Дисертації: "Physics of traffic"

1

Löfås, Peter. "Advanced Traffic Service." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-374.

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More and more travellers use navigation-aid software to find the way while driving. Most of todays systems use static maps with little or no information at all about currently yeilding roads conditions and disturbances in the network. It is desirable for such services

in the future to include information about road works, accidents, surface conditions and other types of events that affects what route is currently the best.

It is also desirable to notify users about changes in the prerequisites of the chosen route after they have started their trip.

This thesis investigates methods to include dynamic traffic information in route calculations and notifying users when the characteristics change for their chosen route.

The thesis utilizes dynamic traffic information from The Swedish Road Agencys (Vägverket) central database for traffic information, TRISS and calculates affected clients with help of positioning through the GSM network.

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2

Zhou, Xiao Yi. "Statistical analysis of traffic loads and traffic load effects on bridges." Phd thesis, UNIVERSITE PARIS-EST, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949929.

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Une grande majorité (85%) des ponts français a une portée inférieure à 50 m. Pour ce type d’ouvrage d’art, la charge de trafic peut être déterminante pour la conception et le recalcul. Or, en Europe, le fret routier a augmenté de 36.2% entre 1995 et 2010, et la croissance annuelle du volume transporté par la route a été évaluée à 1.7% entre 2005 et 2030. Il est donc essentiel de s’assurer que les infrastructures européennes sont en mesure de répondre à cette demande croissante en capacité structurelle des ouvrages. Pour les ouvrages neufs, les modèles de trafic dans les normes ou les législations pour la conception des ponts incluent une marge de sécurité suffisante pour que la croissance du trafic soit prise en compte sans dommage par ces ouvrages. Mais pour les ouvrages existants, la résistance structurelle aux trafics actuels et futur est à vérifier et une priorisation des mesures doit être faite pour assurer leur intégrité structurelle et leur sécurité. De plus, afin de préserver leur infrastructure tout en ne menaçant pas leur compétitivité nationale, certains pays réfléchissent à l’introduction de poids lourds plus longs, plus lourds, ce qui permet de réduire le nombre de véhicules pour un volume ou un tonnage donné, ainsi que d’autres coûts (d’essence, de travail, ..), ce qui justifie encore plus les calculs effectués. Pour répondre à ce genre de problématique, différentes méthodes d’extrapolation ont déjà été utilisées pour modéliser les effets extrêmes du trafic, afin de déterminer les effets caractéristiques pour de grandes périodes de retour. Parmi celles-ci nous pouvons citer l’adaptation d’une gaussienne ou d’une loi de Gumbel sur la queue de distribution empirique, la formule de Rice appliquée à l’histogramme des dépassements de niveaux, la méthode des maxima par blocs ou celle des dépassements de seuils élevés. Les fondements et les utilisations faites de ces méthodes pour modéliser les effets extrêmes du trafic sur les ouvrages sont donnés dans un premier chapitre. De plus, une comparaison quantitative entre ces méthodes est réalisée. Deux études sont présentées, l’une basée sur un échantillon numérique et l’autre sur un échantillon réaliste d’effets du trafic. L’erreur induite par ces méthodes est évaluée à l’aide d’indicatifs statistiques simples, comme l’écart-type et les moindres carrés, évalués sur les valeurs caractéristiques et les probabilités de rupture. Nos conclusions sont, qu’en général, les méthodes sont moins précises lorsqu’il s’agit de déterminer des probabilités de rupture que lorsqu’elles cherchent des valeurs caractéristiques. Mais la raison peut en être les faibles probabilités recherchées (10-6 par an). De plus, bien qu’aucune méthode n’ait réalisée des extrapolations de manière correcte, les meilleures sont celles qui s’intéressent aux queues de probabilités, et en particulier des dépassements au-dessus d’un seuil élevé. Ainsi une étude de cette dernière méthode est réalisée : en effet, cette méthode, nommé "dépassements d’un seuil élevé", considère que les valeurs au-dessus d’un seuil correctement choisi, assez élevé, suit une distribution de Pareto généralisée (GPD). Cette méthode est utilisée de manière intensive dans les domaines de l’hydrologie et la finance, mais non encore appliquée dans le domaine des effets du trafic sur les ouvrages. Beaucoup de facteurs influencent le résultat lorsqu’on applique cette méthode, comme la quantité et la qualité des données à notre disposition, les critères utilisés pour déterminer les pics indépendants, l’estimation des paramètres et le choix du seuil. C’est pour cette raison qu’une étude et une comparaison des différentes méthodes d’estimation des paramètres de la distribution GPD sont effectuées : les conditions, hypothèses, avantages et inconvénients des différentes méthodes sont listés. Différentes méthodes sont ainsi étudiées, telles la méthode des moments (MM), la méthode des moments à poids (PWM), le maximum de vraisemblance (ML), le maximum de vraisemblance pénalisé (PML), le minimum de la densité de la divergence (MDPD), la méthode des fractiles empiriques (EPM), la statistique du maximum d’adaptation et la vraisemblance des moments (LM). Pour comparer ces méthodes, des échantillons numériques, des effets de trafic simulés par Monte Carlo et des effets mesurés sur un ouvrage réel sont utilisés. Comme prévu, les méthodes ont des performances différentes selon l’échantillon considéré. Néanmoins, pour des échantillons purement numériques, MM et PWM sont recommandées pour des distributions à paramètre de forme négatif et des échantillons de petite taille (moins de 200 valeurs). ML est conseillé pour des distributions à paramètre de forme positif. Pour des effets du trafic simulés, ML et PML donne des valeurs de retour plus correctes lorsque le nombre de valeurs au-dessus du seuil est supérieur à 100 ; dans le cas contraire, MM et PWM sont conseillés. De plus, comme c’est prouvé dans l’étude de valeurs réelles mesurées, les valeurs a priori aberrantes ("outliers") ont une influence notable sur le résultat et toutes les méthodes sont moins performantes. Comme cela a été montré dans la littérature, ces "outliers" proviennent souvent du mélange de deux distributions, qui peuvent être deux sous-populations. Dans le cas de l’effet du trafic sur les ouvrages, cela peut être la raison d’une estimation des paramètres non correcte. Les articles existant sur le sujet soulignent le fait que les effets du trafic sont dus à des chargements indépendants, qui correspondant au nombre de véhicules impliqués. Ils ne suivent pas la même distribution, ce qui contredit l’hypothèse classique en théorie des valeurs extrêmes que les événements doivent être indépendants et identiquement distribués. Des méthodes permettant de prendre en compte ce point et utilisant des distributions mélangées (exponentielles ou valeurs extrêmes généralisées) ont été proposées dans la littérature pour modéliser les effets du trafic. Nous proposons une méthode similaire, que nous appelons dépassement de seuils mélangés, afin de tenir des différentes distributions sous-jacentes dans l’échantillon tout en appliquant à chacune d’entre elles la méthode des dépassements de seuil. Pour des ponts ayant des portées supérieures à 50 m, le scénario déterminant est celui de la congestion, qui n’est pas ce qui est étudié ici. De plus, le trafic n’est pas la composante déterminante pour la conception des ponts de longue portée. Mais des problèmes de fatigue peuvent apparaître dans certains ponts, tels les ponts métalliques à dalle orthotrope, où l’étude du trafic peut devenir nécessaire. Ainsi nous avons fait une étude de l’influence de la position des véhicules sur le phénomène de fatigue. Pour cela, quatre fichiers de trafic réels, mesurés en 2010 et 2011 par quatre stations de pesage différentes, ont été utilisés. Ils ont mis à jour des comportements latéraux différents d’une station à l’autre. Si nous les appliquons au viaduc de Millau, qui est un pont métallique à haubans et à dalle orthotrope, nous voyons que l’histogramme des effets et l’effet de fatigue cumulé est beaucoup affecté par le comportement latéral des véhicules. Ainsi, des études approfondies utilisant les éléments finis pour modéliser les ouvrages et des enregistrements de trafic réel, peuvent être utilisées pour pré-déterminer quels éléments, donc quelles soudures, doivent être examinés dans les ponts afin d’estimer leur santé structurelle.

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3

Schanzenbächer, Florian. "Max-plus modeling of traffic on passenger railway lines with a junction : fundamental diagram and dynamic control." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2098.

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La thèse a pour objectif principal de contribuer à la méthodologie de régulation du trafic sur une ligne ferroviaire, dans la configuration typique d’une ligne à tronc et branches en milieu urbain ou régional. L'ambition est d’apporter une modélisation plus fine du trafic des voyageurs et des trains en interaction, qui permette à la fois d’évaluer finement la qualité du service rendu aux voyageurs et différentes décisions de l’opérateur de la ligne. Se basant sur cette modélisation, nous développerons une méthode de contrôle du trafic (stratégique/ tactique et opérationnel) spécialement adaptée au problème de ligne avec embranchement. L'objectif industriel est l'implémentation d'un système de régulation dynamique intelligent pour une ligne à fourche
The aim of the doctoral thesis is to contribute on the developpement of real-time traffic control algorithms for mass transit railway systems with junctions, located in urban areas. The scientific ambition of the doctoral thesis is to develop a traffic model with a finer modelisation of the train-passengers interaction. The model will allow a more precise evaluation of the level of service offered to the passengers and of the decisions taken by the operator of the line. Basing on this modeling, we will develop a control algorithm (strategic/ tactical and operational) in order to enhance the service quality on the line. The objective of the Paris metro system operator, financing this thesis, is to have a ready-to-implement control system for a railway line with a junction

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4

Powell, James Eckhardt. "Building a Multivariable Linear Regression Model of On-road Traffic for Creation of High Resolution Emission Inventories." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3415.

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Emissions inventories are an important tool, often built by governments, and used to manage emissions. To build an inventory of urban CO2 emissions and other fossil fuel combustion products in the urban atmosphere, an inventory of on-road traffic is required. In particular, a high resolution inventory is necessary to capture the local characteristics of transport emissions. These emissions vary widely due to the local nature of the fleet, fuel, and roads. Here we show a new model of ADT for the Portland, OR metropolitan region. The backbone is traffic counter recordings made by the Portland Bureau of Transportation at 7,767 sites over 21 years (1986-2006), augmented with PORTAL (The Portland Regional Transportation Archive Listing) freeway traffic count data. We constructed a regression model to fill in traffic network gaps using GIS data such as road class and population density. An EPA-supplied emissions factor was used to estimate transportation CO2 emissions, which is compared to several other estimates for the city's CO2 footprint.

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5

Gregorian, Hayk. "Air Transport versus High-Speed Rail: From Physics to Economics." Bachelor's thesis, Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO), Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1184074658.

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Purpose - This bachelor thesis compares high-speed rail (HSR) transport with air transport. The investigation considers physical fundamentals, energy consumption, environmental impact, infrastructure and investment, market situations, passenger's selection criteria to choose transportation options, and overall economics. --- Methodology - The thesis combines an investigation of physical principles with a literature review. --- Findings - Steel wheels on steel rails show by far less rolling resistance to support the train's weight than drag due to lift (induced drag) to support the aircraft's weight. This leads to less energy consumption. HSR trains use electricity from an overhead line. Hence, the environmental impact of HSR also depends much on how the electricity is produced. Airplanes only need an air traffic control environment to connect airports. In contrast, HSR needs infrastructure to connect stations. The amount of necessary infrastructure depends on the geological conditions. For example, crossing mountains means high investment. Longer passages over water are infeasible for HSR. High-speed rail is superior to air transport when connecting megacities because the trains have higher transport capacity, offer higher service frequencies and mission reliability, shorter total travel time, shorter access time to stations, shorter unproductive waiting time in stations and potentially lower travel costs. HSR is a strong competitor to airline services and has replaced some short range flights. A comparison of HSR in different world regions shows differences in the market situation and in passenger's selection criteria for transportation options. --- Research limitations - The potential of high-speed rail was investigated mainly on busy routes with high service frequencies. A comprehensive network comparison between high-speed trains and airplanes was not done and could lead to somewhat different results. --- Practical implications - The report tries to contribute arguments to the discussion about alternatives to air travel. --- Social implications - With more knowledge people can make an educated choice between transport options, can vote with their feet, and can take a firm position in the public discussion. --- Originality/value - A general comparison of HSR and air transport from physical fundamentals to economics seemed to be missing.

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6

Cividini, Julien. "Systèmes de transport multivoies : application au trafic piétonnier." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063303.

