignition engine. The dose of gaseous fuel powering the engine was a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide in varying proportions.
8
Guo, Hao, Song Zhou, Jiaxuan Zou, and Majed Shreka. "A Numerical Study on the Pilot Injection Conditions of a Marine 2-Stroke Lean-Burn Dual Fuel Engine." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The global demand for clean fuels is increasing in order to meet the requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) of 0.5% global Sulphur cap and Tier III emission limits. Natural gas has begun to be popularized on liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships because of its low cost and environment friendly. In large-bore marine engines, ignition with pilot fuel in the prechamber is a good way to reduce combustion variability and extend the lean-burn limit. However, the occurrence of knock limits the increase in power. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of pilot fuel injection conditions on performance and knocking of a marine 2-stroke low-pressure dual-fuel (LP-DF) engine. The engine simulations were performed under different pilot fuel parameters. The results showed that the average in-cylinder temperature, the average in-cylinder pressure, and the NOx emissions gradually decreased with the delay of the pilot injection timing. Furthermore, the combustion situation gradually deteriorated as the pilot injection duration increased. A shorter pilot injection duration was beneficial to reduce NOx pollutant emissions. Moreover, the number of pilot injector orifices affected the ignition of pilot fuel and the flame propagation speed inside the combustion chamber.
9
Gao, Tongyang, Shui Yu, Tie Li, and Ming Zheng. "Impacts of multiple pilot diesel injections on the premixed combustion of ethanol fuel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 6 (July 3, 2017): 738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017706858.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Engine experiments were carried out to study the impact of multiple pilot injections of a diesel fuel on dual-fuel combustion with a premixed ethanol fuel, using compression ignition. Because of the contrasting volatility and the reactivity characteristics of the two fuels, the appropropriate scheduling of pilot diesel injections in a high-pressure direct-injection process is found to be effective for improving the clean and efficient combustion of ethanol which is premixed with air using a low-pressure port injection. The timing and duration of each of the multiple pilot injections were investigated, in conjunction with the use of exhaust gas recirculation and intake air boosting to accommodate the variations in the engine load. For correct fuel and air management, an early pilot injection of fuel acted effectively as the reactivity improver to the background ethanol, whereas a late pilot injection acted deterministically to initiate combustion. The experimental results further revealed a set of pilot injection strategies which resulted in an increased ethanol ratio, thereby reducing the emission reductions while retaining a moderate pressure rise rate during combustion.
10
KISHORRE, V. Annanth, A. KAREN, K. Abhishek VEDA, H. NIRANJAN, K. Anusha KRISHNA, N. GOBINATH, and M. FEROSKHAN. "Evaluating the effect of DEE blending ratio in biogas-biodiesel fuelled dual-fuel engine." INCAS BULLETIN 13, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2021.13.3.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fossil fuels are depleting faster than being consumed. Fuels with higher efficiency, less consumability, and ecocity are very much desired for the present scenario. In this investigation, a conventional single-cylinder CI engine is utilized in dual-fuel mode, in which biogas is the primary fuel while biodiesel (palm oil) with different DEE blending ratios is used (5%, 10%, and 15%) as a secondary fuel. For each DEE blend, biogas flow rate and loads are varied and their effect on brake thermal efficiency, pilot fuel energy ratio, CO, NOx, and HC emissions are estimated. Exhaust gas emissions were calculated using an AVL 5-gas emission analyser. The calorific value and density of each sample are calculated. It is witnessed from the experiments that 5% DEE used with lower biogas flow rate resulted in high brake thermal efficiency of 31.83%. Also, an increase in DEE is found to increase NOx emission while an increase in biogas flow rate resulted in a reduction in NOx emission. The addition of biogas is experimentally observed to have the potential in reducing pilot fuel consumption.
11
Chaichan, Miqdam, and Dina Muneam. "Operational Parameters Influence on Resulted Noise of Multi-Cylinders Engine Runs on Dual Fuels Mode." Journal of Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences ( Print ISSN: 1681-6870 ,Online ISSN: 2790-2293 ), no. 1 (October 14, 2021): 186–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.55562/jrucs.v35i1.269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Noise is a pollutant by the combustion process that may have direct effect upon surrounding environment. In this study, noise measurements were taken for multi cylinders, four stroke Fiat engine converted to run as dual fuel engine on diesel and gaseous fuels of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas (NG). The study focused on the influence of some operating parameters. These parameters included: engine load, pilot fuel injection timing, pilot fuel mass, and engine speed. It was found that using LPG as the main fuel in duel fuel mixture exhibits higher engine noise compared to NG or neat diesel. The results showed that advancing injection timing from optimum ones increased engine sound pressure levels.
12
Kumar, Ashok, Piyushi Nautiyal, and Kamalasish Dev. "To Study the Effects of (Compressed Natural Gas + Diesel) Under Dual Fuel Mode on Engine Performance and Emissions Characteristic." Sensor Letters 18, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study is investigated on the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by compressed natural gas and base diesel (CNG + Diesel). The CNG fuels used as the primary fuel, and diesel as pilot fuel under dual-fuel mode. The pilot fuel is partially replaced by CNG at a different percentage. The primary fuel is injected into the engine with intake air during the suction stroke. The experimental results reveal the effect of CNG + diesel under dual fuel mode on BTE, BSFC, CO, CO2, HC, NOx and Smoke. It is observed from the experimental results that CO2, NOx and Smoke emissions decreased but HC and CO emissions increase with an increase in CNG energy share.
13
Likhanov, V. A., O. P. Lopatin, A. S. Yurlov, and N. S. Anfilatova. "Study of indicators of the working process of tractor diesel when working on ethanol and rapeseed oil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 052054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/5/052054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The use of alternative fuels derived from natural gas, coal, and renewable energy sources in tractor diesel engines (TDE) will solve the problem of replacing petroleum fuels, significantly expand the raw material base for obtaining motor fuels, and reduce the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment. The use of alternative oxygenate fuels, such as ethanol (E), in diesel engines is particularly promising. As a result of the analysis of the conducted studies, it was found that it is possible to organize the working process in the cylinder of a TDE when it operates on E and rapeseed oil (RO), with their separate supply directly to the cylinders and ignition from the ignition fuel (pilot) with a high cetane number. As a starting fuel, it is possible to use RO, which is capable of self-ignition due to its physical and chemical properties. At the same time, it is expected to improve the performance of the working process, environmental and efficient performance of the TDE with the complete replacement of diesel fuel (DF).
