Дисертації з теми "Photovoltatic generators"

This thesis aims to research the effects of multiple ascending levels of photovoltaic (PV) power penetration on a prototype diesel generator powered network that has a PV power system integrated into it. First the effects of this additional photovoltaic penetration were documented then some ways to mitigate the effects of solar intermittency were investigated. This project relates to the Power and Water Corporation’s (PWC) proposed roll out of 10 megawatt of solar throughout more than 30 of the remote communities they service in the Northern Territory. This thesis is concerned with instantaneous PV power penetration and studying the effects levels of instantaneous penetration higher than 30 per cent may have on an individual network. To conduct this study, literature about solar irradiance data and previous trials in the Northern Territory was studied to make sensible simulation event estimates for a mock network. A network model was created and used in simulations to approximate the network’s response to cloud shading during various levels of penetration. The simulations confirmed that photovoltaic penetration of 30 per cent and even 45 per cent could easily be implemented without the need for upgrading the existing infrastructure. Both 60 and 70 per cent penetration level simulations suggested that there would likely be a need to raise the nominal generated voltage and or apply shunt capacitor banks to the load buses. The significance of these results is that they confirm the Power and Water Corporations premise that 30 per cent penetration is a safe starting point and also suggest that higher levels of photovoltaic penetration can be achieved with little to no costly infrastructure upgrades, depending on the level of penetration implemented.

Distribution systems are designed to operate in radial mode (the simplest system topology) without any generation on the system, unidirectional power flow from the distribution substation to the customers via main feeder(s) and its(their) laterals within a specified range of operating points. The rapid growth of PV module installations on the distribution systems could not only offset the load but also cause a significant impact on the flow of power (active and reactive), voltage level, and fault currents, therefore; concerns about their potential impacts on the stability and operation of the power system have become one of the important issues and may create barriers to their future expansion. The most likely potential impact of the high PV penetration level is losing the voltage regulation, because it is directly related to the amount of reverse power flow. The main goal of this thesis is to approximate the maximum level of PV penetration which the system can accommodate without any impact on the voltage profile, stability, and operation.

L'objectif de cette thèse est l'optimisation du rendement des chaînes de conversion photovoltaïques (PV). Différentes améliorations de l'architecture électriques et de ses algorithmes de commande ont été développées afin d'obtenir un haut rendement de conversion sur une grande plage de puissance d'entrée. Ces travaux portent également sur l'allongement de la durée de vie de l'étage de conversion électrique. Les avantages et les inconvénients d'un système composé de convertisseurs connectés en parallèle ont été montrés notamment à travers une analyse de pertes. Ces études ont permis la conception d'une nouvelle architecture constituée par des convertisseurs parallélisés. Cette dernière est appelée "Convertisseur Multi-Phase Adaptative" (MPAC). Sa singularité réside dans ses algorithmes de commande qui adaptent les phases actives selon la production de puissance en temps réel et recherchent la configuration la plus efficiente à chaque instant. De cette façon, le MPAC garantit un haut rendement de conversion sur toute la plage de puissance de fonctionnement. Une autre loi de commande permet quant à elle d'uniformiser le temps de fonctionnement de chaque phase par l'implémentation d'un algorithme de rotation de phase. Ainsi, le stress des composants de ces phases est maintenu homogène, assurant un vieillissement homogène pour chacune des phases. Etant donné alors le faible stress appliqué sur chaque composant, la structure MPAC présente une durée de vie plus importante. Les améliorations de l'étage de conversion de puissance ont pu montrer par la réalisation d'un prototype expérimental et par la réalisation de tests expérimentaux la validation globale du système. Pour finir, des tests comparatifs entre une chaîne de conversion PV classique et notre système ont montré une amélioration significative du rendement de conversion
This thesis focuses in the optimization of the efficiency of photovoltaic power conversion chain. In this way, different improvements have been proposed in the electrical architecture and its control algorithms in order to obtain high efficiency in a large rage of input power and long life-time of PV power conversion system. Using loss analysis, the benefits and drawbacks of parallel connection of power structures has been shown. This analysis has allowed the conception of a new optimized architecture constituted by parallelized power converters, called Multi-Phase Adaptive Converter (MPAC). The singularity of these power structures consists on the adaptation of the phases of the converter depending on the power production in real-time and looking for the most efficient configuration all time. In this way, the MPAC guarantees high conversion efficiency for all power ranges. Another control law is also implemented which guarantees a rotation of the phases to keep their working time uniform. Thus, the stress of the components of all the phases is kept homogenous, assuring a homogeneous aging of the phases. Since the global stress of the component is lower, the MPAC presents a longer life-time. The improvements in the power conversion stage are shown by experimental prototypes. Experimental tests have been done for global validation. Comparison with a classical power conversion stage shows the improvement in the global conversion efficiency

