Дисертації з теми "Piles à combustible à oxyde solide – Électrodes"
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Princivalle, Agnès. "Nouvelle électrode à gradients pour piles à combustible à oxyde électrolyte solide." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0142.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is related ta the synthesis and the structural, morphological and electrochemical characterization of cathodes to be used in the domain of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) operating at temperature ta 700°C ta ensure its industrialization. We have chosen ta carry out a composite cathode with continuous graded of porosity and composition, starting From typical materials: such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM). The purpose of the addition o. F YSZ is to improve adhesion with the electrolyte (YSZ) and ta enlarge the triple contact area, where the gas, the electrocle and the electrolyte are in contact. For that, we have developed a new technique of synthesis, unique in France, the electrostatic spray deposition and undertook an original study of optimization of the microstructure of these new cathodes
Greiner, Yoan. "Nouvelles architectures tridimensionnelles pour électrodes de piles à combustible à oxydes solides (SOFC Solid Oxide Fuel Cell)." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0496.
Повний текст джерелаFuel cells are systems that convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. The physical structure of a fuel cell is composed of a porous cathode and anode separated by a dense electrolyte. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) offer an alternative for power generation and versability in their use. Current research focuses on lowering the operating temperature of this type of fuel cell (500-700°C) to increase their life, reduce manufacturing costs and damageto the interfaces. In order to compensate these problems, research tends towards materials with better electrochemical properties or by modifying the microstructure of the cathode to improve mass transfer and charge transfer. The cathode is a very important layer in the SOFC stack because it has a polarization resistance whose reduction is a major challenge to deal with. In a first part of this thesis work we have developed a method to improve the electochemical properties of strontium doped lanthanum manganite (LSM) cathodes. The second part was devoted to the elaboration and caracterization by impedance spectroscopy of SOFC symmetric half-cells with a LSM-based composite material allowing to improve the electochemical properties of electrodes at temperatures between 600-700 °C
Flandre, Xavier. "Nouvelles électrodes pour pile à combustible à oxyde solide et électrolyseur à haute température." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10182/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the current context, fossil energy resources decrease and become more expensive, in addition to environmental concern. In this frame, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are a promising green alternative energy source. Reversibly used, this system can also allow storage of electricity produced intermittently through the electrolysis of water. However, several bottlenecks still remain in terms of performances and stability of materials currently used to improve their lifetime and decrease their working temperature. In this doctoral thesis, our contribution focused on two cathode materials for SOFCs, Ba2Co9O14 and Ca3Co4O9+δ, and compounds derived from La4Ti2O10 which may be relevant as anode material. Our study mainly focused on the understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms involved in these materials by using impedance spectroscopy. For cobaltites, this study has led to the identification of the limiting parameters and will help the future optimization of complete stacks with better performances. For the La4Ti2O10 derived phases with the cuspidine structure, a neutron scattering study confirmed the oxygen diffusion mechanisms in these materials. However, their conductivity and catalytic properties remain insufficient to hope to use these compounds as SOFC’s anode, unlike other lanthanum titanates which display a layered perovskite structure
Boehm, Émmanuelle. "Les nickelates A2MO4+ð, nouveaux matériaux de cathode pour piles à combustible SOFC moyenne température." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR1A001.
Повний текст джерелаMarinha, Daniel. "Nouvelles électrodes à architecture contrôlée pour piles à combustible à oxydes solides fonctionnant à température intermédiaire." Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0110.
Повний текст джерелаThe goal of this thesis regards the preparation, microstructural and electrochemical characterization of tailored cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells in planar configuration. The objective is to decrease the cathode overpotential by facilitating the access of oxygen to larger surface areas, thus increasing the active cathode volume. In this sence, the microstructural optimization of a La0. 6Sr0. 4Co0. 2Fe0. 8O3-8 (LSCF) cathode, deposited onto gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO) electrolytes has been investigated. For film deposition, we have chosen to work with electrostatic spray deposition technique (ESD) which allows the preparation of original microstructures with potential interest for SOFC technologies. The performance of the LSCF films was characterized in detail by means of impedance spectroscopy measurements, as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure
Bertrand, Gregory. "Films minces de manganites de lanthane (LaxMnyO 3 + δ) sur zircone yttriée ((100)YSZ) comme modèle de demi-pile à combustible à oxydes solides (SOFC) : élaboration par LP-MOCVD et propriétés interfaciales". Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS036.
Повний текст джерелаThommy, Léonard. "Développement de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes pour convertisseurs électrochimiques à haute température : piles à combustible et électrolyseurs." Nantes, 2015. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=7f5a6fca-209c-49d4-b02e-4d6eef28f439.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work is the development of new materials for the negative electrode of solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysers (SOFC and SOEC), showing a good electrocatalytic activity at intermediate temperatures. New BaIn0,3Ti0,7O3±δ-derived compounds Ba0. 5La0. 5Ti0. 3Mn0. 7O3 (BLTM) and Ba0. 5La0. 5In0. 3Ti0. 1Mn0. 6O3 (BLITIM) were developed in a first part of this work. Ni-BLTM/BIT07 et Ni-BLITIM/BIT07 symmetrical cells were fabricated by tape casting and co-sintering, and were optimised. A polarisation resistance (Rp) value of 0,20 Ω cm2 has been measured at 700°C under Ar/H2 (5%), for a nominal NiO-content of 40%m. In a second part of this work, new MIEC compound family derived from La0. 75Sr0. 25Cr0. 5-xMn0. 5O3-δ (LSCM) by substitution of ruthenium have been prepared. The introduction of ruthenium increased the total conductivity of the compound under both air and reducing atmosphere. The performances of La0. 75Sr0. 25Cr0. 4Mn0. 5Ru0. 1O3-δ (LSC0. 4MRu0. 1) as an anode material have been investigated in symmetrical cells with Ce0. 9Gd0. 1O1. 95 as electrolyte material, and compared to that of La0. 75Sr0. 25Cr0. 5Mn0. 3Ni0. 2O3-δ (LSCM0. 3Ni0. 2), LSCM, and LSCM impregnated with nickel. A metallic particle dispersion has been obtained at the surface of LSCM0. 3Ni0. 2 et LSC0. 4MRu0. 1 and it has been shown to improve a the part of the Rp linked to gas adsorption. The best performances have been obtained for LSC0. 4MRu0. 1. The comparison of the results obtained under Ar/H2 5% and under methane along with a comparison of the cell ageing allowed us to evaluate and discuss the interest of exsolution
Audinot, Jean-Nicolas. "Sur de nouveaux oxydes conducteurs mixtes pour cathodes de piles à combustible SOFC." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733738.
