Дисертації: "Physics of time"

1

Stenberg, Anders. "Real Time Visualization of Physics Simulations." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96194.

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When simulating physics, or other highly dynamic and complex phenom- ena, ¯nding and correcting bugs may be very complicated and tedious using common textual debugging tools. This is because of the fact that a certain state of the simulation seldom is expressible in text and numbers so that it can be fully comprehended, let alone dynamic changes in the simulation state. This thesis proposes a way of capturing dynamic data from a simula- tion and displaying it in an appropriate view for both graphical and textual exploration. The proposed method aims at being generic enough for trans- ferring any kind of simulation data, although the main driving force is to be able to display information from dynamics simulations.

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2

Crystal, Lisa. "Quantum Times: Physics, Philosophy, and Time in the Postwar United States." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10973.

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The concept of time in physics underwent significant changes in the decades following World War II. This dissertation considers several ways in which American physicists grappled with these changes, analyzing the extent to which philosophical methods and questions played a role in physicists' engagement with time. Two lines of questioning run through the dissertation. The first asks about the professional identities of postwar American physicists in relation to philosophy, as exemplified by their engagement with the concept of time. The second analyzes the heterogeneous nature of time in physics, and the range of presuppositions and assumptions that have constituted this "fundamental" physical concept. The first chapter looks to the development of atomic clocks and atomic time standards from 1948-1958, and the ways in which new timekeeping technologies placed concepts such as “clock”, “second,” and “measure of time” in a state of flux. The second chapter looks to the experimental discovery of CP violation by particle physicists in the early 1960s, raising questions about nature of time understood as the variable “t” in the equations of quantum mechanics. The third chapter considers attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity in the late 1960s, which prompted physicists to question the “existence” of time in relation to the universe as a whole. In each episode considered, physicists engaged with the concept of time in a variety of ways, revealing a multiplicity of relationships between physics, philosophy, and time. Further, in each case physicists brought a unique set of assumptions to their concepts of time, revealing the variety ways in which fundamental conceptsfunctioned and changed in late twentieth century physics. The result is a heterogeneous picture of the practice of physics, as well as one of physics’ most basic concepts.
History of Science

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3

Moore, B. D. "Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332449.

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4

Zhang, John Jianlin. "Time-lapse seismic surveys, rock physics basis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65147.pdf.

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5

Arntzenius, Frank Willem. "Time reversibility, determinism and measurement in physics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.694647.

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6

Lundberg, Jimmy. "Execution time optimisation of a physics engine." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174008.

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This paper contains several suggestions of improvements for an existingin-house physics engine. It treats subjects such as mathematical simpli-fications, data dependencies, branching, broad phase collision detectionand data-oriented programming. The suggested improvements are testedwith two devices, a Samsung Galaxy A6 running on a ARM Cortex-A531.6 GHz Octa-Core Processor running Android OS, and an iOS device,iPhone 11 A2221 running on two 2.7 GHz cores and four 1.7 GHz coresin its A13 Bionic chip. Combining two constraints within a particle wheel reduces the execu-tion time of the physics engine by 25% and 18% for a Samsung A6 andan iPhone 11 respectively. Mathematical simplifications of certain con-straints led to a removal of an unnecessary function call to sqrt() whichreduced the time by 3% and 2%. These two suggestions have been testedby the community and do not significantly alter the realism nor the playa-bility of the game. A removal of already replaced constraints reduced the time by 2% and3%. An implementation of broad phase collision detection between playerobjects and objects in the environment reduced the execution time by 6%and 8%. The last suggestion, a reorganisation of the order in which theconstraint solver solves constraints did not reduce the time for the Sam-sung A6 but did reduce the time by 3% for the iPhone 11. Other hypotheses that did not reduce the execution time included avoid-ing branching and implementation of Unity’s job system in the constraintsolver which both increased the execution time of the physics engine. In summary the possible total execution time reduction of the physicsengine sums up to 36% for the Samsung A6 and 34% for the iPhone 11.

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7

Greene, Blythe Anastasia. "The Imperfect Present| Stoic Physics of Time." Thesis, University of California, San Diego, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10978558.

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This dissertation addresses a set of problems in understanding the Stoic physics of time. It begins by investigating the ontology of time as an incorporeal in Stoic physics. I show that time is constructed as a deliberate parallel to two of the other incorporeals – place and void. Time is defined as the “diastēma” of motion, and much of the debate over the Stoic theory of time has centered on the definition of this term “diastēma,” which may mean interval, extension, or dimension. I argue that only the reading of “dimension” makes sense in the context of Stoic physics. Place turns out to have three dimensions, measuring the height, depth, and breadth of bodies, while time adds a fourth dimension of motion that measures fast and slow of bodies in motion.

The second half of the dissertation addresses the vexed problem of the present in Stoicism. Multiple sources tell us that the present has a different status from the past and future—the past and future merely “subsist” while the present “is real.” However, this account is complicated by strong evidence that the Stoic present is composed of past and future. Furthermore, Stoic accounts of divisibility leave the length of the present apparently indefinite. If the present is ontologically privileged, it seems that it cannot be of indefinite length. If the present is real but the past and future are not, it seems that the present cannot be composed of past and future.