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Dans cette thèse on étudie certaines applications de modèles simples de la physique théorique au trafic piétonnier. Ces modèles sont tous des automates cellulaires, plus précisément des processus d'exclusion. Dans la première partie de le thèse on étudie un système unidimensionnel, le processus d'exclusion simple totalement symétrique (TASEP), un modèle paradigmatique de particules qui sautent dans une direction favorisée sur un réseau. Le TASEP peut être utilisé pour modéliser de nombreux phénomènes de transport, et ici on l'étudie avec des schémas de mise à jour adaptés aux piétons. Le "frozen shuffle update", schéma plutôt régulier, est défini et ses propriétés principales sont déterminées exactement sur un anneau, avec conditions aux bords ouvertes et pour deux voies qui se croisent en un seul site. Une théorie du domain wall (mur séparant des domaines) exacte au niveau microscopique est alors construite pour un TASEP avec mise a jour parallèle. On montre que cette dernière est en désaccord avec les prédictions précédentes et que la différence vient de corrélations à courte portée qui sont habituellement négligées pour les schémas de mise à jour présentant des fluctuations plus importantes. Dans la seconde partie on combine plusieurs TASEP afin de former un croisement à deux dimensions comprenant deux flux de particules qui s'intersectent perpendiculairement. Sur un tore on observe une alternance de diagonales de particules de chaque type qu'on voit aussi chez les vrais piétons. Cette structure est alors expliquée par une analyse de stabilité linéaire d'équations type champ moyen. Avec des conditions aux bords ouvertes les diagonales s'inclinent légèrement, donnant naissance à "l'effet chevron", qu'on observe aussi bien pour les particules que pour les équations. L'effet chevron est fondamentalement nonlinéaire, mais peut tout de même être expliqué par des calculs d'interactions effectives entre les particules, de manière similaire à ce qui est fait en mécanique des fluides. Pour finir, quelques généralisations naturelles sont rapidement étudiées numériquement pour tester l'applicabilité du modèle aux piétons et la possibilité de mesurer l'effet chevron dans des expériences.

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7

Prabhakar, Yadu. "Detection and counting of Powered Two Wheelers in traffic using a single-plane Laser Scanner." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00973472.

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The safety of Powered Two Wheelers (PTWs) is important for public authorities and roadadministrators around the world. Recent official figures show that PTWs are estimated to represent only 2% of the total traffic but represent 30% of total deaths on French roads. However, as these estimated figures are obtained by simply counting the number plates registered, they do not give a true picture of the PTWs on the road at any given moment. This dissertation comes under the project METRAMOTO and is a technical applied research work and deals with two problems: detection of PTWsand the use of a laser scanner to count PTWs in the traffic. Traffic generally contains random vehicles of unknown nature and behaviour such as speed,vehicle interaction with other users on the road etc. Even though there are several technologies that can measure traffic, for example radars, cameras, magnetometers etc, as the PTWs are small-sized vehicles, they often move in between lanes and at quite a high speed compared to the vehicles moving in the adjacent lanes. This makes them difficult to detect. the proposed solution in this research work is composed of the following parts: a configuration to install the laser scanner on the road is chosen and a data coherence method is introduced so that the system is able to detect the road verges and its own height above the road surface. This is validated by simulator. Then the rawd ata obtained is pre-processed and is transform into the spatial temporal domain. Following this, an extraction algorithm called the Last Line Check (LLC) method is proposed. Once extracted, the objectis classified using one of the two classifiers either the Support Vector Machine (SVM) or the k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN). At the end, the results given by each of the two classifiers are compared and presented in this research work. The proposed solution in this research work is a propototype that is intended to be integrated in a real time system that can be installed on a highway to detect, extract, classify and counts PTWs in real time under all traffic conditions (traffic at normal speeds, dense traffic and even traffic jams).

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8

Pernica, Lukáš. "3D Autoškola." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236792.

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This study was created to describe and to design the 3D simulator for a driving schools. In the study there are gathered the basic definitions of available simulators and possibilities of their application in real life. This new simulator is designed on a basis of detailed study of available simulators. In study are described the issues with simulation of traffic system, monitoring compliance with the traffic rules as well as a new user interface model. The whole concept and procedure during implementation of the simulator are described at the end of the work.

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9

Brust, Alexandre. "FÍSICA APLICADA NAS SITUAÇÕES DE TRÂNSITO." Universidade Franciscana, 2013. http://tede.universidadefranciscana.edu.br:8080/handle/UFN-BDTD/101.

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T19:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Alexandre Brust.pdf.txt: 107472 bytes, checksum: 05646f4de5ee44912e3b75e7da90fcc7 (MD5) Alexandre Brust.pdf.jpg: 3286 bytes, checksum: 3e86301426c3f6b8d1c39f754aaf7457 (MD5) Alexandre Brust.pdf: 2660130 bytes, checksum: 291968ae6c224dcce166603b07f4e114 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19
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This study aimed to evaluate the role of education in traffic associated with kinematics and evaluate possible changes in behavior with respect to the direction of future drivers. Participated in our survey, students in the first year of high school, a private educational institution in the North West of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. In all activities was used traffic to assist in the understanding of some physical concepts in kinematics and the Newton´s laws, physics curriculum content for the first year. The survey was conducted using structured questionnaires along with application classes using the methodology of the three pedagogical moments methodology for providing discussion between students and teacher and for problem-solving. Besides the three questionnaires during classes, some observations were made in the development of activities. The traffic topic is very useful for the application of physics concepts, providing a major increase in the appropriation of knowledge by the students (meaningful learning), in relation to these concepts. We conclude that this work contributed to the construction of knowledge of the physics of the participants. A significant change in attitude toward transit was also observed by changing thoughts and even forming opinions not previously existed.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o papel da educação no trânsito associada a aula de cinemática e avaliar possíveis mudanças de comportamento com relação a direção de futuros motoristas. Participaram de nossa pesquisa, alunos do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio, de uma Instituição de Ensino Privado no Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Em todas as atividades foi utilizado tema Trânsito para auxiliar na compreensão de alguns conceitos físicos presentes na Cinemática e nas Leis de Newton, conteúdos do currículo da Física para o primeiro ano. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando questionários estruturados, juntamente com aulas de aplicação com o uso da metodologia dos três momentos pedagógicos, metodologia utilizada por proporcionar discussão entre os alunos e o professor e por ter caráter problematizador. Além dos três questionários aplicados no decorrer das aulas, foram feitas algumas observações no desenvolvimento das atividades. O tema Trânsito é muito útil para a aplicação de conceitos de Física, proporcionando um acréscimo na apropriação do conhecimento por parte dos alunos (aprendizagem significativa), em relação à esses conceitos. Concluímos que esse trabalho contribuiu para a construção do conhecimento da Física dos participantes. Também foi observada uma mudança significativa de atitude em relação ao trânsito, alterando pensamentos e até mesmo formando opiniões que anteriormente nem existiam.

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10

Lin, Kai-Jui. "Influence of weather conditions on the propagation of highway noise at sites with barriers." Ohio : Ohio University, 2000. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1172598982.

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11

Barlovic, Robert. "Traffic Jams : Cluster Formation in Low-Dimensional Cellular Automata Models for Highway and City Traffic." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2003. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-10312003-150115/.

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Cellular automata (CA) models are quite popular in the field of traffic flow. They allow an effective implementation of real-time traffic computer-simulations. Therefore, various approaches based on CA models have been suggested in recent years. The first part of this thesis focuses on the so-called VDR (velocity-dependent randomization) model which is a modified version of the well known Nagel-Schreckenberg (NaSch) CA model. This choice is motivated by the fact that wide phase separated jams occur in the model. On the basis of random walk theory an analytical approach to the dynamics of these separated jam clusters is given. The predictions are in good agreement with the results of computer simulations and provide a deeper insight into the dynamics of wide jams which seem to be generic for CA approaches and are therefore of special interest. Furthermore, the impact of a localized defect in a periodic system is analyzed in the VDR model. It turns out that depending on the magnitude of the defect stop-and-go traffic can occur which can not be found in the VDR model without lattice defects. Finally, the VDR model is studied with open boundaries. The phase diagrams, obtained by Monte-Carlo simulations, reveal two jam phases with a stripped microscopic structure and for finite systems the existence of a new high-flow phase is shown. The second part of this thesis concentrates on CA models for city traffic with the focus on the Chowdhury-Schadschneider (ChSch) model. In the context of jam clusters the model reveals interesting features since two factors exert influence on the jamming behavior. On the one hand, jams are induced at crossings due to the traffic lights, i.e., cars are forced to stop at a ``red light', and, on the other hand, the dynamics of such induced jams is governed by the NaSch model rules. One part of the investigations covers global (fixed) traffic light strategies. These are found to lead to strong oscillations in the global flow except for the case of randomly switching lights. Furthermore, the impact of adaptive (local) traffic light control is analyzed. It is found that the autonomous strategies can nearly match the global optimum of the ChSch model. In order to provide a more realistic vehicle distribution, the ChSch model is enhanced by a stochastic turning of vehicles and by inhomogeneous densities. Here, the autonomous strategies can outperform the global ones in some cases.

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12

Mauritz, Wera. "Impact of OTDR Monitoring on Optical Data Traffic." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279532.

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13

Back, Susana. "FÍSICA E SEGURANÇA NO TRÂNSITO: UMA PROPOSTA DIDÁTICA POR UMA PROFESSORA INICIANTE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6672.

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The present work had to educational resources for the Teaching of Physics in the present research papers/teatching/extension education in the field of Science/ Physics/Teaching in the production of educational material with a view to developing awareness of students in relation to them traffic safety as well as enhance the teatching practice, developing a beginning teacher in the habit of reflection. Therefore we created a didactic proposal consists of seven units with a view to teaching content related to quantity of motion, momentum, work, energy and Newton s laws using teatching resources the development of various activities that comprise these units. All lessons were recorded in daily teatching practice, wich were subsequently analyzed with the activities undertaken by the students. We conducted a survey which conceptual content, didactic proposal, as well as skills (PCN+). Stands out the paper that planning has in teaching practice because, it is through this that you plan and anticipate the actions that will be developed in the classroom. In relative reflection of teaching practice of beginning teacher, it is believed that this was achieved. It is clear that most of the activities was possible to develop a set of conceptual content, procedural and attitudinal, and this should be thought of all classes, because then the teacher is able to leverage its role in forming citizens. In relation to student s learning, there is an evolution of their knowledge of physics so that it is clear that at the beginning only demonstrated familiarity with kinematics and after out of momentum, Newton s first law and force, who were content more closely related to traffic safety issue, and also Newton s third law and energy. Regarding the awareness of students about safety, it was hoped that the posters mode by them appear more physical content, but what stood out was the use of Newton, which is related to the use of seat belts. This can be explained by familiarity with this issue.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral a utilização de recursos didáticos para o Ensino de Física presentes nos trabalhos de pesquisa/ensino/extensão da área de Educação em Ciências/Ensino de Física na produção de material didático com intuito de desenvolver a conscientização dos alunos em relação ao tema segurança no trânsito, assim como potencializar a prática docente, desenvolvendo numa professora iniciante o hábito da reflexão. Para tanto foi elaborada uma proposta didática composta por sete unidades com vistas ao ensino dos conteúdos relacionados à Quantidade de Movimento, Impulso, Trabalho, Energia e Leis de Newton utilizando recursos didáticos variados no desenvolvimento das atividades que compõem estas unidades. Todas as aulas foram registradas em diários da prática docente, os quais foram posteriormente analisados juntamente com as atividades desenvolvidas pelos alunos. Realizou-se um levantamento de quais conteúdos conceituais, procedimentais e atitudinais foram contemplados na proposta didática, assim como as competências (PCN+). Destaca-se o papel que o planejamento tem na prática docente, pois, é através deste que se planeja e antecipa as ações que serão desenvolvidas em sala de aula. Em relação à reflexão da prática docente da professora iniciante, acredita-se que isso foi alcançado. Fica claro que na maioria das atividades foi possível desenvolver um conjunto de conteúdos conceituais, procedimentais e atitudinais, e isso deve ser pensando em todas as aulas, pois, assim o docente consegue potencializar seu papel de formador de cidadãos. Em relação à aprendizagem dos alunos, constata-se que houve uma evolução dos seus conhecimentos da Física de modo que fica claro que no início demonstraram familiaridade somente com a cinemática e após destacam quantidade de movimento, 1ª lei de Newton e força, conteúdos que foram mais intensamente relacionados ao tema segurança no trânsito, e também 3ª lei de Newton e energia. A respeito da conscientização dos alunos sobre segurança no trânsito, esperava-se que nos cartazes confeccionados por eles aparecessem mais conteúdos Físicos, porém, o que mais se destacou foi a 1ª lei de Newton, que está relacionada ao uso de cinto de segurança. Isso pode ser explicado pela familiaridade com esta questão.