Повний текст джерелаVibhu, Vaibhav. "Stabilité et vieillissement des études de nickelates base praséodyme comme cathodes pour oxyde solide piles à combustible." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0017/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD work is dedicated to stability and ageing studies of Praseodymium based nickelates ascathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). With this respect Ln2NiO4+δ (Ln=La, Pr or Nd)compounds with the K2NiF4 type structure act as alternative cathode materials for IT-SOFC due totheir mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (i.e. MIEC properties). Pr2NiO4+δ shows excellentelectrochemical properties at intermediate temperature (i.e. low polarization resistance Rp value, Rp= 0.03 Ω.cm² at 700 °C), while La2NiO4+δ exhibits higher chemical stability. So, the properties ofLa2-xPrxNiO4+δ nickelates were investigated with the aim to find best compromise between chemicalstability and electrochemical performances. After synthesis, the physical and chemical properties aswell as their transport and electrochemical properties have been determined. Measurements of thepolarization resistance of symmetrical half-cells have been carried out by impedance spectroscopy.Then, the chemical stability and the electrochemical performance of the materials have been studiedfor duration up to one month. As an interesting point, even after complete dissociation of Pr2NiO4+δinto PrNiO3-δ,Pr4Ni3O10+δ and Pr6O11, the polarization resistance does not show significant change.So finally, two new materials PrNiO3-δ and Pr4Ni3O10+δ were investigated as SOFCs cathodeshowing very promising results for Pr4Ni3O10+δ in symmetrical cell (Rp (Pr4Ni3O10+δ) = Rp(Pr2NiO4+δ) = 0.15 Ω.cm² à 600 ° C) and complete cell (1.6 W.cm-2 at 800 °C)
Belakry, Sarra. "Développement d’électrodes Innovantes pour piles à combustible réalisés sur support métallique poreux." Thesis, Littoral, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022DUNK0614.
Повний текст джерелаMetal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (MS-SOFCs) have gained significant interest due to their potential advantages (low-cost, tolerance to redox and thermal cycling and so on) over conventional fuel cells. The main objective of this thesis was to develop an intermediate temperature (500-750°C) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell on a porous metal support (MS-IT-SOFC). Two porous metallic supports in the form of compacted fibers (316L steel and FeCrAl, supplied by the local company TIBTECH, were studied in order to evaluate their physical, chemical and electrical stability and to validate their use as support for IT-SOFCs. This study leads to the selection of FeCrAl as a metallic support for IT-SOFC. The decrease of the operating temperature is partly achieved by reducing the cathode polarization resistance. This objective can be achieved either by developing new and better performing materials, or by improving the microstructure or the electrolyte/cathode or surface/interface of known materials. This thesis develops the latter approach, by improving the surface/interface of GDC/LSCF. For this purpose, three cathode architectures have been developed and characterized by impedance spectroscopy: conventional cathode (porous and thick LSCF), cathode with a thin LSCF film at the cathode-electrolyte interface, and cathode with GDC backbone infiltrated by LSCF. The influence of the last two architectures remains remarkable as their ASR is close to 0.1 Ω.cm2 at 600°C and 0.02 Ω.cm2 at 750°C. The complete MS-IT-SOFC cell with a simple cathode and GDC electrolyte has provided 421 and 523 mW/cm2 at 700 and 750°C, respectively. Thus, the goal of a metal-supported cell that can deliver 0.5 W/cm2 is achieved. On the other hand, the use of CGOCB/YSZ/CGOCB electrolyte decreased the power densities to 154 and 219 mW/cm2 at 700 and 750°C, respectively. This decrease in performance is attributed to the use of YSZ oxide, which introduces more losses at intermediate temperatures. However, the integration of a cathode with a CGO backbone impregnated with LSCF allowed to increase these values to 242 and 342 mW/cm2, demonstrating the interest of this type of cathode. All these works allowed to validate our SOFC architecture with a porous FeCrAl metal support, and to define important orientations in the choice of the electrolyte (material, thickness) and the electrodes
Tonus, Florent. "Étude de la chimie redox d'oxydes Ruddlesden-Popper n=1 par diffraction de neutrons in situ à haute température sous flux de H₂ et O₂." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S023.