14
Honus, Stanislav, and Przemyslaw Bukowski. "Maintenance Study of a Pilot Biomass Pyrolysis Installation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the results of studies on a pilot pyrolysis installation with respect to maintenance parameters during pyrolysis of biomass in a form of pellets. Efficiency of raw fuel (pellets made from wood) conversion to processed fuels: coke, oil and post-pyrolytic gas. The described installation is atypical in terms of construction design that is based on the heat conduction mechanism (in most installations, convection in an atmosphere of inert gases or in vacuum is the dominating mechanism). Also, energy balances for biomass pyrolysis are presented.
15
TIRA, Hendry, Simaranjit GILL, Kampanart THEINNOI, Joshua SHENKER, Chia LAU, Athanasios TSOLAKIS, Karl DEARN, Dale TURNER, and Miroslaw WYSZYNSKI. "The study of simulated biogas on combustion and emission characteristics in compression ignition engines." Combustion Engines 141, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New renewable fuels have been developed for diesel engines, contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions and to fuel security. However, the combustion characteristics of these fuels and emissions still remain unclear. A study to investigate diesel engine performance integrated with biogas and hydrogen has been carried out. Biogas is principally a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) along with other trace gases. In this study the simulated gaseous biogas (60% CH4 and 40% CO2 vol.) and hydrogen (2% vol.) fuels were fed into the engine intake manifold and diesel fuel was injected into cylinder as a pilot ignition fuel. The effects of biogas and hydrogen showed reduced PM compared with diesel combustion. In addition, up to 39 and 33% reduction in total particulate mass and smoke, respectively, was seen. However, there was a slight increase in particle number when gaseous fuel addition was used, where the particulate size distributions have moved towards the nucleation region thus benefitting the after-treatment systems. Reduced thermal efficiency was observed for the gaseous fuel addition.
16
Moreno, Joseba, Matthias Hornberger, Max Schmid, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Hard Coal, Wheat Straw, and Solid Recovered Fuel in a 200 kWth Calcium Looping CFB Calciner." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082162.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of biomass and solid recovered fuel (SRF) is globally emerging as a viable solution to achieve net-negative carbon emissions in the heat and power sector. Contrary to conventional fossil fuels, alternative fuels are highly heterogeneous, and usually contain increased amounts of alkaline metals and chlorine. Hence, experimental studies are mandatory in order to thoroughly characterize the combustion behavior and pollutant formation of non-conventional fuels in novel applications. This work gives an overview of experimental investigations on the oxy-fuel combustion of hard coal, wheat straw, and SRF with a limestone bed in a semi-industrial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) pilot plant. The CFB combustor was able to be operated under different fuel blending ratios and inlet O2 concentrations, showing a stable hydrodynamic behavior over many hours of continuous operation. The boundary conditions introduced in this study are expected to prevail in carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes, such as the oxy-fuel combustion in the CFB calciner of a Calcium Looping (CaL) cycle for post-combustion CO2 capture.
17
Abd Alla, G. H., O. A. Badr, H. A. Soliman, and Abd M. F. Rabbo. "Technical Note: Exhaust emissions from an indirect injection dual-fuel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 214, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407001527457.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diesel engines operating on gaseous fuels are commonly known as dual-fuel engines. In the present work, a single-cylinder, compression ignition, indirect injection research (Ricardo E6) engine has been installed at United Arab Emirates University for investigation of the exhaust emisssions when the engine is operating as a dual-fuel engine. The influence of changes in major operating and design parameters, such as the concentration of gaseous fuel in the cylinder charge, pilot fuel quantity, injection timing and intake temperature, on the production of exhaust emissions was investigated. Diesel fuel was used as the pilot fuel, while methane or propane was used as the main fuel which was inducted in the intake manifold and mixed with the intake air. The experimental investigations showed that the poor emissions at light loads can be improved significantly by increasing the concentration of gaseous fuel (total equivalence ratio), employing a large pilot fuel quantity, advancing the injection timing of the pilot fuel and increasing the intake temperature. It is demonstrated that, in general, any measure that tends to increase the size of the combustion regions within the overly lean cylinder charge will reduce markedly the concentrations of unburned hydro- carbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases.
18
Merola, Simona, Luca Marchitto, Cinzia Tornatore, and Gerardo Valentino. "Chemiluminescence analysis of the effect of butanol-diesel fuel blends on the spray-combustion process in an experimental common rail diesel engine." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 1943–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140329086m.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Combustion process was studied from the injection until the late combustion phase in an high swirl optically accessible combustion bowl connected to a single cylinder 2-stroke high pressure common rail compression ignition engine. Commercial diesel and blends of diesel and n-butanol (20%: BU20 and 40%: BU40) were used for the experiments. A pilot plus main injection strategy was investigated fixing the injection pressure and fuel mass injected per stroke. Two main injection timings and different pilot-main dwell times were explored achieving for any strategy a mixing controlled combustion. Advancing the main injection start, an increase in net engine working cycle (>40%) together with a strong smoke number decrease (>80%) and NOx concentration increase (@50%) were measured for all pilot injection timings. Compared to diesel fuel, butanol induced a decrease in soot emission and an increase in net engine working area when butanol ratio increased in the blend. A noticeable increase in NOx was detected at the exhaust for BU40 with a slight effect of the dwell-time. Spectroscopic investigations confirmed the delayed auto-ignition (~60 ms) of the pilot injection for BU40 compared to diesel. The spectral features for the different fuels were comparable at the start of combustion process, but they evolved in different ways. Broadband signal caused by soot emission, was lower for BU40 than diesel. Different balance of the bands at 309 and 282 nm, due to different OH transitions, were detected between the two fuels. The ratio of these intensities was used to follow flame temperature evolution.
19
Kneba, Zbigniew. "The Possibility of Co-Combustion of Gaseous Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 831 (April 2016): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.831.256.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents an analysis of the possibilities of co-combustion of two fuels in truck diesel engines. The goal of usage two different fuels is to lower coast of exploitation heavy duty trucks and buses. The two systems were introduced In first the ignition in cylinder is initiated by diesel oil small dose then main dose of methane is burned. In the alternative system the share of diesel oil is much greater and the mixture of propane butane is only additional fuel. Measurement results of first inwestigations has been presented. The important remarks about setting pilot injection dose and injection time angle were munched.
