Статті в журналах: "Piezoelectric ceramic sensor"

1

Chen, Jianguo, Jingen Wu, Yun Lu, Yan Wang, and Jinrong Cheng. "High temperature piezoelectric accelerometer fabricated by 0.75BiFeO₃–0.25BaTiO₃ ceramics with operating temperature over 450 °C." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 232902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0131097.

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Owing to the high Curie temperature and good piezoelectric thermal stability, BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics show great potentials for high-temperature piezoelectric sensor applications. In this paper, a compression-mode piezoelectric sensor was fabricated by the lead-free and high-temperature 0.75BiFeO3–0.25BaTiO3–MnO2 (BFBT25–Mn) ceramic and its sensitivity was characterized from room temperature to 550 °C over a frequency range of 200–1000 Hz. The output charge of the BFBT25–Mn piezoelectric sensor is independent of the measuring frequency at different temperatures. The maximum working temperature of the BFBT25–Mn piezoelectric sensor is 450 °C, about 250, 150, and 100 °C higher than those of these piezoelectric sensors fabricated by PZT-5A, BSPT64–Mn, and BSPT66–Mn ceramics, respectively. The temperature sensitivity coefficient from room temperature to 350 °C of the BFBT25–Mn piezoelectric sensor is 30% of that for the BSPT66–Mn sensor. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the BFBT25–Mn piezoelectric sensor is stable with the dwelling time at 400 °C. These results indicate that the BFBT25–Mn ceramic is a strong competitor for high temperature sensing applications.

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2

Yang, Hailu, Yue Yang, Yue Hou, Yue Liu, Pengfei Liu, Linbing Wang, and Yuedong Ma. "Investigation of the Temperature Compensation of Piezoelectric Weigh-In-Motion Sensors Using a Machine Learning Approach." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062396.

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Piezoelectric ceramics have good electromechanical coupling characteristics and a high sensitivity to load. One typical engineering application of piezoelectric ceramic is its use as a signal source for Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) systems in road traffic monitoring. However, piezoelectric ceramics are also sensitive to temperature, which affects their measurement accuracy. In this study, a new piezoelectric ceramic WIM sensor was developed. The output signals of sensors under different loads and temperatures were obtained. The results were corrected using polynomial regression and a Genetic Algorithm Back Propagation (GA-BP) neural network algorithm, respectively. The results show that the GA-BP neural network algorithm had a better effect on sensor temperature compensation. Before and after GA-BP compensation, the maximum relative error decreased from about 30% to less than 4%. The sensitivity coefficient of the sensor reduced from 1.0192 × 10−2/°C to 1.896 × 10−4/°C. The results show that the GA-BP algorithm greatly reduced the influence of temperature on the piezoelectric ceramic sensor and improved its temperature stability and accuracy, which helped improve the efficiency of clean-energy harvesting and conversion.

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3

Ming, Yan Wei, Tai Hong Cheng, Ke Huang, and Bi Li. "PZT Based Ultrasonic Wave Force Detecting Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.142.

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In the sensor system, the wave in the optical fibers conductivity will change when the surrounding medium is changed. Thus, minor changes according to the mechanical wave, optical fiber can be used to monitor changes in the surrounding environment. The working principle of the sensor system is the signal generator output signal transmitted to a piezoelectric ceramic. Because of the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric ceramics, conduction of the electrical signals can be converted to mechanical signals. The resulting mechanical wave transmitted to the other end of the piezoelectric ceramic by the optical fiber, and converted to an electrical signal. The proposed system consists of signal generator, a piezoelectric ceramic, fiber optics, oscilloscope. For investigation the performance of the sensor system the external point loading was applied. Results show that the sensor system can be successfully applied to the sensing the force value.

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4

Shin, Dong-Jin, Woo-Seok Kang, Dong-Hwan Lim, Bo-Kun Koo, Min-Soo Kim, Soon-Jong Jeong, and In-Sung Kim. "Lead-Free AE Sensor Based on BZT–BCT Ceramics." Sensors 21, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 7100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217100.

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In this study, an acoustic emission (AE) sensor was fabricated using lead-free Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT–BCT) ceramics. The acoustic and electromechanical properties of the AE sensor were determined by the shapes of the piezoelectric ceramics. To optimize the AE sensor performance, the shapes of the ceramics were designed according to various diameter/thickness ratios (D/T) = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0. The BZT–BCT ceramic with D/T = 1.0 exhibited excellent values of a piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33), piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33), and electromechanical coupling factor (kp), which were 370 (pC/N), 11.3 (10−3 Vm/N), and 0.58, respectively. Optimum values of resonant frequency (fr) = 172.724 (kHz), anti-resonant frequency (fa) = 196.067 (kHz), and effective electromechanical coupling factor (keff) = 0.473 were obtained for the manufactured BZT–BCT ceramic with D/T = 1.0. The maximum sensitivity and frequency of the AE sensor made of the BZT–BCT ceramic with a D/T ratio of 1.0 were 65 dB and 30 kHz, respectively.

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5

Yu, Pei Jun. "Study on Artificial Polycrystalline Piezoelectric Material with the Calibration Mechanism of the Micro-Displacement Sensor Based on Piezoelectric Ceramic." Advanced Materials Research 703 (June 2013): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.703.312.

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In this paper, a calibration mechanism of sensor based on artificial polycrystalline piezoelectric material and a kind of micro-voltage output system have been designed through understanding the characteristics and the parameters of the capacitive displacement sensor, so as to achieve the sensor calibration interval reaches the piezoelectric ceramic resolution of 5 nm. Through the measured values in the condition that 10mV/100mV is input to piezoelectric ceramic, it can be seen that the design meets the initial requirements. Such mechanism can be used for the calibration of a variety of high-precision sensors; however, it must be used in a stable environment.

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6

Kahn, Manfred, and Mark Chase. "Piezoelectric ceramic hydrostatic sound sensor." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 1 (July 1994): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410396.

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7

Guan, Xin Chun, Hui Li, Hui Gang Xiao, Guo Fu Qiao, and Jin Ping Ou. "Development of some Smart Sensors for Monitoring Civil Infrastructures." Advances in Science and Technology 83 (September 2012): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.83.9.