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14

Urruth, Henrique Goulart da Silva. "Física e segurança no trânsito : um curso de física e educação para o trânsito para jovens e adultos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/114380.

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A educação para o trânsito se mostra essencial quando se evidencia um número assustador de mortes e lesões em acidentes. Esta dissertação apresenta o planejamento e a aplicação de um curso de Física e Segurança no Trânsito direcionado a jovens e adultos, visando à educação para o trânsito a partir da introdução de alguns conceitos de Física. Planejado a partir das sequências didáticas fundamentadas na teoria da aprendizagem significativa de David Ausubel, Joseph Novak, D. B. Gowin e M. A. Moreira: as UEPS - Unidades de Ensino Potencialmente Significativas, disponibiliza-se um produto educacional, na forma de repositório digital, contendo os roteiros das aulas, guias de atividades e guia de apoio ao professor, além de sugestões de vídeos e slides, para livre reprodução, adaptação e aplicação.
The traffic education is essential when evidence shows a frightening number of deaths and injuries in accidents. This dissertation presents the design and implementation of a Physics Course and Traffic Safety targets young people and adults, aiming to traffic education since the introduction of some concepts of Physics. Planned from the didactic sequences based on the theory of meaningful learning of David Ausubel, Joseph Novak, D.B. Gowin and M.A. Moreira: the PMTU - Potentially Meaningful Teaching Units, offers up an educational product, in the form of digital repository, containing the scripts of classes, activities and support to guide teacher guides, as well as suggestions of videos and slides, for free reproduction, adaptation and application.

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15

Klumpp, Stefan. "Movements of molecular motors : diffusion and directed walks." Phd thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://pub.ub.uni-potsdam.de/2003/0020/klumpp.pdf.

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16

Jeanneret, Raphael. "Auto-organisation, écho et trafic microfluidique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00935876.

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Ce travail de thèse expérimental porte principalement sur deux études concernant la dynamique collective de particules dans des écoulements à très faible nombre de Reynolds et dans des environnements confinés. Dans ces systèmes les particules interagissent via des couplages hydrodynamiques à longue portée d'origine géométrique ou topologique. Le thème général faisant le pont entre ces deux études est la notion de réversibilité hydrodynamique. De part les méthodes mises en oeuvre pour aborder ces problèmes, cette thèse se place à l'interface de trois grands domaines de la physique: l'hydrodynamique, la matière molle et les systèmes dynamiques. Le premier système est un ensemble de gouttes micrométriques confinées dans une cellule de Hele-Shaw et soumis à un écoulement sinusoïdal afin de sonder la nature réversible de la dynamique. Cette expérience d'écho caractérisée par une dynamique microscopique complètement réversible met en évidence une transition de phase du premier ordre entre un état macroscopique réversible en dessous d'une certaine amplitude d'oscillation et un état macroscopique irréversible au dessus de cette amplitude. De plus, il est montré que cette transition n'est pas seulement dynamique mais également structurale. La seconde étude correspond quant à elle à une expérience de trafic dans un réseau de boucles microfluidiques où la dynamique asymptotique du système à 3 corps est étudiée de manière extensive. En combinant des études numériques, analytiques et expérimentales, il est montré que cette dynamique de trafic est Hamiltonienne et réversible.

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17

Porč, Jiří. "Autoškola - pravidla silničního provozu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237142.

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This diploma thesis focuses on a traffic simulator design. The matter of simulation methods is described here as well as a project of a town model, road system and its usage in an implementation in a traffic simulator. The work further explains the principles and techniques for creation of the town model in an editor and it analyzes traffic rules that are necessary for the creation of the simulator of this type. The created simulator uses various engines for its functioning. It would not be possible to continue in further work without their proper adjustment. That is why the installation of the used engines is described in the thesis. Principles of 3D model and texture usage are also explained.

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18

Neubert, Lutz. "Statistische Analyse von Verkehrsdaten und die Modellierung von Verkehrsfluss mittels zellularer Automaten - Statistical Analysis of Traffic Data and Modelling of Traffic Flow using Cellular Automata." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2001. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-05222001-113330/.

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Past and recent investigations of traffic dynamics mostly rest on averaged data taken over a short period of time, e.g. one minute. They make a qualitative distinction between the generally accepted traffic states called "free flow", "synchronised flow" and "Stop-and-Go traffic" possible. However, the essential car-car-interactions on the microscopic level are concealed. With extensive statistical examinations of single-vehicle traffic data presented in this work one gains new insights especially from a microscopic point of view. By means of time series analyses, correlation functions and by use of histogram methods new evaluation methods for driving behaviour are introduced. These quantities show a strong dependency on the present traffic state, the observed interval of density and the environment (e.g., freeway or city traffic). Microscopic features like synchronisation of velocities ranging over a number of vehicles or decreasing time headways smaller than one second noticeably influence macroscopic proper ties of traffic as expressed in fundamental diagrams. Moreover, on the basis of cross correlation functions connecting flow and density some quantities can be defined to discriminate between the several traffic states quantitatively. These empirical results have impacts on modelling and simulation of traffic flow. A modified cellular automaton comprising aspects of anticipation is introduced and discussed in great detail. Metastable states can be formed and all other criteria are also met to indicate a well-operating traffic flow model. A lot of simulations were done in order to analyse single-lane and multi-lane behaviour and to find out the specific problems coming along with event-driven measuremens methods using "inductive loops". Another focus are density waves to estimate their speed and to elucidate the phase separation and the transition between different traffic states.

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19

Salari, Syed Ghazanfar. "Control traffic overhead for VoIP over LTE." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99045.

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With increasing technological advancements more sophisticated mobile devices are being used by end-users. Third generation (3G) mobile communication systems such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) are not able to satisfy the rising demand for higher throughputs and low latencies. New standards based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), have been proposed and are currently being integrated into existing mobile networks all over the world. LTE specifications are being finalized within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) with the ambitious goals of increased spectral efficiency and end user throughput. Despite the introduction of several high data rate services, voice communication is still an essential part of the overall wireless wide area cellular communication market. In LTE, the core network is purely packet switched, thus voice is transmitted entirely using a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Like its predecessor standards it is desired that a large number of simultaneous VoIP calls be supported in LTE, while satisfying the desired Quality of Service (QoS) demands. This thesis examines issues related to VoIP capacity for LTE. One of the key challenges is the limited number of schedulable voice packets per sub frame. The main goal of this thesis is to quantify the impact of this limitation. After describing basic LTE concepts, a detailed description of the control channel resource limitations for the scheduling of voice packets is presented. Consequences of these limitations are explained systematically by presenting the problem in a wider context. Simulation results were obtained using the openWNS Simulator, an event driven system level simulation platform developed at the Communication Networks Research Group (ComNets), RWTH Aachen University Germany. Results are presented showing the impact of different scheduling strategies on VoIP capacity. These results illustrate how the limited control channel resources, specifically the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) resources, affect the total number of schedulable VoIP user audio media streams.
Med ökande tekniska framsteg mer avancerade mobila enheter som används av slutanv ändarna. Tredje generationens (3G) mobila kommunikationssystem såsom Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) inte kan tillgodose den ökande efterfrågan på högre genomströmning och låga latenser. Nya standarder som bygger på Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), såsom Long Term Evolution (LTE) och Worldwide Interoperability för Microwave Access (WiMAX), har föreslagits och håller på att integreras I befintliga mobilnät över hela världen. LTE specifikationer håller på att färdigställas inom 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) med de ambitiösa målen om ökad spektral effektivitet och slutanvändare genomstr ömning. Trots införandet av flera tjänster av hög datahastighet, är röstkommunikation fortfarande en väsentlig del av den totala Wireless Wide Area cellulär kommunikation marknaden. I LTE är kärnnätet rent paketförmedlande därmed röst överförs helt och hållet med hjälp av en Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Precis som sina föregångare standarder är det önskvärt att ett stort antal samtidiga VoIP samtal få stöd i LTE, samtidigt som det uppfyller önskade Quality of Service (QoS) krav. Denna avhandling undersöker frågor relaterade till VoIP kapacitet för LTE. En av de viktigaste utmaningarna är det begränsade antalet schemaläggningsbart röst paket per sub ram. Det huvudsakliga målet med denna avhandling är att kvantifiera effekterna av denna begränsning. Efter att ha beskrivit de grundläggande LTE begrepp, är en detaljerad beskrivning av de resurser kontroll kanal begränsningar för schemaläggning av röst paket presenteras. Konsekvenser av dessa begränsningar förklaras systematiskt genom att presentera problemet i ett större sammanhang. Simulering resultat erhölls med hjälp av openWNS Simulator, en händelse driven systemnivå simulering som utvecklats vid Communication Networks Research Group (ComNets), RWTH Aachen University Tyskland. Resultat presenteras som visar effekterna av olika schemaläggning strategier för VoIP kapacitet. Dessa resultat illustrerar hur de begränsade kontroll kanalresurser, särskilt fysiskt Downlink (PDCCH) resurser, påverkar det totala antalet schemaläggningsbart VoIP användare ljud mediaströmmar.

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20

Sukhai, Anesh. "Understanding the physical and social environmental determinants of road traffic injury in South Africa." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/47951/.

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Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a major public health challenge, accounting for significant injury, economic and psycho-social burden to societies across the world. While decreases are projected for many high-income countries (HICs) over the next decade or so, staggering increases in the burden of mortality and morbidity are forecast for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The unique contextual influences on RTIs in LMICs are, however, not well understood. Conceptual frameworks applied mostly to HICs also do not provide adequate recognition of the unique contextual influences of LMICs. Accordingly, the research in this thesis adopts a predominantly geographical approach to incorporate a large range of physical and social environmental effects, and which are aggregated at different spatial and spatial-temporal scales to understand the contextual influences to road traffic injuries (RTIs) in the South African (S.A) setting. In this regard, four studies are presented; these include: a geographical epidemiology and risk analysis at the district council level and for time, space and population aggregations; an integrated spatialtemporal analysis at the province-week level; a fine-scale geographical analysis at the police area level; and a small area analysis at the suburb level for the city of Durban. In addition to important effects relating to alcohol and travel exposure, findings have shown most environmental influences on RTIs in S.A to be development-related, including effects relating to social and area deprivation, violence and crime, and rurality. With the exception of rurality, the above effects showed a positive association with the occurrence of RTIs in S.A. The findings have implications for alignment and possible integration of road safety policies and practices with other developmental policies in the country. In addition, this research has shown that geographical approaches may provide a useful analytical framework for understanding the complexity and interacting influences within broader systems-based approaches; and especially those of the contextual environment that are particularly relevant for LMIC settings.

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21

Komolafe, Olufemi O. "High-speed optical packet switching over arbitrary physical topologies using the Manhattan Street Network." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366847.

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22

Li, Lefei. "Development and Evaluation of Transit Signal Priority Strategies with Physical Queue Models." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193823.

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With the rapid growth in modern cities and congestion on major freeways and local streets, public transit services have become more and more important for urban transportation. As an important component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), Transit Signal Priority (TSP) systems have been extensively studied and widely implemented to improve the quality of transit service by reducing transit delay. The focus of this research is on the development of a platform with the physical queue representation that can be employed to evaluate and/or improve TSP strategies with the consideration of the interaction between transit vehicles and queues at the intersection.This dissertation starts with deterministic analyses of TSP systems based on a physical queue model. A request oriented TSP decision process is then developed which incorporates a set of TSP decision regions defined on a time-space diagram with the physical queue representation. These regions help identify the optimal detector location, select the appropriate priority control strategy, and handle the situations with multiple priority requests. In order to handle uncertainties in TSP systems arising in bus travel time and dwell time estimation, a type-2 fuzzy logic forecasting system is presented and tested with field data. Type-2 fuzzy logic is very powerful in dealing with uncertainty. The use of Type-2 fuzzy logic helps improve the performance of TSP systems. The last component of the dissertation is the development of a Colored Petri Net (CPN) model for TSP systems. With CPN tools, computer simulation can be performed to evaluate various TSP control strategies and the decision process. Examples for demonstrating the process of implementing the green extension strategy and the proposed TSP decision process are presented in the dissertation. The CPN model can also serve as an interface between the platform developed in this dissertation and the implementation of the control strategies at the controller level.