20
Ramesha, D. K., Adhiviraj Singh Bangari, Chirag P. Rathod, and Chaitanya R. Samartha. "Experimental Investigation Of Biogas-Biodiesel Dual Fuel Combustion In A Diesel Engine." Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mecdc-2015-0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study is an attempt at achieving diesel fuel equivalent performance from diesel engines with maximum substitution of diesel with renewable fuels. In this context the study has been designed to analyze the influence of B20 algae biodiesel as a pilot fuel in a biodiesel biogas dual fuel engine, and results are compared to those of biodiesel and diesel operation at identical engine settings. Experiments were performed at various loads from 0 to 100 % of maximum load at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. In general, B20 algae biodiesel is compatible with diesel in terms of performance and combustion characteristics. Dual fuel mode operation displays lower thermal efficiency and higher fuel consumption than for other fuel modes of the test run across the range of engine loads. Dual fuel mode displayed lower emissions of NOx and Smoke opacity while HC and CO concentrations were considerably higher as compared to other fuels. In dual fuel mode peak pressure and heat release rate were slightly higher compared to diesel and biodiesel mode of operation for all engine loads.
21
LUFT, Sławomir. "A dual-fuel compression ignition engine – distinctive features." Combustion Engines 141, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117144.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For many years in the Department of Automobiles and Internal Combustion Engines in Technical University of Radom there are carried out investigations on dual-fuel compression ignition engine in which the ignition is initiated by a pilot diesel oil dose and the applied main fuels have properties similar to those applied in spark ignition engines. The tested fuels were methanol, ethanol, LPG and natural gas. Analysis of the obtained results allowed to make some generalizations and to determine advantages as well as problems which should be solved for higher efficiency, power and durability. The paper will present information on efficiency, power, toxic exhaust emission and chosen parameters of combustion process of a dual-fuel compression ignition engine as well as on a difficult to control – knock combustion which may result in lower engine durability and piston crank mechanism failure.
22
Stroia, B. J., and D. L. Abata. "Flame Speeds of Low-Cetane Fuels in a Diesel Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906252.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A theoretical and experimental investigation of the flame speeds of low-cetane fuels during the initial stage of heat release in a Diesel engine is described. This information is important for developing a fundamental background in the understanding of fuel injection rate-controlled heat release in a Diesel engine. In this study, a theoretical model based on droplet size, turbulent intensity, and equivalence ratio was developed for the flame propagation through a fuel droplet/air matrix. The results of the theoretical model were compared to experimental high-speed photographs of flame growth in a Diesel engine. For successful injection rate controlled heat release to occur using pilot injdection, the model determined that the combustion zone due to a pilot fuel spray must flow to a distance of at least 30 orifice diameters from the nozzle tip before the main injection event can take place. Results of the model were verified by experiment for the two limiting cases of X/D less than 30 and X/D greater than 30. As expected, rate-controlled heat release was to achieved for the case of X/D less than 30. However, for the case of X/D greater than 30, the main fuel injectin ignited upon injection into the cylinder, and heat release was controlled by rate of injection.
23
PYSZCZEK, Rafał, Paweł MAZURO, Agnieszka JACH, and Andrzej TEODORCZYK. "Numerical investigation on low calorific syngas combustion in the opposed-piston engine." Combustion Engines 169, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to investigate a possibility of using gaseous fuels of a low calorific value as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Such fuels can come from organic matter decomposition (biogas), oil production (flare gas) or gasification of materials containing carbon (syngas). The utilization of syngas in the barrel type Opposed-Piston (OP) engine arrangement is of particular interest for the authors. A robust design, high mechanical efficiency and relatively easy incorporation of Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) makes the OP engine an ideal candidate for running on a low calorific fuel of various compostion. Furthermore, the possibility of online compression ratio adjustment allows for engine the operation in Controlled Auto-Ignition (CAI) mode for high efficiency and low emission. In order to investigate engine operation on low calorific gaseous fuel authors performed 3D CFD numerical simulations of scavenging and combustion processes in the 2-stroke barrel type Opposed-Piston engine with use of the AVL Fire solver. Firstly, engine operation on natural gas with ignition from diesel pilot was analysed as a reference. Then, combustion of syngas in two different modes was investigated – with ignition from diesel pilot and with Controlled Auto-Ignition. Final engine operating points were specified and corresponding emissions were calculated and compared. Results suggest that engine operation on syngas might be limited due to misfire of diesel pilot or excessive heat releas which might lead to knock. A solution proposed by authors for syngas is CAI combustion which can be controlled with application of VCR and with adjustment of air excess ratio. Based on preformed simulations it was shown that low calorific syngas can be used as a fuel for power generation in the Opposed-Piston engine which is currently under development at Warsaw University of Technology.
24
Ilves, Risto, Rauno Põldaru, Andres Annuk, and Jüri Olt. "THE IMPACT OF A TWO-PHASE DIESEL FUEL PILOT INJECTION ON THE COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS AIR–FUEL MIXTURE COMBUSTION PROCESS IN A DIESEL ENGINE." Transport 37, no. 5 (December 20, 2022): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2022.17938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, there is a global trend towards the use of alternative fuels in order to reduce environmental pollution. For example, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has become more widely used around the world. The use of different fuels in engines affects the combustion process and efficiency, with the latter potentially being reduced by such means as, for example, the use of gaseous fuels in conventional diesel engines. Therefore, it is also important to know how CNG combusts in a diesel engine and how the combustion process can be improved. Consequently, the aim of the study is to give an overview of the effect of divided Diesel Fuel (DF) pilot injection on the combustion process of a naturally aspirated diesel engine using dual-fuel mode, with one fuel being DF and the other CNG. The focus of the article is on the commonly used engines on which the diesel injection system works regularly, and CNG fuel is injected into the intake manifold as an additional fuel. The engine DF quantity and injection timing are regulated by the acceleration pedal. The article provides an overview of the diesel and dual-fuel combustion process, and compare the DF and dual-fuel combustion processes. For this purpose, a test was carried out in order to measure the various involved parameters, such as the combustion pressure, torque, and fuel consumption. The results demonstrated that ignition delay does not significantly vary with the use of gas as a fuel source, and the maximum combustion pressure is actually higher with gas. The combustion is more rapid in dual-fuel mode and results indicate that when using dual-fuel mode on regular engines, it would be necessary to regulate the pre- and main-injection timing.