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In this paper, some smart sensors or material used to make the smart sensors, such as piezoresistance composite, piezoelectric polymer, piezoelectric cement and corrosion monitoring sensor, developed by Harbin Institute of Technology were introduced. Piezoresistance composite is made with carbon nanotube and resin, one character of the work is the carbon nanotube is orientation arranged by magnetic field. Piezoelectric polymer is made with PZT particles and PVDF, in order to improve its performance a few carbon nanotube are also mixed in the composite. Piezoelectric cement is one kind of sensing material whose primary raw materials are cement and piezoelectric ceramic particles (or fiber). The sensing performance of piezoelectric cement is coming from its functional phase, the piezoelectric ceramic. The corrosion monitoring sensor is made with solid-state reference electrode, whose surface is one kind of binary alloy membrane produced with physical vapor deposition technology. The main producing technology, performance and applications of above sensors were introduced in this paper.

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8

Ok, Yun-Po, Jin-Kyu Kang, Chang-Hyo Hong, and Jae-Shin Lee. "Viscosity Sensor Using Piezoelectric Ceramic Resonators." Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers 25, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/jkem.2012.25.5.361.

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9

Lara Hernandez, Gemima, Alfredo Cruz-Orea, Ernesto Suaste Gomez, and Jose Jesus Agustin Flores Cuautle. "Comparative Performance of PLZT and PVDF Pyroelectric Sensors Used to the Thermal Characterization of Liquid Samples." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/281279.

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Among the photothermal methods, the photopyroelectric (PPE) technique is a suitable method to determine thermal properties of different kinds of samples ranging from solids to liquids and gases. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is one of the most frequently used pyroelectric sensors in PPE technique but has the disadvantage that it can be easily deformed by the sample weight. This deformation could add a piezoelectric effect to the thermal parameters assessment; also PVDF has a narrow temperature operation range when compared with ceramic pyroelectric sensors. In order to minimize possible piezoelectric effects due to sensor deformation, a ceramic of lanthanum modified lead zirconate (PLZT) was used as pyroelectric sensor in the PPE technique. Then, thermal diffusivity of some liquid samples was measured, by using the PPE configuration that denominated the thermal wave resonator cavity (TWRC), with a PLZT ceramic as pyroelectric detector. The performance obtained with the proposed ceramic in the TWRC configuration was compared with that obtained with PVDF by using the same configuration.

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10

Belavič, Darko, Andraž Bradeško, Marina Santo Zarnik, and Tadej Rojac. "Construction Of A Piezoelectric-Based Resonance Ceramic Pressure Sensor Designed For High-Temperature Applications." Metrology and Measurement Systems 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2015-0034.

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Abstract In this work the design aspects of a piezoelectric-based resonance ceramic pressure sensor made using low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology and designed for high-temperature applications is presented. The basic pressure-sensor structure consists of a circular, edge-clamped, deformable diaphragm that is bonded to a ring, which is part of the rigid ceramic structure. The resonance pressure sensor has an additional element – a piezoelectric actuator – for stimulating oscillation of the diaphragm in the resonance-frequency mode. The natural resonance frequency is dependent on the diaphragm construction (i.e., its materials and geometry) and on the actuator. This resonance frequency then changes due to the static deflection of the diaphragm caused by the applied pressure. The frequency shift is used as the output signal of the piezoelectric resonance pressure sensor and makes it possible to measure the static pressure. The characteristics of the pressure sensor also depend on the temperature, i.e., the temperature affects both the ceramic structure (its material and geometry) and the properties of the actuator. This work is focused on the ceramic structure, while the actuator will be investigated later.

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11

Higuchi, Yukio, Hirozumi Ogawa, Daisuke Kuroda, Masahiko Kimura, Hiroshi Takagi, and Yukio Sakabe. "Piezoelectric Ceramics for High Temperature Applications." Key Engineering Materials 421-422 (December 2009): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.421-422.375.

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Ceramic materials based on lead titanate, lead niobate and bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSF) were studied to develop piezoelectric ceramics for high temperature sensor applications. Compositional modification enabled lead titanate and lead niobate type ceramics to exhibit good piezoelectric properties at 500°C . The Curie temperature for one BLSF, CaBi4Ti4O15 was close to 800°C, though the piezoelectric constant was smaller than those of lead titanate and lead niobate ceramics. These ceramics seem to be good candidates for use as high temperature sensor materials. In addition, textured SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN), another BLSF, ceramics with various orientation factors were fabricated through the templated grain growth (TGG) method. The resonant frequency of 76% textured SBN varied linearly with temperature and exhibited stable temperature characteristics. The temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency was –0.85 ppm/°C from –50 to 250°C, and was smaller than that of a quartz oscillator. Therefore, textured SBN ceramics are suitable for use as a resonator material when stable resonant frequency is needed in a high temperature range.

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12

YU Youlong, 余有龙, 谭玲 TAN Ling, 邹李刚 ZOU Ligang, and 王浩 WANG Hao. "Piezoelectric Ceramic Characteristics Using Fiber Grating Sensor." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 40, no. 7 (2011): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20114007.0994.

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13

Yuan, Guoliang, Rukai Xu, Hanzhou Wu, Yisong Xing, Chen Yang, Rui Zhang, Wenbin Tang, Yiping Wang, and Yaojin Wang. "High-temperature multiferroic magnetoelectric sensors." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 19 (November 7, 2022): 192903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124352.

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Magnetoelectric (ME) sensors are an important tool to detect weak magnetic fields in the industry; however, to date, there are no high-quality ME sensors available for high-temperature environments such as engines, deep underground, and outer space. Here, a 0.364BiScO3–0.636PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramic and Terfenol-D alloy with a Curie temperature of 450 and 380 °C, respectively, were bonded together by an inorganic glue to achieve a high-temperature ME sensor. The ceramic shows a piezoelectric d33 coefficient of 780 pC/N at 420 °C, and the inorganic glue has a high maximum stress of 9.12 MPa even at 300 °C. As a result, the sensor exhibits the maximum ME coefficient αE of 2.008, ∼1.455, and ∼0.906 V cm−1 Oe−1 at 20, 200, and 350 °C, respectively. Most importantly, the magnetic field detecting precision is as small as 42 nT at 20–350 °C. The ME sensor provides an effective solution for the detection of weak magnetic fields in harsh environments.

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14

Lee, Min-Ku, Byung-Hoon Kim, and Gyoung-Ja Lee. "Lead-Free Piezoelectric Acceleration Sensor Built Using a (K,Na)NbO3 Bulk Ceramic Modified by Bi-Based Perovskites." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23021029.

