Статті в журналах: "Physical signals"

1

Bakogiannis, Konstantinos, Spyros Polychronopoulos, Dimitra Marini, and Georgios Kouroupetroglou. "Audio Enhancement of Physical Models of Musical Instruments Using Optimal Correction Factors: The Recorder Case." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 6426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146426.

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A simulation of a musical instrument is considered to be a successful one when there is a good resemblance between the model’s synthesized sound and the real instrument’s sound. In this work, we propose the integration of physical modeling (PM) methods with an optimization process to regulate a generated digital signal. Its goal is to find a new set of values of the PM’s parameters’ that would lead to a synthesized signal matching as much as possible to reference signals corresponding to the physical musical instrument. The reference signals can be: (a) described by their acoustic characteristics (e.g., fundamental frequencies, inharmonicity, etc.) and/or (b) the signals themselves (e.g., impedances, recordings, etc.). We put this method into practice for a commercial recorder, simulated using the digital waveguides’ PM technique. The reference signals, in our case, are the recorded signals of the physical instrument. The degree of similarity between the synthesized (PM) and the recorded signal (musical instrument) is calculated by the signals’ linear cross-correlation. Our results show that the adoption of the optimization process resulted in more realistic synthesized signals by (a) enhancing the degree of similarity between the synthesized and the recorded signal (the average absolute Pearson Correlation Coefficient increased from 0.13 to 0.67), (b) resolving mistuning issues (the average absolute deviation of the synthesized from the recorded signals’ pitches reduced from 40 cents to the non-noticeable level of 2 cents) and (c) similar sound color characteristics and matched overtones (the average absolute deviation of the synthesized from the recorded signals’ first five partials reduced from 41 cents to 2 cents).

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2

Ren, Bao-Zhen, and Wei Qian. "Signal perception during plant-bacteria interactions: from chemicals to physical signals." Science China Life Sciences 63, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-019-1594-2.

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3

Arslan Tuncer, Seda, and Turgay Kaya. "True Random Number Generation from Bioelectrical and Physical Signals." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3579275.

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It is possible to generate personally identifiable random numbers to be used in some particular applications, such as authentication and key generation. This study presents the true random number generation from bioelectrical signals like EEG, EMG, and EOG and physical signals, such as blood volume pulse, GSR (Galvanic Skin Response), and respiration. The signals used in the random number generation were taken from BNCIHORIZON2020 databases. Random number generation was performed from fifteen different signals (four from EEG, EMG, and EOG and one from respiration, GSR, and blood volume pulse datasets). For this purpose, each signal was first normalized and then sampled. The sampling was achieved by using a nonperiodic and chaotic logistic map. Then, XOR postprocessing was applied to improve the statistical properties of the sampled numbers. NIST SP 800-22 was used to observe the statistical properties of the numbers obtained, the scale index was used to determine the degree of nonperiodicity, and the autocorrelation tests were used to monitor the 0-1 variation of numbers. The numbers produced from bioelectrical and physical signals were successful in all tests. As a result, it has been shown that it is possible to generate personally identifiable real random numbers from both bioelectrical and physical signals.

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4

Cao, Xiao-Qin, Jia Zeng, and Hong Yan. "Physical signals for protein–DNA recognition." Physical Biology 6, no. 3 (June 5, 2009): 036012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1478-3975/6/3/036012.

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5

MOON, MARY ANN. "Poor Physical Function Signals Dementia Onset." Caring for the Ages 7, no. 11 (November 2006): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-4114(06)60293-x.

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6

Freund, Friedemann. "Pre-earthquake signals: Underlying physical processes." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 41, no. 4-5 (June 2011): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.03.009.

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7

Bocharov, Yu V., I. N. Gurova, O. A. Kapustina, E. I. Remizova, V. N. Reshetov, S. A. Grigoriev, M. V. Demianovich, and V. N. Novikov. "Liquid crystal sensors of physical signals." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 28, no. 3 (August 1991): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(91)85004-8.

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8

Mohd Apandi, Ziti Fariha, Ryojun Ikeura, Soichiro Hayakawa, and Shigeyoshi Tsutsumi. "QRS Detection in Electrocardiogram Signal of Exercise Physical Activity." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012021.

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Abstract Accurate estimation of heart beats from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals during exercise activity is a very challenging problem. Unlike standard ECG, the signals recorded during exercise activity can affect the accuracy of QRS detection due to the noises and artifacts arise from body movements activity. However, most of the studies on QRS detection often used clean and standard data for the evaluations and assumed to reflect the overall performance of detectors. In addition, there are not many methods that evaluated using real ECG signal in their studies especially during the exercise activity. Therefore, this study was undertaken to access and evaluated the performance of QRS detection algorithms on the real ECG signal data. Three well-known QRS detection algorithms were re-implemented in this study. The ECG signal recorded under realistic movement conditions and can serving as a realistic data to assess the performance of QRS detection is used. The performance of the algorithm in real ECG signal data in sitting, walking, and jogging was then presented. The results show the algorithms capable to detect the QRS in ECG signal of exercise activity.

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9

Chang, Xiangmao, Gangkai Li, Guoliang Xing, Kun Zhu, and Linlin Tu. "DeepHeart." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3441626.

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Heart rate (HR) estimation based on photoplethysmography (PPG) signals has been widely adopted in wrist-worn devices. However, the motion artifacts caused by the user’s physical activities make it difficult to get the accurate HR estimation from contaminated PPG signals. Although many signal processing methods have been proposed to address this challenge, they are often highly optimized for specific scenarios, making them impractical in real-world settings where a user may perform a wide range of physical activities. In this article, we propose DeepHeart, a new HR estimation approach that features deep-learning-based denoising and spectrum-analysis-based calibration. DeepHeart generates clean PPG signals from electrocardiogram signals based on a training data set. Then a set of denoising convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are trained with the contaminated PPG signals and their corresponding clean PPG signals. Contaminated PPG signals are then denoised by an ensemble of DCNNs and a spectrum-analysis-based calibration is performed to estimate the final HR. We evaluate DeepHeart on the IEEE Signal Processing Cup training data set with 12 records collected during various physical activities. DeepHeart achieves an average absolute error of 1.61 beats per minute (bpm), outperforming a state-of-the-art deep learning approach (4 bpm) and a classical signal processing approach (2.34 bpm).

