Статті в журналах: "PHYTOCHEMICAL CANDIDATES"

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Eskundari, Ratna Dewi, Tri Wiharti, Nur Rokhimah Hanik, Fety Fatimah, Umi Salamah, and Antik Murwani. "Phytochemical test of several eco-handsanitizer candidates." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i1.3258.

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Ecoenzymes are natural ingredients formed from the fermentation of fruit and or vegetable residues that have many benefits. One of the benefits of ecoenzymes is that they can be used as eco-handsanitizers; which can be used as a candidate for handsanitizer for those who are allergic to alcohol-based handsanitizer. This study aims to determine the pH, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal content of the candidate eco-handsanitizer solution through alkaloid, flavonoid, and saponin test, also fungal-inhibition test. The candidate eco-handsanitizer solution was made from an ecoenzyme solution derived from fruit or vegetable residue and added with aloe vera gel and vitamin C or E. The results showed that eco-handsanitizer candidate solution derived from ecoenzyme solution with a dilution of 1:500 or 1:4 and added with aloe vera and vitamin E had a pH that tends to be acidic after 5 weeks of manufacture. The candidate eco-handsanitizer solution contained alkaloid compounds up to 2nd week for 1:500 dilution or up to 5th week for 1:4. Fungal test also showed positive results of one of the treatments in inhibiting fungal growth until the 11th day. These results were expected to be used as guidelines for further research, such as quantitative and qualitative tests for more sensitive alkaloids, for example using GC-MS.ÃÂ

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Gu, Shaobin, Ying Wu, and Jianbo Yang. "Screening of cytoprotectors against methotrexate-induced cytogenotoxicity from bioactive phytochemicals." PeerJ 4 (May 11, 2016): e1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1983.

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As a well known anti-neoplastic drug, the cytogenotoxicity of methotrexate (MTX) has received more attention in recent years. To develop a new cytoprotector to reduce the risk of second cancers caused by methotrexate, an umu test combined with a micronucleus assay was employed to estimate the cytoprotective effects of ten kinds of bioactive phytochemicals and their combinations. The results showed that allicin, proanthocyanidins, polyphenols, eleutherosides and isoflavones had higher antimutagenic activities than other phytochemicals. At the highest dose tested, the MTX genetoxicity was suppressed by 34.03%∼67.12%. Of all the bioactive phytochemical combinations, the combination of grape seed proanthocyanidins and eleutherosides from Siberian ginseng as well as green tea polyphenols and eleutherosides exhibited stronger antimutagenic effects; the inhibition rate of methotrexate-induced genotoxicity separately reached 74.7 ± 6.5% and 71.8 ± 4.7%. Pretreatment of Kunming mice with phytochemical combinations revealed an obvious reduction in micronucleus and sperm abnormality rates following exposure to MTX (p< 0.01). Moreover, significant increases in thymus and spleen indices were observed in cytoprotector candidates in treated groups. The results indicated that bioactive phytochemicals combinations had the potential to be used as new cytoprotectors.

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Abdullahi, Sharif Alhassan, Ngah Zasmy Unyah, Noshariza Nordin, Rusliza Basir, Wana Mohammed Nasir, Ashraf Ahmad Alapid, Yahaya Hassan, Tijjani Mustapha, and Roslaini Abd Majid. "Phytochemicals and Potential Therapeutic Targets on Toxoplasma gondii Parasite." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 9 (May 27, 2020): 739–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557519666191029105736.

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Identification of drug target in protozoan T. gondii is an important step in the development of chemotherapeutic agents. Likewise, exploring phytochemical compounds effective against the parasite can lead to the development of new drug agent that can be useful for prophylaxis and treatment of toxoplasmosis. In this review, we searched for the relevant literature on the herbs that were tested against T. gondii either in vitro or in vivo, as well as different phytochemicals and their potential activities on T. gondii. Potential activities of major phytochemicals, such as alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoids and tannins on various target sites on T. gondii as well as other related parasites was discussed. It is believed that the phytochemicals from natural sources are potential drug candidates for the treatment of toxoplasmosis with little or no toxicity to humans.

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H, Shahzad. "Antioxidants from Bauhinia and Future Research Gap." Annals of Experimental and Molecular Biology 5, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/aemb-16000118.

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Flower buds of Bauhinia are utilized as a human means of nourishment, and the stem and leaves serve as feed for livestock across the world. This chapter highlights the medicinal importance of various parts of Bauhinia plants. Bauhinia plants’ edible regions are an excellent source of phytochemicals that have notable potential as antioxidants. Various phytochemical compounds that include Saponins, glycosides (kaempferol-3-glucoside), cardiac glycosides, sterols (β-sitosterol), tannins, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids (Lupeol), quinones, flavanones and flavonoids reside in these plants. These plants exhibit powerful potential as antioxidants for lipid-reducing, metal-reducing, free radical scavenging activities and metal-chelating. These also demonstrate an encouraging impact on glutathione peroxidase activity, an antioxidant enzyme. Moreover, they inhibit tyrosinase activity. Moreover decreased the levels of different liver markers (ALT, AST and ALP), and antioxidant enzymes and shift them to normal levels. Among the several Bauhinia genus species that have been explored for their antioxidant potential and phytochemical constitution, Bauhinia variegata seeds, leaves and florets have superior antioxidant and phytochemical properties. Other Bauhinia genus species that are packed with antioxidants and phytochemicals include Bauhinia vahlii, Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib, Bauhinia rufescens, Bauhinia racemosa and Bauhinia purpurea. Moreover, many factors influence the anti-oxidant potential of medicinal plants but up to the study of the year 2023, only the impact of solvent on the Bauhinia species’ antioxidant potential has been studied, it is a necessity that upcoming research must focus on the research on remaining factors for maximum yield of antioxidants from this antioxidant-rich plant. The antioxidant capacity and phytochemical composition of Bauhinia plants render them the most suitable candidates for use in therapeutics and dietary supplements.

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Nathan, Bharathi, and Sudheer M. M. Mohammed. "An insight into anti-arthritic property of phytochemicals against Rheumatoid arthritis using molecular modelling and docking approach." Research Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1612rjbt185195.

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Arthritis literally refers “joint inflammation”, it is a condition where one or more joints are inflamed. More than 100 different types of Arthritis were identified, most common types are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The present study mainly focuses on the development of the novel phytochemical inhibitors against rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis using an integrative cheminformatics drug discovery platform. In this study, we identified potential 405 phytochemical drug candidates, screened against eight selected targets of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis using molecular docking tool AutoDock. Three phytochemicals Withanolide, Diosgenin and bamyrin exhibited promising binding towards multiple drug targets selected for this study. When comparing with the binding between reference drugs, withanolide showed highest activity against Interleukin-23, Matrix metalloproteinase-3 and Interleukin 8 with binding energies -11.6, -9.4 and -8.3 kcal/mol respectively. Diosgenin also exhibited best activity against three targets that were Interleukin-23, JNK alpha and MMP-3 with -11.3, -10.4, -9.5 kcal/mol binding energies respectively. This study may be important contributing factor to develop new therapeutic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

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Sameh, Salma, Eman Al-Sayed, Rola M. Labib, and Abdel Nasser Singab. "GenusSpondias: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5382904.

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It is believed that many degenerative diseases are due to oxidative stress. In view of the limited drugs available for treating degenerative diseases, natural products represent a promising therapeutic strategy in the search for new and effective candidates for treating degenerative diseases. This review focuses on the genusSpondiaswhich is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases.Spondiasis a genus of flowering plants belonging to the cashew family (Anacardiaceae). This genus comprises 18 species distributed across tropical regions in the world. A variety of bioactive phytochemical constituents were isolated from different plants belonging to the genusSpondias. Diverse pharmacological activities were reported for the genusSpondiasincluding cytotoxic, antioxidant, ulcer protective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, and antidementia effects. These attributes indicate their potential to treat various degenerative diseases. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the unexplored potential of phytochemicals obtained fromSpondiasspecies, thereby contributing to the development of new therapeutic alternatives that may improve the health of people suffering from degenerative diseases and other health problems.

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Siregar, Yoga, Montesqrit, and Harnentis. "Potensi fitokimia daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) dengan pengeringan berbeda sebagai kandidat antibiotik alami broiler." Agrivet : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian dan Peternakan (Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Veteriner) 11, no. 1 (June 20, 2023): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31949/agrivet.v11i1.5746.