I resolve these problems by arguing that the Stoics had two interrelated definitions of the present, and that the apparently conflicting pieces of evidence refer to different kinds of present. The first present is called “precise” or “narrow” and corresponds to a point of zero duration. As it has no duration, it is not a continuum, and as it is not a continuum it is not, technically, a time. A secondary “broad” present, composed of past and future times, is present in virtue of containing this present. It derives a special ontology from its relationship to the strict present, despite being composed of past and future.

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8

Dowker, Fay H. "Space-time wormholes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359554.

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9

Kocia, Lucas. "Semiclassical Time Propagation and the Raman Spectrum of Periodic Systems." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493403.

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The first half of this thesis introduces the time-dependent W.K.B. approximation of quantum mechanics from basic principles in classical and quantum mechanics. After discussing the van Vleck-Morette-Gutzwiller propagator, the real-trajectory time-dependent W.K.B. approximation of a coherent state is introduced. This is also called the off-center ''thawed'' Gaussian approximation and has a closed-form solution consisting of a Gaussian with time-dependent position and momentum, dispersion, and position-momentum correlation. This result is then extended to third order in the classical action of guiding real trajectories - a parabolization in phase space, and equivalently, a uniformization over two saddle points - allowing for the novel treatment of non-linearity in its underlying classical dynamics. The result is another simple closed-form solution, but this time made up of Airy functions and their derivatives multiplied by an exponential. Unlike the lower-order treatment, which stopped at linearization of phase space, this expression is able to capture global as well as local non-linear dynamics at finite Planck's constant. We then proceed to discuss another uniformization of the semiclassical primitive propagator: the Heller-Herman-Kluk-Kay (H.H.K.K.) propagator. The H.H.K.K. involves an integral over all of phase space which can be trimmed down to only a one-dimensional integral, regardless of the dimensions of the system, by appealing to similar guiding manifold techniques discussed in the previous section. This is the basis for the directed H.H.K.K. propagator which we investigate. Though many possibilities for speeding up the semiclassical evaluation of H.H.K.K. been examined over the years, few have focused on using the actual dynamics of underlying trajectories to simplify its computation. Our findings offer encouraging evidence about the promise of this direction. The second half of this thesis is concerned with describing the Raman spectrum of graphene within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation using the Kramers-Heisenberg-Dirac (K.H.D.) formalism. The electronic and vibrational properties of graphene are introduced, along with simple tight-binding methods of calculating them. With these tools, K.H.D. is then applied to explain the origin of the unique and few prominent peaks in graphene's Raman spectrum. Here, the dominant effect of graphene's linear Dirac cone in its electronic dispersion is easily seen. The latter leads to novel electron-light-phonon ''sliding transitions'' that explain the brightness of the overtone 2D peak. Finally, some more minor results on the subject of the asymptotic zeros of orthogonal polynomials are presented.
Chemical Physics

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10

Ruprecht, Peter Andrew. "Time-dependent studies of atomic systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308703.

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11

Childs, Andrew MacGregor 1977. "Quantum information processing in continuous time." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16663.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-138) and index.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Quantum mechanical computers can solve certain problems asymptotically faster than any classical computing device. Several fast quantum algorithms are known, but the nature of quantum speedup is not well understood, and inventing new quantum algorithms seems to be difficult. In this thesis, we explore two approaches to designing quantum algorithms based on continuous-time Hamiltonian dynamics. In quantum computation by adiabatic evolution, the computer is prepared in the known ground state of a simple Hamiltonian, which is slowly modified so that its ground state encodes the solution to a problem. We argue that this approach should be inherently robust against low-temperature thermal noise and certain control errors, and we support this claim using simulations. We then show that any adiabatic algorithm can be implemented in a different way, using only a sequence of measurements of the Hamiltonian. We illustrate how this approach can achieve quadratic speedup for the unstructured search problem. We also demonstrate two examples of quantum speedup by quantum walk, a quantum mechanical analog of random walk. First, we consider the problem of searching a region of space for a marked item. Whereas a classical algorithm for this problem requires time proportional to the number of items regardless of the geometry, we show that a simple quantum walk algorithm can find the marked item quadratically faster for a lattice of dimension greater than four, and almost quadratically faster for a four-dimensional lattice. We also show that by endowing the walk with spin degrees of freedom, the critical dimension can be lowered to two. Second, we construct an oracular problem that a quantum walk can solve exponentially faster than any classical algorithm.
(cont.) This constitutes the only known example of exponential quantum speedup not based on the quantum Fourier transform. Finally, we consider bipartite Hamiltonians as a model of quantum channels and study their ability to process information given perfect local control. We show that any interaction can simulate any other at a nonzero rate, and that tensor product Hamiltonians can simulate each other reversibly. We also calculate the optimal asymptotic rate at which certain Hamiltonians can generate entanglement.
by Andrew MacGregor Childs.
Ph.D.