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10

Kim, Taehun, and Chulhong Kwon. "Correlation between Physical Fatigue and Speech Signals." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2015.7.1.011.

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11

Kołodziej, Marcin, Andrzej Majkowski, Paweł Tarnowski, Remigiusz J. Rak, Dominik Gebert, and Dariusz Sawicki. "Registration and Analysis of Acceleration Data to Recognize Physical Activity." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9497151.

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The purpose of the article is to check whether the acceleration signals recorded by a smartphone help identify a user’s physical activity type. The experiments were performed using the application installed in a smartphone, which was located on the hip of a subject. Acceleration signals were recorded for five types of physical activities (running, standing, going up the stairs, going down the stairs, and walking) for four users. The statistical parameters of the signal were used to extract features from the acceleration signal. In order to classify the type of activity, the quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) was used. The accuracy of the user-independent classification for five types of activities was 83%. The accuracy of the user-dependent classification was in the range from 90% to 95%. The presented results indicate that the acceleration signal recorded by the device placed on the hip of a user allows us to effectively distinguish among several types of physical activity.

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12

Senyuk, Mihail, Khairan Rajab, Murodbek Safaraliev, and Firuz Kamalov. "Evaluation of the Fast Synchrophasors Estimation Algorithm Based on Physical Signals." Mathematics 11, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11020256.

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The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of the fast algorithm for synchrophasor estimation proposed on the basis of a physical system. The test system is represented by a physical model of a power system with four synchronous generators (15 and 5 kVA). Three synchronous machines represent steam turbine generators, while the fourth machine represents a hydro generator. The proposed method of accuracy assessment is based on comparison of the original and the recovered signals, using values of amplitude and phase angle. The experiments conducted in the study include three-phase faults, two-phase faults and single-phase faults at various buses of the test model. Functional dependencies of initial signal standard deviation from the recovered signal are obtained, as well as those for sampling rate and window width. Based on the results, the following requirements for measurement system and window width are formulated: sampling rate of analog-to-digital converter should be 10 kHz; and window width should start from 5 ms. In addition, the fast algorithm of synchrophasor estimation was tested on event recorder signals. The sampling rate of these signals was 2 kHz. Acceptable window width for event recorder signals is 8 ms. The algorithm was implemented using programming language Python 3 for the testing purposes. The proposed fast algorithm of synchrophasor estimation can be applied in methods for emergency control and equipment state monitoring with short time response.

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13

Zhang, Fuxue, Bozhang Xia, Jiabei Sun, Yufei Wang, Jinjin Wang, Fengfei Xu, Junge Chen, et al. "Lipid-Based Intelligent Vehicle Capabilitized with Physical and Physiological Activation." Research 2022 (November 11, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9808429.

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Intelligent drug delivery system based on “stimulus-response” mode emerging a promising perspective in next generation lipid-based nanoparticle. Here, we classify signal sources into physical and physiological stimulation according to their origin. The physical signals include temperature, ultrasound, and electromagnetic wave, while physiological signals involve pH, redox condition, and associated proteins. We first summarize external physical response from three main points about efficiency, particle state, and on-demand release. Afterwards, we describe how to design drug delivery using the physiological environment in vivo and present different current application methods. Lastly, we draw a vision of possible future development.

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14

Zhang, Xinyue, Xiuzhu Yang, Yi Ding, Yili Wang, Jialin Zhou, and Lin Zhang. "Contactless Simultaneous Breathing and Heart Rate Detections in Physical Activity Using IR-UWB Radars." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 5503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165503.

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Vital signs monitoring in physical activity (PA) is of great significance in daily healthcare. Impulse Radio Ultra-WideBand (IR-UWB) radar provides a contactless vital signs detection approach with advantages in range resolution and penetration. Several researches have verified the feasibility of IR-UWB radar monitoring when the target keeps still. However, various body movements are induced by PA, which lead to severe signal distortion and interfere vital signs extraction. To address this challenge, a novel joint chest–abdomen cardiopulmonary signal estimation approach is proposed to detect breath and heartbeat simultaneously using IR-UWB radars. The movements of target chest and abdomen are detected by two IR-UWB radars, respectively. Considering the signal overlapping of vital signs and body motion artifacts, Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT) is applied on received radar signals to remove clutter and mitigate movement interference. Moreover, improved EWT with frequency segmentation refinement is applied on each radar to decompose vital signals of target chest and abdomen to vital sign-related sub-signals, respectively. After that, based on the thoracoabdominal movement correlation, cross-correlation functions are calculated among chest and abdomen sub-signals to estimate breath and heartbeat. The experiments are conducted under three kinds of PA situations and two general body movements, the results of which indicate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.

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15

O’Connell-Rodwell, Caitlin E. "Keeping an “Ear” to the Ground: Seismic Communication in Elephants." Physiology 22, no. 4 (August 2007): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00008.2007.

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This review explores the mechanisms that elephants may use to send and receive seismic signals from a physical, anatomical, behavioral, and physiological perspective. The implications of the use of the vibration sense as a multimodal signal will be discussed in light of the elephant’s overall fitness and survival.

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16

Shima, Keisuke, Masaru Okamoto, Nan Bu, and Toshio Tsuji. "Novel Human Interface for Game Control Using Voluntarily Generated Biological Signals." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 18, no. 5 (October 20, 2006): 626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2006.p0626.