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This study aimed to determine the phytochemical potential of belimbing wuluh leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) as natural antibiotic candidates for broilers. Belimbing wuluh leaves were processed by drying them in direct sunlight, indirect sunlight, and an oven at 60 °C. The obtained data were descriptively analyzed. The parameters measured were the phytochemical screening test and the Escherichia coli antibacterial test. The results of the phytochemical screening test for starfruit leaves, indirect sunlight drying method, direct sunlight method, and 60 °C oven drying, positively contained phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids; however, the three drying methods did not contain triterpenoid compounds. The results of the activity test for the inhibition of starfruit leaf bacteria in the three drying methods showed positive inhibition of Escherichia coli bacteria, with the largest diameter of the inhibition zone produced in the 60 °C oven drying process. It can be concluded that drying starfruit leaves using an oven at 60℃ produces phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids, can inhibit Escherichia coli bacteria with an inhibition zone diameter of 4.30 mm and starfruit leaves have the potential to be used as a candidate broiler natural antibiotics.

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Harish, M., C. V. Ranjith, and C. Sethulekshmy Nair. "Effectiveness of Quercetin and Its Derivatives Against SARS CoV2 -In silico Approach." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 1003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(5).1003.1015.

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The COVID-19 pandemic that erupted in November 2019 is continuing, with no effective antiviral agent to date. Synthetic antiviral agents have limitations such as a narrow range of therapeutic effectiveness of the activity, toxicity, and resistant viral strains and traditional antiviral medicines at large seem not to have these limitations. Here, some of the existing phytochemicals are cherry-picked for repurposing against the enzyme or protein targets of SARS CoV2, by the principles of structure-based drug design based on molecular docking studies. The most important drug targets of SARS CoV2 namely, Mpro protease (6LU7), RdRp polymerase (7BTF), and Spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV2(6VSB) were employed for docking analysis with chosen phytochemicals and binding affinity was calculated using PRODIGY software and docking sites determined using Chimera software. For docking studies, 160 phytochemicals were selected from a large pool of phytochemicals. Based on the binding affinity values, 61 phytoconstituents were selected for further in-silico screening which resulted in 15 phytochemicals, with higher binding affinity to spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV2. Moreover, Guaijaverin, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Quinic acid, and spiraeoside binds both to the spike glycoprotein of SARS Cov2 and the host receptor of human ACE2. Hence these compounds may serve as two-pronged drug candidates for SARS CoV2. In nutshell, we present a few phytochemical candidates with higher binding affinity to the Spike protein of SARS CoV2, which needs to be further optimized by in vitro studies to minimize the cytotoxicity and increase or retain the binding affinity, towards an effective antiviral drug against COVID 19.

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Christopher Busayo Olowosoke, Adebola Abosede Alaba, and Benjamin Babatunde Adegboyega. "Citrullus lanatus natural product library: A hoard of viable potential inhibitor candidates for diabetes mellitus type II therapeutic target enzymes." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 534–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.1.0713.

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The ethnomedicinal function of several cucurbit species (cucumber, squash, melon, gourd, etc.) on diseases (i.e. diabetes, microbial infections, cancer, etc.), and as free radical scavengers have been reported. However, there remains infinitesimal record on citron watermelon broad use, which reflects the reason for wide oversight of underutilization, from lack of recognition for functional food crop development and commercialization. The objective of this study focus towards identifying the natural phytochemicals of C. lanatus on water melon molecules online database for insilico computational approach to screened for suitable antidiabetic lead, and construction of phylogenetic relatedness of target Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus proteins was conducted to predict reoccurrence of insilico analysis output with other homologous target proteins. The T2DM protein targets, phytochemical and standard inhibitory drugs are mined from different databases. Insilico docking analysis, and adme/toxicity profiling was virtually screened for the best fit. In additionally, phylogenetic relationship of the target proteins was aligned and construction with other homologous protein targets to predict the reoccurrence confidence of results on compounds. Seventeen phytochemicals out of the nineteen potential drug candidates substantially passed the profiling test. Also, homologous protein targets with > 90% bootstrap confidence are likely to produce a reoccurring insilico result. Thus, these phytochemicals fulfil all the enlisted criteria and it is suggestively determined to be suitable for the development of potent antidiabetic drugs. It is evident that phytochemicals from Citrullus lanatus produced satisfactory insilico output, and this reflect it to be a probable reservoir containing other potential therapeutic drug candidates for antidiabetic drug discovery and development. Additionally, derivatives can be developed for further effective screening result.

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Alshammari, Ahmed Mohajja. "Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of alpha-cobratoxin docked with phytochemical compounds." Bioinformation 18, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 834–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630018834.

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It is of interest to document data on the molecular dynamics simulation analysis of alpha-cobratoxin docked with phytochemical compounds. This can be used as effective drug candidates against the snake and scorpion venom. It should be noted experimental verification is needed to further validate the current data.

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G. Bhavani Devi, K.S. Ramya, Dappula Sandhya Sri, P. Josthna, and C.V. Naidu. "Phytochemical screening study in different parts of Chromolaena odorata by LC MS method and related parameters." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 7, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.7.2.0239.

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Chromolaena odorata (Syn: Eupatorium odoratum L.) (Asteraceae) is a perennial herb consisting of biologically potent chemical. It is mainly found in the humid tropics and sub-tropics in worldwide. C. odorata displayed allelopathic effects and have been reported to cause livestock death. C. odorata is used against dysentery, malaria, diarrhea, wound healing, toothache and headache in traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the assays tested for the presence of several phytochemicals (alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, resins and anthraquinones) in different extracts which included ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether and aqueous. All the extracts were tested against Bacteria. Furthermore, we studied phytochemical screening by QTOF-MS analysis it represents various acids, flavonoids etc. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of approximately 20 compounds each from the leaf and stem extracts whereas root consisted of 10 compounds. Among these, the main compounds were Vanillic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Benzoic acid, Genkwanin, Naringenin and Luteolin. The ethanol and methanol extracts were found active alongside the tested bacteria as they showed potential phytochemical constituents. The bacteria, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis showed promising activity against ethanol and methanol leaf, stem and root extracts which proved that the plant extracts are potential candidates for antibiotic resistance against such bacteria. In addition, the Chlorogenic acid present in leaf, stem and root extracts of the plant helps process blood sugar in a way that helps prevent and reduce the number of blood sugar spikes. It also helps boost metabolism, helping people with diabetes maintain a healthy weight.

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Adnyana, I. Made Dwi Mertha, and Ni Luh Gede Sudaryati. "Phytochemical Analysis of the Antioxidant Compounds of Baper Tea and Its Potential as an Immunomodulatory agent and Candidate for Standardized Herbal Medicine." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 1 (November 24, 2022): 6391. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.6391.

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The antioxidant content of Baper tea was determined using phytochemical testing, and the potential of these contents as immunomodulatory agents and candidates for standardized herbal medications was investigated. A randomized design was used in this experimental study. Phytochemical assays are used to determine the antioxidant content of Baper tea, whereas organoleptic studies are performed using hedonic tests. A literature review was used to assess the content's potential as an immunomodulatory agent and candidate for standardized herbal medicine. The study lasted four months at the Biology and National Food and Drug Agency Laboratory in Bali Province. Data analysis is based on descriptive methods. Baper tea is prepared in a 2.1.1 ratio. According to the hedonic test results, 41 panelists (87.23 %) prefer Baper tea products based on their color assessment, flavor, aroma, community reception, and acceptability. The matrix and security test revealed a water content of 4.43 %, an IC50 of 24.27 ppm, α-glucosidase inhibitors of 12.18 ppm, a total phenolic content of 28.00 %, and a total flavonoid content of 15.57 %. Baper tea raw materials contain components that have the potential to act as immunomodulatory agents and candidates for standardized herbal medications based on local wisdom. HIGHLIGHTS There are very few standardized herbal medicinal products that are efficacious as immunomodulators in the market Shallot skin (Allium Cepa), morel berry leaves (Physalis angulata), and small gooseberry leaves (Phyllanthus urinaria) packaged in Baper Tea preparations contain bioactive compounds that have the potential to be used as immunomodulatory agents and candidate for standardized herbal medicine Baper tea contains very active antioxidant compounds at a formulation ratio of 2:1:1. With panelists' acceptance of Baper Tea reaching 87.23 % GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Vélez, Luis A., Yamixa Delgado, Yancy Ferrer-Acosta, Ivette J. Suárez-Arroyo, Priscilla Rodríguez, and Daraishka Pérez. "Theoretical Prediction of Gastrointestinal Absorption of Phytochemicals." International Journal of Plant Biology 13, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb13020016.