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12

Laflamme, Raymond. "Time and quantum cosmology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278123.

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13

Isogai, Tomoki. "Applications of long storage time optical cavities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103233.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-152).
Optical precision measurements have become one of the most important tools in physics to test the fundamental laws and to probe the universe around us. Often such experiments require high finesse cavities, and optical loss in these cavities is a critical parameter. In particular, for those cavities that deal with quantum systems, minimizing the cavity loss is crucial because any loss can easily degrade the fragile quantum states. One such example is a quantum noise filter cavity for gravitational wave (GW) detectors, where an optical cavity is necessary for producing frequency-dependent squeezed states of light to improve the sensitivity over their broad audioband frequency [1]. To test the feasibility of quantum noise filter cavities for GW detectors, we characterized the optical loss of state-of-the-art mirrors using a 2 m long high-finesse cavity. Using multiple loss measurement techniques, we studied loss dependence on laser beam sizes and positions. Within the 1 to 3 mm beam spot size we measured, we found that the mirror loss is almost constant at around 5 ppm, and that the loss depends more on the beam position on the mirror than on the beam size 121. While intra-cavity optical loss is one of the key parameters informing the design of quantum noise filter cavities, we also need to account for other quantum noise degradation mechanisms such as the phase noise, losses outside of the cavity, and mode-matching. We developed an analytical model of frequency-dependent squeezing with a quantum noise filter cavity to explore the practical degradation mechanisms in detail 131. Finally, by coupling a squeezed light source to the 2 m long high-finesse cavity, we demonstrated frequency-dependent squeezed states where 6 dB of squeezing in the squeezed quadrature was rotated by 90 degrees in the audio frequency band 141. The techniques used are directly applicable to squeezed light sources for GW detectors, and the measurements validated the model. The loss measurement results, the analytical model, and this demonstration, are now the basis for the design of a realistic quantum noise filter cavity for use in GW detectors in the near future to improve their sensitivity.
by Tomoki Isogai.
Ph. D.

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14

Hazboun, Jeffrey Shafiq. "Conformal Gravity and Time." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3856.

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Cartan geometry provides a rich formalism from which to look at various geometrically motivated extensions to general relativity. In this manuscript, we start by motivating reasons to extend the theory of general relativity. We then introduce the reader to our technique, called the quotient manifold method, for extending the geometry of spacetime. We will specifically look at the class of theories formed from the various quotients of the conformal group. Starting with the conformal symmetries of Euclidean space, we construct a manifold where time manifests as a part of the geometry. Though there is no matter present in the geometry studied here, geometric terms analogous to dark energy and dark matter appear when we write down the Einstein tensor. Specifically, the quotient of the conformal group of Euclidean four-space by its Weyl subgroup results in a geometry possessing many of the properties of relativistic phase space, including both a natural symplectic form and nondegenerate Killing metric. We show the general solution possesses orthogonal Lagrangian submanifolds, with the induced metric and the spin connection on the submanifolds necessarily Lorentzian, despite the Euclidean starting point. By examining the structure equations of the biconformal space in an orthonormal frame adapted to its phase space properties, we also nd two new tensor fields exist in this geometry, not present in Riemannian geometry. The rst is a combination of the Weyl vector with the scale factor on the metric, and determines the time-like directions on the submanifolds. The second comes from the components of the spin connection, symmetric with respect to the new metric. Though this eld comes from the spin connection, it transforms homogeneously. Finally, we show in the absence of Cartan curvature or sources, the conguration space has geometric terms equivalent to a perfect fluid and a cosmological constant. We complete the analysis of this homogeneous space by transforming the known, general solution of the Maurer-Cartan equations into the orthogonal, Lagrangian basis. This results in a signature-changing metric, just as in the work of Spencer and Wheeler, however without any conditions on the curvature of the momentum sector. The Riemannian curvatures of the two submanifolds are directly related. We investigate the case where the curvature on the momentum submanifold vanishes, while the curvature of the configuration submanifold gives an effective energy-momentum tensor corresponding to a perfect fluid. In the second part of this manuscript, we look at the most general curved biconformal geometry dictated by the Wehner-Wheeler action. We use the assemblage of structure equations, Bianchi identities, and eld equations to show how the geometry of the manifolds self-organizes into trivial Weyl geometries, which can then be gauged to Riemannian geometries. The Bianchi identities reveal the strong relationships between the various curvatures, torsions, and cotorsions. The discussion of the curved case culminates in a number of simplifying restrictions that show general relativity as the base of the more general theory.

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15

Wang, Chun-yen. "Closed-time-path formalism for gauge field theory /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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16

Roark, Anthony Phillip. "Time in Physics IV : Aristotle's reductionistic vision in four movements /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5694.

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17

Moore, Christopher Bennett. "The measurement of time delays in gravitational lenses." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38415.

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18

Ensslin, Kasey Josephine 1982. "Gas electron multipliers in a time projection chamber." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16901.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
by Kasey Josephine Ensslin.
S.B.