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We propose a human interface for video game operation using voluntarily generated biological signals as input. The users choose specific input signals and configure signal measurement based on preferences, physical condition (disabled or not), and degree of disability. Based on input signals, the intended user operations are estimated with a probabilistic neural network (PNN), and then control commands are determined. Our proposed interface enables individuals even with severe physical disabilities to maneuver video games. Experiments confirmed the feasibility of our designed interface by subjects suffering from cervical spine injury.

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17

Zhang, Pengju, Shuping Wang, Hongji Duan, Jiancheng Tao, Haishan Zou, and Xiaojun Qiu. "A study on coherence between virtual signal and physical signals in remote acoustic sensing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 5 (November 2022): 2840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015140.

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Remote acoustic sensing can be used to estimate the error signals in human ears without placing any physical microphones there. In this paper, the coherence between the signals picked up by physical microphones over a sphere surface and the signal obtained at the sphere center is investigated. Based on the multiple channel coherence formulas in the time domain and frequency domain, the relationship between the coherence and the placement of physical microphones is analyzed by numerical simulations first, then the experimental results obtained in a reverberation chamber and a car cabin are presented to verify the simulation results. Finally, a placement of physical microphones for active control of road noise in car cabins is discussed. Both the numerical and experimental results show that an upper limit frequency exists for accurate sound pressure estimation at the center of a sphere with the sound pressure on the sphere surface. For a sufficiently complex sound field such as that in a reverberation room or in a car, half the wavelength of the upper limit frequency is about the average distance among the physical microphones.

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18

Power, Jonathan D., Mark Plitt, Stephen J. Gotts, Prantik Kundu, Valerie Voon, Peter A. Bandettini, and Alex Martin. "Ridding fMRI data of motion-related influences: Removal of signals with distinct spatial and physical bases in multiecho data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 9 (February 12, 2018): E2105—E2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720985115.

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“Functional connectivity” techniques are commonplace tools for studying brain organization. A critical element of these analyses is to distinguish variance due to neurobiological signals from variance due to nonneurobiological signals. Multiecho fMRI techniques are a promising means for making such distinctions based on signal decay properties. Here, we report that multiecho fMRI techniques enable excellent removal of certain kinds of artifactual variance, namely, spatially focal artifacts due to motion. By removing these artifacts, multiecho techniques reveal frequent, large-amplitude blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes present across all gray matter that are also linked to motion. These whole-brain BOLD signals could reflect widespread neural processes or other processes, such as alterations in blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) due to ventilation changes. By acquiring multiecho data while monitoring breathing, we demonstrate that whole-brain BOLD signals in the resting state are often caused by changes in breathing that co-occur with head motion. These widespread respiratory fMRI signals cannot be isolated from neurobiological signals by multiecho techniques because they occur via the same BOLD mechanism. Respiratory signals must therefore be removed by some other technique to isolate neurobiological covariance in fMRI time series. Several methods for removing global artifacts are demonstrated and compared, and were found to yield fMRI time series essentially free of motion-related influences. These results identify two kinds of motion-associated fMRI variance, with different physical mechanisms and spatial profiles, each of which strongly and differentially influences functional connectivity patterns. Distance-dependent patterns in covariance are nearly entirely attributable to non-BOLD artifacts.

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19

Bahr, D. F., and W. W. Gerberich. "Relationships between acoustic emission signals and physical phenomena during indentation." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 4 (April 1998): 1065–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0148.

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A commercial piezoelectric acoustic emission transducer has been used in conjunction with nanoindentation techniques to study the relationship between acoustic emission signals and discrete physical events to identify the type and strength of an event. Indentations into tungsten and iron single crystals have been used to study dislocation generation and passive film failure. In addition, indentations made into a thin nitride film on sapphire have been used to cause film delaminations. Parameters such as signal rise time and frequency for a piezoelectric sensor are related to sample geometry, and not to the type of event which caused the acoustic emission signal. As a possible calibration for acoustic emission sensors, the most meaningful parameter is the acoustic emission energy, which has been shown to scale with the elastic energy released during the event. The measured values of elastic energy released correspond very closely to those calculated using Hertzian contact mechanics.

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20

Vasilyev, G. S., O. R. Kuzichkin, I. A. Kurilov, and D. I. Surzhik. "Hierarchical model of information signals formation at the physical layer in FANET." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 11, no. 30 (July 2, 2020): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.30.13.

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Creation of reliable and efficient flying ad-hoc networks (FANET) requires detailed development of the model of the physical layer of data transmission, determined by the conditions of operation of the networks. The problems of well-known software simulators of communication networks are the simplified nature of the physical layer, as well as the inability to obtain specific analytical solutions in the process of simulation. The hierarchical model of formation of information signals which allows to represent various types of communication channels and the channel-forming equipment, for providing their analytical description and the further analysis is developed. The model allows to describe communication channels between UAVs and (or) ground control centers taking into account the effects of attenuation, intersymbol interference, multipath propagation of signals; schemes of terminal and intermediate network equipment with linear and nonlinear signal conversion; circuits with forward regulation, backward regulation and combined regulation; circuits with multi-channel signal generation and processing, as well as cross-links between channels. Analytical expressions of the transfer function of the generalized hierarchical model for an arbitrary number of disclosed levels of hierarchy are obtained. An example of the presentation and study of the UAV transmitter circuit on the basis of a hierarchical model of signal formation is considered.

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21

Zorina, Svetlana V. "The influence of facial stigma and physical attractiveness on the impressions formation about person." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University Psychological and Pedagogical Sciences 19, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vsgtu-pps.2022.1.7.