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The discovery of bioactive compounds for non-invasive therapy has been the goal of research groups focused on pharmacotherapy. Phytonutrients have always been attractive for researchers because they are a significant source of bioactive phytochemicals. Still, it is challenging to determine which components show high biomedical activity and bioavailability after administration. However, based on the chemical structure of these phytochemicals, their physicochemical properties can be calculated to predict the probability of gastrointestinal (GI) absorption after oral administration. Indeed, different researchers have proposed several rules (e.g., Lipinski’s, Veber’s, Ghose’s, and Muegge’s rules) to attain these predictions, but only for synthetic compounds. Most phytochemicals do not fully comply with these rules even though they show high bioactivity and high GI absorption experimentally. Here, we propose a detailed methodology using scientifically validated web-based platforms to determine the physicochemical properties of five phytochemicals found in ginger, echinacea, and tobacco. Furthermore, we analyzed the calculated data and established a protocol based on the integration of these classical rules, plus other extended parameters, that we called the Phytochemical Rule, to obtain a more reliable prediction of the GI absorption of natural compounds. This methodology can help evaluate bioactive phytochemicals as potential drug candidates and predict their oral bioavailability in patients.

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Mahmud, Shafi, Suvro Biswas, Gobindo Kumar Paul, Mohasana Akter Mita, Maria Meha Promi, Shamima Afrose, Md Robiul Hasan, et al. "Plant-Based Phytochemical Screening by Targeting Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 to Design Effective Potent Inhibitors." Biology 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070589.

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Currently, a worldwide pandemic has been declared in response to the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a fatal and fast-spreading viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The low availability of efficient vaccines and treatment options has resulted in a high mortality rate, bringing the world economy to its knees. Thus, mechanistic investigations of drugs capable of counteracting this disease are in high demand. The main protease (Mpro) expressed by SARS-CoV-2 has been targeted for the development of potential drug candidates due to the crucial role played by Mpro in viral replication and transcription. We generated a phytochemical library containing 1672 phytochemicals derived from 56 plants, which have been reported as having antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. A molecular docking program was used to screen the top three candidate compounds: epicatechin-3-O-gallate, psi-taraxasterol, and catechin gallate, which had respective binding affinities of −8.4, −8.5, and −8.8 kcal/mol. Several active sites in the targeted protein, including Cys145, His41, Met49, Glu66, and Met165, were found to interact with the top three candidate compounds. The multiple simulation profile, root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square fluctuation, radius of gyration, and solvent-accessible surface area values supported the inflexible nature of the docked protein–compound complexes. The toxicity and carcinogenicity profiles were assessed, which showed that epicatechin-3-O-gallate, psi-taraxasterol, and catechin gallate had favorable pharmacological properties with no adverse effects. These findings suggest that these compounds could be developed as part of an effective drug development pathway to treat COVID-19.

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Goyzueta-Mamani, Luis Daniel, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Karel Mena-Ulecia, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. "Antiviral Activity of Metabolites from Peruvian Plants against SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Approach." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 3882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133882.

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(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic lacks treatments; for this reason, the search for potential compounds against therapeutic targets is still necessary. Bioinformatics tools have allowed the rapid in silico screening of possible new metabolite candidates from natural resources or repurposing known ones. Thus, in this work, we aimed to select phytochemical candidates from Peruvian plants with antiviral potential against three therapeutical targets of SARS-CoV-2. (2) Methods: We applied in silico technics, such as virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and MM/GBSA estimation. (3) Results: Rutin, a compound present in Peruvian native plants, showed affinity against three targets of SARS-CoV-2. The molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated the high stability of receptor–ligand systems during the time of the simulation. Our results showed that the Mpro-Rutin system exhibited higher binding free energy than PLpro-Rutin and N-Rutin systems through MM/GBSA analysis. (4) Conclusions: Our study provides insight on natural metabolites from Peruvian plants with therapeutical potential. We found Rutin as a potential candidate with multiple pharmacological properties against SARS-CoV-2.

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Echiburú-Chau, C., C. Salas, M. Cuellar, J. Santander, J. P. Ogalde, N. Brown, S. Alfaro-Lira, N. López, and F. Rothhammer. "830: Phytochemical extract from Senecio graveolens (Chachacoma): Searching new candidates for anti-cancer drugs." European Journal of Cancer 50 (July 2014): S201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(14)50733-2.

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Adekunle, Olutoyin, Temitope Adelusi, Ismaila Sule, Akanmidu Olorunfemi, Halimat Abdulrahim, and Adeniran Adekunle. "Phytochemical Analyses, Antimicrobial Activities and Possible Antimicrobial Mechanism of Adansonia Digitata: An Animal Model." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 74, no. 2 (2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.50029.

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Development of resistance to reference antibiotics leading to increased mortality have caused critical concern in the management of infectious diseases. Continuous search for alternative therapies have shown good candidates in medicinal plants, although without thorough examination of possible mechanism of action. This study assessed the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activities and possible antimicrobial mechanism of Adansonia digitata, against Shigella flexneri, Escerichia Coli and Salmonella enteritis.

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Davinelli, Sergio, Nadia Sapere, Davide Zella, Renata Bracale, Mariano Intrieri, and Giovanni Scapagnini. "Pleiotropic Protective Effects of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer's Disease." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/386527.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a severe chronic neurodegenerative disorder of the brain characterised by progressive impairment in memory and cognition. In the past years an intense research has aimed at dissecting the molecular events of AD. However, there is not an exhaustive knowledge about AD pathogenesis and a limited number of therapeutic options are available to treat this neurodegenerative disease. Consequently, considering the heterogeneity of AD, therapeutic agents acting on multiple levels of the pathology are needed. Recent findings suggest that phytochemicals compounds with neuroprotective features may be an important resources in the discovery of drug candidates against AD. In this paper we will describe some polyphenols and we will discuss their potential role as neuroprotective agents. Specifically, curcumin, catechins, and resveratrol beyond their antioxidant activity are also involved in antiamyloidogenic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We will focus on specific molecular targets of these selected phytochemical compounds highlighting the correlations between their neuroprotective functions and their potential therapeutic value in AD.

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Rinthong, Prasoborn, Pawitra Pulbutr, and Chawannuch Mudjupa. "Molecular docking studies of Triphala with catalytic portion of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 12, no. 2 (March 18, 2023): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2023.28.

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Introduction: Triphala, consisting of three fruits, Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae), Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Combretaceae), and T. chebula Retz, is a well-recognized Ayurvedic herbal formulation, used for various therapeutic purposes, including the treatment of dyslipidemia. Inhibitory activity against 3‑hydroxy‑3‑methylglutaryl‑coenzyme A (HMG‑CoA) reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the endogenous cholesterol synthesis pathway, is an essential target for the management of hypercholesterolemia. This in silico study aimed to investigate the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity of the phytochemical compounds derived from Triphala formulation by employing molecular docking analysis. Methods: Ten phytochemical constituents of Triphala formulation were selectively used for docking study by using the HMG-CoA reductase template (PDB: 1HWK). Docking analysis was performed using AutoDock 4.2. The candidates were ranked by the binding energy parameters. Results: From the docking studies, the phytochemical compounds with HMG-CoA reductase inhibition could be classified into 4 groups, including phytosterols, polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Beta-sitosterol exhibited the highest binding affinity to HMG-CoA reductase with a binding energy of -7.75 kcal/mol. Conclusion: These 10 phytochemical compounds in Triphala potentially exert their cholesterol-lowering effects via inhibition against HMG-CoA reductase. Nonetheless, further in vitro and in vivo experiments should be conducted subsequently to confirm this finding.

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Bashir, Salim Faruk, and Gaurav Kumar. "Preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antibacterial activity of Plumbago indica (Laal chitrak) root extracts against drug-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae." Open Agriculture 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2021-0026.

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Abstract Drug resistance is one of the problems affecting the world where drug-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have been shown to be ubiquitous, frequently isolated from foods and commonly associated with surgical site infection in hospitals worldwide. The aims of this work were to analyze the antibacterial activity of root extracts of the plant obtained by serial extraction (using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water) and by in vitro techniques and preliminary screen phytochemicals present in the extract by qualitative means. Fresh roots of Plumbago indica were collected, oven-dried, and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus; antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the active extract were evaluated by standard methods against clinically isolated drug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae; preliminary phytochemical screening was taken to detect the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, reducing sugars, phenolics, protein, and oil and fat; and bioactive compounds were detected by GCMS analysis of the active extracts. Determination of antibacterial activity showed that the test organisms were susceptible to methanol and aqueous extracts only. MIC of methanolic extract was found to be 20 µg/mL on both E. coli and K. pneumoniae, while aqueous extract had MIC of 10 and 20 µg/mL on E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of all the above-mentioned phytochemicals except oil and fat. The significance of this work is to find a lasting solution to the current problem of emerging drug-resistant bacteria (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) through the use of extracts obtained from P. indica which have long history of use as traditional medicine. The methanolic and aqueous extract can be recommended as an alternative and candidates for drug development against drug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

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Asuzu, Peace C., Nicholas S. Trompeter, Carlton R. Cooper, Samuel A. Besong, and Alberta N. A. Aryee. "Cell Culture-Based Assessment of Toxicity and Therapeutics of Phytochemical Antioxidants." Molecules 27, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031087.