25
Miccio, Francesco, Fabrizio Scala, and Riccardo Chirone. "Fluidized Bed Combustion of a Biomass Fuel: Comparison Between Pilot Scale Experiments and Model Simulations." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1842787.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present work the efficiency of the fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of high-volatile fuels and the extent of volatile matter post-combustion in the splashing zone and freeboard are investigated. A typical Mediterranean biomass (pine-seed shells) has been burned in a pilot-scale bubbling FB combustor (200 kWt) at different operating conditions. Both over-and under-bed fuel feeding options have been considered. A FBC model specifically developed for high-volatile fuels has been also applied to provide a comparison with bed carbon loading, in-bed heat release and splashing region temperature experimental data. Experimental results showed that the biomass combustion efficiency is always very high as a consequence of the high reactivity of the fuel. Extensive volatile post-combustion above the bed is observed, whose extent appears to be sensitive to the over/under bed feeding option and to the excess air. Approximately 80% of the total heat is released/recirculated in the bed, the remainder leading to appreciable overheating of the freeboard with respect to the nominal bed temperature. Very low bed carbon loadings have been found. Model results compare well with the experimental temperature, heat release and carbon loading trends. However, a detailed prediction of the freeboard temperature profiles requires further improvements of the model.
26
Likos, W. E., and T. W. Ryan. "Experiments With Coal Fuels in a High-Temperature Diesel Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The combustion of 50 wt percent coal slurries, using water, diesel fuel, and methanol as carrier liquids, was investigated in a single-cylinder research engine. High temperatures were achieved in the engine cylinder using low-heat-rejection engine technology, electrically heated glow plugs, and heated inlet air. Comparisons of the fuels and different methods of providing high cylinder temperature were made using cylinder pressure data and heat release calculations. Autoignition of the coal/water slurries was attained using auxiliary heat input. The burning rates of all the autoignited slurries were significantly enhanced by using a pilot injection of diesel fuel. Under some operating conditions the engine thermal efficiency was equal to diesel fuel performance. It was apparent that engines designed for coal slurry should maximize the prechamber volume.
27
STRAVINSKAS, Saulius, Alfredas RIMKUS, and Jonas MATIJOŠIUS. "EVALUATION OF VIBRATION AND NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE FUELLED WITH NATURAL GAS-BIODIESEL DUAL FUEL." Transport Problems 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2023.18.1.06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As environmental requirements become more stringent and the planet becomes more polluted, the replacement of conventional diesel is attracting more interest. For alternative fuels, such as biodiesel and natural gas, to be used, their effects must be examined not only in terms of the engine’s environmental indicators but also in terms of engine vibrations and sound pressure. This study examined the influence of dual fuel – biodiesel and natural gas – on vibrations and sound pressure of a compression-ignition (CI) engine. Conventional diesel or hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel was used as a pilot fuel for gas ignition. The gaseous fuel was natural gas, which was injected into the intake manifold with different energy shares of the gaseous fuel (40%, 60% and 80%). Tests were performed at a constant engine crankshaft speed and a fixed start of pilot fuel injection of 6° BTDC while the fuel composition and engine load were changed. This experiment revealed correlations between gas energy share (GES) in liquid fuel and ecological and energy indicators of a CI engine.
28
Ovsyannikova, Ekaterina, Andrea Kruse, and Gero C. Becker. "Feedstock-Dependent Phosphate Recovery in a Pilot-Scale Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Production." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microalgae (Spirulina) and primary sewage sludge are considerable feedstocks for future fuel-producing biorefinery. These feedstocks have either a high fuel production potential (algae) or a particularly high appearance as waste (sludge). Both feedstocks bring high loads of nutrients (P, N) that must be addressed in sound biorefinery concepts that primarily target specific hydrocarbons, such as liquid fuels. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), which produces bio-crude oil that is ready for catalytic upgrading (e.g., for jet fuel), is a useful starting point for such an approach. As technology advances from small-scale batches to pilot-scale continuous operations, the aspect of nutrient recovery must be reconsidered. This research presents a full analysis of relevant nutrient flows between the product phases of HTL for the two aforementioned feedstocks on the basis of pilot-scale data. From a partial experimentally derived mass balance, initial strategies for recovering the most relevant nutrients (P, N) were developed and proofed in laboratory-scale. The experimental and theoretical data from the pilot and laboratory scales are combined to present the proof of concept and provide the first mass balances of an HTL-based biorefinery modular operation for producing fertilizer (struvite) as a value-added product.
29
Nadar, Kapilan, Pratap Reddy, and Rao Anjuri. "Comparison of performance of biodiesels of mahua oil and gingili oil in dual fuel engine." Thermal Science 12, no. 1 (2008): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0801151n.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, an experimental work was carried out to compare the performance of biodiesels made from non edible mahua oil and edible gingili oil in dual fuel engine. A single cylinder diesel engine was modified to work in dual fuel mode and liquefied petroleum gas was used as primary fuel. Biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process and mahua oil methyl ester (MOME) and gingili oil methyl ester (GOME) were used as pilot fuels. The viscosity of MOME is slightly higher than GOME. The dual fuel engine runs smoothly with MOME and GOME. The test results show that the performance of the MOME is close to GOME, at the pilot fuel quantity of 0.45 kg/h and at the advanced injection timing of 30 deg bTDC. Also it is observed that the smoke, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydro carbon emissions of GOME lower than the MOME. But the GOME results in slightly higher NOx emissions. From the experimental results it is concluded that the biodiesel made from mahua oil can be used as a substitute for diesel in dual fuel engine.