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When a person is perceived, the impression of a person is formed as a result of processing a multitude of signs (features of the face). A significant part of these signals has been studied in sufficient detail, but information on how they interact with each other is not enough. The study is aimed at studying the mechanism of impression formation as a result of the perception of two signals having the opposite effect: physical attractiveness and stigma of disembryogenesis (orbital hypertelorism, manifested in increasing the distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Physical attractiveness enhances a positive impression, while facial stigma contributes to a negative opinion of the person. We expected that the impression will depend on the interaction of the signals with each other. In the experiment, participants (200 people) made judgments about three groups of variables: personality traits, the degree of desired interpersonal proximity, the reliability of a person (danger and potential criminality). To identify the interaction of signals, the division of the photoimage into two parts was used. This technique makes it difficult for the holistic perception of the face, weakening the influence of facial signals. Meaning, changes in the eye area have less impact on the overall impression because the upper and lower halves of the face are perceived separately. The hypothesis was confirmed for social judgments about the reliability of a person. For physically attractive individuals, the violation of continuty contributed to an increase in the attributed likelihood of committing murder and fraud, for physically unattractive a decrease in the perceived danger and the possibility degree of committing fraudulent activities. While perceiving the face of another person, the subject of perception forms a holistic impression in which the initial pieces of information are integrated depending on their weight, for example, a strong signal eliminates a weak one. Obtained results shows that physical attractiveness weakens the influence of dysembryogenesis stigma on the evaluation of potential criminality, forming a positive bias.

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22

Yamada, Shunji, Eisuke Chikayama, and Jun Kikuchi. "Signal Deconvolution and Generative Topographic Mapping Regression for Solid-State NMR of Multi-Component Materials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031086.

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Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy provides information on native structures and the dynamics for predicting and designing the physical properties of multi-component solid materials. However, such an analysis is difficult because of the broad and overlapping spectra of these materials. Therefore, signal deconvolution and prediction are great challenges for their ssNMR analysis. We examined signal deconvolution methods using a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and a non-negative tensor/matrix factorization (NTF, NMF), and methods for predicting NMR signals and physical properties using generative topographic mapping regression (GTMR). We demonstrated the applications for macromolecular samples involved in cellulose degradation, plastics, and microalgae such as Euglena gracilis. During cellulose degradation, 13C cross-polarization (CP)–magic angle spinning spectra were separated into signals of cellulose, proteins, and lipids by STFT and NTF. GTMR accurately predicted cellulose degradation for catabolic products such as acetate and CO2. Using these methods, the 1H anisotropic spectrum of poly-ε-caprolactone was separated into the signals of crystalline and amorphous solids. Forward prediction and inverse prediction of GTMR were used to compute STFT-processed NMR signals from the physical properties of polylactic acid. These signal deconvolution and prediction methods for ssNMR spectra of macromolecules can resolve the problem of overlapping spectra and support macromolecular characterization and material design.

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23

KRIUCHKOVA, LARYSA, IVAN TSMOKANYCH, and MAKSYM VOVK. "ADVANCED METHOD OF PROTECTION OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION FROM INTERCEPTION BY HIGH-FREQUENCY IMPOSITION METHODS." Computer systems and information technologies, no. 3 (April 14, 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/csit-2021-5-2.

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The processes of formation of technical channels of leakage of confidential information on objects of information activity by methods of high-frequency imposition, physical essence of process of formation of dangerous signals by modulation of probing high-frequency signal by acoustic signals, conditions of formation of basic and auxiliary technical means and systems of dangerous signals are considered. As a basis for improvement, a method of blocking information interception channels by high-frequency imposition is used, in which target active noise protection signals are introduced into the medium used to supply probing oscillations, aimed at destroying informative parameters of dangerous signal with different types of carrier modulation. It is proposed to form a set of protective signals for the destruction of informative parameters of dangerous signals both on the fundamental frequency and on the combinational harmonics of the probing signal, which provides more effective protection of confidential information from interception. The parameters of effective noise protection signals, capable of destroying the informative parameters of dangerous signals of high-frequency imposition on the fundamental frequency and combinational harmonics of the probing signal, have been determined by mathematical and simulation modelling. Basic recommendations for the formation of protective signals are formulated.

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24

Saloma, Caesar. "Computational complexity and the observation of physical signals." Journal of Applied Physics 74, no. 9 (November 1993): 5314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354232.

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25

Fink, Bernhard, Nick Neave, and Hanna Seydel. "Male facial appearance signals physical strength to women." American Journal of Human Biology 19, no. 1 (2006): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20583.

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26

Nathan, Arokia. "Microsensors for physical signals: Principles, device design, and fabrication technologies." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, S1 (December 1, 1996): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-844.

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Microsensors are miniaturized devices, fabricated using silicon-based and related technologies, that convert input physical and chemical signals into an output electrical signal. The key driving force in microsensor research has been the integrated circuit (IC) and micromachining technologies. The latter, in particular, is fueling tremendous activity in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). In terms of technology and design tools, MEMS is at a stage where microelectronics was 30 years ago and is expected to evolve at an equally rapid pace. The synergy between the IC, micromachining, and integrated photonics technologies can potentially spawn a new generation of microsystems that will feature a unique marriage of microsensor, signal-conditioning and -processing circuitry, micromechanics, and optomechanics possibly on a single chip. In this paper, the physical transduction principles, materials considerations, process-fabrication technologies, and computer-aided-design (CAD) tools will be reviewed along with pertinent examples drawn from our microsensor research activity at the Microelectronics Laboratory, University of Waterloo.

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27

Novák, Karel, Petr Velenský, and Oldrich Kopecký. "Signaling, Agonistic Behavior, and Life-History Traits of Steppe Agama (Trapelus sanguinolentus) in Prague Zoo." Russian Journal of Herpetology 27, no. 6 (November 21, 2020): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2020-27-6-334-340.