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Plant-derived natural products are significant resources for drug discovery and development including appreciable potentials in preventing and managing oxidative stress, making them promising candidates in cancer and other disease therapeutics. Their effects have been linked to phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities. The abundance and complexity of these bio-constituents highlight the need for well-defined in vitro characterization and quantification of the plant extracts/preparations that can translate to in vivo effects and hopefully to clinical use. This review article seeks to provide relevant information about the applicability of cell-based assays in assessing anti-cytotoxicity of phytochemicals considering several traditional and current methods.

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Amin, Elham, Enas I. A. Mohamed, Amani Salem Alenezi, Maemonh Ali Aldwesh, Mohamed Sebak, Ibrahim A. Naguib, Sarah I. Bukhari, Khulud Bukhari, Mohamed A. Zaki, and Naglaa Afifi. "Pattern Recognition of Phytoconstituents and Bioactivities of Date Pit Extracts from Different Cultivars Grown in the Qassim Area." Separations 10, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10020102.

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A huge number of date varieties grow annually throughout the world. The genetic variation between different date varieties is reflected in their variable sensory characters and phytochemical contents. Date pits are considered a waste product of the date industry, despite their rich metabolic content. The present study attempts to generate visual clustering to clarify the diversity among fourteen date cultivars growing in the Qassim region, according to the phytochemical contents and biological potentials of their pits. The results indicated a wide variation in the total phenolic content (11.4–29.7 mg GAE/g), flavonoids content (21.9–37.1 mg RE/g), proanthocyanidine content (12.0–207.0 mg CE/g), and antioxidant potential (10.3–25.5 mg AEAC/g) among the tested cultivars. Screening the antimicrobial activity of extracts from the 14 tested cultivars indicated different activities against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Candida albicans. Multivariate analysis of phytochemical content and biological activity, using different analytical models, allowed the classification of the 14 cultivars into four classes, Class-1: Barhi, Safawi, and Sukkari; Class-2: Khodry and Nabtat Ali; Class-3: Ruthana, Segae, Shaqra, and Sheishee; and Class-4: Hulwa Aljouf, Mabroom, Meneifi, Rushodia, and Wannana. These findings provide a scientific basis for the classification of date pits which facilitates the future selection of promising candidates for more phytochemical and biological exploration.

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Hsieh, Edward M., May R. Berenbaum, and Adam G. Dolezal. "Ameliorative Effects of Phytochemical Ingestion on Viral Infection in Honey Bees." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100698.

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Honey bee viruses are capable of causing a wide variety of devastating effects, but effective treatments have yet to be discovered. Phytochemicals represent a broad range of substances that honey bees frequently encounter and consume, many of which have been shown to improve honey bee health. However, their effect on bee viruses is largely unknown. Here, we tested the therapeutic effectiveness of carvacrol, thymol, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and caffeine on viral infection by measuring their ability to improve survivorship in honey bees inoculated with Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) using high-throughput cage bioassays. Among these candidates, caffeine was the only phytochemical capable of significantly improving survivorship, with initial screening showing that naturally occurring concentrations of caffeine (25 ppm) were sufficient to produce an ameliorative effect on IAPV infection. Consequently, we measured the scope of caffeine effectiveness in bees inoculated and uninoculated with IAPV by performing the same type of high-throughput bioassay across a wider range of caffeine concentrations. Our results indicate that caffeine may provide benefits that scale with concentration, though the exact mechanism by which caffeine ingestion improves survivorship remains uncertain. Caffeine therefore has the potential to act as an accessible and inexpensive method of treating viral infections, while also serving as a tool to further understanding of honey bee–virus interactions at a physiological and molecular level.

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Almarzooqi, Saeeda, Balaji Venkataraman, Vishnu Raj, Sultan Ali Abdulla Alkuwaiti, Karuna M. Das, Peter D. Collin, Thomas E. Adrian та Sandeep B. Subramanya. "β-Myrcene Mitigates Colon Inflammation by Inhibiting MAP Kinase and NF-κB Signaling Pathways". Molecules 27, № 24 (9 грудня 2022): 8744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248744.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders that include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The incidence of IBD is rising globally. However, the etiology of IBD is complex and governed by multiple factors. The current clinical treatment for IBD mainly includes steroids, biological agents and need-based surgery, based on the severity of the disease. Current drug therapy is often associated with adverse effects, which limits its use. Therefore, it necessitates the search for new drug candidates. In this pursuit, phytochemicals take the lead in the search for drug candidates to benefit from IBD treatment. β-myrcene is a natural phytochemical compound present in various plant species which possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. Here we investigated the role of β-myrcene on colon inflammation to explore its molecular targets. We used 2% DSS colitis and TNF-α challenged HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells as in vivo and in vitro models. Our result indicated that the administration of β-myrcene in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated mice restored colon length, decreased disease activity index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity and suppressed proinflammatory mediators. β-myrcene administration suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways to limit inflammation. β-myrcene also suppressed mRNA expression of proinflammatory chemokines in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) challenged HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, β-myrcene administration suppresses colon inflammation by inhibiting MAP kinases and NF-κB pathways.

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Carrera-Quintanar, Lucrecia, Rocío I. López Roa, Saray Quintero-Fabián, Marina A. Sánchez-Sánchez, Barbara Vizmanos, and Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún. "Phytochemicals That Influence Gut Microbiota as Prophylactics and for the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Diseases." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9734845.

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Gut microbiota (GM) plays several crucial roles in host physiology and influences several relevant functions. In more than one respect, it can be said that you “feed your microbiota and are fed by it.” GM diversity is affected by diet and influences metabolic and immune functions of the host’s physiology. Consequently, an imbalance of GM, or dysbiosis, may be the cause or at least may lead to the progression of various pathologies such as infectious diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, inflammatory bowel disease, and even obesity and diabetes. Therefore, GM is an appropriate target for nutritional interventions to improve health. For this reason, phytochemicals that can influence GM have recently been studied as adjuvants for the treatment of obesity and inflammatory diseases. Phytochemicals include prebiotics and probiotics, as well as several chemical compounds such as polyphenols and derivatives, carotenoids, and thiosulfates. The largest group of these comprises polyphenols, which can be subclassified into four main groups: flavonoids (including eight subgroups), phenolic acids (such as curcumin), stilbenoids (such as resveratrol), and lignans. Consequently, in this review, we will present, organize, and discuss the most recent evidence indicating a relationship between the effects of different phytochemicals on GM that affect obesity and/or inflammation, focusing on the effect of approximately 40 different phytochemical compounds that have been chemically identified and that constitute some natural reservoir, such as potential prophylactics, as candidates for the treatment of obesity and inflammatory diseases.

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Venkataraman, Balaji, Shreesh Ojha, Prasanna D. Belur, Bhoomendra Bhongade, Vishnu Raj, Peter D. Collin, Thomas E. Adrian та Sandeep B. Subramanya. "Phytochemical drug candidates for the modulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ in inflammatory bowel diseases". Phytotherapy Research 34, № 7 (3 лютого 2020): 1530–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6625.

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Riaz, Ammara, Azhar Rasul, Ghulam Hussain, Muhammad Kashif Zahoor, Farhat Jabeen, Zinayyera Subhani, Tahira Younis, Muhammad Ali, Iqra Sarfraz, and Zeliha Selamoglu. "Astragalin: A Bioactive Phytochemical with Potential Therapeutic Activities." Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9794625.

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Natural products, an infinite treasure of bioactive chemical entities, persist as an inexhaustible resource for discovery of drugs. This review article intends to emphasize on one of the naturally occurring flavonoids, astragalin (kaempferol 3-glucoside), which is a bioactive constituent of various traditional medicinal plants such as Cuscuta chinensis. This multifaceted compound is well known for its diversified pharmacological applications such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antiobesity, antiosteoporotic, anticancer, antiulcer, and antidiabetic properties. It carries out the aforementioned activities by the regulation and modulation of various molecular targets such as transcription factors (NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β1), enzymes (iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, MMP-1, MMP-3, MIP-1α, COX-2, PGE-2, HK2, AChe, SOD, DRP-1, DDH, PLCγ1, and GPX), kinases (JNK, MAPK, Akt, ERK, SAPK, IκBα, PI3K, and PKCβ2), cell adhesion proteins (E-cadherin, vimentin PAR-2, and NCam), apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins (Beclin-1, Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xL, cytochrome c, LC3A/B, caspase-3, caspase-9, procaspase-3, procaspase-8, and IgE), and inflammatory cytokines (SOCS-3, SOCS-5, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, MCP-1, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and IFN-γ). Although researchers have reported multiple pharmacological applications of astragalin in various diseased conditions, further experimental investigations are still mandatory to fully understand its mechanism of action. It is contemplated that astragalin could be subjected to structural optimization to ameliorate its chemical accessibility, to optimize its absorption profiles, and to synthesize its more effective analogues which will ultimately lead towards potent drug candidates.