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23

Kubesch, Nadine Janet. "Health effects of traffic-related air pollution and physical activity: A real-world exposure experimental study." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482053.

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Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been associated with adverse health outcomes. Physical activity (PA) in polluted air may increase pollutant uptake and hence affect health. The main aim of this thesis is to determine the short-term health effects of TRAP in healthy participants and any possible modifying effect of PA. A crossover real-world exposure study was conducted which compared in 28 healthy participants lung, systemic, and blood pressure responses to four different exposure scenarios: two hours of exposure in a high and low TRAP environment, each at rest and in combination with intermittent moderate PA, that comprised alternating 15-minute rest and cycling intervals. The data was analysed by using mixed effect models for repeated measures. High levels of TRAP induced airway and systemic inflammatory responses, as well as increased blood pressure. Physical activity improved lung function and attenuated the blood pressure increase. Physical activity in high levels of TRAP also induced lung and systemic inflammation, and decreased the circulating levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The short-term exposure to TRAP is associated with adverse health effects. Physical activity has beneficial effects on health, even when performed in high levels of TRAP. The clinical meaning of the decreases in BDNF as a response to the intermitted physical activity in the experimental setting and the more habitual physical activity in daily life remains unclear. This study also suggests that the health effects of traffic-related air pollution and physical activity are predominantly independent in high levels of TRAP.
L'exposició a la contaminació de l'aire relacionada amb el tràfic (CART) s'ha associate amb resultats adversos per a la salut. L'activitat física (AF) realitzada en ambients amb aire contaminat pot augmentar l'absorció de contaminants i amb això produir efectes en la salut. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi va ser determinar els efectes en la salut de l’exposició a la CART a curt termini en participants sans així com qualsevol possible efecte modificador de l’AF. S’ha realitzat un estudi en disseny del creuament amb exposició del “món real” comparant en 28 participants sans les respostes pulmonars, sistèmics i de la pressió arterial en quatre escenaris diferents d'exposició: 2 hores d’exposició en un entorn d'alta i baixa CART, cadascun en repòs i en combinació amb AF moderada i intermitent, que consta de quatre intervals de 15 minuts de descans i ciclisme. Les dades es van analitzar utilitzant models d'efectes mixtes per a mesures repetides. Els nivells alts de CART van induïr una resposta inflamatòria sistèmica i de la via aèria, i un augment de la pressió arterial. L’AF va millorar la funció pulmonar i va atenuar l’augment de la pressió arterial. L’AF en alts nivells de CART també va induïr una inflamació pulmonar i sistèmica y una disminució dels nivells circulants del factor neurotròfic derivat del cervell (FNDC)1. L'exposició a curt termini a CART s'associa amb efectes adversos per a la salut. L’AF té efectes beneficiosos sobre la salut, encara quan es realitza en alts nivells de CART. El significat clínic de les disminucions en el FNDC com a resposta a l’AF intermitent en l'entorn experimental i l’AF més habitual de la vida quotidiana segueix essent poc clara. Aquest estudi també suggereix que els efectes sobre la salut de la CART i l’AF són predominantment independents dels nivells alts de CART. 1 també conegut com “BDNF”, de l'anglès “Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor”.

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24

Knospe, Wolfgang. "Synchronized traffic: microscopic modeling and empirical observations Synchronisierter Verkehr: mikroskopische Modellierung und empirische Beobachtungen." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2002. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-08212002-212839/.

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A detailed analysis of single-vehicle data is presented that sheds some light on the microscopic interaction of the vehicles in the various traffic states. Based on these results an improved cellular automaton model for traffic flow incorporating anticipation effects, reduced acceleration capabilities and an enhanced interaction horizon for braking is proposed. The model is able to reproduce the three phases (free flow, synchronized traffic, and wide jams) observed in real traffic. Furthermore a good agreement with detailed empirical single-vehicle data in all phases can be found. It turns out, that the incorporation of the human desire for smooth and comfortable driving into the driving strategy of vehicles leads to a model that exhibits synchronized traffic. Anticipation effects are responsible for a stabilization of the traffic phases and the empirically observed coexistence of wide moving jams with both free flow and synchronized traffic can be reproduced. It is shown that the single-lane dynamics can be extended to the two-lane case without changing the basic (realistic) properties of the model. Therefore it is possible to reproduce special two-lane phenomena, like the synchronization of the lanes, the lane usage inversion and the density-dependence of the number of lane changes, without adapting the parameters of the model. Finally, a statistical analysis of traffic data that is provided by an area-wide coverage of the highway network of North Rhine-Westfalia with inductive loops is given. The identification and characterization of the bottlenecks of the network reveal that the bottlenecks are not of topological nature but are constituted by onramps. This underscores the applicability of ramp metering systems.

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25

Berges, Paul Martin. "Exploring the Vulnerabilities of Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS) Through Software Defined Radio (SDR) Exploitation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90165.

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Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS) are safety-critical systems that are deployed on most commercial aircraft in service today. However, TCAS transactions were not designed to account for malicious actors. While in the past it may have been infeasible for an attacker to craft arbitrary radio signals, attackers today have access to open-source digital signal processing software like GNU Radio and inexpensive Software Define Radios (SDR). Therefore, this thesis presents motivation through analytical and experimental means for more investigation into TCAS from a security perspective. Methods for analyzing TCAS both qualitatively and quantitatively from an adversarial perspective are presented, and an experimental attack is developed in GNU Radio to perform an attack in a well-defined threat model.
Master of Science
Since 1993, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires that many commercial turbine-powered aircraft to be outfitted with an on-board mid-air collision mitigation system. This system is known as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) in the United States, and it is known as the Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) in other parts of the world. TCAS/ACAS is a type of safety-critical system, which means that implementations need to be highly tolerant to system failures because their operation directly affects the safety of the on-board passengers and crew. However, while safety-critical systems are tolerant to failures, the designers of these systems only account for failures that occur in a cooperative environment; these engineers fail to account for “bad actors” who want to attack the weaknesses of these systems, or they assume that attacking such a system is infeasible. Therefore, to demonstrate how safety-critical systems like TCAS/ACAS are vulnerable to such bad actors, this thesis presents a method for manipulating the TCAS/ACAS in the favor of a bad actor. To start, a method for qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing the system’s vulnerabilities is presented. Then, using Software Defined Radio (SDR), which is a free and open-source effort to combine the flexibility of software with the power of wireless communication, this thesis shows how an actor can craft wireless signals such that they appear to look like an aircraft on a collision course with a target.

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26

Chrobok, Roland. "Theory and Application of Advanced Traffic Forecast Methods / Neue Methoden der Verkehrsprognose: Theorie und Praxis." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976119935.

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27

Raguin, Adélaïde. "Trafic régulé par les jonctions : un modèle stochastique motivé par le transport cytosquelettique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20190/document.

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Анотація:

La modélisation du transport cytosquelettique contribue d'une part à la compréhension de phénomènes biologiques complexes associés à des fonctionnalités cellulaires vitales.D'autre part, cette approche adresse de nouvelles réflexions en physique fondamentale du transport dirigé d'un gaz de particules, en interactions de volume exclu, et hors équilibre thermodynamique.L'étude proposée est basée sur le modèle Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP), traité en champ moyen, et dont les résultats sont comparés à des simulations de type Monte Carlo.En considérant que le transport sur l'ensemble du réseau cytosquelettique peut être régulé aux jonctions, on se focalise sur des motifs architecturaux simples, autour d'une jonction, à laquelle on s'intéresse à la régulation du transport par des effets cinétiques et topologiques.Ainsi, on construit une méthodologie de calcul analytique et numérique, motivée par des configurations de transport observées expérimentalement.L'analyse des caractéristiques cinétiques et topologiques aux croisements des filaments du cytosquelette, pour des situations de transport pourtant très différentes, conduit à formuler les mêmes modèles génériques.Notre travail apporte également un éclairage sur l'effet des moyennes sur les protofilaments au croisement de deux microtubules, qui est inhérent aux limites de résolution de l'imagerie expérimentale actuelle.La double approche, analytique et numérique, sur des modèles génériques ouvre de nombreuses perspectives, nous disposons notamment de tous les outils pour aborder le transport à un croisement plus réaliste de deux microtubules, en prenant en compte la connectivité à la jonction des treize protofilaments typiques, et la cinétique particulière des protéines motrices sur chacun d'eux
Cytoskeletal transport modeling contributes to the understanding of complex biological phenomena that are associated to vital cell functions.In addition, this approach addresses new questions in fundamental physics related to the transport of a gas of particles, interacting by excluded volume, and out of equilibrium transport.The study is based on the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP) model, treated in a mean field approach, and the results are compared to Monte Carlo simulations.Considering that the transport on the whole network can be regulated at junctions, we focus on simple patterns with one junction, and we investigate the regulation of transport due to the local kinetics and topology.We build up an analytical and numerical methodology of calculation motivated by experimentally observed structures.The analysis of kinetic and topological characteristics at the crossings of filaments, even in very distinct situations, can lead to the same generic models.Our work also provides insights into the effects of averaging on protofilaments at crossing microtubules, as it is inherent to current imaging experiments.The double approach, analytical and numerical, on generic models, opens many prospects.Notably, we have at our disposal the tools to investigate transport through a more realistic crossing of two typical microtubules with thirteen protofilaments each, and to deal with the particular kinetics of motor proteins on these filaments

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28

Clayton, Crishantha Jerome. "Effect of physical traffic & T-junction layout on radio signal characteristics & network performance at 5.9 GHz." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38040.

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IEEE 802.11p, which operates at 5.9 GHz, has been the widely adopted communications standard for vehicular communications and this has prompted studies at different physical locations on the network performance, pathloss, Doppler and delay spreads in the 5.9 GHz radio channel. This thesis presents novel measurements of network performance, signal strength and Doppler spread under NLOS conditions at three T-junctions with different street widths and building layouts. The study found that there was less received power and poorer network performance in intersections with single/dual lanes and fewer buildings on either side of the roads – the maximum range for reliable operation (>90%) of the network is reduced to approximately 10 m from the intersection centre. Higher signal strength in the presence of buildings is consistent with multipath propagation contributing positively towards the signal strength as shown by a site specific ray tracing model developed as part of this project. Signal strength measurements were compared with predictions from the model virtualsource11p and a median error less than 5 dB was found for measurements in urban environments and closer to the intersection centre. The median error was greater than 10 dB and increased with the distance from the intersection centre in junctions with wider roads and fewer buildings either side of the road. The relationship between a vehicle’s size and the Doppler spread it causes is another unique observation of this study and has been investigated by developing a simple model. Doppler spreads become larger as the reflecting vehicle moves closer to the transmitter and receiver and when the size of this vehicle is larger. A directional antenna was used to determine the azimuth of arrival of the strongest multipath components with the observations demonstrating the importance of including transient features in maps when ray tracing.

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29

Hulterström, Kristina. "Witches, Warlocks and Traffic Encounters : Designing the interaction for an ad hoc gaming experience." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2059.

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This thesis explores the problems and possibilities concerning the interaction between players physically located in different cars during temporary meetings in a gaming situation. The thesis is part of a study set out to investigate how traffic encounters can be used as a resource in a mobile, multiplayer game intended as entertainment for children travelling in the backseat of cars. The multiplayer capabilities are realised by using wireless networks in ad hoc peer- to-peer mode, GPS positioning and a digital compass.

Designing the interaction for an ad hoc, mobile multiplayer experience introduces several design challenges, such as how to adapt to the temporality of traffic encounters and how to establish a connection between the digital game and the physical context. The nature of traffic encounters inspired us to take a newapproach to the interaction. The interaction is accomplished using a device, which enables direct interaction between players physically located in different cars. A prototype game was constructed within the frames of the project, which this thesis was part of, to test the functionality of the game concept. The prototype has been tested in its real setting, i.e. inside a car. The study and the work on this thesis was initialised and supervised by Liselott Brunnberg and the work was carried out at the Mobility Studio at the Interactive Institute in Stockholm during late spring and summer 2003.

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30

Graziano, Timothy Michael. "Establishment of a Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) Test Bed to Explore Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Vulnerabilities to Cyber Attacks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104624.