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Life history traits are influenced by many factors, such as social structure, social displays and aggressive interactions. We investigated signalling and agonistic behavior in relation to body condition and lifespan in Trapelus sanguinolentus, a small, semi-arboreal, oviparous agamid lizard from the Central Asia. We individually examined basic morphological characteristics, number of performed signal displays and relative success in agonistic interactions (via Clutton-Brock index). Life expectancy of males did not differ from life expectancy of females. Overall variability of signals was low and simple push-up display was prevalent signal type for both sexes. Frequency of performed signals differed between sexes with males signalling more. For both sexes number of signals was not associated with life expectancy. Interaction of life expectancy and sex was also not significant. In females — body condition influenced number of performed signals when individuals in better body condition signalled more. Most of agonistic interactions was solved by means of signal displays and did not lead to a direct physical combat. While in males association between CBI and number of signals was not significant, in females higher value of CBI means more performed signals. Conditions of our study (sex ratio 4:1 in favor of females, 20 individuals on 16.5 m2 of terrarium) means that agonistic signals have greater importance for females. The agonistic interactions in females led to direct physical combat more frequently could reflect more competitive intra-sexual environment. Females in better body condition probably used higher signalling activity and better performance in direct combat for access to mates and to places for sunbathing and oviposition.

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ADAMATZKY, ANDREW. "COLLISION-BASED COMPUTING IN BIOPOLYMERS AND THEIR AUTOMATA MODELS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 07 (October 2000): 1321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183100001176.

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In collision-based computing, quanta of information are represented by autonomous mobile signals. The signals travel in a uniform architectureless medium. They collide to each other. Assuming the presence or abscence of a signal represent truth or falsity values of logical variable, we can consider logical functions are calculated at the sites of signals' collision. Physically, the signals are localized compact disturbances of medium's characteristics. In this paper, we extensively exploit results published in Refs. 1–7. We consider three types of localizations: breathers in one-dimensional arrays of DNA molecules, excitons and groups of antialigned dipoles in two-dimensional arrays of Scheibe aggregates and microtubules respectively. Several forms of logical gates are extracted from published results on numerical simulation of breathers and excitons. In cellular automata models, we study interactions of the localizations with each other. We show what kinds of logical gates can be realized in such interactions. Parallels between physical and discrete automata models are provided.

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29

Clark, Andrew P. "Attracting Interest: Dynamic Displays of Proceptivity Increase the Attractiveness of Men and Women." Evolutionary Psychology 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 147470490800600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490800600403.

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Proceptive signals may influence judgments of opposite-sex attractiveness because these signals indicate high mate quality and/or non-threatening behavior but they may also signal high probable rate of return for mating effort. If so, individuals observing these signals may be sensitive to where the signals are directed to; signals directed toward other individuals may not predict what signals would be directed toward the observer. To explore these possibilities I made use of video stimuli composed of mock interviews with actors. Each actor did one proceptive and one unreceptive interview. Each interview was presented as being directed toward participants or toward an opposite sex interviewer. Proceptivity enhanced the attractiveness of opposite-sex actors and an interaction between proceptive state and signal direction was found, with this pattern varying substantially between actors. The possibility that this variation is mediated by the physical attractiveness and sex of the actors will be discussed.

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30

Clark, Melody, Angela Karp, and Simon Archer. "Physical mapping of the B-hordein loci on barley chromosome 5 by in situ hybridization." Genome 32, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-531.

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Physical mapping of the B-hordein genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Betzes) was achieved by in situ hybridization of a biotin-labelled B-hordein cRNA probe to chromosome spreads. Lines trisomic for chromosome 5 showed up to 3 signals on interphase nuclei, while no more than 2 signals were observed in normal diploids. An enzyme pretreatment, which produced broken cells, increased the frequency of signal detection. A clear signal was observed on 23% of interphase nuclei and 0.025% of metaphase spreads. The B-hordein genes mapped to 46% of the distance from the centromere on the short arm of chromosome 5. These results are discussed in relation to the barley genetic map and to previous reports of in situ hybridization of low-copy and unique-copy genes in plants.Key words: in situ hybridization, Hordeum vulgare, B-hordein genes, genetic map.

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31

Kim, S. S., J. R. P. Jayakody, and R. A. Marino. "Experimental Investigations of the Strong Off-Resonant Comb (SORC) Pulse Sequence in 14N NQR." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 47, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1992): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1992-1-270.

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AbstractThe behavior of induction signals during steady-state pulse irradiations in 14N NQR was investigated experimentally. It has long been known that the signal response to a long sequence of η pulses will dramatically increase for pulse spacings less than T2. This increase is exponential, and can result in signals comparable to optimally prepared Free Induction Decays. Because these "SORC" signals recur as long as the pulsing continues, very efficient signal-averaging can result. The dependence of these quasi steady-state signals on pulse parameters and on frequency offset are presented, together with a discussion of the applicability of the method.

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32

Sukhostat, L. V. "AN INTELLIGENT MODEL BASED ON DEEP TRANSFER LEARNING FOR DETECTING ANOMALIES IN CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-3-11.