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Danciu, Corina, Oana Cioanca, Claudia Watz Farcaș, Monica Hancianu, Roxana Racoviceanu, Delia Muntean, Istvan Zupko, et al. "Botanical Therapeutics (Part II): Antimicrobial and In Vitro Anticancer Activity against MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cells of Chamomile, Parsley and Celery Alcoholic Extracts." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520620666200807213734.

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Background: This study was designed as a continuation of a complex investigation about the phytochemical composition and biological activity of chamomile, parsley, and celery extracts against A375 human melanoma and dendritic cells. Objective: The main aim was the evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of selected extracts as well as the in vitro anticancer activity against MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Methods: In order to complete the picture regarding the phytochemical composition, molecular fingerprint was sketched out by the help of FTIR spectroscopy. The activity of two enzymes (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) after incubation with the three extracts was spectrophotometrically assessed. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated by disk diffusion method. The in vitro anticancer potential against MCF7 human breast cancer cells was appraised by MTT, LDH, wound healing, cell cycle, DAPI, Annexin-V-PI assays. Results: The results showed variations between the investigated extracts in terms of inhibitory activity against enzymes, such as acetyl- and butyrilcholinesterase. Chamomile and parsley extracts were active only against tested Gram-positive cocci, while all tested extracts displayed antifungal effects. Among the screened samples at the highest tested concentration, namely 60μg/mL, parsley was the most active extract in terms of reducing the viability of MCF7 - human breast adenocarcinoma cell line and inducing the release of lactate dehydrogenase. On the other hand, chamomile and celery extracts manifested potent anti-migratory effects. Furthermore, celery extract was the most active in terms of total apoptotic events, while chamomile extract induced the highest necrosis rate. Conclusion: The screened samples containing phytochemicals belonging in majority to the class of flavonoids and polyphenols can represent candidates for antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

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Randhawa, Vinay, Shivalika Pathania, and Manoj Kumar. "Computational Identification of Potential Multitarget Inhibitors of Nipah Virus by Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061181.

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Nipah virus (NiV) is a recently emerged paramyxovirus that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory diseases in humans. Despite the severe pathogenicity of this virus and its pandemic potential, not even a single type of molecular therapeutics has been approved for human use. Considering the role of NiV attachment glycoprotein G (NiV-G), fusion glycoprotein (NiV-F), and nucleoprotein (NiV-N) in virus replication and spread, these are the most attractive targets for anti-NiV drug discovery. Therefore, to prospect for potential multitarget chemical/phytochemical inhibitor(s) against NiV, a sequential molecular docking and molecular-dynamics-based approach was implemented by simultaneously targeting NiV-G, NiV-F, and NiV-N. Information on potential NiV inhibitors was compiled from the literature, and their 3D structures were drawn manually, while the information and 3D structures of phytochemicals were retrieved from the established structural databases. Molecules were docked against NiV-G (PDB ID:2VSM), NiV-F (PDB ID:5EVM), and NiV-N (PDB ID:4CO6) and then prioritized based on (1) strong protein-binding affinity, (2) interactions with critically important binding-site residues, (3) ADME and pharmacokinetic properties, and (4) structural stability within the binding site. The molecules that bind to all the three viral proteins (NiV-G ∩ NiV-F ∩ NiV-N) were considered multitarget inhibitors. This study identified phytochemical molecules RASE0125 (17-O-Acetyl-nortetraphyllicine) and CARS0358 (NA) as distinct multitarget inhibitors of all three viral proteins, and chemical molecule ND_nw_193 (RSV604) as an inhibitor of NiV-G and NiV-N. We expect the identified compounds to be potential candidates for in vitro and in vivo antiviral studies, followed by clinical treatment of NiV.

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Agbadoronye, Chizoba P., Simon O. Abolarinwa, Khadeejah O. Nasir-Naeem, Victor E. Oigbochie, Adonis E. Irhue, Mohammed Ibrahim, and Ugochukwu F. Chibuogwu. "Phytochemical and safety evaluations of Diospyros mespiliformis, and in silico evaluations of drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity of its bioactive compound (Diospyrin)." AROC in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocpb01021119.

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Diospyros mespiliformis is among the popular multipurpose tropical fruit trees, commonly used as herbal medicines. However, due to the lack of adequate scientific data on the safety of this plant, the present study was conducted to determine the phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity profile of the crude methanol extract of D. mespiliformis. In addition, diospyrin, a bioactive compound from the plant was evaluated for in silico drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics (PKs) and acute toxicity. The phytochemical contents of the plant were quantified using standardized protocols while the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was evaluated using Lorke’s methods. Results revealed that flavonoids (265.46±0.32 mg/g) are the most abundant phytochemical in methanol leaf extract of D. mespiliformis, followed by alkaloids (224.56±0.19 mg/g) and phenols (191.82±0.04 mg/g) while saponins (7.90±0.32 mg/g) was the least abundant phytochemical. The plant extract has LD50 of > 5000 mg/kg in rats. No death was recorded throughout the study period. Similarly, no behavioural changes were observed in animals dosed with the crude extract at 10 -2900 mg/kg BW. Animals administered 5000 mg/kg BW were hyperactive, restless, and displayed profused breathing which lasted only for 30 minutes after administrations. Diospyrin a bioactive compound from D. mespiliformis demonstrated good druglike candidates and exhibited a high safety profile as revealed by in silico study. In conclusion, the crude methanol extract of D. mespiliformis and its bioactive compound is well-tolerated and non-toxic to rats, and thus could be considered a safe medicinal plant for acute oral remedies

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Balakrishnan, Rengasamy, Shofiul Azam, Duk-Yeon Cho, In Su-Kim, and Dong-Kug Choi. "Natural Phytochemicals as Novel Therapeutic Strategies to Prevent and Treat Parkinson’s Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (May 25, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6680935.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative chronic disease affecting both cognitive performance and motor functions in aged people. Yet despite the prevalence of this disease, the current therapeutic options for the management of PD can only alleviate motor symptoms. Research has explored novel substances for naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals with potential therapeutic benefits for PD patients through their neuroprotective mechanism, targeting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, abnormal protein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neurotrophic factor deficit, and apoptosis. The aim of the present study is to perform a comprehensive evaluation of naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals with neuroprotective or therapeutic activities in PD, focusing on their neuropharmacological mechanisms, including modulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, growth factor induction, neurotransmitter activity, direct regulation of mitochondrial apoptotic machinery, prevention of protein aggregation via modulation of protein folding, modification of cell signaling pathways, enhanced systemic immunity, autophagy, and proteasome activity. In addition, we provide data showing the relationship between nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and PD is supported by studies demonstrating that antiparkinsonian phytochemicals can activate the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway and Nrf2-dependent protein expression, preventing cellular oxidative damage and PD. Furthermore, we explore several experimental models that evaluated the potential neuroprotective efficacy of antioxidant phytochemical derivatives for their inhibitory effects on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain. Finally, we highlight recent developments in the nanodelivery of antioxidant phytochemicals and its neuroprotective application against pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress. In conclusion, naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals can be considered as future pharmaceutical drug candidates to potentially alleviate symptoms or slow the progression of PD. However, further well-designed clinical studies are required to evaluate the protective and therapeutic benefits of phytochemicals as promising drugs in the management of PD.

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Shah, Muddaser, Sidra Mubin, Syed Shams ul Hassan, Priti Tagde, Obaid Ullah, Md Habibur Rahman, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Najeeb Ur Rehman, and Waheed Murad. "Phytochemical Profiling and Bio-Potentiality of Genus Scutellaria: Biomedical Approach." Biomolecules 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2022): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12070936.