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Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS) are safety-critical, unauthenticated, ranging systems required in commercial aircraft. Previous work has proposed TCAS vulnerabilities to attacks from malicious actors with low cost software defined radios (SDR) and inexpensive open-source software (GNU radio) where spoofing TCAS radio signals in now possible. This paper outlines a proposed threat model for several TCAS vulnerabilities from an adversarial perspective. Periodic and aperiodic attack models are explored as possible low latency solutions to spoof TCAS range estimation. A TCAS test bed is established with commercial avionics to demonstrate the efficacy of proposed vulnerabilities. SDRs and Vector Waveform Generators (VWGs) are used to achieve desired latency. Sensor inputs to the TCAS system are spoofed with micro-controllers. These include Radar Altimeter, Barometric Altimeter, and Air Data Computer (ADC) heading and attitude information transmitted by Aeronautical Radio INC (ARINC) 429 encoding protocol. TCAS spoofing is attempted against the test bed and analysis conducted on the timing results and test bed performance indicators. The threat model is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.
Master of Science
Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS), or Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems ACAS), are safety-critical systems required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in commercial aircraft. They work by sending queries to surrounding aircraft in the form of radio transmission. Aircraft in the who receive these transmissions send replies. Information in these replies allow the TCAS system to determine if a nearby aircraft may travel too close to itself. TCAS can then determine help both pilots avoid a mid-air collision. Information in the messages can be faked by a malicious actor. To explore these vulnerabilities a test bed is built with commercial grade TCAS equipment. Several types of attacks are evaluated.

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31

Champagne, Nicolas. "Dynamique de trafic dans les réseaux microfluidiques modèles : Embouteillages, chocs et avalanches." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00631338.

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Filtration, récupération assistée du pétrole, flux sanguin... La compréhension des écoulements dans ces exemples repose sur la connaissance du transport de particules en milieu confiné. Plus généralement, dans ces situations se pose la question de l'influence des intéractions entre particules sur le comportement général de l'écoulement. Pour répondre à cela, une approche expérimentale originale est proposée, basée sur la création de nouveaux outils microfluidiques. Dans une première partie, nous étudions la dynamique du trafic de gouttes (suspension diluée) dans des réseaux d'obstacles microfluidiques. La présence des interactions hydrodynamiques entre particules rend cet écoulement non linéaire et il peut alors être parfaitement décrit par une équation dynamique de Burgers, rationalisant ainsi la présence des chocs de densité observés expérimentalement. Nous avons aussi fait ressortir de notre étude des paramètres généraux qui, non seulement sont utiles en microfluidique, mais s'avèrent pertinents à l'étude des différents domaines de trafic (voiture, piétons, ...). Ce travail est poursuivi par l'étude du transport d'une suspension concentrée 2D. Cet écoulement, gouverné par une dynamique intermittente, a été compris à travers une approche numérique, rendant compte de la phénoménologie d'avalanche constatée. Ce code s'avère ainsi efficace quant à l'interprétation de l'écoulement de particules dans des réseaux de tubes, modèle simple des milieux poreux.

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Chamen, W. C. T. "The effects of low and controlled traffic systems on soil physical properties, yields and the profitability of cereal crops on a range of soil types." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7009.

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Soil compaction is an inevitable consequence of mechanised farming systems whose machines are degrading soils to the extent that some are considered uneconomic to repair. A number of mitigating actions have been proposed but their ability to reduce or avoid damage has not been well tested. The aim of this research was to determine whether actions to reduce damage have been, or are likely to be effective and to assess whether the practice of controlled traffic farming (confining all field vehicles to the least possible area of permanent traffic lanes) has the potential to be a practical and cost effective means of avoidance. The literature confirmed that soil compaction from field vehicles had negative consequences for practically every aspect of crop production. It increases the energy needed to establish crops, compromises seedbed quality and crop yield, and leads to accelerated water run-off, erosion and soil loss. It is also implicated in enhanced emissions of nitrous oxide and reduced water and nutrient use efficiency. Replicated field trials showed that compaction is created by a combination of loading and contact pressure. Trafficking increased soil penetration resistance by 47% and bulk density by 15% while reducing wheat yield by up to 16%, soil porosity by 10% and infiltration by a factor of four. Low ground pressure systems were a reasonable means of compaction mitigation but were constrained due to their negative impact on topsoils and gradual degradation of subsoils whose repair by deep soil loosening is expensive and short lived. Controlled traffic farming (CTF) was found to be practical and had fundamental advantages in maintaining all aspects of good soil structure with lowered inputs of energy and time. On a farm in central England, machinery investment with CTF fell by over 20% and farm gross margin increased in the range 8-17%.

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33

Doumbia, El Hadji Thierno. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution atmosphérique en Afrique de l'Ouest et étude d'impact sur la santé." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1915/.

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Ma thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du programme POLCA (Pollution des Capitales Africaines). Elle a pour principal objectif de caractériser la pollution particulaire sur des sites " trafic " de deux capitales africaines Dakar (Sénégal) et Bamako (Mali) et d'étudier son impact toxicologique sur l'appareil respiratoire. La pollution particulaire urbaine, bien supérieure aux normes imposées par l'organisation mondiale de la santé, est mise en exergue en lien avec un trafic automobile anarchique et d'intenses combustions domestiques. Dans ce contexte, les questionnements scientifiques suivants ont pu être abordés : - Quelle est la spéciation chimique par classes de tailles des aérosols de combustion (carbone suie, carbone organique, inorganiques, métaux traces. . . ) pour les sites " trafic " de Dakar et Bamako ? - Quelles sont les sources prédominantes agissant sur la composition chimique en aérosols ? Quelle est la toxicité de ces aérosols et le niveau de stress oxydant ? - Quels sont les liens entre composition des aérosols différenciés en tailles et marqueurs d'inflammation pour chaque type de source ? - Quels sont les liens entre expositions aux aérosols et doses dans l'appareil respiratoire ? - Pour traiter ces questions, je me suis attaché à l'étude des résultats des campagnes intensives de 2009 à Dakar et à Bamako auxquelles j'ai participé, principalement à l'analyse chimique complète des aérosols par classes de tailles, à la caractérisation physico-chimique complète de l'aérosol pour chaque site mais également à la détermination de ses différentes sources par des modèles multivariés (ACP et PMF). Ces études ont été associées à des mesures toxicologiques in vitro effectuées sur les aérosols prélevés sur ces mêmes sites. Ce croisement mesures physcico-chimique/mesure santé a permis d'approfondir les liens sources d'émissions/chimie de l'aérosol/granulométrie et impacts biologiques associés. Enfin, en parallèle aux mesures expérimentales développées dans POLCA, la thèse a permis la mise en œuvre du modèle DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) afin de convertir spéciation de l'aérosol par classe de taille ou EXPOSITIONS en concentrations d'espèces par classe de taille ou DOSES dans les divers compartiments de l'appareil respiratoire (trachée, bronches, bronchioles, alvéoles). C'est la conjonction des trois thèmes, caractérisation de la pollution urbaine particulaire en Afrique de l'Ouest et ses sources, son impact toxicologique et la modélisation des doses dans l'appareil respiratoire, qui constitue le caractère pluridisciplinaire innovant de la thèse
This thesis was a contribution to the CORUS-POLCA (French acronym for " POLlution des Capitales Africaines ") program with the aim to characterize particulate pollution on traffic sites of two West-African capitals (Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal) and to study aerosol biological impacts on lung inflammation. Urban particulate pollution with levels much higher than WHO norms, are in the focus due to intense African traffic sources and domestic fires. In this context, fundamental research of this thesis is centred on the following key scientific questions: - What is the chemical speciation of aerosols by size classes for black carbon, organic carbon, inorganic species, and trace elements for the two sites of POLCA program ? - What is the toxicity of these combustion aerosols and the oxidative stress levels ? - What is the link between aerosol size differentiated composition and inflammation markers for each source ? - What is the link between aerosol exposure and aerosol dose within the respiratory tract ? To tackle these questions, samples obtained during the intensive campaigns in Bamako (January 2009) and Dakar (December 2009) have been chemically analyzed to obtain differentiated aerosol chemical composition within size classes. All these measurements are conducted to a well physico-chemical characterization of particles in addition to source contributing determination using multivariate models (PCA, PMF). This study has been coupled to in vitro biological studies on sampled aerosols on the two sites. Such coupled studies allow to further understand the complex relationship between emissions source/aerosols chemistry/size distributions and biological health impacts. Finally, in this study, the DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) model was developed to evaluate chemically/size exposures to aerosol particle size distributions and calculate their respective concentrations/doses in the different compartments (trachea, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar) of the human respiratory tract. The conjunction of three themes, namely characterization of the urban particulate pollution in West Africa and its sources, its toxicological impact and dose modeling in the respiratory tract results in the multidisciplinary innovative character of the thesis

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34

Attig, Stefan. "The Organic Pattern of Space: : A Space Syntax Analysis of Natural Streets and Street Segments for Measuring Crime and Traffic Accidents." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264938.

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The natural streets model is a research prototype that has been shown to perform better than the conventional GIS-based streets segments for explaining traffic flow and human movement. However, given its experimental status, a gap in the literature was identified. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to contribute to the literature by investigating the wider applications of natural streets and observe whether a city’s spatial configuration (or structure) is related to outcomes of human behaviour and activity. In this case, the two previously unstudied outcomes were chosen: crime and traffic accidents. Taking an exploratory approach, Stockholm was chosen as the case study. Using the space syntax methodology, the street segments and natural streets connectivity was used to analyse whether accessibility or ‘potential through movement’ is associated with crime and traffic accidents. Two study areas were generated: a primary study area consisting of six nested zones and a secondary study area with hot spots and cold spots for events of crime and traffic accidents. To observe the statistical association between connectivity and events of crime and traffic accidents for natural streets and street segments, a classical regression model was used. The regression analysis showed that natural streets perform significantly better than street segments as they are better able to explain events of crime and traffic accidents. However, more so for traffic accidents. Most importantly, the topological structure or scaling characteristics of natural streets served as a better indicator for measuring human phenomena. The implication of this is that it could potentially be used to further the understanding of human activities in the context of the urban environment.

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35

Callmyr, Petra, and Camilla Persson. "Utformning av riktlinjer för trafiksäkerhet i mindre stadscentrum : fallstudier i Bollnäs och Sandviken." Thesis, University of Gävle, Ämnesavdelningen för samhällsbyggnad, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5985.

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Several cities have implemented various projects to improve traffic safety in city centers.During 1970s and 1980s the city centers changed as the suburbs grew and large shopping centers were located outside the center. At the same time, several projects were initiated with construction of pedestrian streets and restriction of traffic in the center. In year 1994,shared-used areas were introduced in Sweden and these areas are often used in center environments.

In Sweden, municipalities are responsible for integrating security in public places and in comprehensive plans and detailed development plans. The National Board of Housing,Building and Planning is the authority for administrating planning issues and develop general guidance about planning. Traffic is one of their key issues, although today there are no concrete guidelines from the National Board of Housing, Building and Planningfor the design of traffic safety in city centers.

Traffic safety in city centers affects many people because the city center is a public place.It is therefore important that there are current guidelines available that are helpful for changes and improvements in traffic safety in the city center.

The purpose of this report is to formulate guidelines for planning city centers from a traffic safety perspective. The aim is that the guidelines can be applied in the design of smaller city centers for improving traffic safety. For this report two case studies were implemented that included inventories and observations of Bollnäs and Sandviken city centers. The results showed that many of the streets did not function well and that there was a lack of design in the city centre center from a traffic safety perspective, for example pedestrian crossings and car parks.

Inventories and observations are good methods to see how the traffic environment in the city center varies in use and function. The observations and inventories resulted in guidelines with recommendations for the design of streets and traffic in small city centers.

Flera städer har genomfört olika projekt för att öka trafiksäkerheten i stadscentrumen.Under 1970-talet och 1980-talet förändrades stadscentrum i takt med att förorter växte fram och externa köpcentrum etablerades utanför centrum. Samtidigt påbörjades flera projekt med att anlägga gågator och begränsa biltrafiken i centrum. År 1994 infördes gårdsgator i Sverige och dessa används ofta i centrummiljöer.

I Sverige är det kommunerna som ansvarar för att säkerhet integreras planering av offentliga platser. Boverket är den myndighet som förvaltar frågor och tar fram allmänna råd angående planering. Trafik är en av deras viktigaste planeringsfrågor men idag finns inga konkreta råd från Boverket för utformning av trafiksäkra centrum.

Trafiksäkerhet i stadscentrum påverkar många människor eftersom att centrum är enoffentlig plats. Därför är det viktigt att det finns aktuella riktlinjer som är till hjälp vid förändringar och förbättringar i trafiksäkerheten i centrum.