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Context. The problem of detecting anomalies from signals of cyber-physical systems based on spectrogram and scalogram images is considered. The object of the research is complex industrial equipment with heterogeneous sensory systems of different nature. Objective. The goal of the work is the development of a method for signal anomalies detection based on transfer learning with the extreme gradient boosting algorithm. Method. An approach based on transfer learning and the extreme gradient boosting algorithm, developed for detecting anomalies in acoustic signals of cyber-physical systems, is proposed. Little research has been done in this area, and therefore various pre-trained deep neural model architectures have been studied to improve anomaly detection. Transfer learning uses weights from a deep neural model, pre-trained on a large dataset, and can be applied to a small dataset to provide convergence without overfitting. The classic approach to this problem usually involves signal processing techniques that extract valuable information from sensor data. This paper performs an anomaly detection task using a deep learning architecture to work with acoustic signals that are preprocessed to produce a spectrogram and scalogram. The SPOCU activation function was considered to improve the accuracy of the proposed approach. The extreme gradient boosting algorithm was used because it has high performance and requires little computational resources during the training phase. This algorithm can significantly improve the detection of anomalies in industrial equipment signals. Results. The developed approach is implemented in software and evaluated for the anomaly detection task in acoustic signals of cyber-physical systems on the MIMII dataset. Conclusions. The conducted experiments have confirmed the efficiency of the proposed approach and allow recommending it for practical use in diagnosing the state of industrial equipment. Prospects for further research may lie in the application of ensemble approaches based on transfer learning to various real datasets to improve the performance and fault-tolerance of cyber-physical systems.

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33

Javeed, Madiha, Mohammad Shorfuzzaman, Nawal Alsufyani, Samia Allaoua Chelloug, Ahmad Jalal, and Jeongmin Park. "Physical human locomotion prediction using manifold regularization." PeerJ Computer Science 8 (October 12, 2022): e1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1105.

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Human locomotion is an imperative topic to be conversed among researchers. Predicting the human motion using multiple techniques and algorithms has always been a motivating subject matter. For this, different methods have shown the ability of recognizing simple motion patterns. However, predicting the dynamics for complex locomotion patterns is still immature. Therefore, this article proposes unique methods including the calibration-based filter algorithm and kinematic-static patterns identification for predicting those complex activities from fused signals. Different types of signals are extracted from benchmarked datasets and pre-processed using a novel calibration-based filter for inertial signals along with a Bessel filter for physiological signals. Next, sliding overlapped windows are utilized to get motion patterns defined over time. Then, polynomial probability distribution is suggested to decide the motion patterns natures. For features extraction based kinematic-static patterns, time and probability domain features are extracted over physical action dataset (PAD) and growing old together validation (GOTOV) dataset. Further, the features are optimized using quadratic discriminant analysis and orthogonal fuzzy neighborhood discriminant analysis techniques. Manifold regularization algorithms have also been applied to assess the performance of proposed prediction system. For the physical action dataset, we achieved an accuracy rate of 82.50% for patterned signals. While, the GOTOV dataset, we achieved an accuracy rate of 81.90%. As a result, the proposed system outdid when compared to the other state-of-the-art models in literature.

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34

Lei, Y., M. J. Zuo, and M. Hoseini. "The use of ensemble empirical mode decomposition to improve bispectral analysis for fault detection in rotating machinery." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 8 (January 12, 2010): 1759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1827.

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Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been widely applied to analyse signals for the detection of faults in rotating machinery. However, sometimes, it cannot reveal signal characteristics accurately because of the mode mixing problem. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) was developed recently to alleviate the mode mixing problem of EMD. With EEMD, components that are physically meaningful can be extracted from the signals. Bispectrum, a third-order statistic, helps identify phase coupling effects, which are useful for detecting faults in rotating machinery. Utilizing the advantages of EEMD and bispectrum, this article proposes a joint method for detecting such faults. First, original vibration signals collected from rotating machinery are decomposed by EEMD and a set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) is produced. Then, the IMFs are reconstructed into new signals using the weighted reconstruction algorithm developed in this article. Finally, the reconstructed signals are analysed via bispectrum to detect faults. The simulation experiments and the physical experiments of two gears with a chipped tooth and a cracked tooth, respectively, demonstrate that the proposed method can detect faults more clearly than can directly performing bispectrum on the original vibration signals.

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35

Podoprigora, Vladimir, Anatoly Sorokin, and Dmitriy Kharlamov. "Peculiarities the navigation satellites signals scattering in the layered structure of the tree stand." E3S Web of Conferences 223 (2020): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022303017.

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A scattering and attenuation processes of navigation satellite signals in the forest interaction with tree trank and crown layers a tree stand are presented. The influence of the boundaries soil - tree stand – crown - air on the characteristics of radio signals scattering after interaction with forest is considered. Structural and electro physical features of tree stand elements in the processes of interaction with signals of the L 1 range and experimental data on signal transformations the forest are analyzed.

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36

Barbosa, Geraldo. "A Wireless Physically Secure Key Distribution System." Journal of Information Security and Cryptography (Enigma) 3, no. 1 (September 3, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/enig.v3i1.56.

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A fast and secure key distribution system is shown that operates in classical channels but with a dynamic protection given by the shot noise of light. The binary signals in the communication channel are protected by coding in random bases and by addition of physical noise that was recorded and added bit by bit to the signals. While the resulting signals are classical they carry the uncontrollable randomness information in the signal sent. The legitimate users start with a shared secret between them creating a measuring advantage over the adversary. This way the introduced noise does not affect the users but frustrates the attacker.

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37

Xiaoli Xu, and Desheng LI. "Analyzing of Physical Activity Signals Based on Wavelet Approach." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol5.issue1.35.

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38

Mendoza-Mendoza, Artemio, Patrick Berndt, Armin Djamei, Carolin Weise, Uwe Linne, Mohamed Marahiel, Miroslav Vraneš, Jörg Kämper, and Regine Kahmann. "Physical-chemical plant-derived signals induce differentiation inUstilago maydis." Molecular Microbiology 71, no. 4 (February 2009): 895–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06567.x.

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39

Wang, Xuehua, Wing Chi Chow, Zhilin Yang, and Jennifer Y.M. Lai. "Market signals: web site investment and physical store existence." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 26, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-02-2013-0022.