Повний текст джерелаThis study is concerned with the synthesis and crystal chemistry of new Ruddlesden-Popper n=1, oxides which are of interest because of their potential as electrode materials in SOFC batteries. The sol-gel synthesis of two new families having the compositions has been undertaken, along with their characterisation by thermogravimetric analysis, magnetometry, and X-ray, neutron and electron diffraction. A novel reaction cell for in situ neutron thermodiffraction studies of a redox behaviour under different gas flows has been designed. The evolution of the structure, particularly the disorder of the oxygen atoms, has been followed in situ and in real time under the working conditions of a SOFC anode under hydrogen by neutron thermodiffraction (instrument D20, ILL / Grenoble) as a function of the value of δ. Sequential Rietveld refinements showed a deintercalation of oxygen from the equatorial site controlled by the reduction of the cation M. These materials are promising at the technological level given their excellent chemical and structural stability under operating conditions, which is likely attributable to the presence of Cr³⁺ ions. This in situ monitoring was also applied to the similar compositions synthezised at the University of Birmingham, U. K. Data anlysis by a combination of Rietveld refinements and maximum entropy clarified the details of the average nuclear density of the oxygens for certain values of δ and T, and suggested possible anisotropic diffusion pathways of the oxide ions in these compositions
Guesnet, Laura. "Développement de nouvelles architectures de piles à combustible SOFC tout cérine pour un fonctionnement à température réduite." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0218.
Повний текст джерелаWhen involving new solid oxide cells (SOCs) architectures, it’s possible to reduce their operating temperature. The objective of this thesis was therefore to develop innovative shaping processes in order to reduce the cell manufacturing steps number, also allowing to reduce their cost : the preparation of a porous/dense/porous support by tape-casting, then the infiltration of catalysts to obtain the electrodes was the chosen process. The porous/dense/porous support was only prepared with GDC10 (Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ) to avoid chemical reactivity issues between the various layers. During this thesis, two shaping methods were successively used: pressing/screen-printing/infiltration (1) then tape-casting/infiltration (2). In each case, the shaping parameters have been optimized in order to obtain the best electrochemical performances. The shaping method (1) was already part of a thesis topic at ICMCB regarding the oxygen side of the SOC, but it has been here improved regardin the hydrogen side: the collecting layer, the catalyst nature (NiO, CuO, yttrium doped ceria), infiltration rate. To reduce the number of required cycles and improve the impregnation quality, a new technique was used: the infiltration in supercritical medium. In the case of shaping (2), the specific parameters of the i) suspension preparation (additives nature, nature of the used balls/jar) and of the ii) porous/dense/ porous supports (debinding/sintering cycles) have made it possible to obtain polarization resistances very close to those obtained by shaping (1), despite slightly higher series resistances, probably in linkto some remaining carbon pollution. The parameters finally retained are: a phosphoric ester type dispersant, 90% of graphite added to shape the porous skeletons, a debinding performed at 800°C/6h under wet O2, and a whole sintering at 1450°C/3h
Kehal, Ibtissam. "Développement et caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes pour pile à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFC) : des titanates de lanthane de structure cuspidine aux cobaltites." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10005/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the current energy context, solid oxide fuel cells hold great promise as an alternative energy source for electricity generation. However, bottlenecks remain to improve their sustainability, particularly in terms of electrode materials. This work focused on the characterization of new anode and cathode materials. The partial substitution of titanium by vanadium in the lanthanum titanate La4Ti2O10 of cuspidine structure has led to promising anode materials with Aera Specific Resistance (ASR) of the order of 0.2 W.cm2 at 750 ° C under hydrogen. At the cathode, our research has focused on two types of cobaltites: a perovskite Ba1-xCo0,9Fe0,2Nb0,1O3-d with x = 0 and 0.1 and an innovative material Ba2Co9O14. In either case, after optimization of the microstructure of the electrodes, ASR less than 0.1 W.cm2 at 700 ° C were obtained
Nicollet, Clement. "Nouvelles électrodes à oxygène pour SOFC à base de nickelates Ln2NiO4+δ (Ln = La, Pr) préparées par infiltration". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0065/document.
Повний текст джерелаIncreasing the electrocatalytic activity of the oxygen electrode is a possible wayto improve SOFCs performance. It can be achieved either by searching for new materials, orby working on the shaping technique and microstructure of electrodes prepared with wellknownmaterials.This thesis developed the latest approach by applying the infiltration technique to thenickelates materials La2NiO4+δ and Pr2NiO4+δ, known for their mixed electronic and ionicconduction properties. The benefits of the infiltration method over more usual techniquessuch as screen printing was first demonstrated on La2NiO4+δ electrodes. The thoroughanalysis of electrochemical measurements highlighted the extensive role of both thegas/electrode (specific area) and the electrode/electrolyte interfaces on the efficiency of theelectrode.The study of Pr2NiO4+δ-based electrodes, and especially of the secondary phases arisingfrom its decomposition, allowed discovering the remarkable electrocatalytic properties of thesimple oxide Pr6O11, leading to very low polarization resistance values (Rp = 0.028 Ω·cm2 at600 °C). The integration of such electrodes in SOFC single cells led to power densities up to825 mW·cm-2 at only 600 °C, with a remarkable stability measured during 800 h at 600 °Cand 0.5 A·cm-2
Sandoval, Rincón Mónica Viviana. "Etude des manganites Ruddlesden-Popper RExA2-xMnO4 (RE : La, Nd et A : Sr, Ca) en vue de leur application en tant que matériaux d´électrode de pile à combustible à oxide solide (SOFC)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10073/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Ruddlesden Popper RExA2-xMnO4 (RE: La, Nd and A: Sr, Ca) have been studied as electrode materials for symmetrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. The LaxSr2-xMnO4±δ (x=0.25, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6), NdxSr2-xMnO4±δ (x=0.4, 0.5) and NdxCa2-xMnO4±δ (x=0.25, 0.4, 0.5) were successfully synthesized. The RExSr2-xMnO4±δ materials (RE: La, Nd) are stable in reducing atmosphere with electrolyte-compatible TECs. In situ HT-NPD of La0.5Sr1.5MnO4±δ (L5S15M), under flowing hydrogen, reveals formation of oxide-ion vacancies on the equatorial sites of the perovskite layer. High electrical conductivities were obtained (35.6 S cm−1 in air and 1.9 S cm−1 in H2/Ar). Electrochemical properties of L5S15M electrode were investigated by EIS. The influence of both sintering temperature and electrode composition on the electrochemical performance was studied in both cathode and anode atmosphere. For oxygen reduction, the electron transfer between the electrode and oxygen, and the incorporation of oxygen ions into the electrode are the main rate-limiting steps. Increasing the sintering temperature to 1250°C leads to Sr accumulation at the GDC/YSZ interface. For hydrogen oxidation, charge transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface, dissociative adsorption and surface diffusion were the limiting steps. The best compromise between sintering temperature and composition is reached for pure L5S15M electrode sintered at 1150 °C. Finally, the results extracted from EIS measurements allowed understanding the nature of processes taking place within the electrode, proposing that the electrochemical behavior of L5S15M could be improved with modification of the electrode’s surface
Grimaud, Alexis. "Propriétés de conduction mixte O2- / H+ / e- dans quelques phases dérivées de la perovskite : application aux cathodes de piles à combustible H+-SOFC." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00695911.