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19

Katz, Emanuel. "Brane worlds, brane worlds : it's party time : excellent." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8643.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-128).
In recent years branes have had significant impact in the construction of higher dimensional theories of SUSY breaking, and of gravitational phenomena. In particular they provide strong motivation for considering anomaly mediation as a mechanism of SUSY breaking communication. Anomaly mediation provides a very predictive spectrum for the superpartner masses, which is quite model independent, and is given in terms of the beta functions and anomalous dimensions of the fields. This spectrum is also largely flavor blind, and thus does not suffer from flavor changing neutral current problems. Anomaly mediation, however, predicts negative slepton mass squardes. In this thesis we will try to address this problem by providing positive contributions to the slepton masses, through higher order SUSY breaking effects stemming from having additional heavy fields in the theory. We will also provide natural values for the Au and B parameters of the MSSM. Branes also allow for the surprising possibility that we may be living in a world with infinite extra dimensions with minor observational consequences. In this dissertation we will show that the RS2 and LR models, which have a single infinite dimension, are completely consistent and conform nicely with current experiments. We will also comment on possible holographic interpretations of these models as having 4D gravity coupled to a fully quantum conformal field theory.
by Emanuel Katz.
Ph.D.

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20

Zou, Xiaoming. "Models to measure mobilities by time-of-flight /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486462702468012.

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21

Degen, Michael Merle. "Time-dependent pattern formation in fluid dynamical systems /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148794815862621.

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22

Consiglio, Armando. "Time-fractional diffusion equation and its applications in physics." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13704/.

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In physics, process involving the phenomena of diffusion and wave propagation have great relevance; these physical process are governed, from a mathematical point of view, by differential equations of order 1 and 2 in time. By introducing a fractional derivatives of order $\alpha$ in time, with $0 < \alpha < 1$ or $1 <= \alpha <= 2$, we lead to process in mathematical physics which we may refer to as fractional phenomena; this is not merely a phenomenological procedure providing an additional fit parameter. The aim of this thesis is to provide a description of such phenomena adopting a mathematical approach to the fractional calculus. The use of Fourier-Laplace transform in the analysis of the problem leads to certain special functions, scilicet transcendental functions of the Wright type, nowadays known as M-Wright functions. We will distinguish slow-diffusion processes ($0 < \alpha < 1$) from intermediate processes ($1 <=\alpha <= 2$), and we point out the attention to the applications of fractional calculus in certain problems of physical interest, such as the Neuronal Cable Theory.

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23

Retallick, Gary George. "Transitions from the physics of time to temporal metaphysics." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/transitions-from-the-physics-of-time-to-temporal-metaphysics(62a5d30c-eefc-4f9c-87b8-6240c0cf62f1).html.

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24

Leblond, Frédéric. "Aspects of time dependence in string theory." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19635.

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The study of string theory has recently opened the way to many ground-breaking ideas in theoretical physics. An aspect that had been neglected until recently concerns the role played by time in this theory. It is an important subject because of its possible connections with the field of cosmology. In the first part of this thesis we study S(pacelike)D-branes which are objects arising naturally in string theory when Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed on the time direction. SD-brane physics is inherently time-dependent. We set up the problem of coupling the most relevant open-string tachyonic mode to massless closed-string modes in the bulk, with back-reaction and Ramond-Ramond fields included. We find solutions (numerically) that are asymptotically flat in the future but plagued with a singularity in the past. The second part of the thesis is concerned with the study of important aspects related to the proposed duality between quantum gravity in de Sitter space and a Euclidean eonformal field theory: the dS/CFT correspondence. First, we study solutions of Einstein gravity coupled to a positive cosmological constant and matter which are asymptotically de Sitter and homogeneous. These solutions are 'tall', meaning that the perturbed universe lives through enough eonformal time for an entire spherical Cauchy surface to enter any observer's past light cone. Our main focus is on the implications of tall universes for the correspondence. Particular attention is given to the associated renormalization group flows, leading to a more general de Sitter c-theorem. We also discuss the eonformal diagrams for various classes of homogeneous flows. Then, we consider the evolution of massive scalar fields in (asymptotically) de Sitter spacetimes of arbitrary dimension. Through the dS/CFT correspondence, our analysis points to the existence of new non-local dualities for the eonformal field theory.

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25

Healey, J. J. "Qualitative analysis of experimental time series." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302891.

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26

Santiago-GermaÌn, Wenceslao. "Space-time structure and hidden dimensions." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289215.

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27

Mavimbela, Gcina A. "Time Reparametrization Symmetry and Spatial-Temporal Fluctuations in Glasses." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1354211400.

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28

Goldsmith, Cory Scott. "Analytical Modeling and Numerical Simulations of Time Delays in Attosecond Streaking of One- and Two-Photon Ionization." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10978194.