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Purpose – Reputational beliefs influence online purchase intentions but are difficult to establish in settings in which counterfeit products are common, especially in emerging economies. Drawing upon signalling theory, this work decomposes reputational beliefs into: an ability belief, as represented by web site investment, and a truthfulness belief, as signalled by a statement about the existence of a physical store, and investigates their differential effects on online purchase intentions. This work aims to further investigate the moderating effects of searchers' personality type on the relationships between reputational beliefs and online purchase intentions. Design/methodology/approach – Three experiments using various samples (students versus non-students) and products (cell phone versus camera) were conducted. Findings – The results reveal that two significant market signals, web site investment and a statement about physical store existence, influence reputation beliefs, and, thus online purchase intentions. Moreover, aggressive searchers' online purchase intentions depend on their ability belief rather than their truthfulness belief, whereas non-aggressive searchers' intentions rely on their truthfulness belief rather than their ability belief. Originality/value – This work provides new theoretical insights into factors influencing consumers' online purchase decision making by decomposing reputational beliefs and incorporating the moderating effect of personality type. It contributes to signaling literature by examining the effects of two market signals – web site investment and statement about the existence of a physical store – on two major components of reputational beliefs and online purchase intentions. This article is the first to empirically test the effects of reputational beliefs from the perspective of end-users in an online context.

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40

Levitt, H. "Processing of speech signals for physical and sensory disabilities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92, no. 22 (October 24, 1995): 9999–10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.22.9999.

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41

Minvielle, Ludovic, and Julien Audiffren. "NurseNet: Monitoring Elderly Levels of Activity with a Piezoelectric Floor." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 3851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183851.

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Monitoring the activity of elderly individuals in nursing homes is key, as it has been shown that physical activity leads to significant health improvement. In this work, we introduce NurseNet, a system that combines an unobtrusive, affordable, and robust piezoelectric floor sensor with a convolutional neural network algorithm, which aims at measuring elderly physical activity. Our algorithm is trained using signal embedding based on atoms of a pre-learned dictionary and focuses the network’s attention on step-related signals. We show that NurseNet is able to avoid the main limitation of floor sensors by recognizing relevant signals (i.e., signals produced by patients) and ignoring events related to the medical staff, offering a new tool to monitor elderly activity in nursing homes efficiently.

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42

Rahmi, Rahmi. "Molecular Review: Effects of Physical Exercise in Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake." Sumatera Medical Journal 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/sumej.v4i1.4785.

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Muscle contraction requires glucose as its main fuel. Glucose enters the muscle cells through diffusion facilitated by GLUT4. GLUT4 must be translocated from intracellular to the plasma membrane and T tubules during muscle contraction. This literature review will discuss how physical exercise can signal GLUT4 translocation for glucose uptake. Molecular signals induced by physical exercise are very complex and involve various molecules, one of which is AMPK and intracellular Ca concentration.

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43

Shi, Qiong, JingCi Zhou, JianPing Xiang, and YangChun Shi. "Research on multi-fault diagnosis method and test platform of main transmission Machinery of wind Turbine based on electrical signal." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2268, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2268/1/012011.

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Abstract An optimised design was carried out based on the original semi-physical simulation system for the main drive chain of a wind turbine. The input of upper computer simulating wind condition, the safety control of electrical signal and vibration signal acquisition module, relay and AC contactor and dual motor control were added. Simultaneously, the simulation schemes of some common faults on the main drive of wind turbines were also designed in order to perform the experimental simulation of the single fault and multi fault. The primary purpose of simulation is to use practical approaches(such as FFT,EMD)to analyze the changes of the fault signals based on the collected electrical signals, and to determine whether there is a fault through comparison and theoretical analysis. In addition, it aimed for verifying the feasibility of electrical signals under multi-fault conditions, and discussing advantages of electrical signals over vibration signals.

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44

Schulz, André, Dana Schultchen, and Claus Vögele. "Interoception, Stress, and Physical Symptoms in Stress-Associated Diseases." European Journal of Health Psychology 27, no. 4 (October 2020): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000063.

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Abstract. The brain and peripheral bodily organs continuously exchange information. Exemplary, interoception refers to the processing and perception of ascending information from the body to the brain. Stress responses involve a neurobehavioral cascade, which includes the activation of peripheral organs via neural and endocrine pathways and can thus be seen as an example for descending information on the brain-body axis. Hence, the interaction of interoception and stress represents bi-directional communication on the brain-body axis. The main hypothesis underlying this review is that the dysregulation of brain-body communication represents an important mechanism for the generation of physical symptoms in stress-related disorders. The aims of this review are, therefore, (1) to summarize current knowledge on acute stress effects on different stages of interoceptive signal processing, (2) to discuss possible patterns of abnormal brain-body communication (i.e., alterations in interoception and physiological stress axes activation) in mental disorders and chronic physical conditions, and (3) to consider possible approaches to modify interoception. Due to the regulatory feedback loops underlying brain-body communication, the modification of interoceptive processes (ascending signals) may, in turn, affect physiological stress axes activity (descending signals), and, ultimately, also physical symptoms.

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45

NYAN, M. N., FRANCIS E. H. TAY, K. H. W. SEAH, and N. H. ISMAIL. "DETECTION OF DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE TIME–FREQUENCY DOMAIN." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 06, no. 04 (December 2006): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519406002047.

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A new method of physical activity monitoring that is able to detect posture transitions using two acceleration signals attached on the shoulder part of a garment is presented. Posture transition activities in continuous accelerometer records were classified into two steps. In the first step, wavelet-reconstructed antero-posterior acceleration signal was applied to extract the transition segments from the continuous accelerometer record. When compared with the reference system in segment extraction, averaged absolute error 0.21 s for sit–stand posture transitions and 0.26 s for stand–sit posture transitions were achieved. The overall sensitivity and specificity of sit–stand posture transitions were 90.852% and 98.98% and those of stand–sit posture transitions were 91.367% and 98.55%. In the second step, wavelet coefficients of extracted segments of vertical acceleration signals were used as features in classification. The classification rate (segments that are extracted and classified correctly/total number of segments) of sit–stand and stand–sit activities are 93.65% and 95.24%, respectively. Our results proved a reliable technique of detecting posture transition activities in physical activity monitoring.