Повний текст джерелаGaudillere, Cyril. "Développement de matériaux d'électrodes pour pile à combustible SOFC dans un fonctionnement sous gaz naturel / biogaz. Applications dans le cadre des procédés "pré-reformeur" et mono-chambre"." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651485.
Повний текст джерелаDeseure, Jonathan. "Modélisation de cathodes de piles à combustible à oxyde électrolyte solide (SOFC)." Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPG0081.
Повний текст джерелаGuindet, Jacques. "Contribution à l'étude de matériaux d'anode pour pile à combustible à oxyde électrolyte solide." Grenoble INPG, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPG0073.
Повний текст джерелаRoussel, Denis. "Optimisation d’architecture d’électrode poreuse pour pile à combustible à oxyde solide." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI019/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis project is involved in the development of new green power sources. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) can achieve an output power of 1kW to 2MW and an energy conversion of up to 70%. Temperatures between 700 and 1000°C are required. A typical cell is made of an electrolyte sandwiched between two porous electrodes (anode and cathode). Porous electrodes are elaborated from ceramic powders and are critical components of the whole structure. These electrodes need to be porous enough to optimize gaz diffusion and electrochemical reactions. This requirement is antagonist to the need of a good mechanical strength. This conflict could be solved using hierarchical or anisotropic electrode microstructures. The aim of this thesis is to investigate possible ways to optimize an electrode. Numerical simulations and nanotomography characterizations are used for this purpose. Electrodes are elaborated using two different protocoles leading to anisotropic and isotropic porosities. Anisotropic samples are prepared by freeze-casting from a slurry of YSZ and LSM, which are typical materials for SOFCs. Freze-casting leads to a hierarchical porosity. The overall porosity is controlled by the loading of the slurry. The microporosity decreases with sintering temperature and the macropore size is function of the freezing rate. Isotropic samples are processed using pore formers. The size and the amount of pore formers are selected to match the characteristics of the anisotropic samples. These electrodes are characterized with Archimedes technique to determine the porosity, and with scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain the size of macropores. Three dimensional images of the microstructures are captured using focused ion beam (FIB-SEM tomography) technique (10nm} resolution) and using X-ray nanotomography (75nm} resolution). The overpotentials in an electrode depend on different parameters: composition of YSZ/LSM, porosity, particle sizes, electronic/ionic conductivities and electrochemical resistance. These parameters are studied on numerical microstructures coupled with a resistor network. These numerical microstructures have been generated at th scale of particles, using a numerical code based on the discrete element method (DEM). Simulations can be used to determine the limiting factor on the effective conductivity. For example, we show that the composition of YSZ/LSM in a sample matters little for electrodes below a certain thickness. A new method has also been developed to compute the effective conductivity from a FIB-SEM image taking into account the electrochemical resistance at the triple point boundaries between gaz, YSZ and LSM. The mechanical response of the elaborated microstructures are tested in compression up to the fracture. In parallel, DEM simulations are performed to simulate mechanical properties based on 3D images. The mechanical behaviours of homogeneous samples (with pore formers) and anisotropic samples are compared. The yield strength and stiffness are overestimated by simulations. Qualitatively, experimental results and simulations show consistent failure mecanisms. Moreover, the yield strength and stiffness are different in the two types of sample (anisotropic and isotropic). Such an anisotropy could be used to optimize mechanical properties in one direction
Saoutieff, Elise. "Elaboration de couches de protection pour interconnecteurs de piles à combustible à oxyde solide." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00606527.
Повний текст джерелаBrahim, Cyrine. "Conception et performances électrochimiques de matériaux nanostructurés pour piles à combustible à oxyde solide." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002545.
Повний текст джерелаVernoux, Philippe. "Reformage interne progressif du méthane dans les piles à combustible à oxyde électrolyte solide." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0155.
Повний текст джерелаRampon, Régine. "Elaboration et optimisation d'électrolytes pour piles à combustible de type SOFC." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2017.