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The generation of attosecond-duration (1 as = 10^–18 s) coherent light through the process of high-order harmonic generation has opened the perspective for probing fundamental processes, such as photoionization, on the natural timescale of electron dynamics in matter. One probing technique is the attosecond streaking method, in which the momentum of the photoelectron is measured as a function of the time delay between the ionizing, attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse, and a weak, femtosecond near-infrared (NIR) pulse which streaks the momentum of the photoelectron, known as a streaking trace. The observed trace contains time information about the photoionization process in the form of a time offset to the vector potential of the streaking field, known as the streaking time delay. Theoretical simulations show that for one-photon ionization this time delay is accumulated by the photoelectron in the continuum when propagating away from the parent ion, whereas for resonant two-photon ionization there exists an additional absorption delay which depends on the properties of the XUV pulse. In this thesis, we use both analytical techniques and numerical simulations to study the contributions of the total time delay observed in streaking, and further explore applications of the streaking time delay to gain insights into the electron dynamics. We first derive an analytical formula for the streaking time delay in one-photon ionization. The predictions based on the model formula, which can be performed within seconds of computation time, are in good agreement with those of computationally extensive numerical simulations.

We demonstrate that the analytical formula not only allows deeper insight into the nature of the time delay, but also offers the opportunity to effectively analyze other theoretical interpretations and potential effects, such as the effect of a chirp in the ionizing attosecond pulse on the time delay measurement. We then apply time-dependent perturbation theory to derive an analytical formula for the absorption delay in resonant two-photon ionization. We use the analytical formula to demonstrate how the absorption delay can be controlled further by the attosecond pulse duration and central frequency in case of an isolated resonance. Furthermore, we show how multiple resonances within the bandwidth of the ionizing pulses as well as the streaking field influence the absorption delay in model systems as well as simple atoms and molecules. We conclude by exploring the option to apply isolated elliptically polarized attosecond pulses to obtain sub-attosecond temporal information via the observation of photoelectron angular distributions as a function of the ellipticity of the pulse.

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29

Werner, Andrew Thompson 1981. "A self-triggered readout for a time projection chamber." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28328.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80).
A self-triggering readout for a time projection chamber (TPC) is presented, with applications to novel forms of data acquisition for high energy physics application. The construction and initial testing of the readout electronics are described, as well as the readout implementation in a prototype drift chamber. Tracking and range information for 800 alpha particle events is compared with theory as a preliminary confirmation of correct readout operation.
by Andrew Thompson Werner.
S.B.

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30

Gildemeister, Marcus. "Trapping ultracold atoms in time-averaged adiabatic potentials." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0572480a-9114-426e-b853-b6be30c7594e.

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This thesis describes the trapping and manipulation of ultracold atoms in time-averaged adiabatic potentials (TAAP). The time-averaged adiabatic potential, proposed in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 083001 (2007)], uses resonant radio frequency (rf) radiation to couple the different magnetic substates of a hyperfine level manifold. The resultant dressed states are time-averaged and produce smooth and versatile trapping geometries. More specifically, we apply rf-radiation (MHz) to a quadrupole magnetic field, which results in an ellipsoidal trapping potential for rubidium-87 atoms in the F=1 manifold. This geometry is time-averaged with the help of oscillating (kHz) Helmholtz fields. We develop a convenient loading scheme for the TAAP which uses a standard TOP trap and suffers negligible atom losses and heating. Subsequently we characterize the TAAP trap itself and observe low heating rates and sufficient lifetimes (>3s). Furthermore it is possible to use a second, weaker rf-field to evaporatively cool the atoms to quantum degeneracy [Phys. Rev. A. 81, 031402 (2010)]. This opens up a route for further experiments in this potential: we show how atoms can be trapped in a double well potential and a ring trap geometry. Additionally a process to instigate rotation in these potentials by rotating the polarization of the rf-radiation is developed and implemented. This allows us to impart angular momentum onto the atomic cloud and spin it into a ring.

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31

Heatherington, John. "ToF - the Time-of-Flight device for H1." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1502.

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Event triggering for the H1 detector on the HERA electron-proton ring is dominated by background associated with the proton beam. A 99% reduction in trigger rate is achieved by time resolution of background from physics using ToF -a scintillator detector positioned in the incoming proton direction. Studies on the efficiency of the veto have been carried out to improve background rejection.

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32

Kamela, Martin J. "Space-time duality, superduality, and effective actions on anti-de-Sitter space-time." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64585.pdf.

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33

Camarena, Julian Antolin Oks E. A. "Application of generalized Hamiltonian dynamics to modified Coulomb potential." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/FALL/Physics/Thesis/Camarena_Julian_6.pdf.

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34

Da, Costa Jose Alzamir Pereira. "Picosecond time - resolved studies of semiconductors." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236274.

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35

Maciejko, Joseph. "Time-dependent quantum transport in mesoscopic structures." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99346.