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Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) comprises over 360 species. Based on its morphological structure of calyx, also known as Skullcap, it is herbaceous by habit and cosmopolitan by habitat. The species of Scutellaria are widely used in local communities as a natural remedy. The genus contributed over three hundred bioactive compounds mainly represented by flavonoids and phenols, chemical ingredients which serve as potential candidates for the therapy of various biological activities. Thus, the current review is an attempt to highlight the biological significance and its correlation to various isolated bioactive ingredients including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, and steroids. However, flavonoids were the dominant group observed. The findings of the Scutellaria reveal that due to its affluent basis of numerous chemical ingredients it has a diverse range of pharmacological potentials, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifeedant, enzyme inhibition, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic significance. Currently, various bioactive ingredients have been investigated for various biological activities from the genus Scutellaria in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these data help us to highlight its biomedical application and to isolate the responsible compounds to produce innovative medications as an alternative to synthetic drugs.

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Tribudi, Yuli Arif, Ayu Tri Agustin, Dian Eka Setyaningtyas, and Dwi Gusmalawati. "Bioactive Compound Profile and Biological Modeling Reveals the Potential Role of Purified Methanolic Extract of Sweet Flag (<i>Acorus calamus</i> L.) in Inhibiting the Dengue Virus (DENV) NS3 Protease-Helicase." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 22, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.68317.

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Dengue fever is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, and there is no yet effective drug to treat this disease successfully. Our study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds of Acorus calamus L. and its potential role in inhibiting dengue virus NS3 protease-helicase. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analyzed phytochemical constituents. Drug-likeness of the predominant compound methanol extract of Acorus calamus L. was investigated through the SWISS ADME server. Complex molecular interactions were investigated by Hex 8.0 docking program and Discovery studio 2016. Our study revealed that the five largest phytochemicals in the extract were acoric acid, acorone, acoradin, acoronene, and calamendiol. All predominant compounds are potent to be developed as drug candidates. Molecular docking results showed that the five compounds bind to the Arg599, Pro291, Lys388, Pro431, and His487 of the dengue virus NS3 protease-helicase, the ligand-binding site that plays an essential role in viral replication. The ligand-protein binding pattern exhibited hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. The interaction of the acoradin-NS3 protease-helicase complex had the lowest binding energy of -299.7 kcal/mol. In summary, we conclude that Acorus calamus L. extract may have prospects as a drug for dengue virus infection.

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Rathnayake, Samith, Ayesh Madushanka, N. D. Asha Dilrukshi Wijegunawardana, Harthika Mylvaganam, Ajith Rathnayake, Eranga Geethanjana Perera, Ishara Jayamanna, et al. "In Silico Study of 5,7-Dimethoxycoumarin and p-Coumaric Acid in Carica papaya Leaves as Dengue Virus Type 2 Protease Inhibitors." Proceedings 79, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecbm2020-08820.

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Dengue virus is a serious public health issue in tropical and subtropical regions. The global incidence of dengue necessitates the potent antiviral medication for the prevention of proliferation of the virus inside the human body. The DEN2 NS2B/NS3 protease, present in the dengue virus, is an attractive drug target due to its essential role in viral replication, survival, and other cellular activities. In traditional medicine, Carica papaya leaves have been used for the treatment of dengue fever in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Malaysia. Therefore, phytochemicals present in Carica papaya leaves have a potential anti-viral activity, and could be used as strong drug candidates against the dengue virus. In this investigation, two phytochemical compounds in Carica papaya leaves, 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin and p-coumaric acid, were selected from the literature and then docked against the DEN2 NS2B/NS3 protease. The compounds showed strong interactions with favorable binding energies in the active site of DEN2 NS2B/NS3 protease. To validate the molecular docking results, the docked ligand–protein complexes were subjected to molecular dynamic simulation along with the apo form of the protein for 30 ns. The molecular dynamic simulation analysis comprising root mean square deviation and fluctuation, the radius of gyration, hydrogen bonding, the Dictionary of Secondary Structure of Proteins (DSSP), and MM/PBSA, revealed the stability of the apo and complex systems. Interactions formed by these compounds with residues Leu149 and Asn152 were found to be essential for the stability of the ligand–protein complex. The findings revealed that these phytochemical compounds depict the promising results against the DEN2 serotype of the dengue virus and the potential for therapeutic drugs. Further experimentation on the proposed compounds is necessary to validate the results and could lead to the development of strong inhibitors with improved activity.

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Enenche, Anyebe David, Henrietta O. Uzoeto, Christian Nelson, and Cosmas Samuel. "Therapeutic Activity of Phyto Ligands from Honey and Standard Drugs against Staphylococcus aureus PBP2a (5M19)." Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry 12, no. 3 (June 3, 2023): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3239.

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Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. Phenols were the most abundant phytochemical compounds and accounted for 25.8% of the phytochemical composition of the honey. The presence of these phytochemicals implied that the honey could have therapeutic properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. two out of the six tested compounds faulted the Lipinski rule of 5 which states that Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) < 5 Hydrogen –Bond Acceptor (HBA) < , 10 Molecular Weight < 500 < 500 Molecular weight, < 5 H-bond donors, <10 H-bond acceptors.< 10 number of rotatable bonds, and < 140 Å2 PSA value In this study. favourable overall docking score was observed in the range of -3.085 to -8.724. Chlorogenic acid had the best docked score (lowest binding energy)when compared to the synthetic inhibitors and other phytoligands. The binding manners and geometrical orientation of the studied phyto ligand from Honey and standard drugs against Staphylococcus aureus PBP2a (5M19). The results revealed that, Chlorogenic acid showed pivotal binding interactions with PBP2a, as it exhibited the best binding energy (-8.724 kcal/mol) compared with to standard drugs (Cefoxitin; -5.985 kcal/mol, Oxacillin; -5.222 kcal/mol and methiclin -3.08 kcal/mol) and other phytoligands (protocatechuic acid -4.473 kcal/mol and Hesperetin -4.191 kcal/mol) tested. Hence, Chlorogenic acid could be studied as promising lead candidates acting as allosteric effectors of PBP2a that might be subjecte d to further structural optimization to enhance their biological activity and hence been synthesized and tested to evaluate their actual biological activity.

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Pratiwi, Rarastoeti, and Yekti Asih Purwestri. "Black rice as a functional food in Indonesia." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 7, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v7i3.310.

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Background: There are many local black rice cultivars in Indonesia, yet only a few of these are formally described in the literature. It has been reported that black rice has many phytochemical variants which may contribute to its use as a functional food, including nutraceuticals and secondary metabolites such as anthocyanin, oryzanol, and more. The purpose of this article was to review literature describing black rice cultivars from Indonesia, with a particular focus on its potential use as a functional food. Our literature search revealed several articles that describe black rice in relation to its nutraceutical properties and its role in reducing non-communicable diseases. Other studies describe the diversity of local pigmented rice and its potential for lowering the risk of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and for cancer prevention. Black rice has been described as a functional food in several countries; however, there is great diversity among cultivars and further research on Indonesian varieties will determine whether local variants are candidates as well for the development of functional foods. Keywords: black rice cultivar, functional food, non-communicable diseases, nutraceutical, phytochemical

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Igbe, Ighodaro, Osaze Edosuyi, and Agbonlahor Okhuarobo. "Harnessing the medicinal properties of Cussonia barteri Seem. (Araliaceae) in drug development. A review." Herba Polonica 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2018-0018.

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Summary Cussonia barteri Seem (Araliaceae) is a deciduous tree growing in savannah of Africa. Ethnomedicinally, it is used in Africa as an analgesic, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-anaemic, anti-diarhoea, anti-poison, ani-pyschotic and anti-epileptic agent. This review provides a brief summary on the phytochemical screenings, ethnomedicinal and pharmacological applications of various parts of C. barteri. Leaves, stem bark and seed of C. barteri have been shown to be rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenols, sugars and alkaloids. Some of these constituents have been isolated and elucidated from C. barteri. Several compounds isolated from plant include triterpenes, saponins, polyenyne and quinic esters. Phytochemical constituents are also partly responsible for biological activities of C. barteri. Extracts and components isolated from the plant have demonstrated neuropharmacological, anti-larvicidal, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Overall, the insights provided by this review reinforce the potential of C. barteri for drug development and create the need for further scientific probe of constituents of the plant with the aim of developing novel drug candidates.

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Kumari, Madhulata, Neeraj Tiwari, and Naidu Subbarao. "A genetic programming-based approach to identify potential inhibitors of serine protease of Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Future Medicinal Chemistry 12, no. 2 (January 2020): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2018-0560.