30
Hellier, Paul, Midhat Talibi, Aaron Eveleigh, and Nicos Ladommatos. "An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016687453.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Future fuels for compression ignition engines will be required both to reduce the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions from fossil sources and to contribute to the reductions in the exhaust levels of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Via various processes of biological, chemical and physical conversion, feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass and photosynthetic micro-organisms will yield a wide variety of potential fuel molecules. Furthermore, modification of the production processes may allow the targeted manufacture of fuels of specific molecular structure. This paper therefore presents an overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines, highlighting in particular the submolecular features common to a variety of potential fuels. An increase in the straight-chain length of the alkyl moiety reduces the duration of ignition delay, and the introduction of double bonds or branching to an alkyl moiety both increase ignition delay. The movement of a double bond towards the centre of an alkyl chain, or the addition of oxygen to a molecule, can both increase and decrease the duration of ignition delay dependent on the overall fuel structure. Nitrogen oxide emissions are primarily influenced by the duration of fuel ignition delay, but in the case of hydrogen and methane pilot-ignited premixed combustion arise only at flame temperatures sufficiently high for thermal production. An increase in aromatic ring number and physical properties such as the fuel boiling point increase particulate matter emissions at constant combustion phasing.
31
Yur, G., and E. Nosonova. "Study of the working process of a diesel engine with modified fuel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 022073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/2/022073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The research objective is to reduce specific fuel consumption and emissions of exhaust fume pollutants. Specifically treated (modified) fuel is used to comprehensively improve the economic and environmental performance of the diesel operation process. Fuel treatment was carried out at a pilot plant using the process of fuel gas cavitation. During processing, high-molecular fuel compounds were broken down and the fuel was saturated with gas-vapor bubbles. The description of the pilot unit is given. The characteristics of the base distillate and modified fuel are studied. A mathematical model and the numerical study results of the fuel droplet development containing vapor-gas bubbles are presented. An experimental study of the work process in a 10.5/12 H diesel engine single-cylinder compartment when operating on various fuels was carried out. Diesel tests have shown that when using modified fuel, the specific indicative fuel consumption has decreased by 5-7 per g / kWh, the exhaust gas temperature has decreased by 5-8 degrees, the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust fumes has decreased by 32-46 ppm, the concentration of total hydrocarbons has decreased by 9-14 ppm, the smoke content has decreased by 1.2-1.7 times.
32
Legue, Daniel Romeo Kamta, Venant Sorel Chara-Dackou, Mahamat Hassane Babikir, Bali Tamegue Bernard, Marcel Obounou Akong, and Paul Henri Ekobena Fouda. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Methane Combustion Combined with Biodiesel in Dual Fuel Mode." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 5 (November 30, 2022): 1318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present work investigates experimentally and numerically the combustion of methane coupled to biodiesel and diesel in dual fuel mode. The engine used is a single-cylinder Lister-Petter_01005299_TS1 modified for bi-fuel operation with a pre-chamber in the intake to allow methane to enter with the air. For this, we use three distinct fuels, conventional D100 diesel, B100 biodiesel and methane. The first two fuels are first burned independently under the same conditions independently under the same conditions using the double Wiebe phase. The numerical results obtained of this first combustion of B100 and D100 compared to the measured results show an agreement of 2% and 1.07% respectively for biodiesel and diesel allowing the validation of the numerical code. Next, we add methane to the air during the intake phase for the previously tested D100 and B100 fuels used as a pilot fuel in order to observe the impact of methane on cylinder pressure, nitrogen oxide emissions and heat release. The combustion model used is a two-zone 0D, one representing the burnt gases and the other the unburnt gases. The results showed a decrease in cylinder pressure and a large reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions of about 26.67% and about 48.76% when burning B100 biodiesel at medium load. The results also showed that the addition of methane to the air reduces the overall heat release of both fuels around TDC by 10.76% and 5.4% for biodiesel and diesel, respectively. But that in the diffusion phase, dual fuel combustion shows a higher heat release for diesel. It was also observed that peak pressures were reduced by 2.35% in the case of diesel compared to 7.45% for biodiesel.
33
H., Arunkumar, Shamanth V., Varun Kumar Reddy N, Vinod R, N. R. Banapurmath, Manjunath S. H., and P. A. Harari. "Effect of venture design on the performance of CNG and biogas operated dual fuel engine with jamun seed oil methyl ester blends." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present work, effect of mixing gas venture (GV) on the performance of modified dual fuel (DF) engine with effective utilization of biodiesel and gaseous fuel combinations is reported. Biodiesel prepared jamun seed oil called jamun seed oil methyl ester (JAMUNME B100) and its B20 blend (JAMUNME B20) are used as pilot injected fuels while the biogas and compressed natural gas (CNG) are used as the inducted fuels in the modified DF engine. Hence, the present research focus on the enhancing of engine performance of DF engine fuelled with liquid and gaseous fuel combinations. Meanwhile, the effect of GV on modified DF engine performance is investigated. Higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), lower carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions besides higher NOx emissions are observed with higher methane content gas. Combustion parameters such as ignition delay (ID), and peak pressure (PP) are analysed. The DF engine operated on renewable fuel combinations in DF mode can cover the way for partial substitution of fossil fuel along with reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Increasing the number of orifices in GV will improve the gas-air mixing ratio.
34
Ryms, Michał, Katarzyna Januszewicz, Witold M. Lewandowski, and Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska. "Pyrolysis Process of Whole Waste Tires as A Biomass Energy Recycling / Piroliza Opon Samochodowych Jako Energetyczny Recykling Biomasy." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The article is devoted to the description of material recycling of whole waste tires, including a new method of pyrolysis process, resulting in the final products: technically oil fractions (rubber plasticizer of rubber compounds) or diesel fuels (light, medium and heavy), activated carbon, gas fuel and steel scrap. Operational and performance tests of the first version of the pilot plant, consisting of three contributions cooperating with one pyrolytic reactor confirmed that this technology is applicable but has still some flaws and errors, both structural and technological. Usually such errors in the first test of technology development cannot be avoided. This paper describes: pyrolysis processes which occurs in the pilot plant, protected by a patent application design of continuously working prototype installation for recycling of tire and identifies future directions of research in this field
35
Linderholm, Carl, Ana Cuadrat, and Anders Lyngfelt. "Chemical-looping combustion of solid fuels in a 10 kWth pilot–batch tests with five fuels." Energy Procedia 4 (2011): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.01.066.