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In this thesis, we present a theory to calculate the time-dependent current flowing through an arbitrary noninteracting nanoscale phase-coherent device connected to arbitrary noninteracting external leads, in response to sharp step- and square-shaped voltage pulses. Our analysis is based on the Keldysh nonequilibrium Green's functions formalism, and provides an exact analytical solution to the transport equations in the far from equilibrium, nonlinear response regime. The essential feature of our solution is that it does not rely on the commonly used wideband approximation where the coupling between device scattering region and leads is taken to be independent of energy, and as such provides a way to perform transient transport calculations from first principles on realistic systems, taking into account the detailed electronic structure of the device scattering region and the leads. As an illustration of the general theory, we perform a toy model calculation for a quantum dot with Lorentzian linewidth and show how interesting finite-bandwidth effects arise in the time-dependent current dynamics. Finally, we describe possible generalizations of our theory to the cases of superconducting leads (an example of broken symmetry) and one-dimensional leads in the Luttinger liquid regime (an example of an interacting system).

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36

Roger, Thomas. "Time resolved ultrafast dynamic excitations in semiconductors." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3986/.

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A time-resolved ellipsometry technique has been developed using a home- built and calibrated ellipsometer. The design and optimisation of the ellip- someter has been chosen carefully to study low absorption materials. The ellipsometric angles (Ψ and ∆) are measured in good agreement with commercial ellipsometry equipment. An optical model is constructed to find accurately the thin film thickness’ and dielectric function dispersions of the complex multi-layer samples. The values are then fit as a function of time allowing measurement of the transient change in dielectric function. The changes of complex dielectric function are modelled using a Drude approximation revealing interesting behaviour of the scattering processes and carrier concentration in samples of nc-Si:H and silicon nitride (SiN$_x$). In samples of nc-Si:H we find that the carriers adopt a classical distribution through analysis of the Fermi integrals and that recombination processes conserve the average temperature of electrons, suggesting that there is no preference for recombination of carriers with higher energies. This is contrary to current understanding of carrier dynamics in bulk semiconductors.

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37

Petcher, P. A. "Time of flight diffraction and imaging (TOFDI)." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49478/.

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Time of flight diffraction and imaging (TOFDI) is based on time of flight diffraction (TOFD), adding cross-sectional imaging of the sample bulk by exploiting the scattering of ultrasonic waves from bulk defects in metals. Multiple wave modes are emitted by a pulsed laser ultrasound ablative source, and received by a sparse array of receiving electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), for non-contact (linear) scanning, with mode-conversions whenever waves are scattered. Standard signal processing techniques, such as band-pass filters, reduce noise. A B-scan is formed from multiple data captures (A-scans), with time and scan position axes, and colour representing amplitude or magnitude. B-scans may contain horizontal lines from surface waves propagating directly from emitter to receiver, or via a back-wall, and angled lines after reflection off a surface edge. A Hough transform (HT), modified to deal with the constraints of a B-scan, can remove such lines. A parabola matched filter has been developed that identifies the features in the B-scan caused by scattering from point-like defects, reducing them to peaks and minimising noise. Multiple B-scans are combined to reduce noise further. The B-scan is also processed to form a cross-sectional image, enabling detection and positioning of multiple defects. The standard phase correlation technique applied to camera images, has been used to track the relative position between transducer and sample. Movement has been determined to sub-pixel precision, with a median accuracy of 0.01mm of linear movement (0.06 of a pixel), despite uneven illumination and the use of a basic low resolution camera. The prototype application is testing rough steel products formed by continuous casting, but the techniques created to facilitate operation of TOFDI are applicable elsewhere.

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38

Leeson, Alistair M. "Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy of polymer surfaces." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268294.

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39

Ross, Stuart K. "Time resolved spectroscopy using the shock tube characterisation and calibration." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU539033.

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The main objective of this work was the development of the existing shock tube system so that it could be used for kinetic investigations. As a result of the many modifications and alterations to the shock tube, and thorough and successful characterisation experiments, the shock tube is now considered to be suitable for the study of high temperature gas phase reactions. One of the important features of the characterisation experiments was the dependency of several shock parameters (P2(expt), P5(expt), and Mr) on the initial test gas pressure in the shock tube. Shock parameters have been determined which take into account non-ideal behaviour such as side wall boundary layer formation. The atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS) detection technique was only installed during the latter stages of this work, and due to time restrictions is not yet fully operational. When this is achieved the shock tube at Aberdeen will be the only shock tube in the U.K. where time resolved, gas phase reactions, can be kinetically investigated. Results from Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, are presented where a similar shock tube - ARAS system was calibrated for atomic oxygen. Nitrous oxide (N2O) was used as a clean source of O atoms, and the bimolecular rate expression for the reaction: N2O + M N2 + O + M. over the temperature range 1266 T(K) 2311 was determined to be: k (cm3molecule-1s-1) = (1.220.19)x10-9 exp (-57861600 cal/RT). This rate expression is in good agreement with literature values.

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40

Yan, Yong-Xin. "Time-domain light scattering and study of liquid-glass transitions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96439.

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41

Greer, David Andrew. "Physics-based character locomotion control with large simulation time steps." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2016. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/25038/.