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Aim: We applied genetic programming approaches to understand the impact of descriptors on inhibitory effects of serine protease inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) and the discovery of new inhibitors as drug candidates. Materials & methods: The experimental dataset of serine protease inhibitors of Mtb descriptors was optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) along with the correlation-based feature selection (CFS) in order to develop predictive models using machine-learning algorithms. The best model was deployed on a library of 918 phytochemical compounds to screen potential serine protease inhibitors of Mtb. Quality and performance of the predictive models were evaluated using various standard statistical parameters. Result: The best random forest model with CFS-GA screened 126 anti-tubercular agents out of 918 phytochemical compounds. Also, genetic programing symbolic classification method is optimized descriptors and developed an equation for mathematical models. Conclusion: The use of CFS-GA with random forest-enhanced classification accuracy and predicted new serine protease inhibitors of Mtb, which can be used for better drug development against tuberculosis.

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Swain, Ayusman, та Hariprasad Puttaswamy. "α-Glucosidase Inhibition Kinetics and Molecular Docking Studies with the Bioactive Constituents from Canna indica L. Rhizome Extract". Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, № 8 (2020): 1986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22727.

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The present study investigated the phytochemical constituents from Canna indica rhizome acetone extract, which was earlier reported to possess α-glucosidase inhibiting potential. Different fractions were collected from column chromatography of the acetone extract and the in vitro enzyme inhibition and the kinetic study was performed with the active fraction. The active fraction exhibited competitive inhibition of α-glucosidase. HRLC-MS/MS technique was used to identify the lead compounds from the active fraction. The major compounds were psoromic acid, usnic acid and rosmarinic acid. Molecular docking study of the compounds with the crystal structure of α-glucosidase was performed using ParDOCK. Psoromic acid and usnic acid exhibited strong binding affinity with the active site nucleophiles Asp349 and Asp212, respectively. Usnic acid also stabilized the catalytic residue Glu274. Rosmarinic acid formed multiple hydrogen bonds with the catalytic residue Glu274 and also bonded to non-catalytic residues Gln276, Arg312 and Glu408. The study illustrated informative data on the phytochemical constituents from Canna indica rhizome as α-glucosidase inhibitor and as potential candidates for the development of antidiabetic drugs.

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Song, Jun-Tae, Dong-U. Woo, Yejin Lee, Sung-Hoon Choi, and Yang-Jae Kang. "The Semi-Supervised Strategy of Machine Learning on the Gene Family Diversity to Unravel Resveratrol Synthesis." Plants 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102058.

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Resveratrol is a phytochemical with medicinal benefits, being well-known for its presence in wine. Plants develop resveratrol in response to stresses such as pathogen infection, UV radiation, and other mechanical stress. The recent publications of genomic sequences of resveratrol-producing plants such as grape, peanut, and eucalyptus can expand our molecular understanding of resveratrol synthesis. Based on a gene family count matrix of Viridiplantae members, we uncovered important gene families that are common in resveratrol-producing plants. These gene families could be prospective candidates for improving the efficiency of synthetic biotechnology-based artificial resveratrol manufacturing.

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Garcia-Oliveira, Paula, Paz Otero, Antia Gonzalez Pereira, Franklin Chamorro, Maria Carpena, Javier Echave, Maria Fraga-Corral, Jesus Simal-Gandara, and Miguel Angel Prieto. "Status and Challenges of Plant-Anticancer Compounds in Cancer Treatment." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14020157.

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Nowadays, cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world, which has been estimated to cause 9.9 million deaths in 2020. Conventional treatments for cancer commonly involve mono-chemotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy and mono-chemotherapy. However, the negative side effects of these approaches have been extensively reported and have prompted the search of new therapeutic drugs. In this context, scientific community started to look for innovative sources of anticancer compounds in natural sources, including traditional plants. Currently, numerous studies have evaluated the anticancer properties of natural compounds derived from plants, both in vitro and in vivo. In pre-clinical stages, some promising compounds could be mentioned, such as the sulforaphane or different phenolic compounds. On the other hand, some phytochemicals obtained positive results in clinical stages and were further approved for cancer treatment, such as vinca alkaloids or the paclitaxel. Nevertheless, these compounds are not exempt of limitations, such as low solubility, restricted effect on their own, negative side-effects, etc. This review aims to compile the information about the current phytochemicals used for cancer treatment and also promising candidates, main action mechanisms and also reported limitations. In this sense, some strategies to face the limitations have been considered, such as nano-based formulations to improve solubility or chemical modification to reduce toxicity. In conclusion, although more research is still necessary to develop more efficient and safe phytochemical drugs, more of these compounds might be used in future cancer therapies.

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Yeguvapalli, Suneetha, and Durga Rathikota. "COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM MALUS PUMILA (APPLE) FOR BREAST CANCER TREATMENT." International Journal on Biological Sciences 13, no. 02 (2022): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v13i2.1.

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Apple is a widely consumed fruit that is accessible throughout the year and is high in phytochemicals. The current study's major goal is to use computational methodologies to discover new anti-cancer medication candidates from plants. The ligands of the plant malus pumila were docked with protein EGFR (PDB ID:1M17) to predict novel potential inhibitors that could be employed as anticancer medicines for breast cancer. Breast cancer is a complex disease with no known single cause that continues to be a global killer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. One of the first key targets of these emerging anticancer drugs was the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).The physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and drug-like properties help in the selection of the best compound for breast cancer treatment. Furthermore, a substantial study suggests that phytochemicals, which are plant secondary compounds have oncopreventive Properties.

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Alvarez, Michael Russelle, Paolo Robert Bueno, Raymond Oliver Cruz, Richard Macapulay, Francis Jayson Vallesfin, and Francisco Heralde III. "Phytochemical analysis and salivary amylase inhibition activities of Carica papaya leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarp extracts and partially purified fractions." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research 6, no. 1 (April 17, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24896/eijppr.2016616.

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Plant-derived digestive enzyme inhibitors particularly those targeted to carbohydrate metabolism has been the focus of recent studies as natural supplements for weight control and diabetes. The present study explores the salivary amylase inhibition activity of Garcinia mangostana (Linn.) pericarp extracts and Carica papaya (Linn.) leaf extracts and fractions, as well as perform phytochemical screening and quantification, and thin layer – and high performance liquid chromatographic profiling. Results show that crude extracts and purified fractions were able to inhibit salivary amylase, with C. papaya fraction 1 being the most active at 30.89% inhibition. Phytochemical screening of all extracts tested positive for tannins, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. Quantification of phenolics showed that extracts contained high levels of phenolics, with C. papaya crude extract having the highest content with 219.0±12.7 mg GAE/g extract followed by G. mangostana crude extract with 247.1±18.0 mg GAE/g extract. Quantification of total flavonoids also showed C. papaya crude extract to contain the highest content with 55.12±0.679 mg QE/g extract. All extracts contained negligible alkaloid content, though. HPLC and TLC profiling showed several peaks and bands, when viewed in 210 nm and UV light, respectively. These results demonstrate in vitro the salivary amylase inhibitory activity of both plants and their potential as antidiabetic drug candidates; however, further studies need to be done, like isolation and structure elucidation of active components and toxicity assays. Keywords: Amylase inhibition, phytochemical quantification, Carica papaya, Garcinia mangostana

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Khalid, Sami A., Mona Dawood, Joelle C. Boulos, Monica Wasfi, Assia Drif, Faranak Bahramimehr, Nasim Shahhamzehei, Letian Shan, and Thomas Efferth. "Identification of Gedunin from a Phytochemical Depository as a Novel Multidrug Resistance-Bypassing Tubulin Inhibitor of Cancer Cells." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 5858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185858.

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The chemotherapy of tumors is frequently limited by the development of resistance and severe side effects. Phytochemicals may offer promising candidates to meet the urgent requirement for new anticancer drugs. We screened 69 phytochemicals, and focused on gedunin to analyze its molecular modes of action. Pearson test-base correlation analyses of the log10IC50 values of 55 tumor cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA, for gedunin with those of 91 standard anticancer agents revealed statistically significant relationships to all 10 tested microtubule inhibitors. Thus, we hypothesized that gedunin may be a novel microtubule inhibitor. Confocal microscopy, cell cycle measurements, and molecular docking in silico substantiated our assumption. Agglomerative cluster analyses and the heat map generation of proteomic data revealed a subset of 40 out of 3171 proteins, the expression of which significantly correlated with sensitivity or resistance for the NCI cell line panel to gedunin. This indicates the complexity of gedunin’s activity against cancer cells, underscoring the value of network pharmacological techniques for the investigation of the molecular modes of drug action. Finally, we correlated the transcriptome-wide mRNA expression of known drug resistance mechanism (ABC transporter, oncogenes, tumor suppressors) log10IC50 values for gedunin. We did not find significant correlations, indicating that gedunin’s anticancer activity might not be hampered by classical drug resistance mechanisms. In conclusion, gedunin is a novel microtubule-inhibiting drug candidate which is not involved in multidrug resistance mechanisms such as other clinically established mitotic spindle poisons.