Повний текст джерела
36
Koten, Hasan, Mustafa Yilmaz, and M. Zafer Gul. "Compressed Biogas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine Optimization Study for Ultralow Emission." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 571063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/571063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study is to find out the optimum operating conditions in a diesel engine fueled with compressed biogas (CBG) and pilot diesel dual-fuel. One-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code and multiobjective optimization code were employed to investigate the influence of CBG-diesel dual-fuel combustion performance and exhaust emissions on a diesel engine. In this paper, 1D engine code and multiobjective optimization code were coupled and evaluated about 15000 cases to define the proper boundary conditions. In addition, selected single diesel fuel (dodecane) and dual-fuel (CBG-diesel) combustion modes were modeled to compare the engine performances and exhaust emission characteristics by using CFD code under various operating conditions. In optimization study, start of pilot diesel fuel injection, CBG-diesel flow rate, and engine speed were optimized and selected cases were compared using CFD code. CBG and diesel fuels were defined as leading reactants using user defined code. The results showed that significantly lower NOx emissions were emitted under dual-fuel operation for all cases compared to single-fuel mode at all engine load conditions.
37
Andoga, Rudolf, Ladislav Főző, Martin Schrötter, and Stanislav Szabo. "The Use of Ethanol as an Alternative Fuel for Small Turbojet Engines." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052541.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of alternative fuels to traditional kerosene-based ones in turbo-jet engines is currently being widely explored and researched. However, the application of alternative fuels in the area of small turbojet engines with thrust ratings up to 2 kilo-newtons, which are used as auxiliary power units or to propel small aircraft or drones, is not as well researched. This paper explores the use of ethanol as a sustainable fuel and its effects on the operation of a small turbojet engine under laboratory conditions. Several concentrations of ethanol and JET A-1 mixtures are explored to study the effects of this fuel on the basic parameters of a small turbojet engine. The influence of the different concentrations of the mixture on the start-up process, speed of the engine, exhaust gas temperature, and compressor pressure are evaluated. The measurements shown in the article represent a pilot study, the results of which show that ethanol can be reliably used as an alternative fuel only when its concentration in a mixture with traditional fuel is lower than 40%, yielding positive effects on the operating temperatures and small negative effects on the speed or thrust of the engine.
38
Kweka, Ansila, Anna Clements, Megan Bomba, Nora Schürhoff, Joseph Bundala, Erick Mgonda, Mattias Nilsson, Elliot Avila, and Nigel Scott. "Tracking the Adoption of Electric Pressure Cookers among Mini-Grid Customers in Tanzania." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
“Are electric cooking appliances viable clean cooking solutions for mini-grids?” To help answer this question, the Access to Energy Institute (A2EI) set up a pilot project in six different mini-grid locations around Lake Victoria in Tanzania and gave 100 households an electric pressure cooker (EPC) to use in their homes. Each EPC was connected to a smart meter to collect data on how the EPCs were used. The paper presents findings from a study designed around the A2EI pilot project that aims to provide an understanding of cooking practices, the adoption of electric cooking over time, and to assess the potential for electric cooking to substitute traditional cooking fuels. Through collaboration with the Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) program, Nexleaf Analytics, and PowerGen, the pilot has generated data on electrical energy consumption from 92 households in six remote areas as well as a comprehensive range of other datasets gathered from 28 households in two of the locations. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of this data. It starts with an analysis of cooking practices in these communities—dishes cooked, utensils used for cooking, and choice of fuels. It goes on to examine fuel stacking behavior, and finally, it examines how people have integrated EPCs into their cooking practices before the highlighting key impacts associated with using EPCs. The answer to the original research question will be useful for different stakeholders such as utility companies, mini-grid operators, electric cooking appliance manufacturers, the clean cooking sector, and international organizations.
39
Li, Shi, Yan Hu, and Xi Ju Zong. "Towards an Accurate Control of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor." Advanced Materials Research 466-467 (February 2012): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.466-467.763.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Circulating fluidized bed combustion is a widely used technology because of its ability to burn a wide variety of fuels efficiently and in an environmentally acceptable manner. To guarantee optimal combustion performances, combustion stability is essential. This paper proposes a comparative approach to define a suitable control strategy for an accurate control of fuel combustion. Several control laws are therefore defined and applied on a dynamic nonlinear model, based on a pilot plant and representative of the main combustion phenomena: a conventional PID, a linear optimal control, a robust H∞ approach and a nonlinear control.
40
Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Giacomo Belgiorno, Gabriele Di Blasio, and María Guzmán-Mendoza. "1D Simulation and Experimental Analysis on the Effects of the Injection Parameters in Methane–Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143734.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Notwithstanding the policies that move towards electrified powertrains, the transportation sector mainly employs internal combustion engines as the primary propulsion system. In this regard, for medium- to heavy-duty applications, as well as for on- and off-road applications, diesel engines are preferred because of the better efficiency, lower CO2, and greater robustness compared to spark-ignition engines. Due to its use at a large scale, the internal combustion engines as a source of energy depletion and pollutant emissions must further improved. In this sense, the adoption of alternative combustion concepts using cleaner fuels than diesel (e.g., natural gas, ethanol and methanol) presents a viable solution for improving the efficiency and emissions of the future powertrains. Particularly, the methane–diesel dual-fuel concept represents a possible solution for compression ignition engines because the use of the low-carbon methane fuel, a main constituent of natural gas, as primary fuel significantly reduces the CO2 emissions compared to conventional liquid fuels. Nonetheless, other issues concerning higher total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions, mainly at low load conditions, are found. To minimize this issue, this research paper evaluates, through a new and alternative approach, the effects of different engine control parameters, such as rail pressure, pilot quantity, start of injection and premixed ratio in terms of efficiency and emissions, and compared to the conventional diesel combustion mode. Indeed, for a deeper understanding of the results, a 1-Dimensional spray model is used to model the air-fuel mixing phenomenon in response to the variations of the calibration parameters that condition the subsequent dual-fuel combustion evolution. Specific variation settings, in terms of premixed ratio, injection pressure, pilot quantity and combustion phasing are proposed for further efficiency improvements.