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Piezoelectric accelerometers using a lead-free (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) piezoceramic modified by a mixture of two Bi-based perovskites, Bi(Na,K,Li)ZrO3 (BNKLZ) and BiScO3 (BS), were designed, fabricated and characterized. Ring-shaped ceramics were prepared using a conventional solid-state reaction method for integration into a compression-mode accelerometer. A beneficial rhombohedral–tetragonal (R–T) phase boundary structure, especially enriched with T phase, was produced by modifying intrinsic phase transition temperatures, yielding a large piezoelectric charge coefficient d33 (310 pC/N) and a high Curie temperature Tc (331 °C). Using finite element analyses with metamodeling techniques, four optimum accelerometer designs were obtained with high magnitudes of charge sensitivity Sq and resonant frequency fr, as evidenced by two key performance indicators having a trade-off relation. Finally, accelerometer sensor prototypes based on the proposed designs were fabricated using the KNN-BNKLZ-BS ceramic rings, which exhibited high levels of Sq (55.1 to 223.8 pC/g) and mounted fr (14.1 to 28.4 kHz). Perfect charge-to-acceleration linearity as well as broad flat frequency ranges were achieved with excellent reliability. These outstanding sensing performances confirm the potential application of the modified-KNN ceramic in piezoelectric sensors.

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15

Campo-Valera, María, Rafael Asorey-Cacheda, Ignacio Rodríguez-Rodríguez, and Isidro Villó-Pérez. "Characterization of a Piezoelectric Acoustic Sensor Fabricated for Low-Frequency Applications: A Comparative Study of Three Methods." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 2742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052742.

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Piezoelectric transducers are widely used for generating acoustic energy, and choosing the right radiating element is crucial for efficient energy conversion. In recent decades, numerous studies have been conducted to characterize ceramics based on their elastic, dielectric, and electromechanical properties, which have improved our understanding of their vibrational behavior and aided in the manufacturing of piezoelectric transducers for ultrasonic applications. However, most of these studies have focused on the characterization of ceramics and transducers using electrical impedance to obtain resonance and anti-resonance frequencies. Few studies have explored other important quantities such as acoustic sensitivity using the direct comparison method. In this work, we present a comprehensive study that covers the design, manufacturing, and experimental validation of a small-sized, easy-to-assemble piezoelectric acoustic sensor for low-frequency applications, using a soft ceramic PIC255 from PI Ceramic with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 5 mm. We present two methods, analytical and numerical, for sensor design, followed by experimental validation, allowing for a direct comparison of measurements with simulated results. This work provides a useful evaluation and characterization tool for future applications of ultrasonic measurement systems.

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16

She, Yanhua, and Gaojie Cai. "Damage Detection Test of GFRP Composite Civil Materials Based on Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensors." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (September 10, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5850187.

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The piezoelectric ceramic sensor was fixed on Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composite civil materials, using the external paste method for damage detection test. The effect of the depth and number of cracks on the surface of the GFRP specimen on the signal received by the piezoelectric ceramic sensor was studied. The time-domain signal graph and energy graph based on wavelet packet were drawn, combining the active induction method and the energy method based on wavelet packet. It is found that the greater the damage degree of GFRP specimens, the smaller the voltage value of the signal, the smaller the energy of the signal, and the greater the damage index based on wavelet packet. The results showed that the active induction method can be used to collect the data of GFRP specimens by piezoelectric ceramic sensor. The collected data are processed by using the damage index principle based on wavelet packet. The maximum voltage value of the specimen, the energy of wavelet packet, and the damage index based on wavelet packet can all accurately judge the damage change of GFRP specimens. The active induction method based on piezoelectric ceramic sensor can detect the damage change of GFRP specimens in real time. It provides an effective method for damage analysis of GFRP composite civil materials.

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17

Cepeda, Eduardo, Diego H. Peluffo-Ordóñez, Paúl Rosero-Montalvo, Miguel A. Becerra, Ana C. Umaquinga-Criollo, and Lenin Ramírez. "Heart Rate Detection using a Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor: Preliminary results." Bionatura 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.03.30.

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Real-time vital signs monitoring, particularly heart rate, is essential in today's medical practice and research. Heart rate detection allows the doctor to monitor the patient's health status to provide immediate action against possible cardiovascular diseases. We present a possible alternative to traditional heart rate signal monitoring systems, a cardiac pulse system using low-cost piezoelectric signal identification. This system could benefit health care and develop continuous pulse waveform monitoring systems. This paper introduces a heartbeat per minute (BPM) cardiac pulse detection system based on a low-cost piezoelectric ceramic sensor (PCS). The PCS is placed under the wrist and adjusted with a silicone wristband to measure the pressure exerted by the radial artery on the sensor and thus obtain the patient's BPM. We propose a signal conditioning stage to reduce the sensor's noise when acquiring the data and make it suitable for real-time BPM visualization. As a comparison, we performed a statistical test to compare the low-cost PCS with types of traditional sensors, along with the help of 21 volunteers. Experimental results show that the data collected by the PCS, when used for heart rate detection, is highly accurate and close to traditional sensor measurements. Therefore, we conclude that the system efficiently monitors the cardiac pulse signal in BPM. Keywords: Heart rate; Piezoelectric, BPM; Pulse Detection.

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18

Kang, Myeongcheol, and Lae-Hyong Kang. "Piezoelectric Characteristics of 0.55Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.45Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Ceramics with Different MnO2 Concentrations for Ultrasound Transducer Applications." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 4115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244115.

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In this study, we investigate the piezoelectric characteristics of 0.55Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.45Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PNN-PZT) with MnO2 additive (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mol%). We focus on the fabrication of a piezoelectric ceramic for use as both actuator and sensor for ultrasound transducers. The actuator and sensor properties of a piezoelectric ceramic depend on the piezoelectric strain coefficient d and piezoelectric voltage coefficient g, related as g = d/εT. To increase g, the dielectric constant εT must be decreased. PNN-PZT with MnO2 doping is synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method. The electrical properties are determined based on the resonant frequencies and vibration modes measured by using an impedance analyzer. The MnO2 addition initially improves the tetragonality of the PNN-PZT ceramic, which then saturates at a MnO2 content of 1 mol%. Therefore, the dielectric constant and piezoelectric coefficient d33 steadily decrease, while the mechanical properties (Qm, Young’s modulus), tanδ, electromechanical coupling coefficient k, and piezoelectric voltage coefficient g were improved at 0.5–1 mol% MnO2 content.

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19

Chen, Bing Huei, and Long Wu. "Piezoelectric Behavior Based on Mixing-Doped in Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics and Application." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 4126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.4126.