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Azeem, Muhammad, Ghulam Mustafa, and Hafiza S. Mahrosh. "Virtual screening of phytochemicals by targeting multiple proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 36 (January 2022): 039463202211427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03946320221142793.

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Objective Medicinal herbs are being investigated for medicationhg development against SARS-CoV-2 as a rich source of bioactive chemicals. One of the finest approaches for finding therapeutically effective drug molecules in real time is virtual screening scheme such as molecular docking in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. These virtual techniques provide an ample opportunity for the screening of plausible inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 different target proteins from a comprehensive and extensive phytochemical library. The study was designed to identify potential phytochemicals by virtual screening against different receptor proteins. Methods In the current study, a library of plant secondary metabolites was created by manually curating 120 phytochemicals known to have antimicrobial as well as antiviral properties. In the current study, different potential phytochemicals were identified by virtual screening against various selected receptor proteins (i.e., viral main proteases, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), ADP ribose phosphatase, nonstructural proteins NSP7, NSP8, and NSP9) which are key proteins responsible for transcription, replication and maturation of SARS-CoV-2 in the host. Top three phytochemicals were selected against each viral receptor protein based on their best S-scores, RMSD values, molecular interactions, binding patterns and drug-likeness properties. Results The results of molecular docking study revealed that phytochemicals (i.e., baicalin, betaxanthin, epigallocatechin, fomecin A, gallic acid, hortensin, ichangin, kaempferol, limonoic acid, myricetin hexaacetat, pedalitin, quercetin, quercitrin, and silvestrol) have strong antiviral potential against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the reported preeminent reliable phytochemicals also revealed toxicity by no means during the evaluation through ADMET profiling. Moreover, the MD simulation study also exhibited thermal stability and stable binding affinity of the pedalitin with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and SARS-CoV-2 main protease which suggests appreciable efficacy of the lead optimization. Conclusion The biological activity and pharmacologically distinguishing characteristics of these lead compounds also satisfied as repurposing antiviral drug contenders and are worth substantial evaluation in the biological laboratory for the recommendation of being plausible antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2.

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Ha, Thi Kim Quy, Ba Wool Lee, Ngoc Hieu Nguyen, Hyo Moon Cho, Thamizhiniyan Venkatesan, Thi Phuong Doan, Eunhee Kim, and Won Keun Oh. "Antiviral Activities of Compounds Isolated from Pinus densiflora (Pine Tree) against the Influenza A Virus." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050711.

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Pinus densiflora was screened in an ongoing project to discover anti-influenza candidates from natural products. An extensive phytochemical investigation provided 26 compounds, including two new megastigmane glycosides (1 and 2), 21 diterpenoids (3–23), and three flavonoids (24–26). The chemical structures were elucidated by a series of chemical reactions, including modified Mosher’s analysis and various spectroscopic measurements such as LC/MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR. The anti-influenza A activities of all isolates were screened by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assays and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assays. Ten candidates were selected, and detailed mechanistic studies were performed by various assays, such as Western blot, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Compound 5 exerted its antiviral activity not by direct neutralizing virion surface proteins, such as HA, but by inhibiting the expression of viral mRNA. In contrast, compound 24 showed NA inhibitory activity in a noncompetitive manner with little effect on viral mRNA expression. Interestingly, both compounds 5 and 24 were shown to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results provide not only the chemical profiling of P. densiflora but also anti-influenza A candidates.

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Adeniyi, Adebayo A., Joy Nkechinyere Adeniyi, Manimbulu Nlooto, and Parvesh Singh. "Probing New Antileukemia Agents That Target FLT3 and BCL-2 from Traditional Concoctions through a Combination of Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Consensus Docking Methods." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 11611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211611.

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The search for new chemotherapeutics against leukemia is of great interest to researchers, owing to the limitation of the current drugs. In this research, new drug candidates against leukemia were probed through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis of three traditional herbal concoctions, that provide the phytochemical profile of the samples. The identified compounds from the LC-MS were modeled for the analysis of their antileukemia activities, by using five different consensus methods, to combine the seven docking scores. The consensus methods are used to combine the docking scores to avoid losing promising drug candidates, due to a poor reproducibility of the docking scores across the different packages, due to differences in the scoring functions and training sets across the docking packages. The libraries of the potential drug candidates from the concoctions were constructed by searching the NIST database for molecules with a similar MS fragmentation. Venetoclax and gilteritinib, that target FLT3 and BCL-2 were ranked among the top hits, indicating the efficiency of this protocol without missing any potential drug. The results ranked rescinnamine and bisacodyl as new potential antileukemia agents that targets FLAT3, and BCL-2, including the mutated BCL-2 G101V receptor, that is known to be resistant to treatment with venetoclax.

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Al-Hadid, Khaldoun J., Nehaya Al-Karablieh, Ahmad Sharab, and Ihsan Mutlak. "Phytochemical analyses and antibacterial activities of Erodium, Euphorbia, Logoecia and Tamarix species." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11776.

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Introduction: Resistance against commonly used antibacterial agents has become a globally recognized threat to human health. Therefore, the development of new and effective antibacterial agents is necessary to treat infections caused by resistant bacterial strains; plants are a promising source of new agents to be tested. Methodology: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethanolic extracts of Erodium gruinum, Euphorbia hierosolymitana, Logoecia cuminoides, and Tamarix tetragyna against 10 Gram-negative and 5 Gram-positive bacteria were determined using agar well diffusion and microtiter plate dilution methods, respectively. The phytochemical composition of the crude extracts of the plants was determined using HPLC. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii were sensitive to E. gruinum and E. hierosolymitana extracts. P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and M. catarrhalis were sensitive to L. cuminoides extract. P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, P. mirabilis, and K. pneumoniae were sensitive to T. tetragyna extracts. For Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 and ATCC 43300 were sensitive to E. gruinum and E. hierosolymitana extracts. S. aureus ATCC 43300 and ATCC 33591 and Group D Streptococcus were sensitive to T. tetragyna extract. All Gram-positive bacteria were completely resistant to the extract of L. cuminoides. The major phytochemical components of the plant extracts belonged to flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, quinones, phytosterols, phytoestrogens, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and coumarin. Conclusion: The study showed the potential of the development of antibacterial agents from these plants. Phytochemical analysis revealed compounds that are candidates for new antibacterial drugs.

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Cuschieri, Andrea, and Byron Baron. "Glioblastoma Multiforme: Molecular Biology and Updated Systematic Review on Natural Extract and Phytochemical Efficacy In-vitro." Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 24–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2023/v21i1427.

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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary malignant central nervous system tumours (CNST). Current treatment consists of surgical resection and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the gold-standard agent being Temozolomide (TMZ). Despite optimal treatment, GBM has an abysmal associated prognosis of approximately 15 months. The disproportionately high morbidity and mortality necessitate studies which strive to increase knowledge on putative therapeutic agents to confirm or deny their possible use against GBM Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a deep understanding of GBM molecular biology upon which more effective therapeutic strategies may be developed. Natural extracts and phytochemicals have shown promise as potential therapeutic agents against GBM. In this review, the molecular biology of GBM and molecular factors which contribute to therapeutic resistance are discussed in depth. The mechanisms by which phytochemicals and natural extracts exhibit can inhibit GBM growth and proliferation are discussed. Moreover, statistical analysis demonstrated that natural extracts and phytochemicals may be superior to TMZ in-vitro. This review demonstrates that phytochemicals have great potential as novel therapeutic agents against GBM. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to determine the optimal doses, routes of administration, and potential toxicities of these agents, but their unique molecular targets and low toxicity profiles make them attractive candidates for further investigation.

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Mottaghipisheh, Javad. "Oxypeucedanin: Chemotaxonomy, Isolation, and Bioactivities." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081577.

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The present review comprehensively gathered phytochemical, bioactivity, and pharmacokinetic reports on a linear furanocoumarin, namely oxypeucedanin. Oxypeucedanin (OP), which structurally contains an epoxide ring, has been majorly isolated from ethyl acetate-soluble partitions of several genera, particularly Angelica, Ferulago, and Prangos of the Apiaceae family; and Citrus, belonging to the Rutaceae family. The methanolic extract of Angelica dahurica roots has been analytically characterized as the richest natural OP source. This naturally occurring secondary metabolite has been described to possess potent antiproliferative, cytotoxic, anti-influenza, and antiallergic activities, as assessed in preclinical studies. In order to explore potential drug candidates, oxypeucedanin, its derivatives, and semi-synthetically optimized analogues can be considered for the complementary assessments of biological assays.

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