41
Peters, Jens, Jan May, Jochen Ströhle, and Bernd Epple. "Flexibility of CFB Combustion: An Investigation of Co-Combustion with Biomass and RDF at Part Load in Pilot Scale." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184665.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Co-combustion of biomass and solid fuels from wastes in existing highly efficient power plants is a low-cost solution that can be applied quickly and with low effort to mitigate climate change. Circulating fluidized bed combustion has several advantages when it comes to co-combustion, such as high fuel flexibility. The operational flexibility of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) co-combustion is investigated in a 1 MWth pilot plant. Straw pellets and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) are co-combusted with lignite at full load and part loads. This study focusses on the impact on the hydrodynamic conditions in the fluidized bed, on the heat transfer to the water/steam side of the boiler, and on the flue gas composition. The study demonstrates the flexibility of CFB combustion for three low-rank fuels that differ greatly in their properties. The co-combustion of RDF and straw does not have a negative effect on hydrodynamic stability. How the hydrodynamic conditions determine the temperature and pressure development along the furnace height is shown. The heat transfer in the furnace linearly depends on the thermal load. It increases slightly with an increasing share of straw and the influence of the hydrodynamic conditions on the heat transfer was low.
42
Sahoo, Bibhuti B., Niranjan Sahoo, and Ujjwal K. Saha. "Dual Fuel Performance Studies of a Small Diesel Engine Using Green Fuels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 2101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this work is to review state of art practices and potential in diesel engines using greener fuels. Biogas with jatropha bio-diesel as ignition source was tested in a compression ignition diesel engine at six different loads under dual fuel mode. With a simple modification, the base engine was qualified to a dual fuel operation. For all the loads evaluated, dual fuel mode achieved a possible bio-diesel substitution of about 65%. In addition, it consumed lesser friction power as compared to the diesel mode during the operation. There were reductions in thermal efficiency, cylinder peak pressure and combustion noise under the dual fuel operation than the diesel mode due to lower burning velocity of biogas together with a longer pilot delay. However, this operation registered extremely lower NOx levels at all loads along-with reduced CO emissions at medium and higher loads. While significant increases in hydrocarbon emissions were observed.
43
SHUDO, Toshio, Toshiya NAKAJIMA, Hideyuki OGAWA, and Kazuhiko SUZUKI. "Combustion Control by Pilot Fuel Injection for Utilizing Low Cetane Number Fuels in Diesel Engines." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 73, no. 733 (2007): 1958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.73.1958.
Повний текст джерела
44
Sarungu’, Selvia, Sitompul Afrida, and Markus Lumbaa. "UTILIZATION OF MANGO WASTE FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION USING ASPERGILLUS NIGER AND SACCHAROMYCETES CEREVISAE: A PILOT-SCALE STUDY." PETROGAS: Journal of Energy and Technology 3, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.58267/petrogas.v3i1.49.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The modern life is highly dependent on energy including for fuel, electricity, and industry. Fossil fuels are the main of energy source is used. However, negative environmental effects are needed to be considered. Biomass energy using waste or plant matter produces a lower level of greenhouse gas emissions than fossil fuels. Through this study, we attempt to use mango waste to produce bioethanol. This source is cellulosic material which is abundant in traditional markets, especially when the peak of harvest season comes. We treated the mango waste in pilot-scale experiment with three different ways using alcohol percentage as an indicator of the alcohol production. Monoculture fermentation of Saccharomycetes cerevisiae produced the highest bio-ethanol percentage (83% v/v). A slightly higher in alcohol percentage (79% v/v) was achieved by coculture fermentation of Aspergillus niger and S. cerevisiae. The lowest result was obtained in fermentation of A. niger was followed by the addition of S. cerevisiae (70% v/v). These results indicate that monoculture fermentation of mango waste gives the best results. This research may be useful in production of bio-ethanol for industrial scale.
45
Mishra, Nihal, Shubham Mitra, Abhishek Thapliyal, Aniket Mahajan, T. M. Yunus Khan, Sreekanth Manavalla, Rahmath Ulla Baig, Ayub Ahmed Janvekar, and Feroskhan M. "Exploring the Effects of DEE Pilot Injection on a Biogas-Fueled HCCI Engine at Different Injection Locations." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (July 7, 2023): 10713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310713.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the popular ways to minimise the impact of emissions produced by engines is by enabling alternative fuels. Out of the many trending options for alternative fuels, biogas provides some unique advantages, such as being considered to be environmentally friendly, obeying the laws of renewable energy and generating the smallest carbon footprints. The two major drawbacks of traditional diesel engines are their high rate of NOx and significant amount of soot. The best candidates for overcoming these issues are HCCI engines; HCCI engines can provide better control over NOx generation and overall thermal efficiency can be improved to a greater level. These types of engines are compatible with both SI and CI. Now, to understand and analyse the behaviour of HCCI, the present work was focused on a modified single-cylinder CI engine. It was made to operate in HCCI mode by enabling the combination of biogas, along with diethyl ether (DEE), as a fuel mixture. To achieve better combustion, biogas was combined with air, while DEE acted as an ignition source, which can be introduced at three different locations. In total, the experiment was performed sixty times so as to achieve the best injection position. To obtain this information, other parameters, such as biogas flow rate, torque, methane fraction and DEE injection position, were also incorporated. The main results were consolidated by warping the output parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, equivalence ratio, air–fuel ratio, and brake-specific fuel consumption. Emission such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke were taken into account. The results indicate that port injection provides higher thermal efficiency than manifold injections, while lower emissions were observed in manifold injections.
46
Boudewijns, Esther A., Debbie Vermond, Rianne M. J. J. van der Kleij, Niels H. Chavannes, Onno C. P. van Schayck, Bruce Kirenga, and Evelyn A. Brakema. "Factors critical to implementation success of cleaner cooking interventions in low-income and middle-income countries: protocol for an umbrella review." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e041821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041821.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
IntroductionOver a third of the world’s population relies on solid fuels as their primary energy source. These fuels have damaging effects on health, air quality and forest resources. Interventions to promote access to cleaner solid fuel cookstoves and clean fuels have existed for decades. However, the adoption by local communities has largely failed, which led to a waste of resources and suboptimal outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this umbrella review is to identify factors that determine implementation success for cleaner cooking interventions in low-resource settings and weigh their level of confidence in the evidence.Methods and analysisWe identified systematic and narrative reviews examining factors that influence the acquisition, initial adoption or sustained use of cleaner solid fuel cookstoves and clean fuels at any scale by a literature search in PubMed, Embase, Global Health Database, Cochrane, PsycINFO, Emcare, Web of Science and CINAHL, without date or language restrictions. The search was conducted on 23 October 2017 and updated on 10 July 2019. Reviews based on qualitative, quantitative or mixed-methods studies were included and will be appraised using the Meta Quality Appraisal Tool combined with the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews. Data will be extracted and factors affecting implementation will be coded using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research tool will be used to determine the level of confidence in the coded factors. Two researchers will independently conduct these steps.Ethics and disseminationThis umbrella review does not require the approval of an ethical review board. Study results will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal. The outcomes will be converted into two practical tools: one for cleaner solid fuel cookstoves and one for clean fuels. These tools can guide the development of evidence-based implementation strategies for cleaner cooking interventions in low-income and middle-income countries to improve implementation success. These tools should be pilot-tested and promoted among regional and global initiatives.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018088687.