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Physical simulated locomotion allows rich and varied interactions with environments and other characters. However, control is di cult due to factors such as a typical character's numerous degrees of freedom and small stability region, discontinuous ground contacts, and indirect control over the centre of mass. Previous academic work has made signi cant progress in addressing these problems, but typically uses simulation time steps much smaller than those suitable for games. This project deals with developing control strategies using larger time steps. After describing some introductory work showing the di culties of implementing a handcrafted controller with large physics time steps, three major areas of work are discussed. The rst area uses trajectory optimization to minimally alter reference motions to ensure physical validity, in order to improve simulated tracking. The approach builds on previous work which allows ground contacts to be modi ed as part of the optimization process, extending it to 3D problems. Incorporating contacts introduces di cult complementarity constraints, and an exact penalty method is shown here to improve solver robustness and performance compared to previous relaxation methods. Trajectory optimization is also used to modify reference motions to alter characteristics such as timing, stride length and heading direction, whilst maintaining physical validity, and to generate short transitions between existing motions. The second area uses a sampling-based approach, previously demonstrated with small time steps, to formulate open loop control policies which reproduce reference motions. As a prerequisite, the reproducibility of simulation output from a common game physics engine, PhysX, is examined and conditions leading to highly reproducible behaviour are determined. For large time steps, sampling is shown to be susceptible to physical inva- lidities in the reference motion but, using physically optimized motions, is successfully applied at 60 time steps per second. Finally, adaptations to an existing method using evolutionary algorithms to learn feedback policies are described. With large time steps, it is found to be necessary to use a dense feedback formulation and to introduce phase-dependence in order to obtain a successful controller, which is able to recover from impulses of several hundred Newtons applied for 0.1s. Additionally, it is shown that a recent machine learning approach based on support vector machines can identify whether disturbed character states will lead to failure, with high accuracy (99%) and with prediction times in the order of microseconds. Together, the trajectory optimization, open loop control, and feedback developments allow successful control for a walking motion at 60 time steps per second, with control and simulation time of 0.62ms per time step. This means that it could plausibly be used within the demanding performance constraints of games. Furthermore, the availability of rapid failure prediction for the controller will allow more high level control strategies to be explored in future.

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42

Rouch, Peter B. "The Christian doctrine of time in negotiation with contemporary physics." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516739.

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43

Donderici, Burkay. "Time-Domain Solvers for Complex-Media Electrodynamics and Plasma Physics." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1216744283.

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44

Moreau, Filip. "Physics-Based, Real-Time Simulation of Fluid-Immersed Rigid Bodies." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43343.

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Objects interacting with fluid are of high interest to visually present in three-dimensional applications, such as computer games and virtual environments. For presenting the interactions with high correctness, dynamic rigid body simulation may be used. This paper presents methods for efficient, physics-based real-time simulation of fluid-immersed rigid bodies, where the correctness of the simulation is maintained. Simulated forces include gravity, buoyancy, thrust, drag, and lift. To have the simulation run efficiently in real-time, discretization of the simulated rigid body is made by applying mentioned forces to a user-defined number of particles, sampled pseudo-randomly within the rigid body.

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45

Farr, Matthew William Edward. "Towards a C theory of time : an appraisal of the physics and metaphysics of time direction." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.684742.

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This thesis introduces and defends a 'C theory' of time. The metaphysics of time literature is primarily concerned with the distinction between the A and B theories of time, with the disagreement concerning whether the passage of time is an objective feature of reality. I argue that the distinction between the Band C theories-in terms of whether time has a 'privileged' direction-is of more obvious relevance to the philosophy of physics than is the distinction between the A and B theories. The thesis has three main contentions. (1) In order to maintain a substantial metaphysical dispute between the different theories of time, they must be defined in terms of structural properties, and the naturalistic metaphysics of time direction involves the assessment of these structures in light of contemporary physics. (2) The A theory of time requires a model with two temporal dimensions, and although such a model proVides a resolution to a number of problems faced by standard A theories, it is not motivated by physical theory. (3) The dispute between the Band C theories of time is of direct relevance to the philosophy of physics: the B theorist's assumption of the existence of a privileged temporal direction is of explanatory relevance to physics; and a comparison between unidirectional and adirectional explanations in physics can in principle shed light on whether time is B- or C-theoretic.

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46

Nash, J. "Time resolved Raman scattering in liquid crystals using a Raman microprobe." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356443.

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47

Potvin, Guy. "Space-time correlations and Taylor's hypothesis for rainfall." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69687.