Повний текст джерелаThe high operating temperature of the SOFC decreases the life time of the cells. The reduction of the SOFC operating temperature causes several problems such as ohmic drop through the electrolyte. To overcome these cell performance losses, the electrolyte resistivity can be decreased by lowering the thickness of the electrolyte. The chosen process is the plasma jet projection of ceramics suspensions. A good understanding of the process is necessary in order to control the coatings microstructure. First the interactions between the suspension characteristics, the injection and the projection process have been studied. Dispersed and stable suspensions have been obtained in three different solvents: distilled water, methanol and ethanol/methylethylketone azeotrope. Solvent nature determines the surface tension and viscosity is controlled through additive amounts. Atomization has been studied as a function of the suspension formulations. Suspension with water generates monomodal drop size distribution when its viscosity is high or the atomization gas flow rate is low. Suspensions with alcohol generate wide drop size distribution. This work gave trends about suspension behaviour toward atomization and allowed us to make hypothesis about drop trajectory in the plasma. Finally study of the coating microstructure showed that using water as solvent and working with low atomization gas flow rate generate the less porous microstructure. Influence of operating parameters such as plasma characteristics, cinematic and projection distance has been evaluated. Particle temperatures and speeds were measured with accuraspray and used as a tool to select the best operating parameters in order to obtain less porous coatings. It was really difficult to obtain dense coatings so in situ thermal treatment was studied and preliminary tests are presented. Coatings were produced and then treated by passing the plasma in front of the coating. Coating surfaces are obtained really dense but are cracked. Finally first electrochemical results are presented
Marchand, Olivier. "Etude du procédé de projection plasma de suspensions pour l'élaboration de piles à combustible à oxyde solide." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00597338.
Повний текст джерелаDelahaye, Thibaud. "Réalisation et optimisation d'électrolytes et d'anodes pour piles à combustible à oxyde solide fonctionnant à température intermédiaire." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2139.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis shows the feasibility at the laboratory scale, of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with the use of new materials. The new electrolyte, BaIn0. 3Ti0. 7O2. 85, exhibits an anionic mobility close to10-2 S. Cm-1at 700°C. This compound can be sintered efficiently (94% at 1350°C) and shows a good stability under operating conditions. A main part of this research is devoted to the anode material prepared as a Ni/BaIn0. 3 Ti0. 7O2. 85 cermet. This composite shows a controlled open porosity ≥ 40% and an electronic conductivity of 100 S. Cm-1 at 700°C for a Ni content of 18. 7 vol. % only. As part of the devopment of anodes working under natural gas, a specific treatment leads to stable cermets which do not suffer from carbon deposition. Complete cells have been prepared with the use of spray-pyrolysis, co-pressing and co-sintering techniques. A testing system has been designed and set up, which enabled to evaluate cell performances at 700°c under H2 et CH4
Girona, Kelly. "Modélisation et validation expérimentale du comportement électrochimique d'une pile à combustible SOFC en reformage interne de biocombustible." Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0050.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is dedicated to the study of SOFC operation directly on biogas (mixture of humidified methane and carbon dioxide). More specifically, it concerns the optimization of biogas internal dry reforming conditions. A special attention is paid to the carbon deposition risk. The first part of this work is dedicated to the development of numerical tools in order to determine the risk of carbon formation within the anode during the operation. Thermodynamic and kinetic calculations have been achieved allowing the determination of safe operation conditions (temperature, fuel composition and cell polarization). The second part of this work concerns the study of carbon deposition within the anode material (Cermet Ni-YSZ). The performance degradation upon operation due to carbon deposition has been studied over more than hundred hours on complete cells by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A diagram analysis protocol has been specially developed. The carbon deposited has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy with particular attention given to its morphology and distribution. The analyses of all the above results allowed proposing carbon deposition mechanisms. To end, the cell operation under biogas is shown to be relevant as well as the dedicated numerical approach developed in this work
Chesnaud, Anthony. "Oxy-gallates et oxy-germanates de terres rares conducteurs par ions oxygène." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2047.
Повний текст джерелаVincent, Adrien. "Etude de nouveaux éléctrolytes pour des applications aux piles à combustibles de type SOFC." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR4008.
Повний текст джерелаThe fuel cells (FC) are viable and seem to be a realistic technology for the future. This memory is organized around 5 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the context àf the thesis by specify the mechanism of a fuel cell. Chapter 2, presents the "fine" characterization methods, implemented during this work. The third chapter highlights that of the solid/solid synthesis way, is an effective process to obtain pure massive samples. Chapter 4 defined the electrochemical performances of the whole of elaborate apatites. The last chapter shows the interest to use the neutron diffraction for the structural study of the oxyapatites. Finally, a mechanism based on the diffusion of ions through the O(5) sites seems not very probable. On the other hand, a mechanism based on the diffusion throughout the structure of oxyde ions located in interstitial position seems to correlate the observations
Levesque, Caillol Noémie. "Elaboration, caractérisation et modélisation de cathode sérigraphiée, La₀. ₈Sr₀. ₂MnO₃, pour pile à combustible SOFC." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165173.
Повний текст джерелаThe properties of LSM screen-printed cathodes on YSZ electrolytes and the modelling of oxygen reduction have been studied. A bibliographic review of published works on LSM and LSM/YSZ interface reveals the lack of consensus over the mechanism proposed between oxygen and LSM. The different theoretic models possible and their associated kinetic laws are presented to serve as the basis for the kinetic modelling. Microstructural characterisations proved the adaptability of the screen-printing technique for making electrodes. The layers are stable in time and well reproducible. Their microstructure is homogenous and regular with a porosity of 0. 6. Physico-chemical characterisations were carried out. Infra-red spectrometry analysis and thermo-programmed desorptions have shown the existence of different kinds of oxygen-adsorbed species on LSM powder. A calorimetric study has revealed a change in the quantity of heat released during oxygen adsorption as a function of temperature. By XPS analysis on screen-printed layers, important strontium segregation was observed depending on pressure, temperature and polarisation conditions. From electrochemical characterisations made by impedance spectroscopy, three resistive contributions have been identified. Only the low frequency contribution, which is the only pressure sensitive contribution, was considered to correspond to an electrode phenomenon. Following a methodical study of the different modelling hypothesis, a mechanism for the cathodic reaction was obtained. The proposed model is complex. It is composed of three conductivity paths running in parallel (two surface paths and one bulk path). These paths involve two different oxygen species and their preponderance depends on pressure, temperature and polarisation conditions. A study of water vapour influence completes this work, to understand its impact on the cathode electrical performance. The benefits brought by water vapour are not linked to a direct catalytic effect, as it does not affect the apparent activation energy of the cathode's process. The experiments seem to indicate that the benefits are linked to the strontium segregation at the surface of grains. It seems water vapour helps maintain and regenerate the initial properties of the layer
Petitjean, Marie. "Propriétés et réactivité de ferromanganites de lanthane strontium, cathodes de piles à combustible SOFC." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS057.