47
Wieckert, C., U. Frommherz, S. Kräupl, E. Guillot, G. Olalde, M. Epstein, S. Santén, T. Osinga, and A. Steinfeld. "A 300kW Solar Chemical Pilot Plant for the Carbothermic Production of Zinc." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 2 (March 29, 2006): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2711471.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the framework of the EU-project SOLZINC, a 300-kW solar chemical pilot plant for the production of zinc by carbothermic reduction of ZnO was experimentally demonstrated in a beam-down solar tower concentrating facility of Cassegrain optical configuration. The solar chemical reactor, featuring two cavities, of which the upper one is functioning as the solar absorber and the lower one as the reaction chamber containing a ZnO/C packed bed, was batch-operated in the 1300–1500 K range and yielded 50 kg/h of 95%-purity Zn. The measured energy conversion efficiency, i.e., the ratio of the reaction enthalpy change to the solar power input, was 30%. Zinc finds application as a fuel for Zn/air batteries and fuel cells, and can also react with water to form high-purity hydrogen. In either case, the chemical product is ZnO, which in turn is solar-recycled to Zn. The SOLZINC process provides an efficient thermochemical route for the storage and transportation of solar energy in the form of solar fuels.
48
Thangaraj, Suja, and Nagarajan Govindan. "Consequences of suplementing the HHO gas and CNG with EGR on diesel engine characteristics." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci211119058t.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water electrolyzed hydroxyl gas (HHO or Brown gas) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are the important and promising alternatives to the pure fossil fuels. The global concern is about greenhouse gas emission in the environment and ambient air pollution steered by mass consumption of fossil fuels in automobile industries and power sectors. In this study, the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of HHO gas and CNG mixtures supplied to intake manifold of CI (compression ignition) engine using diesel as a pilot fuel are studied. The same investigations are repeated with various EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) proportions to study the impact of EGR on multi fuel mode (diesel+HHO gas+CNG) in a diesel engine. The multi fueled engine performance, combustion and emission parameters are presented and compared with graph and analytical discussion. The results indicated that at full load, the NOx emission decreased by 4% (without EGR), 18% (with 10% EGR) and smoke density decreased by 78% with multi fuel mode comparing to the pure diesel operation at constant speed of 1500rpm. Also more enhanced performance by improving the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 17%, reducing the brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 19%, resulted better fuel economy, and power due to better combustion.
49
Goede, Adelbert P. H. "CO2 neutral fuels." EPJ Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 00010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818900010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
CO2 is a valuable resource, life on Earth depends on it. Rather than wasting it to the atmosphere, or burying it underground, CO2 can be combined with water and turned into valuable chemicals and fuels, the process being powered by renewable electricity. Renewable electricity generated by wind and photovoltaics (PV) is making big strides, but is limited by ill-matched supply and demand. In addition, electricity only makes up 20% to 30% of total energy demand. Domestic heating, high temperature/pressure Industrial processes and mobility/transportation gobble up the rest. Mobility and transportation prove particularly difficult to decarbonise. Aviation is a case in point. Battery-powered aircraft are unlikely to become feasible by 2050. Hydrogen has too low an energy density and is haunted by safety issues. Current policy, therefore, is directed at bio fuels. One problem, there is not enough of it. The Fuel vs. Food vs. Flora trilemma of bio-based fuel is unlikely to gain public acceptance. By converting renewable electricity into fuel, power to molecules (P2M), two birds are killed with one stone: providing fuel for long haul transportation and enabling long-term, large-scale energy storage to cover the seasonal mismatch between supply and demand of renewable electricity. Feedstock consists of air-captured carbon or nitrogen and water. Chemically combined, it creates a liquid fuel with greatly enhanced energy density, such as kerosene or ammonia, or gaseous fuel like methane which can replace natural gas in the existing gas network. Direct air capture of CO2 is currently being commercialised. The conversion technology of water and CO2 by electrolysis has recently been extended to novel plasma technology, the sub ject of this paper. For CO2 splitting by plasmolysis, the reduced electric field has been identified as the key parameter explaining and improving the energy efficiency. Energy efficiency by plasmolysis is similar to that of electrolysis, but offers advantages in energy density, upscaling and switching in response to intermittent power with no use of scarce material. A simple model explains the inverse relation between energy efficiency and particle conversion and relates input microwave power to CO2 gas density, plasma dimension and ionisation degree, allowing design parameters for a 100 kW pilot reactor to be specified. Recycling CO2 in combination with P2M is a game-changing technology to meet overall CO2 emission reduction targets. It takes advantage of existing, inexpensive infrastructure for energy storage, transport and distribution. Existing internal combustion engine technology can be maintained where necessary. Close coupled to a remote solar array or an off-shore wind farm it offers a solution to decentralised renewable fuel production at the renewable electricity source.
50
Karim, G. A., I. Wierzba, and B. Soriano. "The Limits of Flame Propagation Within Homogeneous Streams of Fuel and Air." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 108, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Information about the limits of flame propagation within streams of homogeneous gaseous fuel-air mixtures at atmospheric pressure is presented for both low velocity streams, in the presence of pilot jet flame ignition, as well as for high velocity streams when ignited by an electric spark of adequate and constant energy. In addition to methane, representing natural gas, other gaseous fuels were considered that included hydrogen and propane. The roles of the presence of varying concentration of the diluent gases, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with the methane and changes in the intensity of turbulence were also investigated.