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46

Tan, Yuan, Yu Zeng, Yong Fa Ling, and Hao Wei. "RFID Tags Collision Resolution on Physical Layer by Using C-Means Clustering Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1314.

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A traditional Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system only resolves collisions of multiple tags on the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, discarding the signals of the physical layer. Recently different groups started to pay attention on slots with colliding RFID tag signals, and coping with collisions on the physical layer, however. We proposes that using C-means clustering algorithm to analyze signal constellations of two colliding tags responses, to recovery from collisions of two tags on the physical layer and decoding their ID information successfully. This design uses low frequency (LF) 125k Hz carrier wave, and is also suitable for high frequency (HF) communication situation. Additionally, an error performance analysis with different SNR is shown. Based on performance simulations results, we demonstrate this approach can resolve collisions of two tags effectively in a slot on the physical layer and get a lower error probability.

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47

Balykov, Anton, Sergey Dvornikov, and Sergey Dvornikov. "Application of permutation frequency modulation signals manipulated with a constant weight code to increase the noise immunity of decameter radio communications." Information and Control Systems, no. 6 (December 15, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2020-6-30-36.

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Introduction: The operation of radio lines in the decameter range, as a rule, occurs in a complex interference environment, characterized by the presence of fast and slow fading. Therefore, one of the most relevant areas of research in this subject area is the development of new technical solutions aimed at improving the noise immunity of reception. Purpose: Development of signals with permuted frequency modulation that allow detecting single errors at the physical level by selecting combinations of subcarriers of each character in accordance with the alphabet of the code with a constant weight. Results: Theoretical aspects of formationof the permutation signals with frequency modulation, the choice manipulating code to select subcarriers within a signal symbol, presents an analytical approach for the derivation of the generalized expression evaluation of noise immunity of the developed signals of permutation modulation in a channel with variable parameters in incoherent processing, we obtained the estimation of the values of probability of bit error for new signals in comparison with the known results. Practical relevance: The developed signal with permuted frequency modulation is proposed to be used in decameter radio communication systems operating in a narrow frequency band in the ionospheric channel. Discussion: Further research is associated with optimization of decision-making procedures for demodulating the developed signals, as well as the search for effective ways to encode signals with permuted frequency modulation at the physical level, allowing to increase the data transfer rate while maintaining the noise immunity of reception.

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48

Ligon, Russell A., and Kevin J. McGraw. "Social costs enforce honesty of a dynamic signal of motivation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1841 (October 26, 2016): 20161873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1873.

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Understanding the processes that promote signal reliability may provide important insights into the evolution of diverse signalling strategies among species. The signals that animals use to communicate must comprise mechanisms that prohibit or punish dishonesty, and social costs of dishonesty have been demonstrated for several fixed morphological signals (e.g. colour badges of birds and wasps). The costs maintaining the honesty of dynamic signals, which are more flexible and potentially cheatable, are unknown. Using an experimental manipulation of the dynamic visual signals used by male veiled chameleons ( Chamaeleo calyptratus ) during aggressive interactions, we tested the idea that the honesty of rapid colour change signals is maintained by social costs. Our results reveal that social costs are an important mechanism maintaining the honesty of these dynamic colour signals—‘dishonest’ chameleons whose experimentally manipulated coloration was incongruent with their contest behaviour received more physical aggression than ‘honest’ individuals. This is the first demonstration, to the best our knowledge, that the honesty of a dynamic signal of motivation—physiological colour change—can be maintained by the social costliness of dishonesty. Behavioural responses of signal receivers, irrespective of any specific detection mechanisms, therefore prevent chameleon cheaters from prospering.

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49

Dalal, Vijay Kumar. "Understanding Acoustic Communication in Plants." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 9 (September 2021): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1314.

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Responses of plants to environmental signals have been studied for a long time. These responses are exhibited in the form of morphological and physiological adaptations, and relaying the signal to environment (including other plants) through volatile organic compounds and extrinsic chemicals as well as proteins. However these signals do not correspond to the consciousness in the plants. Recent research in this field has produced evidence of non-physical signals e.g. sound and (electro) magnetic field. Plants produce such signals as well as perceive and respond to these signals. There are many novel techniques that have been used in last three-four decades to understand such signals, mostly acoustic signals. This review summarizes the old knowledge as well as recent developments in the area of generation, perception, integration and processing of acoustic signals by the plants as a response to the environment as well as to communicate among themselves. If understood fully, technological interventions and manipulations of these signals can add an extra tool for crop improvement.

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50

Zamula, Alexander, and Ivan Gorbenko. "Optimization for the quick-code methods for the synthesis of discrete signals – physical carriers of data in information-communication systems." Physico-mathematical modelling and informational technologies, no. 32 (July 8, 2021): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fmmit2021.32.126.

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The paper presents the theoretical foundations of synthesis and analysis of complex nonlinear discrete cryptographic signals, the basis for the synthesis of which are random (pseudo-random) processes, including algorithms for cryptographic transformation of information, as well as methods for optimizing the synthesis of these signals using decimation and discrete programming. namely, the method of branches and boundaries. In order to improve the performance of signal generation and processing, estimates of the effectiveness of the decimation procedure are proposed and presented. It is shown that the use of the studied signal systems will improve the efficiency of modern ICS (speed of data generation and processing devices, noise immunity, information security, secrecy, protection against input (imposition) of false messages, message falsification, data integrity, etc.).

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