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In this investigation, we extend our previous works to improve piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics. Modified lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoceramics with a composition Zr/Ti=53/47 containing a trace of mixing dopants were prepared by conventional ceramic technology sintering powder compacts. Replacement of (Zr, Ti)+4 by Nb+5, Pb+2 by Sb+3 and Mn+4 in PZT perovskite type solid solutions was accomplished by the creation of cation and anion vacancies. Modified ceramics were explored as a function of firing temperature to acquire exceedingly good piezoelectric characterizations. From the analysis results, calcined at 850°C for 2 h, and then sintered at 1280°C for 2 h, PZT piezoceramic showed the larger dielectric constant er 2013, mechanical quality factor Qm 120 and maximum electromechanical coupling factor kp 0.67. Besides, the bulk ceramic grains distribution were found to be uniform. Furthermore, the sample was found to possess piezoelectric properties, the resonance frequency being about 200 KHz suitable for acoustic sensor.

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20

Шилько, Сергей, Sergey Shil'ko, Дмитрий Черноус, Dmitriy Chernous, Татьяна Рябченко, and Tat'yana Ryabchenko. "SENSITIVITY CALCULATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE SENSOR BASED ON ALUMINUM ANODIC OXIDE IMPREGNATED WITH POLYMER." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2019, no. 7 (July 29, 2019): 76–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5d2d923295da08.42628593.

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The application of highly ordered thin ceramic coatings with nano-dimensional pores obtained by metal anodic oxidation in pressure sensors of a matrix type is promising. For this purpose the pores of a ceramic base are impregnated with polymer realizing a direct piezoelectric effect. There is developed a procedure for the calculated definition of piezoelectric pressure sensor sensitivity which is a thin coating made of nano-porous aluminum anodic oxide the pores of which are filled with polyvinylidene fluoride. The procedure is based on a three-phase model of fiber-reinforced composite and a simplified problem setting of electroelasticity. The sensor is modeled by a thin two-layer coating located on a conditionally non-deformable base. It is defined that for a coating lying freely on a rigid foundation the sensitivity is directly proportional to volume fraction of the polymer filler. For a coating con-nected in an adhesion way with the base the sensitivity dependence upon a filler share is close to a quadratic one. The estimated assessments of sensor characteristics under analysis at different ways of fastening coincide at 58% volume content of polymer piezoelectric.

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21

Bamba, Noriko, N. Endo, T. Takagi, and Tatsuo Fukami. "Pressure Sensing Using Electrostatic Capacitance." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.865.

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Piezoelectric ceramic pressure sensors have been attracted great interest due to their simple and miniature structure compared with conventional sensors such as strain gauge sensor. A new type of static pressure sensor by using a change of permittivity upon applied mechanical pressure has been studied in this work. BaTiO3 ceramics with/without a small amount of Mn were used as sensing materials and the effect of poling treatment on their sensor performance was investigated. An anti-ferroelectric material, NaNbO3, was also examined. All materials could detect the change of pressure through the frequency shift of CR oscillator. Change of permittivity of non-doped BaTiO3 and Mn doped BaTiO3 without poling treatment were larger than that of PZT used as a reference, that is, BaTiO3 ceramics had higher-pressure sensitivity. BaTiO3 and relative materials, however, needed transit time to reach the steady state, while NaNbO3 was independent to the time. Conclusively, it seems that BaTiO3 and relative materials without poling treatment and the anti-ferroelectric material, NaNbO3, become possible candidates as a pressure sensor using permittivity change.

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22

Morichika, Shogo, Hidehiko Sekiya, Osamu Maruyama, Shuichi Hirano, and Chitoshi Miki. "Fatigue crack detection using a piezoelectric ceramic sensor." Welding in the World 64, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00807-z.

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23

Dong, Biqin, Feng Xing, and Zongjin Li. "Electrical Response of Cement-Based Piezoelectric Ceramic Composites under Mechanical Loadings." Smart Materials Research 2011 (March 28, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/236719.

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Electrical responses of cement-based piezoelectric ceramic composites under mechanical loadings are studied. A simple high order model is presented to explain the nonlinear phenomena, which is found in the electrical response of the composites under large mechanical loadings. For general situation, this nonlinear piezoelectric effect is quite small, and the composite is suitable for dynamic mechanical sensor as holding high static stability. The experimental results are consistent with the relationship quite well. The study shows that cement-based piezoelectric composite is suitable for potential application as dynamic mechanical sensor with excellent dynamic response and high static stability.

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24

Jurków, Dominik, Arkadiusz Dąbrowski, Tomasz Zawada, and Leszek Golonka. "PRELIMINARY MODEL AND TECHNOLOGY OF PIEZOELECTRIC LOW TEMPERATURE CO-FIRED CERAMIC (LTCC) UNIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-tha21.

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Design procedure, technology and basic properties of a piezoelectric Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) accelerometer are presented in this paper. The sensor consists of a LTCC membrane with a seismic mass. Meggitt InSensor® PZT thick film has been applied as the sensing material. Finite element method (FEM) has been used to analyze the impact of the sensor geometry (membrane thickness, membrane and seismic mass radii) and PZT thick film placement on basic properties (sensitivity and bandwidth) of the device. The LTCC process was optimized in order to create thin and planar ceramic membrane with relatively huge seismic mass. Selected properties of the sensor have been measured and compared with the simulated ones.

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25

Newnham, Robert E. "Smart, Very Smart, and Intelligent Materials." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 4 (April 1993): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400037313.

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One of the qualities that distinguishes living systems from inanimate matter is the ability to adapt to changes in the environment. Smart materials have the ability to perform both sensing and actuating functions and are, therefore, capable of imitating this rudimentary aspect of life. Poled piezoelectric ceramics, for instance, are capable of acting as both sensor and actuator. External forces are detected through the direct piezoelectric effect, and a response is elicited through the converse piezoelectric effect, in which a voltage of suitable phase, frequency, and amplitude is applied to the same ceramic.In this special issue, emphasis is placed on actuators, with articles on piezoelectric, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, and shape memory materials. This is not to say that sensor materials are any less important; it is simply a matter of space. Optical fiber sensors, chemical sensors, thermistors, micromachined semiconductors, and other smart materials deserve special issues of their own.Smart materials can be conveniently subdivided into passively smart materials that respond to external change without assistance, and actively smart materials that utilize a feedback loop enabling them to both recognize the change and initiate an appropriate response through an actuator circuit.Zinc oxide varistors are passively smart materials capable of self-protection against high voltage breakdown. When struck by lightning, the ceramic varistor loses most of its electrical resistance, and the current is bypassed to ground. The resistance change is reversible, and acts as a standby protection phenomenon.