Повний текст джерелаRadulescu, Mihai Nicolae Feidt Michel Lottin Olivier. "Systèmes à cogénération d'électricité et de chaleur avec piles à combustible de type PEMFC ou SOFC et vaporeformage externe." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0095_RADULESCU.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаRadulescu, Mihai Nicolae. "Systèmes à cogénération d'électricité et de chaleur avec piles à combustible de type PEMFC ou SOFC et vaporeformage externe." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0095_RADULESCU.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe objectives of this PhD work concern the energy management in combined heat and power (CHP or cogeneration) systems using fuel cells and fed by natural gas. Firstly, we define the theoretical and effective efficiencies of such systems. Secondly, we study in a detailed way the operation of H-Power CHP units with a low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and steam reformer. We develop a model able to simulate the operation of the units in different conditions. We propose improvements that could lead to an electric efficiency increase by 3 to 10 percentage points. Finally, we compare these units with CHP systems using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) fed by natural gas. The high temperature fuel cell generates enough heat to ensure both the thermal conditioning of gases and the reforming of natural gas. We propose and study five hybrid system designs in order to value the thermal and chemical residual energies and to convert them mostly in supplementary electric energy
Benamira, Messaoud. "Conducteurs mixtes nanostructurés pour les piles à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFC) : élaboration et performances de nouvelles architectures." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004896.
Повний текст джерелаDoux, Jean-Marie. "Recherche exploratoire de nouveaux matériaux d'électrolyte pour piles à combustible et électrolyseurs à oxyde solide (SOFC et SOEC)." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4094/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on the search for alternative electrolyte or electrodes materials for solid oxide fuel cells. A methodology based on the composition of the La26O27(BO3)8 oxyborate, developed at the IMN, revealed two promising materials: Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2 and K3Sb4O10(BO3). Syntheses of powders of Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2 and substituted phases on the Ba or Ti atomic site were carried out by solid state reaction at 950 °C. Conductivity measurements were carried out by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on dense samples (relative density ≥ 90 %). Under air, the conductivity is purely anionic and exceeds 10-4 S.cm-1 at 700 °C. Conductivity increases for compounds substituted with a supervalent element, and vice versa. In a hydrogen containing atmosphere, a large increase of conductivity is observed (x 200), linked to the appearance of an electronic contribution. A study combining XRD, XPS and TGA shows that this contribution is due to the reduction of 5 % of the Ti4+ in Ti3+ and that this reaction is reversible. DFT calculations allowed to determine the formation energies and the migration barriers of the defects in the material. K3Sb4O10(BO3) oxyborate was obtained as single crystals and powder. A thorough study of the densification of the material was necessary in order to obtain dense samples (relative density ≈ 90 %), using ball milling and/or sintering aid. The conductivity of the material in air is about 10-3 S.cm-1 at 700 °C. This work highlights significant conductivity levels (ionic and/or electronic) observed for the first time in oxyborates. This approach can be applied to find alternative materials for SOFC
Renouard-Vallet, Gwénaëlle. "Élaboration par projection plasma d'électrolytes de zircone yttriée denses et de faible épaisseur pour SOFC." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2004.
Знайти повний текст джерелаGeorges, Samuel. "Etude de nouveaux conducteurs par ions O2 dérivés de La2Mo2O9." Le Mans, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LEMA1009.
Повний текст джерелаChapter 1 presents the thesis context relative to fuel cells and fast oxide-ion conductors, together with the various techniques used, among which complex irnpedance spectroscopy. Chapter Il is devoted to the study of the substitution effect of La by R=Nd,Gd,Y and of Mo by W on the properties of La2Mo2O9, a new fast oxide-ion conductor. The stabilizing effect of W and destabilizing effect of R on the molybdate reducibility is dernonstrated. The sensitivily of conduction to sintering conditions is explored in chapter In, which opens up on a study of the phases densification through milling, then sintering as optirnised through dilatometry. The influence of porosity on conduction is interpreted in terni of surface effect, and a VTF-type behaviour is postulated at high T. The high anion mobility of these phases is evidenced through tracer diffusion coefficient rneasurements. Chapter IV explores the possibility to use the so-called LPS concept to discover new oxide-ion conductors
Sharma, Rakesh. "Conception innovante de cathodes à base de nickelates de terres rares pour piles à combustible à oxyde électrolyte solide." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI091/document.