Rapportens syfte var att utforma riktlinjer för planering av mindre stadscentrum ur ett trafiksäkerhetsperspektiv. För att kunna upprätta riktlinjer genomfördes två fallstudier.Dessa innefattade inventering och observation av Bollnäs och Sandvikens centrum.Bollnäs och Sandvikens centrum hade liknande funktioner av gatorna. Centrumens kärna fungerade till stor del som transportsträckor men även som promenadgator. Resultaten visade att många av gatornas tänka funktioner inte fungerade och att det fanns bristandeutformning av olika målpunkter, exempelvis övergångsställen och bilparkeringar.

Inventeringar och observationer är bra metoder för att se hur trafikmiljön i centrumfungerar eftersom användning och funktion av olika målpunkter varierar.Observationerna och inventeringen resulterade i riktlinjer med rekommendationer för utformning av gator och trafikmiljö i mindre stadscentrum.

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Rojas, Rueda David 1979. "Transportation, Air Pollution And Physical ActivitieS ; an integrated health risk assessment programme of climate change and urban policies (TAPAS)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127112.

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Introduction Interventions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change can involve co-benefits of health, with special active transportation policies (including walking, cycling and travelling by public transport) having the potential to provide both co-benefits to environmental and public health. Methods A health impact assessment approach has been performed using a quantitative model for estimating the health impacts of different active transportation policies in urban areas. Result We have quantified the impacts of two risk factors, air pollution and traffic accidents, as well as the protective effect of physical activity. In total, the benefits of physical activity exceed the risks associated with active transport policies. Conclusions Active transportation policies can produce substantial benefits for public health, which are mainly associated with increased levels of physical activity.
Introducción Las intervenciones para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y cambio climático, pueden conllevar co-beneficios para la salud. En especial las políticas de transporte activo (caminar, viajar en bicicletas o en transporte público) pueden tener la capacidad de proveer beneficios para el medioambiente y la salud. Métodos Mediante el abordaje de la evaluación de impactos en salud se ha utilizado una modelo cuantitativo par estimar los impactos en salud de diferentes intervenciones o políticas de transporte activo, en áreas urbanas. Resultado Se cuantificaron los impactos de dos factores de riesgo, la contaminación del aire y los accidentes de tráfico. Se cuantifico además el efecto protector de la actividad física. En conjunto los beneficios de la actividad física superaron a los riesgos asociados con las políticas de transporte activo. Conclusiones Las políticas de transporte activo pueden producir grandes beneficios para la salud de la población. Estos beneficios están asociados principalmente con el incremento en los niveles de la actividad física.
Introducció Les intervencions per reduir les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle i canvi climàtic, poden implicar beneficis per a la salut. Especialment les polítiques de transport actiu (caminar, viatjar en bicicletes o en transport públic) poden tenir la capacitat de proveir beneficis per al medi ambient i la salut. Mètodes Mitjançant l'abordatge de l'avaluació d'impactes en salut s'ha utilitzat una model quantitatiu per estimar els impactes en salut de diferents intervencions o polítiques de transport actiu en àrees urbanes. Resultat Es van quantificar els impactes de dos factors de risc, la contaminació de l'aire i els accidents de trànsit. Es va quantificar a més l'efecte protector de l'activitat física. En conjunt els beneficis de l'activitat física superar els riscos associats amb les polítiques de transport actiu. Conclusions Les polítiques de transport actiu poden produir grans beneficis per a la salut de la població. Aquests beneficis estan associats principalment amb l’incremento en els nivells de l'activitat física.

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Lian, Elisabeth. "Hur används bibliotek? : En undersökning om hur det fysiska rummet används i Strängnäs folkbibliotek." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-71525.

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In our digitalized world, there are ongoing discussions about the public library as a physical place and if it still has a role in our society. Even though many public libraries in Sweden and other western countries are being closed because of political and economic cuts, people still visit the public library. This gives an indication that the library is important not only as a place to borrow books, but as a physical place. This study will try to find answers to how the library space is being used by the visitors by examining when people come to the library, what people do in the library and who these people are. To find answers to these questions, empirical data based upon observations of the library space has been collected. The method of observation used was the TTTmethod (Track the Traffic) developed by the Norwegian scientist Tord Høivik. The TTT-method is a simple method to observe how the different spaces of the library are being used by walking through all the spaces in the library whilst observing what activities are being done. This is repeated at certain times during the library’s opening hours and over a certain period. In this study, the observations were done in three different time-intervals during the day (morning, daytime and evening), over a twoweek period and resulted in 779 registered observations. These data will be analysed in relation to the four space-model developed by the Danish scientist Dorte Skot-Hansen. The model specifies four overall goals of the public library which are experience, involvement, empowerment and innovation and the different possibilities, described in the model as spaces, that the library can offer to fulfil these goals. These four spaces are inspiration, learning, meeting and performative space. In this study, the space that is mostly used, is knowledge, but in the daytime and the evening, the meeting space is also often used. The activities registered are mostly done by adult people. Children and young people are not often observed in the library-space, which gives an indication that this group, which is a priority in the Swedish library act, is not being attended to as it should be according to this. It is also a quite interesting result that activities done by young people often are activities done in a group of people.

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38

Buisson, Jocelyn. "Un modèle d'environnement pour la simulation multi-agents des déplacements en milieu urbain." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BELF0252/document.

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La simulation constitue une approche majeure pour la conception, le développement, l’analyse et l’évolution des systèmes urbains. Dans le contexte de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation et à la simulation des déplacements de flux (piéton, véhicule, cycle) au sein d’environnements urbains. Le contexte industriel dans lequel s’inscrit également cette thèse impose de considérer les déplacements de chaque entité dans un univers modélisé en trois dimensions. Nous proposons d’aborder les nombreux défis scientifiques et technologiques en modélisant les flux sous la forme d’entités autonomes appelées agents. La simulation orientée-agent nécessite de définir trois mécanismes principaux : le comportement des agents, leurs interactions avec les autres agents et leurs interactions avec l’environnement dans lequel ils évoluent. Ce dernier modélise la structure du monde ainsi que sa dynamique endogène. Malheureusement, il reste difficile de trouver des modèles d’environnement répondant aux différentes problématiques scientifiques et technologiques abordées dans cette thèse. Par conséquent, nous proposons un modèle d'environnement, nommé HEDGE (HEterogenous Dual Graph Environment). Il est basé sur une décomposition de l’environnement en zones reliées par des liens de navigation et de perception. Cette structure de graphe est au centre de notre modèle. Elle a été conçue pour permettre une modélisation naturelle de l’environnement et une simulation efficace du système constitué par cet environnement et les agents. Les missions et les processus dynamiques de l’environnement sont modélisés à l’aide de mécanismes inspirés des lois de la Physique. Les actions fournies par les agents et par les algorithmes calculant la dynamique endogène de l’environnement sont des forces à appliquer aux objets du monde. Un modèle de détection et de résolution de conflits entre ces forces est utilisé afin de garantir un état cohérent du modèle de l’environnement. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous illustrons l’utilisation du modèle HEDGE dans le cadre de deux projets d’aménagement de la ville de Belfort et de sa communauté d’agglomérations Le produit de l’application de ce modèle est utilisé à des fins d’études techniques (études préliminaires, avant-projet), de communication (concertations et débats publics) et de promotion (expositions, valorisation) sous la forme de logiciels interactifs en 3D
Simulation constitutes a major approach for the conception, development, analysis and evolution of urban systems. This thesis focusses on the modeling and simulation of movements (pedestrian, vehicle, cycle) within urban environments. The industrial context associated with this thesis requires to consider the movements of each entity in a three dimensional universe. In this thesis, we propose to address the scientific and technological challenges by using autonomous entities, called agents, to model the individuals. In agent-based simulation three elements must be defined: the agent behaviors, their interactions with other agents, and with the environment. The environment models the structure of the world and its endogenous dynamics. Unfortunately, it is still difficult to find an environment model that answers all the different scientific and technological problems addressed in this thesis. Consequently, an environment model named HEterogenous Dual Graph Environment (or HEDGE) is proposed. The HEDGE model is based on a decomposition of the environment using zones that are linked with navigation and perception links. This graph structure is at the center of our model. It is designed to “naturally” model the environment, and it allows an efficient simulation of the system composed of the environment and the agents. The environment’s missions and dynamic processes are modeled using mechanisms, which are inspired by the laws of Physics. The actions provided by the agents and the endogenous dynamics algorithms correspond to physical forces to apply to objects in the world. A model of conflict detection and resolution between those forces is used to ensure the coherence of the environment model state. In the last part of this thesis, the HEDGE model is used in the context of two urban planning projects in the city of Belfort, and its metropolitan area. The product of this model’s application is used in the context of technical studies (preliminary studies, pre-project), communication (consultation and public debates) and promotion (exposition, valorization) in the form of interactive 3D software

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Gottumukkala, Venkata Praneeth Varma. "Providing Location Privacy to Base Station in Wireless Sensor Networks." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353100851.

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Bastos, Katia Aparecida Bueno Santos. ""Análise da ocorrência e classificação penal das lesões maxilofaciais do Instituto Médico Legal do Município de Taubaté"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-27092005-144021/.

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Nesta pesquisa, foi realizado o levantamento da ocorrência de traumatismos faciais e dentários. A autora utilizou na sua amostra 1.374 laudos de vítimas de traumatismos faciais presentes nos arquivos do Instituto Médico Legal do Município de Taubaté. A maioria das vítimas de traumatismos faciais (61,4%) da amostra é do sexo masculino, na faixa etária dos 20 aos 29 anos de idade e o agente etiológico mais freqüente foi a violência interpessoal. Dos traumatismos faciais, 93,1% das vítimas tiveram lesões de tecido mole, 2,5% apenas lesões de tecido duro e 4,4% apresentaram lesões associadas de tecido mole e duro. No que tange aos tecidos duros, verificou-se que 54,3% das vítimas sofreram somente fraturas ósseas, 31,4% tiveram lesões dentárias e 5,2% traumatismos ósteo-dentários. Os traumatismos dentários ocorreram com maior freqüência no sexo masculino (54,8%) e idade entre 20 a 29 anos e predominou como agente etiológico a violência interpessoal. A maioria das vítimas (61,3%) de traumatismos dentários teve o envolvimento de um único dente. A avaliação do dano, presente nos laudos, classificou a maioria dos traumas dentários como sendo de natureza grave (45,2%). Verificou-se também que, após a vigência da lei de obrigatoriedade do uso do cinto de segurança, houve uma redução de 5,9% nas vítimas de acidentes de trânsito com traumas faciais
This is a study of the occurrences of facial and dental traumas. Its sample was composed by 1.374 awards of facial traumas victims from the files of the Legal Medical Institute of Taubaté. On the sample, the majority of the victims with facial traumas are of the male gender (61,4%), at the age group of 20 to 29 years old, injured as a result of interpersonal violence main etiological agent. Among facial traumas, 93,1% of the victims had soft tissue injuries, 2,5% had hard tissue injuries and 4,4% had both injuries. Concerning hard tissues, among the victims, 54,3% suffered only bone fractures, 31,4% suffered only dental injuries and 5,2% had both of them. The dental traumas occurred more frequently among the male gender (54,8%), aged between 20 and 29, and predominantly as consequence of interpersonal violence. The majority of the victims (61,3%) with dental traumas damaged only one tooth. According to the loss evaluation, from the awards, most of the dental traumas were of grave nature (45,2%). Another finding from the study was that after security belt became obligatory there has been a decrease of 5,9% of the victims from traffic accidents with facial traumas

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Oris, William Nathan. "Spatial Analysis of Fatal Automobile Crashes in Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1119.

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Fatal automobile crashes have claimed the lives of over 33,000 people each year in the United States since 1995. As in any point event, fatal crash events do not occur randomly in time or space. The objectives of this study were to identify spatial patterns and hot spots in FARS (Fatal Analysis Reporting System) fatal crash events based on temporal and demographic characteristics. The methods employed included 1) rate calculation using FARS points and average daily traffic flow; 2) planar kernel density estimation of FARS crash events based on temporal and demographic attributes within the data; and 3) two case studies using network kernel density estimation along roadways to determine hot spots fatal crashes in Jefferson County and Warren County. Rate calculation analyses revealed that travel on roads with high speed limits and winding topography led to the highest number of crashes and highest rate of fatal crashesper 1,000 daily vehicles. Planar kernel density estimation results showed temporalpatterns, revealing that ‘hot spots’ and fatalities were highest in the summer, and typically occurred from 2pm-6pm on the weekends. Further, the 16 to 25 year age group was responsible for the most significant ‘hot spots’ and the most fatal accidents. Also showing that the most significant hot spots involving alcohol occurring in close proximity to meeting places such as bars and restaurants. Finally, results from the network kernel density estimation revealed that most hot spots were in high traffic areas of where majorr oads converged with secondary roads.