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Shi, Yannan, Shuaishuai Jiang, Yang Liu, Yiying Wang, and Penglei Qi. "Design and Optimization of a Triangular Shear Piezoelectric Acceleration Sensor for Microseismic Monitoring." Geofluids 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3964502.

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Aiming at the characteristics of low sensitivity and narrow frequency range of existing microseismic monitoring sensors for mine water hazard prevention and control, a piezoelectric acceleration sensor for microseismic monitoring based on a kind of triangular shear structure is proposed. Firstly, the structure of the triangular shear piezoelectric acceleration sensor is designed, and its dynamic model is built. The structural and material parameters related to natural frequency and sensitivity are analyzed. Then, the selection of piezoelectric ceramic materials is discussed. The parametric design of the designed sensor is carried out, and its finite element structural model is built by ANSYS. The modal analysis, resonance response analysis, and piezoelectric analysis of the designed sensor are carried out. The simulation results indicate that the working frequency and sensitivity of the designed sensor meet the requirements of microseismic monitoring. Response surface optimization is adopted to analyze the influence of sensor element design variables on the sensitivity and resonant frequency of the designed sensor. The reoptimized design of the reference sensor improves the resonant frequency of the designed sensor by 9.46% and the charge sensitivity by 18.96%. Finally, the designed sensor is calibrated, and the microseismic signal detection experiment is carried out. The results indicate that the resonant frequency of the designed sensor is 6150 Hz, the working frequency is 0.1-2050 Hz, and the charge sensitivity is 1600 pC/g. The sensor can detect microseismic signals with a wide frequency range and high sensitivity.

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Cui, Y. G., Wei Jie Dong, C. Y. Gao, Q. Y. Zeng, and Bao Yuan Sun. "Study on Displacement Self-Sensing of Piezoelectric Actuator." Key Engineering Materials 339 (May 2007): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.339.240.

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This paper aims to make piezoelectric ceramic actuator self-sense its own displacement in the absence of independent sensor. It is derived from the basic piezoelectric equation that the free charge on the wafer of piezoelectric ceramic actuator contains displacement information. So a displacement self-sensing method based on integrate circuit is presented. Voltage driving circuit for the piezoelectric ceramic actuator and integrated circuit for gathering free charge are designed. Based on the proposed compound circuits, the actuator can sense its own displacement while actuation. It is convenient to adjust the circuit and easy to acquire sensitive signal by using this method, and the impedance mismatching problem met in bridge method is overcome. The experimental results show that piezoelectric self-sensing actuator can effectively measure its displacement signal under the conditions of different wave form of driving voltage and different driving voltage frequency.

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Fredrick Gnanaraj, F., and K. R. Vijaya Kumar. "Design and Experimental Analysis of Composite Material with Piezoelectric Layer." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8445.

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The main objective of this work is to analyze the active vibration control using smart sensors and actuators in a laminated E-Glass/epoxy cyanate composite beam. The cantilevered composite beam has piezoelectric ceramic patches as smart sensors and actuators. Hand layup technique for vibration suppression is done on the fabricated E-Glass/Epoxy-cyanate composite laminated beam. Experimental modal testing is performed to achieve vibration suppression on the flexible composite beam bonded with seven circular type piezoelectric actuator elements and seven circular type sensor elements. The complete vibration suppression utilizes a data acquisition system, a real-time control system, and a functional generator, in addition to the composite beam with PZT sensor and actuator. The data acquisition hardware consists of model NI 9233 (4 channel +5 V 24 Bit IEPE Analog input I2VA 1-to earth ground).

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29

Yao, Jun, Yan Fei Wu, and Huan Wang. "Optimal Design Method for Piezoelectric Sensors/Actuators Configuration." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.815.

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In the active vibration control field, the piezoelectric element was extensively researched with the advantages of wide response frequency band, light weight, big driving force and good linearity, but they were mainly focused on the vibration suppression for smart structure and the study on the piezoelectric element used as excitation source in the vibration test was still limited. First, according to the electromechanical coupling equation of the piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric equation when the piezoelectric ceramic applied on the one-dimensional structure like beam was derived. Then the transfer functions from piezoelectric actuator to the piezoelectric sensor were established in cases of micro-element and limited size. The quasi-independent modal control method for piezoelectric beam was studied, which made several step modals being controlled by one group of piezoelectric film simultaneously is possible. And based on this, an optimal design method for placement of sensors/actuators in the vibration test in which the piezoelectric element was used as excitation source is found.

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Jiang, Xishan, Xu Lu, and Jing Zheng. "Design and performance exploration of a cymbal piezoelectric energy harvester under the excitation of power transformer vibration." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3148.

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With the rapid application of internet of things technology and wireless sensor in transformer station, the demand for stable and reliable power source becoming increasingly stronger. Power transformer operates with high energy density vibration, which provides a suitable energy source for health monitoring sensors. A cymbal piezoelectric transducer is designed to harvest the energy of vibrationwhich is made of cymbal end cap and piezoelectric ceramic to convert mechanical energy to electricity. Also, the power circuit is designed to realize the transmission and storage of electric energy. Then, the performance of the cymbal piezoelectric energy harvester is explored by FEM and experiment. The influence of mechanical vibration characteristics on the charging power of piezoelectric transducer is studied, including amplitude, frequency and preload. The experimental results show that the cymbal piezoelectric energy harvester can provides stable and reliable power, which allows the possibility of large-scale application of wireless sensor in transformer station. The present work provides a new design concept for developing the novel cymbal harvesters used in large-sized vibratory equipment, such as power transformer, to harvest vibration energy.

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31

Zhang, Wei Wei, Jing Wu, Zi Long Zhao, and Hong Wei Ma. "Experiment Studies on Wavelet-Based Damage Detection for Pipeline Using Ultrasonic Guided Wave." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1552.

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In this paper, a wavelet-based pipeline inspection method was illustrated experimentally. Piezoelectric ceramic (PZT5), as sensors, was used to generate and receive the guided wave signal. To be specific, a piezoelectric ring was an excitation sensor in order to generate L(0,2) mode guided wave and 16 evenly distributed piezoelectric patches in pipe circle were the reception sensors. A transverse artificial notch in the pipe wall could be detected successfully by the guided wave. For reducing the noise from the testing signal, a wavelet-based denoise technique was proposed Based on the denoised signal, both location and size of the defect could be identified. The result shows that the crack size identification was in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.

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Bhatt, Bhaskar, and Ashish Kumar Chaudhary. "Study on the Shear Lag Effect." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 11, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d7317.1111422.