Повний текст джерелаLayered Ruddlesden-Popper type (RP) oxides are promising cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells operating at intermediate temperature (~500 - 700 °C).This thesis is focused on the synthesis of mixed ionic-electronic conducting materials such as pure La2-xPrxNiO4+δ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, higher order Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n= 1, 2 and 3) RP phases and composites adding Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ (CGO) component. An innovative microstructure and architecture of these electrodes were successfully prepared using electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) and screen-printing (SP) processes. These materials were evaluated through structural, compositional, oxygen non-stoichiometry and microstructural characterizations using X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties and chemical stability of these oxygen electrodes are discussed according to the architectural design and composition using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Finally, a single SOFC based on LaPrNiO4+δ cathode has been tested.Keywords: Solid Oxide Fuel cell(SOFC), Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductor (MIEC), Cathode, Nickelates, Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ (CGO), Coral-type microstructure, architectural design, interfaces, chemical stability, Electrostatic Spray Deposition (ESD), Screen-Printing (SP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
Arrivé, Charline. "Titanates substitués au nickel comme matériaux d'électrode de pile à combustrible ou électrolyseur à oxyde solide." Nantes, 2012. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=47f0c002-575f-4987-8f78-8b12ff59adc6.
Повний текст джерелаTwo families of Ni substituted titanates, with perovskite structure, have been developed to be used as electrodes on both the air and hydrogen side, in "symmetrical" solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOFC or SOEC). This symmetry, particularly advantageous for the cell preparation, can be lowered in the devices operating conditions. Titanates, single-phase in air, turn into cermets through precipitation of Ni nanoparticles out of the crystal structure under reducing conditions. This phenomenon, called exsolution, is the main topic of this study. The compounds (La,Sr)(Ti,Ni)O3 and (La,Sr)(Ti,Mn,Ni)O3, synthesized via sol-gel route, respectively crystallize in orthorhombic and rhombohedral symmetry. Their stability at 800°C has been assessed during 48h in air and under dry and wet Ar/H2(2%). Ni exsolution without phase decomposition can be obtained after in situ reduction (T=800°C) and/or pre-reduction at higher temperatures (T>1000°C). Conductivity measurements in air and reducing atmosphere have led to the selection of La0. 875Sr0. 125Ti0. 5Ni0. 5O3 and La0. 53Sr0. 47Ti0. 4Mn0. 5Ni0. 1O3 as candidates for electrode of symmetrical cell, and La1-2xSr2xTi1-xNixO3 (x=0. 1 and 0. 25) as candidates for hydrogen electrodes. Their electrochemical performances, studied by complex impedance spectroscopy, are promising. La0. 53Sr0. 47Ti0. 4Mn0. 5Ni0. 1O3 reaches thus, a polarization resistance of 0. 56 Ω. Cm ² at 800 ° C under Ar/H2(2%)/H2O(3%) after optimization
Laurencin, Jérôme. "Fonctionnement sous méthane d'une pile à combustible "SOFC" (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) : optimisation des performances et de la durabilité." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0087.
Повний текст джерелаTabet, Aoul-Benyoucef Amel. "Élaboration et caractérisation de nouveaux cermets d'anodes pour piles à combustible de type SOFC." Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA2032.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with the development of new anode cermets for SOFC type fuel cell, operating directly under methane. Two major aspects are taken into account: the chemical composition of the anode material and its microstructure. To do so, cermets based metals such as nickel, copper and cobalt and a fully yttria stabilized zirconia as ceramic matrix were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), under optimizated conditions. The choice of used materials became so as to meet the requirements for an anodic application, namely an enough porosity to enable gases permeability, good ionic and electronic conductive properties and good chemical and mechanical compatibilities with the electrolyte. The anode materials must also have a fine thermal stability at high temperatures and good electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties toward oxidation and fuel internal reforming reactions. The different morphological and structural characterisations revealed porous deposits, formed by the succession of metallic and ceramic lamellas, with safeguarding the initially identified crystalline phases for feedstock powders. The expressed electrical conductivity measurements versus the temperature for different cermets seemed to be like that of pure metals despite the presence of the ceramic matrix. Moreover some cermets unveiled a good thermal stability at a temperature of 800°C. Thus, anode cermets prepared under optimized APS conditions, with the accurate chemical composition, present the appropriate morphology and microstructure for an anodic application, in SOFCs operating directly under methane at temperatures around 800°C without risk of major damage
Valade, David. "Synthèse de copolymères fluorés porteurs de groupements ammonium pour liants d'électrodes de piles à combustible alcalines à coeur solide." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20014.
Повний текст джерелаSavych, Maciejasz Juliia. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nanocomposites platine/nanofibres pour électrodes de pile à combustible à électrolyte polymère." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20152/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to develop corrosion resistant catalyst support materials that can potentially replace carbon in Polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Therefore, Nb doped TiO2 and SnO2 nanofibres and nanotubes were prepared by electrospinning and characterised by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption analysis and electronic conductivity measurements. The obtained Nb doped TiO2 and SnO2 one dimensional structures demonstrated higher conductivity and surface area than non-doped oxides. Pt nanoparticles were prepared using a modified microwave-assisted polyol method and deposited on the electrospun supports. Electrochemical characterisation of the obtained electrocatalysts was performed ex situ using a rotating disc electrode, and compared with a commercial carbon support (Vulcan XC-72R). Pt supported on Nb doped SnO2 provided higher electrochemical stability in comparison to Pt on carbon. Thus, a cathode of Pt/Nb-SnO2 prepared by spray-coating was integrated into Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) and characterised in situ in single Polymer electrolyte fuel cell. The MEA exhibited higher durability though lower power density compared to MEA with Pt/C based cathode. Sb doped SnO2 nanotubes have higher conductivity than Nb doped material and when integrated into a cathode, provided enhanced power density in comparison to Nb-SnO2 based cathode
Bouhala, Lyazid. "Endommagement des piles à combustible type SOFC : simulation de la propagation des fissures par EFG étendue." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6011.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis objective is the modeling of thermo mechanical failure in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and the simulation of crack propagation. The study is conducted by extended Element Free Galerkin method (XEFG). After implementing the meshless method for a mechanical problem without crack, we introduced the method by partition of unity principle in fracture mechanics. The second part of this work was devoted to the application of the meshless method to simulate crack propagation in a pre-cracked solid. The problem of cracking in the presence of an interface of a bi-layered material like fuel cell unit was discussed. We then detailed the technique used for calculating stress intensity factors and the criterion for crack propagation. A parametric study is given to illustrate the effect of geometry and mechanical properties of the interface on the crack propagation path. The third part of the thesis extends the concept of the method XEFG to thermo-elasticity according to the crack nature. The last part of the thesis is devoted to extending the meshless method to interfacial fracture
Sauvet, Anne-Laure. "Etude de nouveaux matériaux d'anode pour pile à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFC) fonctionnant sous méthane." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10096.