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Klein, Achim. "Annoyance indicators for various urban road vehicle pass-by noises and urban road traffic noise combined with tramway noise." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENTP0002/document.

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La pollution sonore est un problème majeur pour les résidents des zones urbaines. La directive Européenne 2002/49/CE impose aux états membres l’établissement de cartes de bruit. Ces dernières sont construites sur la base de l’indice énergétique Lden, également utilisé dans les relations dose-effet établies pour prédire la gêne. Toutefois, pour l’évaluation de la gêne due au bruit dans les zones urbaines, la pertinence de cet indice est souvent remise en question. En effet, de nombreuses études ont montré que les caractéristiques temporelles et spectrales des bruits environnementaux influencent aussi les réponses de gêne et ne sont pas prises en compte dans cet indice. Cette thèse vise à contribuer à l’amélioration de la caractérisation de la gêne due au bruit des véhicules routiers en ville. Elle est basée sur des expériences réalisées en laboratoire. Elle comprend deux parties principales. La première partie a comme objectif de progresser sur la caractérisation physique et perceptive du bruit des passages de divers véhicules routiers en milieu urbain tels que les bus, les deux-roues motorisés, les poids lourds et les véhicules légers. Une attention particulière a été portée sur la caractérisation de la gêne due aux deuxroues motorisés qui sont cités parmi les véhicules routiers les plus gênants et sont peu étudiés dans la littérature. Dans cette perspective, un indicateur acoustique caractéristique de la gêne due au bruit routier urbain a été déterminé : il rend compte de différents attributs auditifs gênants en associant la sonie, un indice spectral et deux indices de modulation proposés dans le cadre de ces travaux. Dans les zones urbaines, les riverains sont souvent exposés à la circulation routière en présence d’autres sources de bruit de l’environnement. L’objectif principal de la deuxième partie est la prédiction de la gêne totale due au bruit du trafic routier urbain combiné avec le bruit de tramway. Dans le but de caractériser la gêne totale, les phénomènes perceptifs liés à la combinaison de ces bruits sont tout d’abord étudiés. Ensuite, l’indicateur proposé précédemment pour caractériser la gêne due au bruit des passages de différents véhicules routiers est testé lorsque différents trafics routiers urbains sont considérés. Sur la base de ces résultats, des modèles permettant de caractériser la gêne due au bruit de trafic routier urbain combiné au bruit de tramway ont été proposés
Noise pollution is a major concern for residents of urban areas. To date, the European directive 2002/49/CE requires member states to represent community noise through noise maps. These are produced using the Lden (day-evening-night level) index which is also employed for dose-effect relationships in noise annoyance prediction. However, for the assessment of noise annoyance in urban areas, its relevance is often questioned. Numerous studies have shown that noise annoyance due to community noise is not solely based on the sound pressure level and other acoustical signal characteristics such as temporal and spectral features influence noise annoyance ratings. This thesis aims to improve the assessment of noise annoyance due to various road vehicle noises in cities. It is based on experiments carried out in laboratory conditions and comprises two main parts. The first addresses the enhancement of the physical and perceptual characterization of annoyance due to various urban road vehicle pass-by noises, such as buses, poweredtwo- wheelers, heavy vehicles and light vehicles. A specific focus is put on the characterization of annoyance due to powered-two-wheelers which are among the most annoying road vehicles and studied little in the existing literature. An indicator accounting for annoyance-relevant auditory attributes of urban road vehicle pass-by noises is determined: it comprises loudness, a spectral index and two modulation indices proposed in this work. In urban agglomerations, people are often exposed to road traffic in presence of a variety of other environmental noise sources. The focal point of the second part is on the prediction of total annoyance due to urban road traffic noise combined with tramway noise. In the aim of adequately characterizing total annoyance, first the perceptual phenomena involved in annoyance due to the combination of the sources are studied. Furthermore, the analysis allows for the testing of the proposed noise annoyance indicator for the characterization of urban road traffic noise. To characterize annoyance due to tramway noise, an indicator determined in a recent study is employed. Based on these indicators and the findings regarding perceptual phenomena, models for the prediction of total annoyance due to combined urban road traffic and tramway noise are proposed

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Bollinger, Claire Eastment. "The Use of Environmental Justice Screening Tool and Self-Reported Data to Inform Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes in a Population of Central Ohio Deliveries." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu150325024608655.

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Pruvost, Née Dequidt Caroline. "Etude de la dynamique des adhésions neuronales N-cadhérine et L1 dans la croissance axonale et la synaptogenèse." Phd thesis, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00164823.

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Lors des processus développementaux d'élongation axonale et de synaptogenèse, les protéines d'adhésion telles les cadhérines ou les Ig-CAM jouent des rôles fondamentaux en permettant la formation de contacts entre neurones. Pour étudier la dynamique de ces contacts et leurs rôles dans ces processus, nous avons mis en œuvre des techniques d'imagerie sur des neurones primaires d'hippocampe (clivage thrombine, FRAP, pinces optiques, quantum-dots), ceux-ci étant associés à un système semi-artificiel de microsphères recouvertes de protéines d'adhésion purifiées (N-cadhérine et L1). En utilisant une construction L1 portant une étiquette GFP extracellulaire clivable à la thrombine, j'ai pu précisé l'implication des processus de diffusion membranaire et d'exo- endocytose dans la dynamique des contacts L1-dépendants et obtenir des données quantitatives relatives à l'interaction homophile L1. J'ai également contribué à caractériser la liaison extracellulaire entre N-cadhérine et GluR2, sous-unité des récepteurs AMPA, et l'influence de l'expression de la N-cadhérine sur la mobilité de GluR2. L'interaction entre ces deux protéines pourrait être impliquée dans la formation et/ou la maturation des synapses.

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Girardello, Vitor Cauduro. "Atributos físicos do solo e a produtividade de soja e milho em áreas sob tráfego controlado de máquinas agrícolas." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3616.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Soil compaction has been induced in the no-tillage (NT), mainly due to machinery traffic conditions in soils with high humidity. This traffic is essential for crop management, impossible to put out of the field. Alternatively to try to solve this problem the concept of controlled traffic system (CTF) of machines, which is the containment and permanent separation of local traffic machine of free traffic. In most incipient case of disciplined traffic system of the machines is an initial alternative to full deployment. In this sense an experiment was conducted during two crop years in a commercial area, managed under the NT using techniques of AP in the Não Me Toque city, RS state. The soil is Red Latossol with Cfa climate following Koppen classification. The treatments were: a) No Traffic (ST) b) traffic Spray (TP) c) Traffic Tractor (TT) and d) Maximum Traffic (TM). The assessments were: bunk density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity in the soil layers: 00-0.05; 0.05 0.10; 0,10 0.20 e 0.20 -0.30 m , water infiltration, penetrometer resistence (PR), root systems and yeld in the corn and soybean. In Céu Azul city, PR state, have another experiment was also conducted to study the traffic discipline within the commercial fields,but only soyebean field and with similar treatments to those used in RS. The results obtained in Paraná was observed that treatments with control traffic farming had 8% less yeld. Changes in soil physical properties not change significantly after the traffic. In the two case investigated it was found that the controlled traffic has feasibility in implementation and improvement in soil physical properties and increased yeld of corn and soybeans in southern Brazil.
A compactação do solo tem sido induzida no sistema de plantio direto (SPD), principalmente devido ao tráfego de máquinas em condições de solos com elevada umidade. Este tráfego dentro da lavoura é essencial para o manejo das culturas, impossível de ser extinto de dentro da lavoura. Como alternativa para tentar solucionar este problema surge o conceito do sistema de tráfego controlado de máquinas, que é o confinamento e a separação permanente dos locais de tráfego de máquinas dos locais livre de tráfego. Neste sentido foi conduzido um experimento com duração de dois anos em uma área comercial, manejada sob o SPD utilizando técnicas de AP no município de Não Me Toque, RS. O solo do local é um Latossolo Vermelho com clima subtropical do tipo Cfa úmido segundo a classificação de Koppen. A precipitação média oscila entre 1.500 a 1.700 mm e a temperatura média anual é de 18.7ºC. Os tratamentos investigados foram: a) Sem tráfego (ST); b) Tráfego do pulverizador (TP); c) Tráfego do trator (TT) e d) Tráfego máximo (TM). As principais avaliações foram: densidade do solo (Ds), macroporosidade (Ma), microporosidade (mi), porosidade total (pt), nas camadas 00-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, infiltração de água, resistência a penetração (RP), avaliação do sistema radicular e produtividade da culturas de milho e soja. Na cidade de Céu Azul, PR também foi realizado um experimento visando estudar o disciplinamento do tráfego dentro de uma lavoura comercial, com tratamentos similares aos utilizados no RS, porém com a cultura da soja. Os resultados obtidos no RS demonstraram que o tráfego de máquinas ocasionou o aumento da Ds e da RP, a redução da Ma e infiltração de água no solo, além de causar uma redução de até 24,0 e 42,0% na produtividade da cultura do milho e soja respectivamente. Foi obtida uma relação positiva (r2= 0,70) entre o aumento do número de passadas do trator e a RP. Os resultados obtidos no Paraná foram observados que os tratamentos com o tráfego de máquinas apresentaram 8% a menos na produtividade das culturas, embora as alterações nos atributos físicos do solo não sofreram alterações significativas após o tráfego. De acordo com os dois experimentos investigados, constatou-se que o sistema de tráfego controlado possui viabilidade na sua implementação e proporcionou melhoria nas condições físicas do solo e aumento na produtividade da cultura do milho e da soja no sul do Brasil.

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Chen, Yan. "Spatial Analysis of Fatal Automobile Crashes in Nashville, TN, 2001-2011." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1300.

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With increasing levels of motor vehicle ownership, automobile crashes have become a serious public issue in the U.S. and around the world. Knowing when, where, and how traffic accidents happen is critical in order to ensure road safety and to plan for adequate road infrastructure. There is a rich body of literature pertaining to time-related fatal crashes, most of which focuses on non-spatial factors such as a driver’s visibility at night, drinking and drug use, and road conditions. These studies provide a theoretical basis for understanding the causes of crashes from a non-spatial perspective, and a number of traffic laws and policies consequently have been enacted to minimize the impacts of non-spatial factors. Over the past few years, advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have greatly enhanced our ability to analyze traffic accidents from a spatial perspective. This study aims to fill a void in traffic safety studies by comparing and analyzing the differences in the spatial distribution of fatal crashes based on temporal factors, specifically in three periods: 1) day and night; 2) A.M. rush hours and P.M. rush hours; and 3) weekdays and weekends. With the Nashville Metropolitan Area as the study area, the research utilized a number of spatial point-pattern analysis (SPPA) methods, including planar KDE, planar global auto K function, network global cross K functions, and network local cross K functions. All fatal crashes in the Nashville area were found to be clustered and generally follow the patterns of average daily traffic flow. All time-based subtypes of fatal crashes also were found to be concentrated within the central urban area of Nashville, mostly along major roads, and especially near major road intersections and highway interchanges. No notable spatial differences were detected among the subtypes of fatal crashes when applying network global cross K function. However, with the help of the network local cross K function, some localized spatial differences were identified. Some specific locations of hotspots of nighttime and P.M. rush hour fatal crashes were found not to be at the same locations as those at of daytime and A.M. rush hour fatal crashes, respectively. The approach adopted in this study not only provides a new way to analyze spatial distribution of spatial point events such as fatal crashes, but it also can be applied readily to real-world applications. A good understanding of where these spatial differences are should help various agencies practice effective measures and policies in order to improve road conditions, reduce traffic accidents, and ensure road safety.