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Shear lag effect increase as we move away from the section thereafter, the effects becomes predominant especially for the unsymmetric structures. The force transmission between the structure and patch occurs through bond layer, via shear mechanism, invariably causing shear lag. In the present study, an attempt is made to correlate the average shear stress in the bond layer obtained using the Bhalla & Soh model (2004) & BSC(Bhatt Saxena Chaudhary) model. In BSC model overall deformation of the bond layer is considered. It is simplified model of the complex shear lag phenomenon as with force transmission among PZT (lead zirconate titanate) patch and host structure .PZT is one of the world’s most widely used piezoelectric ceramic materials. When fired, PZT has a perovskite crystal structure, each unit of which consists of a small tetravalent metal ion in a lattice of large divalent metal ions. PZT is used to make ultrasound transducers both for loudspeakers and microphones and other sensors and actuators, as well as high –value ceramic capacitors and FRAM chips. PZT is also used in the manufacture of ceramic resonators for reference timing in electronic circuitry. PZT has a high dielectric constant, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, & pyroelectric properties. The ideal properties of PZT have made its application to transducer, sensor and actuator devices ubiquitous. Piezoelectric ceramics, when mechanically activated with pressure or vibration, have the capacity to generate electric voltages sufficient to spark across an electrode gap. Piezoelectric energy harvester has good compression performance, fatigue resistance and waterproof performance. Piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. The word Piezoelectric is derived from the Greek piezein , which means to squeeze or press ,& piezo , which is Greek for “push”. The main advantage of BSC model is that it does not involve solving the complex differential equations. Shear stress distribution is practically independent of excitation frequency except near pressure. BSC model can be made use of for carrying out the preliminary design in structural control related problems.

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Yang, J. S., H. Y. Fang, and Q. Jiang. "A vibrating piezoelectric ceramic shell as a rotation sensor." Smart Materials and Structures 9, no. 4 (June 5, 2000): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/9/4/307.

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34

Júnior, M. Henrique B., Amarilton L. Magalhães, Agliberto M. Bastos, A. Jefferson M. Sales, Daniel X. Gouveia, Alexei A. Kamshilin, Alisson da C. Ferreira, Glendo de F. Guimarães, A. Sergio B. Sombra, and J. Wally M. Menezes. "Piezoelectric ceramic sensor (PZT) applied to electric current measurements." Microsystem Technologies 25, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-3998-8.

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35

Zhu, Daopei, Jiafeng Li, and Zhangli Wang. "Monitoring Stress State of H-Shape Steel Using Ceramic Piezoelectric Sensor: A Feasibility Study." Journal of Sensors 2022 (November 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8793615.

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To monitor the stress state and yield capacity of H-beams across their entire service process, a real-time monitoring method based on the energy signal response of ceramic piezoelectric sensors is proposed in this paper. The method is applied to conduct loading experiments on H-beams under different load values and web heights. Then, the amplitude and energy of the piezoelectric signals under the two working conditions are compared and analyzed, and the finite element analysis results are verified. The experimental results show that the time-domain waveform energy index increases under an increase in web height or load. Taking the H-section steel member with a web height of 10 cm as an example, when the load value is less than 500 kN/m, the energy index increases (on average) by ~10.5% for every 100 kN/m load increase; when the load value exceeds 500 kN/m and is below 675 kN/m (yield load), the same load increases the energy index by ~13.4%. Meanwhile, a 1 cm average increase in web height increases the energy index by ~14.6%. The finite element simulation results indicate that the ceramic piezoelectric sensor load increases under external load increases up to the yielding load. Because the stress state at the sensor location directly determines the stress wave propagation, the critical buckling loads of H-beams can be predicted using the energy index.

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36

Peng, Min, Zhizhong Ding, Lusheng Wang, and Xusheng Cheng. "Detection of Sleep Biosignals Using an Intelligent Mattress Based on Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 3843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183843.

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Physiological information such as respiratory rate and heart rate in the sleep state can be used to evaluate the health condition of the sleeper. Traditional sleep monitoring systems need body contact and are intrusive, which limits their applicability. Thus, a comfortable sleep biosignals detection system with both high accuracy and low cost is important for health care. In this paper, we design a sleep biosignals detection system based on low-cost piezoelectric ceramic sensors. 18 piezoelectric ceramic sensors are deployed under the mattress to capture the pressure data. The appropriate sensor that captures respiration and heartbeat sensitively is selected by the proposed channel-selection algorithm. Then, we propose a dynamic smoothing algorithm to extract respiratory rate and heart rate using the selected data. The dynamic smoothing can separate heartbeat signals from respiratory signals with low complexity by dynamically choosing the smooth window, and it is suitable for real-time implementation in low-cost embedded systems. For comparison, wavelet analysis and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) are performed in a personal computer (PC). Experimental results show that data collected by piezoelectric ceramic sensors can be used for respiratory-rate and heart-rate detection with high accuracy. In addition, the dynamic smoothing can achieve high accuracy close to wavelet analysis and EEMD, while it has much lower complexity.

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CHAO, Xiao-Lian, Zhan-Hui PENG, and Zu-Pei YANG. "Fabrication of the Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor and the Experimental Design of Piezoelectric Effect." University Chemistry 32, no. 4 (2017): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.dxhx201607012.

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Doerffel, Christoph, Ricardo Decker, Michael Heinrich, Jürgen Tröltzsch, Mirko Spieler, Wolfgang Nendel, and Lothar Kroll. "Polypropylene Based Piezo Ceramic Compounds for Micro Injection Molded Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.807.

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Polymer matrix compounds based on piezo ceramic and electrically conducting particles within a thermoplastic matrix show distinctive piezoelectric and dielectric effects which can used for sensor applications. The electrical and mechanical properties can be adjusted in a wide range by varying the ratio of active filling particles and the matrix materials. The sensor effect of the compound is generated by the ceramic particles. A large ratio of piezo ceramic powder facilitates a high sensitivity. The electrical permittivity of the otherwise insulating matrix polymer can be adjusted by the amount of conductive filler. An aligned permittivity leads to a stronger electrical field in the ceramic particles. In contrast, too many conductive particles create a conductive network in the compound which short-circuits the sensors. The piezo ceramic compounds can be processed via micro injection molding for application as ceramic sensors. This offers a wide range of new sensor design variants, notably three-dimensional and highly complex geometries. However, there are two main demands for a highly sensitive sensor, which are conflicting. On the one hand the filler content of piezo ceramic particles in combination with electrical conductive carbon nanotubes must be very high, on the other hand the wall thickness should be as thin as possible. For filling cavities with a high aspect-ratio in an injection molding process, low viscosity polymer melts are necessary. These process characteristics conflict with the increasing viscosity by filling the melt with the particles. The sensor measuring area has to be designed as thin walled as possible. In order to overcome this obstacle a dynamically tempered mold design is applied to avoid solidification of the melt, before the mold is completely filled. The mold can be tempered by Peltier elements. The fully electric tempering is cleaner, more precise and more reliable than conventional water or oil tempering.