Повний текст джерелаMuller, Guillaume. "Conception, élaboration et caractérisation de matériaux de composition et de microstructure innovants pour les micro-piles à combustible à oxyde solide." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066530.
Повний текст джерелаThe micro-solid oxide fuel cells (micro-SOFC) appear as attractive miniature sources of energy and are a technological breaking for an alternative to current Li-ion batteries. This work deals with the synthesis, the structural characterization, microstructural and electrochemical of dense and porous thin film exhibiting various composition and structure: LSCF-CGO, Ni(O)-CGO and CGO. These materials have been incorporated as cathode, anode and electrolyte respectively in a device type micro-SOFC operating at 400-600°C with H2 as fuel. The architecture of the cell and the synthesis approach differ from those proposed in the literature. In fact, porosity and composition gradients have been included to the electrodes to limit activation and concentration polarizations. Moreover, the choice of the method of synthesis, sol-gel method coupled with dip-coating to deposit materials was guided by economic criteria and ease implementation. For the synthesis of dense electrolyte thin films (CGO), another synthesis method (ALD) was also explored. In this work, we studied the relationships between structural, microstructural and electrical properties of porous thin film electrodes under the conditions of synthesis and of testing. Based on this study, the fabrication and evaluation of micro-SOFC cells properties deposited on a porous Pt/Al2O3 support have been performed
Bonneau, Marie-Ève. "Déposition d'électrolyte de type fluorite pour les SOFC en utilisant la projection de suspensions par plasma." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.
Знайти повний текст джерелаBriois, Pascal. "Synthèse par pulvérisation cathodique et caractérisation d'électrolytes solides en couches minces pour piles à combustible à oxydes solides (SOFC) fonctionnant à température intermédiaire." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_BRIOIS_P.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe major problem of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) is their operating temperature. One challenge is to decrease this temperature from 1000 to 700°C, this is the Intermediate Temperature –SOFC technology. It's very important to decrease the thickness of the ionic conductor to reduce its resistance. In this context, the reactive magnetron sputtering is a powerful technique for elaborating the coating with a compatible thickness with the application (~ 5-10 µm). After a description of the experimental device and of some specific analysis methods for this study, we present some results about the materials reference of the SOFC, the Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ). Then, we present some results about two new materials with higher ionic conductivity of oxygen than YSZ at 700°C: Gadolinia Doped Ceria (GDC) and Lanthanum Molydenum Oxide (LAMOX). At last, we present first results on the synthesis of the bilayer electrolyte coating: GDC/YSZ
Klein, Jean-Marie. "Optimisation d'une cellule élementaire de SOFC pour un fonctionnement en reformage interne progressif sans dépôt de carbone." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0161.
Повний текст джерелаLn recent years, fuel cell technology has attracted considerable attention from several fields of scientific research. Fuel cells are highly efficient in terms of energy conversion. They emit little noise, and are non¬polluting. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) development is particularly import~nt for stationary applications due to their high operating temperature (800-1000°C). Natural gas appears to be a fuel of great interest for SOFC systems. The principal component of natural gas is methane, which can be converted into hydrogen by Direct Internai Reforming (DIR) within the SOFC anode. Unfortunately, internai steam reforming in SOFC leads to inhomogeneous temperature distributions according to the endothermicity of this reaction and the exothermicity of the electrochemical processes. This results in thennal induced stresses and may lead to mechanical failure of the cermet anode. To avoid this problem, Graduai Internai Reforming (GIR) can be used. GIR is based on local coupling between steam reforming and hydrogen oxidation. The steam required for the reforming reaction is obtained by the hydrogen oxidation. However, with GIR, Boudouard and cracking reactions can involve a risk of carbon formation. To cope with carbon formation a new cell configuration is studied. This configuration combines a catalyst layer (0. 1 %Ir-CeOz) with a classical anode, allowing GIR without coking. This study proposes simulations, using the CFD software package developed by CFD Research Corporation, of the behavior of a planar SOFC using GIR. A thermodynamic study based on the partial pressure distributions in the cell is carried out to investigate the occurrence of carbon forn1ation. Based on these simulation results a planar SOFC has been developed and experimental tests have been done. Polarization curves were established for many ratios CHJHzO. The various behaviors of the cell were analysed by impedance spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Finally the cell was tested for 120 hours under pure methane. As expected, the current density was higher with CHJH20 mixtures than with hydrogen and was finally found to increase with the CH4/HzO ratio. A stable operation of the cell was finally observed during 120 hours, which tends to prove the viability of the GIR without coking in this new cell configuration
Sauguet, Laurent. "Synthèse de co- et terpolymères fluorés à base de fluorure de vinylidene et porteurs de fonctions acides sulfoniques pour l'élaboration de membranes pour piles à combustible." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20161.
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