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Ivana, Sentić. "Утицај физичко-географских фактора на планирање и пејзажно уређење инфраструктурног коридора - аутопута Београд - Нови Сад". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2019. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=110262&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Истраживање у овом раду усмерено је на саобраћајни инфраструктурни коридор Београд -Нови Сад, Србија. Главни акценат је на изучавању односа пута и природе која је саставни део просторне целине којој аутопут припада. Рад имаза циљ да укаже на важност изучавања физичко-географских фактора приликом изградње саобраћајнице, ради остваривања што безбеднијегсаобраћаја. Посебан осврт је на климатске елементе, као не толико видљиве, али врло угрожавајуће факторе безбедности одвијања саобраћаја. Установљено је да се утицај климатских елемената може врло успешно контролисати вегетацијом, те је и ток истраживања био усмерен ка том правцу. Климатски подаци су преузети из CARPATCLIM базе, након чега се приступило њиховојевалуацији. Добијени резултати су потврђени израдом ЧЕК-ЛИСТИ на терену и графичком обрадом података у GIS софтверском програму.Потом тога је уследило и анкетно истраживање безбедности одвијања саобраћаја на аутопутевима у Србији, посматрано из угла возача. Резултати су обрађени у SPSS софтверском програму. На крају, истраживање је истакло деонице саобраћајногинфраструктурног коридора Београд – Нови Сад, најугроженије утицајима климатских елемената.Истакла се могућност ублажавања утицаја климатских елемената на безбедност одвијања саобраћаја предочавањем адекватног модела пејзажног уређења леве и десне стране коловоза пута.
Istraživanje u ovom radu usmereno je na saobraćajni infrastrukturni koridor Beograd -Novi Sad, Srbija. Glavni akcenat je na izučavanju odnosa puta i prirode koja je sastavni deo prostorne celine kojoj autoput pripada. Rad imaza cilj da ukaže na važnost izučavanja fizičko-geografskih faktora prilikom izgradnje saobraćajnice, radi ostvarivanja što bezbednijegsaobraćaja. Poseban osvrt je na klimatske elemente, kao ne toliko vidljive, ali vrlo ugrožavajuće faktore bezbednosti odvijanja saobraćaja. Ustanovljeno je da se uticaj klimatskih elemenata može vrlo uspešno kontrolisati vegetacijom, te je i tok istraživanja bio usmeren ka tom pravcu. Klimatski podaci su preuzeti iz CARPATCLIM baze, nakon čega se pristupilo njihovojevaluaciji. Dobijeni rezultati su potvrđeni izradom ČEK-LISTI na terenu i grafičkom obradom podataka u GIS softverskom programu.Potom toga je usledilo i anketno istraživanje bezbednosti odvijanja saobraćaja na autoputevima u Srbiji, posmatrano iz ugla vozača. Rezultati su obrađeni u SPSS softverskom programu. Na kraju, istraživanje je istaklo deonice saobraćajnoginfrastrukturnog koridora Beograd – Novi Sad, najugroženije uticajima klimatskih elemenata.Istakla se mogućnost ublažavanja uticaja klimatskih elemenata na bezbednost odvijanja saobraćaja predočavanjem adekvatnog modela pejzažnog uređenja leve i desne strane kolovoza puta.
The research in this paper focuses on the highway corridor Belgrade - Novi Sad, Serbia. The main issue is relationship between the highway and surrounding nature, as an integral part of the spatial entity which the highway belongs to. In order to achieve high level of the traffic safety, the paper emphasizes a high importance of studying the physical-geographical factors in the process of highway construction. Particular attention was directed to, not so visible, but very endangering factors of road safety - climate elements. It was found that the influence of climate elements is strong and it could be successfully controlled by vegetation. Data were taken from CARPATCLIM database and their evaluation was confirmed by obtained field data in CHEK-LISTS and by data evaluation in GIS. This was followed by a survey on the traffic safety of the highways in Serbia,from the driver's aspect of view. Results were processed in the SPSS. Finally, the research emphasized the most endangered sections of the traffic infrastructure corridor Belgrade - Novi Sad,affected by the climate elements. Landscape design of left and right side of the highway has been highlighted as a possibility of mitigating the influence of climate elements.

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48

Maasoglu, Goncagül. "Kan den fysiska miljön underlätta brott? : Lärdomar från en systematisk analys i Bergsjön, Rinkeby och Vivalla." Thesis, KTH, Samhällsplanering och miljö, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232993.

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Det pågår många brottsförebyggande arbeten idag i Sverige och dessa sker oftast genom sociala insatser, men det är allt för få satsningar som avser den fysiska miljön. Den påverkar oss människor mer än vad vi tror. Syftet med denna studie är att göra en systematisk analys av den fysiska miljön i tre särskilt utsatta områden och undersöka hur dessa miljöer kan skapa brottsmöjligheter. Områdena Bergsjön, Rinkeby och Vivalla undersöks i denna rapport, dessa är valda till särskilt utsatta områden och där finns en rådande problematik och även en högre koncentration av kriminella (Polisen, 2017). Fakta och teorier som bland annat rutinaktivitetsteorin, CPTED och Jane Jacobs stadsplaneringsidéer behandlas i studiens bakgrund. Likheterna mellan områdenas fysiska miljöer sammanställs genom kartjämförelser, platsanalyser och intervjuer. Metoden visade att trafiksepareringen hade skapat många mörka gångtunnlar in till områdena som skapade oattraktiva och otrygga inträden. Att områdena var bilfria ledde ytterligare till att många ställen blev ödsliga, obevakade och otrygga. Områdenas byggnader var vidare inte varierade och det kunde förekomma flera likadana hus bredvid varandra, till och med över hela områden. För en brottsling är det enklare att begå brott i en enkel detaljfattig miljö, eftersom det då är färre saker att hålla koll på och det blir mycket enklare att begå brottet när övriga människor inte ser sig omkring sig. En annan likhet var gatustrukturen, till exempel hade de tre områdena återvändsgator som inte sammanvävde vägarna med varandra. Detta bidrog till segregerade områden och svårigheter för polisen att komma fram och utföra sina insatser på ett effektivt sätt. Även byggnadernas placering mot gatan påverkade huruvida det skapades naturlig övervakning som kunde motverka brottslighet. Därmed blev slutsatsen att likheterna i den fysiska miljön mellan de tre områdena kan underlätta möjligheterna för att begå brott.
There is many jobs today in Sweden for crime prevention and these happen often through social efforts, but there is way too few of these for the physical environment that actually affects us more than we think they do. The purpose with this study is to make a systematical analysis of the physical environment in three deprives areas and examine if these environments can create crime opportunities. The chosen places are Bergsjön, Rinkeby and Vivalla with current problematic and high crime concentration (Polisen, 2017). Fact and theories such as the Routine Activity Theory, CPTED and Jane Jacobs’s urban ideas is treated in the study’s background. Similarities between the areas physical environment is compiled through map comparisons, place analysis and interviews. The methods result showed that the traffic separation created many dark tunnels into the areas, which caused unattractive and insecure entries. The buildings in the areas were also not varied and there could be a several of similar houses next to each other or over the whole field. It can be easier for a criminal to commit crimes in a simple surrounding without details, because it is fewer things to keep track of and it becomes much easier to commit the crime when people doesn’t look around themselves. Another similarity was the street structures, for example the three areas had blind alleys that didn't interweave the streets with each other. This contributed to segregated areas and difficulties for the police to arrive and perform their efforts effectively. Even the buildings placement to the street affected whether they had a natural surveillance that could prevent crime. This concluded that the physical environment in these three deprived areas can affect the emergence of crime.

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49

Benali, Wissem. "Modélisation et optimisation de la consommation énergétique d'un système de communication Wi-Fi." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0041/document.

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La forte augmentation du nombre de terminaux connectés ces dernières années et l'utilisation croissante des technologies de communication impacte de manière non négligeable la facture énergétique. Pour enrayer cette augmentation de la consommation énergétique, il devient primordial de pouvoir comparer en termes de consommation les algorithmes de communications numériques, afin de développer l'architecture de transmission la moins énergivore. Dans cette thèse, la couche physique des standards Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11ac est analysée sous un angle énergétique. La puissance dissipée dans les circuits pour faire fonctionner les algorithmes de traitement de signal est prise en compte en plus de la puissance d'émission d'antenne classique. La méthodologie mise en œuvre inclut à la fois des simulations et des développements sur plateforme matérielle (FPGA), permettant d'obtenir des évaluations de la consommation plus réalistes. Nous avons dans un premier temps analysé de façon isolée les éléments composant les chaines de communications numériques. Puis nous avons intégré les périodes d'activité et d'inactivité de chaque élément dans le calcul de la consommation énergétique globale des chaines. Nous proposons une méthode pratique et efficace d'estimation de la consommation, incluant une base de données issue de simulations, et une analyse théorique des taux d'activité de chaque élément de la chaine. Ces résultats permettent d'analyser la répartition de la consommation en puissance des éléments composant les émetteurs et les récepteurs, et de comparer diverses architectures et jeux de paramètres. En particulier, nous avons évalué l'impact de deux architectures de Transformées de Fourier Rapides sur la consommation globale du système
The strong increase of the number of connected devices in recent years and the increasing use of communication technologies has a significant impact on the energy bill. To stop the increase in energy consumption, it is essential to be able to compare the digital communication algorithms in terms of consumption, in order to develop the most energy-efficient transmission architecture.In this thesis, the IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi standard of physical layer is analyzed at an energy point of view. The power dissipated in the circuits for operating the signal processing algorithms is taken into account in addition to the antenna transmission power. The implemented methodology includes both simulations and developments on a hardware platform (FPGAs), resulting in more realistic consumption assessments.First, we analyzed separately the components of the digital communications chains. Then we integrated the periods of activity and inactivity of each element in the calculation of the global energy consumption of the chains. We propose a practical and efficient method of estimating consumption, including a database derived from simulations, and a theoretical analysis of the activity rates of each element of the chain.These results make it possible to analyze the distribution of the power consumption of the elements composing transmitters and receivers, and to compare various architectures and sets of parameters. In particular, we evaluated the impact of two Fast Fourier Transform architectures on overall system consumption

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50

"Studies on the minority game and traffic flow models." 2002. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891068.

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Анотація:

Lee Kuen.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-128).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- The Minority Game: A Review --- p.3
Chapter 2.1 --- The basic MG --- p.9
Chapter 2.2 --- The basic features of MG --- p.11
Chapter 2.3 --- Crowd-Anticrowd Theory --- p.15
Chapter 2.4 --- Some variation on the Minority Game --- p.20
Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Thermal Minority Game (TMG) --- p.20
Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Evolutionary Minority Game (EMG) --- p.21
Chapter 3 --- The Minority Game with different payoff functions --- p.23
Chapter 3.1 --- Review --- p.24
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Models of Savit et al [48] --- p.24
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Results --- p.25
Chapter 3.2 --- Applying Crowd-anticrowd theory to the models --- p.27
Chapter 4 --- The Minority Game with k-sided imitation in regular net- works --- p.33
Chapter 4.1 --- Review --- p.34
Chapter 4.1.1 --- 1-sided follow-action model --- p.34
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Results --- p.36
Chapter 4.2 --- Follow-action model --- p.37
Chapter 4.2.1 --- 2-sided model --- p.37
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Results --- p.38
Chapter 4.2.3 --- k-sided model and results --- p.40
Chapter 4.3 --- Follow-strategy model --- p.43
Chapter 4.3.1 --- 1-sided and 2-sided models --- p.43
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Results --- p.45
Chapter 4.3.3 --- k-sided model and results --- p.47
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.51
Chapter 5 --- One-lane traffic flow models --- p.53
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.54
Chapter 5.2 --- NS dynamics --- p.56
Chapter 5.3 --- FI dynamics --- p.60
Chapter 6 --- One-lane traffic flow models with anticipation effects --- p.63
Chapter 6.1 --- Review --- p.64
Chapter 6.1.1 --- Model using NS dynamics --- p.64
Chapter 6.1.2 --- Results --- p.65
Chapter 6.2 --- Models using FI dynamics --- p.65
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Models --- p.65
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.68
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Mean Field Theory --- p.76
Chapter 6.3 --- Summary --- p.89
Chapter 7 --- Two-route Models with Global Information --- p.91
Chapter 7.1 --- Review: Two-route model with global information using NS dynamics --- p.92
Chapter 7.1.1 --- Announcing transit time as global information --- p.92
Chapter 7.1.2 --- Results --- p.93
Chapter 7.2 --- Announcing instantaneous average speed model using NS dy- namics [87] --- p.95
Chapter 7.2.1 --- Model --- p.95
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Results --- p.95
Chapter 7.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.99
Chapter 7.3 --- Two-route models with global information using FI dynamics --- p.103
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Models --- p.103
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Results --- p.105
Chapter 7.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.110
Chapter 7.4 --- Summary --- p.120
Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.121
Bibliography --- p.123

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