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Aktas, K. G., and I. Esen. "State-Space Modeling and Active Vibration Control of Smart Flexible Cantilever Beam with the Use of Finite Element Method." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 6 (December 20, 2020): 6549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3949.

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The aim of this study is to design a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller for the active vibration control of a smart flexible cantilever beam. The mathematical model of the smart beam was created on the basis of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the piezoelectric theory. State-space and finite element models used in the LQR controller design were developed. In the finite element model of the smart beam containing piezoelectric sensors and actuators, the beam was divided into ten finite elements. Each element had two nodes and two degrees of freedom were defined for each node, transverse displacement, and rotation. Two Piezoelectric ceramic lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) patches were affixed to the upper and lower surfaces of the beam element as pairs of sensors and actuators. The location of the piezoelectric sensor and actuator pair changed and they were consecutively placed on the fixed part, the middle part, and the free end of the beam. In each case, the design of the LQR controller was made considering the first three dominant vibratory modes of the beam. The effect of the position of the sensor-actuator pair on the beam on the vibration damping capability of the controller was investigated. The best damping performance was found when the sensor-actuator pair was placed at the fixed end.

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Yang, Shuxin. "Piezoelectric Sensing Element-Assisted Ceramic Art Process Optimization and Visual Quantitative Characterization." Journal of Sensors 2021 (December 28, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3134909.

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In this paper, piezoelectric sensing elements are used to assist in the study and analysis of ceramic art process optimization and visual quantization characteristics. A series piezoelectric element impedance sensor is designed based on the resonant frequency characteristics of the series piezoelectric element. Combining the resonant frequency characteristics of the series piezoelectric element and the basic principle of the impedance method, a multisensing impedance method based on the series piezoelectric element impedance sensor is proposed. The feasibility of the multisensing impedance method for monitoring the grout compactness was verified experimentally, and the basic principle of the method was further investigated by finite element simulation. The vase-type porcelain vessels were classified according to symmetry elements to find the characteristic points, the abdominal morphology was used as the basis for classification, and the screened samples were extracted from the contours to exclude the influence of other factors on the vessel shape. By the symmetrical elements of each type of ware, the classification principle of the ware type was designed and divided into six types, and each type was further subdivided into various types to establish a typological map of Qing dynasty bottle porcelain. The information entropy redundancy that describes the uniformity of the code appearance probability and the visual redundancy that describes the human eye’s sensitivity to image content or details are all entry points that can be considered for image coding. The experimental results show that the LBP-HOG fusion features can digitally express the information of ancient ceramic ornamentation and dig and verify the evolution of ceramic ornamentation with the times from the digital quantity. The GRNN model has an excellent performance in processing small samples of ancient ceramic data.

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Yang, Qing, Yanxiao He, Shangpeng Sun, Mandan Luo, and Rui Han. "An optical fiber Bragg grating and piezoelectric ceramic voltage sensor." Review of Scientific Instruments 88, no. 10 (October 2017): 105005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4986046.

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OSADA, Tasuku, Hidetoshi OHUCHI, and Toshio KASAI. "Monitoring of Lapping Process with Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor (1st Report)." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 62, no. 6 (1996): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.62.881.

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43

OSADA, Tasuku, Hidetoshi OHUCHI, and Toshio KASAI. "Monitoring of Lapping Process with Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor (2nd Report)." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 63, no. 12 (1997): 1710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.63.1710.

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44

Bian, Yixiang, Yi Zhang, Kaixuan Sun, Hong Jin, Longchao Dai, and Hui Shen. "A biomimetic vibration sensor using a symmetric electrodes metal core piezoelectric fiber." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 6 (September 26, 2017): 1015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17730908.

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A biomimetic vibration sensor to sense external vibrations was designed based on the hair receptor of insects similar to the water strider. Platinum core piezoelectric ceramic fiber body was prepared by squeeze and press method. This was followed by high-temperature sintering, surface electrode coating, and polarizing to fabricate the symmetric coated metal core piezoelectric fiber vibration sensor. A cantilever beam structure with two surface electrodes was designed as the theoretical sensor model. The fiber was fixed on a matrix structure. Experiments were performed to verify sensing characteristics under impact vibration and simple harmonic excitation. Results showed that the symmetric coated metal core piezoelectric fiber was able to sense amplitude and direction of impact vibration along with frequency, amplitude, and direction under simple harmonic excitation. Such a biomimetic vibration sensor can be effectively used to sense vibration amplitude and direction for a wide range of applications.

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45

Reinhardt, Brian T., and Bernhard R. Tittmann. "Use of the Ferroelectric Ceramic Bismuth Titanate as an Ultrasonic Transducer for High Temperatures and Nuclear Radiation." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 6094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186094.

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Ultrasonic transducers are often used in the nuclear industry as sensors to monitor the health and process status of systems or the components. Some of the after-effects of the Fukushima Daiichi earthquake could have been eased if sensors had been in place inside the four reactors and sensed the overheating causing meltdown and steam explosions. The key element of ultrasonic sensors is the piezoelectric wafer, which is usually derived from lead-zirconate-titanate (Pb(Zr, Ti)O3, PZT). This material loses its piezoelectrical properties at a temperature of about 200 °C. It also undergoes nuclear transmutation. Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12, BiTi) has been considered as a potential candidate for replacing PZT at the middle of this temperature range, with many possible applications, since it has a Curie–Weiss temperature of about 650 °C. The aim of this article is to describe experimental details for operation in gamma and nuclear radiation concomitant with elevated temperatures and details of the performance of a BiTi sensor during and after irradiation testing. In these experiments, bismuth titanate has been demonstrated to operate up to a fast neutron fluence of 5 ×1020 n/cm2 and gamma radiation of 7.23 × 1021 (gamma/cm2). The results offer a perspective on the state-of the-art for a possible sensor for harsh environments of high temperature, Gamma radiation, and nuclear fluence.

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46

Liu, Xu, Li, Wang, and Zhang. "Effect of Adhesive Debonding on the Performance of Piezoelectric Sensors in Structural Health Monitoring Systems." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 5070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235070.