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A theoretical analysis of the space-time correlation function for rainfall and its relationship to Taylor's hypothesis is presented. The analysis assumes a homogeneous and stationary random field being advected past a fixed coordinate system with a constant velocity. Within the moving reference frame, the random field is assumed to possess quadrant symmetry. The concept of space-time isotropy is defined relative to a velocity. This is called the intrinsic velocity and represents a kinematic characteristic of the storm system apart from the advection velocity. A radial space-time correlation function is defined over a range of scales where the intrinsic velocity remains constant. The effect of the intrinsic velocity on Taylor's hypothesis is examined and an alternative is proposed. The effect of spatial resolution is evaluated theoretically on a model space-time correlation. The results from the theoretical calculation are compared with those obtained from two rain events. The radial space-time correlation functions of the rain events vary as expected with spatial resolution, but the intrinsic and advection velocities are inconclusive. The uncertainty for the intrinsic and advection velocities does not allow for a clear relationship with spatial resolution. Nor does it allow a clear determination of the effect of spatial resolution on the validity of Taylor's hypothesis. The intrinsic velocity may be approximated as constant over a certain range of time scales (15 to 70 min). Of the cases considered, the effect of the internal storm development on Taylor's hypothesis is slight. Therefore, a 'frozen turbulence' model for Taylor's hypothesis is still a good approximation.

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48

Chung, A. L. "Material parameter extraction in terahertz time domain spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/352056/.

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In terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) material parameter extraction is necessary for determining the complex refractive index of materials in the THz region. The process of material parameter extraction requires the fitting of a theoretical model for the propagation the THz pulse through the material to experimentally acquired THz time domain data, where by the complex refractive index of the theoretical model is varied until it fits the experimental data. It requires close agreement between a model of the THz electric field propagation and experimental THz data for accurate extraction of the complex refractive index. In this thesis I report on the methods of material parameter extraction with the goal of accurately determining the complex refractive index of materials within the THz region. I also investigate a series of optimisation techniques from understanding the behaviour of the extracted complex refractive index for different model assumptions and initial parameters. The inclusion of the material parameter extraction optimisation techniques allows for material parameter extraction methods which are similar to the state of the art in the field. Material placed at the THz focus are commonly investigated using the plane wave assumption for material parameter extraction. I demonstrate an extraction method which models a converging beam, this improves the accuracy of the extracted complex refractive indices for materials placed in focused THz-time domain spectrometers. Furthermore, I have developed an elegant method to determine the angular beam profile of the focussed THz beam by using the converging beam extraction method. Finally I report on the THz-TDS performance of photoconductive THz generation and detection from a high peak power vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL). VECSELs are optically pumped semiconductor disk lasers (SDL) which are inherently compact, have multi-GHz repetition rates and could lead to a cost effective THz spectrometer system.

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49

Davies, Stephen James. "Remote techniques for time-of-flight flaw characterisation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108293/.

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This thesis describes the investigations conducted into the characterisation of various defects within solids using laser - generation and interferometric detection of ultrasound. Laser - generated ultrasound has advantages over the more commonly used piezoelectric transducers in that it is a reproducible, wide bandwidth, non - contact source which, by using appropriate optics, can be focussed to a point or line source and easily scanned over a surface. Used in association with an interferometric detector enables the possibility of a remote inspection system which would be useful for some applications. The properties of such a system for the characterisation of both bulk and surface - breaking defects are ascertained. Part of the research project has been concerned with determining the properties of the ultrasound produced in various solids by different laser pulse profiles. The results obtained indicate that the risetime of the ultrasonic compression wave decreases with decreasing incident laser pulse risetime. However the mechanical and thermal properties of the irradiated solid also affects the risetime of the ultrasound. Modelling of the laser - solid interaction was undertaken to understand this phenomenon in more detail. The wide bandwidth nature of laser - generated ultrasound was used in the characterisation of bulk defects. This has involved determining, using an FFT algorithm, the phase change which occurs when laser - generated ultrasound is scattered from such defects. The aim of the investigation was to assess whether a particular type of defect has a unique phase change which will enable it to be classified. The experimental results obtained compared favourably with the results from theoretical modelling of ultrasonic scattering by defects. Finally the interaction of laser - generated Rayleigh ( surface ) waves with surface - breaking defects was considered. Various techniques for the characterisation of surface - breaking defects by analysis of data in the time and frequency domain were utilised. One such technique involved measurement of the Reflection and Transmission coefficients of various surface discontinuities. The phase change of the scattered Rayleigh wave was determined and compared to the theoretical data available. Also, a technique was established whereby certain features on the waveforms recorded on transmission of a Rayleigh wave through a surface - breaking defect could be used to determine the depth of the defect.

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50

Browning, Tyler A. "Direct photon anisotropy and the time evolution of the quark-gluon plasma." Thesis, Purdue University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10170585.

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Historically, the thermal photon inverse slope parameter has been interpreted as the thermalization temperature of the QGP. Observation of the thermal photon spectrum in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the ALICE and PHENIX experiments obtain the inverse slope parameter, but the obtained values are inconsistent with the thermalization temperature predicted by the hydrodynamic model. It has therefore been argued that the inverse slope parameter is not representative of the true QGP thermalization temperature because not all thermal photons are emitted at thermalization. This research will probe this assertion using an investigation of flow and nuclear suppression of thermal photons from ALICE Pb-Pb collisions at √s_NN = 2.76 TeV and comparison to p-p data at √s_NN = 2.76 TeV.

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Дисертації з теми "Physics of time"

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