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Piezoelectric (PZT) ceramic elements are often subjected to complex loads during in- service lifetime in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems, and debonding of both excitation actuators and receiving sensors have a negative effect on the monitoring signals. A first systematic investigation of debonding behaviors by considering actuators and sensors simultaneously was performed in this paper. The debonding areas of actuators were set in different percentage range from 0% to 70%, and sensors in 0%, 20%, 40% and 60%. The signal-based monitoring method was used to extract the characteristic parameters of both the amplitudes and phases of received signals. Experimental results revealed that as the debonding areas of the actuators increase, the normalized amplitude appears a quick decrease before 35% debonding area of actuators and then a slow rise until 60% of debonding reached. This may be explained that the 35% debonding turning point correspond to the coincidence of the excitation frequencies of peripheral actuators with the inherent frequency of the central piezoelectric sensor, and the 60% be the result of the maximum ability of piezoelectric sensor. The degrees of debonding of actuators and sensors also have significant influence on the phase angle offset, with large debonding of actuators increases the phase offset sharply. The research work may provide useful information for practical monitoring of SHM systems.

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Dabrowski, Arkadiusz, Karl Elkjaer, Louise Borregaard, Tomasz Zawada, and Leszek Golonka. "LTCC/PZT accelerometer in SMD package." Microelectronics International 31, no. 3 (August 4, 2014): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-10-2013-0052.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop the device made of low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) by co-firing both materials. In the paper, the technology and properties of a miniature uniaxial ceramic accelerometer are presented. Design/methodology/approach – Finite element method (FEM) is applied to predict properties of the sensor vs main dimensions of the sensor. The LTCC process is applied during manufacturing of the device. All the advantages of the technology are taken into account during designing three-dimensional structure of the sensor. The sensitivity and resonant frequency of the accelerometer are measured. Real material parameters of PZT are estimated according to measurement results and FEM simulations. Findings – The ceramic sensor integrated with SMD package with outer dimensions of 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 is manufactured. The accelerometer exhibits sensitivity of 0.75 pC/g measured at 100 Hz. The resonant frequency is equal to about 2 kHz. Useful frequency range is limited by 3 dB sensitivity change at about 1 kHz. Research limitations/implications – Sensitivity of the device is limited by interaction between LTCC and PZT materials during co-firing process. The estimated d parameters are ten times worse comparing to bulk Pz27 material. Further research on materials compatibility should be carried out. Practical implications – The sensor can be easily integrated into various devices made of standard electronic printed circuit boards (PCBs). Applied method of direct integration of piezoelectric transducers with LTCC material enables manufacturing of complex ceramic systems with built-in accelerometer in the substrate. Originality/value – The accelerometer is a sensor and a package simultaneously. The miniature ceramic device is compatible with surface mounting technology; hence, it can be used directly on PCBs for vibration monitoring inside electronic devices and systems.

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Mitkus, Rytis, and Michael Sinapius. "Piezoelectric Ceramic/Photopolymer Composites Curable with UV Light: Viscosity, Curing Depth, and Dielectric Properties." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6070212.

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Four piezoelectric ceramic materials with varying particle sizes and geometries are added up to 30 vol.% to a photopolymer resin to form UV-curable piezoelectric composites. Such composites solidify in a few minutes, can be used in UV-curing-based 3D printing processes, and can achieve improved sensor performance. The particle dispersion with ultrasonication shows the most homogeneous particle dispersion with ethanol, while two other solvents produced similar results. The viscosities of the prepared suspensions show some dependency on the particle size. The curing depth results show a strong dependency on the ceramic particle size, the difference in refractive index, and the particle size distribution, whereby composites filled with PZT produced the worst results and composites filled with KNN produced the highest curing depths. The SEM images show a homogeneous dispersion of ceramic particles. The highest dielectric properties are also shown by KNN-filled composites, while BTO and PZT produced mixed results of dielectric constants and dielectric losses. KNN-filled composites seem to be very promising for further 3D-printable, lead-free piezoelectric composite development.

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Enea, Nicoleta, Valentin Ion, Cristian Viespe, Izabela Constantinoiu, Octavian Buiu, Cosmin Romanitan, and Nicu Doinel Scarisoreanu. "Laser Processed Hybrid Lead-Free Thin Films for SAW Sensors." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238452.

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In this study we report the specific interaction of various gases on the modified surface of acoustic wave devices for gas sensor applications, using the piezoelectric ceramic material BaSrTiO3 (BST), with different concentrations of Sr. For enhancing the sensitivity of the sensor, the conductive polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) was deposited on top of BST thin films. Thin films of BST were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique and integrated into a test heterostructure with PEI thin films deposited by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) and interdigital Au electrodes (IDT). Further on, the layered heterostructures were incorporated into surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, in order to measure the frequency response to various gases (N2, CO2 and O2). The frequency responses of the sensors based on thin films of the piezoelectric material deposited at different pressures were compared with layered structures of PEI/BST, in order to observe differences in the frequency shifts between sensors. The SAW tests performed at room temperature revealed different results based on deposition condition (pressure of oxygen and the percent of strontium in BatiO3 structure). Frequency shift responses were obtained for all the tested sensors in the case of a concentration of Sr x = 0.75, for all the analysed gases. The best frequency shifts among all sensors studied was obtained in the case of BST50 polymer sensor for CO2 detection.

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Chen, Xinyu. "The Applications of Nano-Piezoelectric Composite in Flexible Wearable Self-Powered System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2393, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2393/1/012007.

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Abstract Nanomaterials have permeated every sphere of life, industry, and research. Due to the unique piezoelectric properties of nanometer materials and piezoelectric types, it is possible to convert mechanical energy into electricity by certain mathematical relationships, equivalent to the energy supply for equipment. This capability allows for the creation of sensitive sensor elements that can perceive the external environment on various levels, including thermal, mechanical, electrical, and optical. The generation of piezoelectric nanogenerators indicates that nanomaterials devices can be expected to achieve a natural self-powered system without external power or only provide a small amount of energy, and play an irreplaceable role in the fields of microelectronics, artificial intelligence, and human-computer interaction. In this review, examples of nano-piezoelectric ceramic materials and nano-piezoelectric polymers that can be applied to flexible self-powered systems are listed, and the advantages and problems of these two kinds of materials in flexible self-powered systems are comprehensively analyzed. This paper focuses on the performance improvement of 0-3 nano-composites on the original piezoelectric ceramics and polymer materials and their application in the flexible wearable self-powered system. In addition, it summarizes the difficulties and challenges in their practical applications and provides future research directions for researchers.

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