The aim of this work is to research the issue of optimal sizing and location of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) units on radial distribution feeders, and develop new procedures by which the optimal location may be determined. The procedures consider the concept that the PVDG production varies independently from changes in feeder load demand. Based on that, the developed procedures deal with two performance curves; the feeder daily load curve driven by the consumer load demand, and the PVDG daily production curve driven by the solar irradiance. Due to the mismatch in the profile of these two curves the PVDG unit might end up producing only part of its capacity at the time the feeder meets its peak load demand. An actual example of that is the summer peak load demand in Abu Dhabi city that occurs at 5:30 pm, which is 5 hours after the time the PV array yields its peak. Consequently, solving the optimization problem for maximum line power loss reduction (∆PPL) is deemed inappropriate for the connection of PVDG units. Accordingly, the procedures have been designed to solve for maximum line energy loss reduction (∆EL). A suitable concept has been developed to rate the ∆EL at one time interval over the day, namely feasible optimization interval (FOI). The concept has been put into effect by rating the ∆EL in terms of line power loss reduction at the FOI (ΔPLFOI). This application is deemed very helpful in running the calculations with no need to repeat the energy-based calculations on hourly basis intervals or even shorter. The procedures developed as part of this work have been applied on actual feeders at the 11kV level of Abu Dhabi distribution network. Two main scenarios have been considered relating to the avoidance and allowance of reverse power flow (RPF). In this course, several applications employing both single and multiple PVDG units have been solved and validated. The optimization procedures are solved iteratively. Hence, effective sub-procedures to help determine the appropriate number of feasible iterative steps have been developed and incorporated successfully. Additionally, the optimization procedures have been designed to deal with a 3-phase feeder under an unbalanced load condition. The line impedances along the feeder are modeled in terms of a phase impedance matrix. At the same time, the modeling of feeder load curves along with the power flow calculations and the resulting losses in the lines are carried out by phase. The resulting benefits from each application have been evaluated and compared in terms of line power loss reduction at the FOI (∆PLFOI) along with voltage and current flow profile.

Relevance of research. Due to the rapid deployment of the non-dispatchable (intermittent) generation sources in the smart grid, such as integration of the photovoltaic power plants and wind turbines in the distribution systems; this caused a problem of the uncertainty increase of simulation results for decision-making for power supply systems, these uncertainties of power systems are getting more and more notice. At the same time, the classical power systems models cannot give accurate simulation results. Wherein; it became necessary to define new models to represent the specific parameters of power system. wherein; this research reveals to the benefits of using probabilistic mathematical approaches to define and calculate the specific economic parameters, as well as the technical parameters for power supply system with the integration renewable energy generators, which are characterising by randomness and uncertainty due to the high penetration to the renewables. Monte Carlo Method, and Point Estimation Method are used to handle the uncertainties of renewable energy resources. The standard functions to represent the stochastic parameters of the model are analyzed with the use of three-point estimation technique for the distribution functions of their probable values. A synthetic skewed probability density function was analytically constructed basing on the standard normal distribution, which is suitable for analytic representation of the predicted and/or statistical random sampling of the uncertain model parameters of energy system with renewables, and analytical expressions were obtained to compute the moments of proposed synthetic probability function. Relationship of work with scientific programs, plans, themes. is to demonstrate the possibility of describing the input parameters of the simulation Deterministic and Stochastic Modeling by probability Density Functions by the use of three-point approximation techniques and to obtain analytical expressions for the characteristics of such distributions, suitable for non-iterative (as opposed to Monte Carlo Method) probabilistic method applications, namely the Point Estimation Method. Purpose and tasks of the research. Increasing the simulation accuracy results for estimation economic and technical parameters characterising photovoltaic power plant based on based on the life cycle model; as well as development of different algorithms based on deterministic and stochastic modeling of power system with non-dispatchable sources and minimize the computation time. Object of research. Processes of determining the estimated technical and economic parameters characterising a photovoltaic power plant located in Ukraine basing on stochastic modeling. Subject of research. Use of the Monte Carlo Method and Point Estimation Method to estimate the various economic and technical information characteristic of alternative power plants in order to obtain accurate simulation results. Practical value of the results. Practical techniques of the three-point approximation are used to construct the probability density function of the model uncertain (stochastic) parameter, which dominantly influences the modeling result: an event occurrence probability, the result attainability, whatsoever. This technique is an effective tool for the practical evaluating of an uncertain value of a technological or economic factor of material and/or economic object, and widely used for overall Levelized Energy Cost (LCOE – LEC) which is directly or indirectly engaged into analytic representation of the power systel model. Usually, the model of a kind is designed to solve technical and/or economic problem by means of Deterministic and Stochastic Modeling. Scientific novelty of the obtained results is the development of algorithms and mathematical solutions using a probabilistic approach basing Point Estimation Method instead of Monte Carlo Melthod to obtain more accurate estimation simulation results, as well as to obtain computational results in less time for useful decision-making in alternative power plant projects.

Cette thèse traite la commande et l'optimisation d'une installation photovoltaïquepour un site isolé. Ainsi, nous avons proposé un algorithme par logique flouepermettant la poursuite du point de puissance maximal afin de remédier auxinconvénients des méthodes classiques. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés àl'optimisation de la structure de l'installation. En effet, dans les installationsclassiques, dans le cas de défaillance d'un panneaux, tout le bloc série devientinutilisable, ce qui réduit considérablement les capacités de production del'installation. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons proposé un superviseur permettant la reconfiguration automatique de l'installation de telle sorte que seul lepanneaux défaillant est mis hors connexion. Par ailleurs, pour gérer le flux depuissance et pour répondre à la demande de l'utilisateur, nous avons développé un superviseur par logique floue. Ainsi, le surplus de production est stocké systématiquement dans la batterie pour l'utiliser ensuite en cas où la demandedépasse la production. De plus, la structure proposée permet de ne solliciter la batterie en cas de besoin de ce qui permet de prolonger considérablement sa duréede vie
This thesis addresses the control and optimization of a stand-alone photovoltaicsystem. Thus, we proposed a fuzzy logic algorithm for tracking the maximum powerpoint to overcome the disadvantages of classical methods. Then we focused onoptimizing the structure of the installation. Indeed, in conventional systems, in thecase of failure of a panel, the whole serie block becomes unusable, greatly reducingthe production capacity. To resolve this problem, we proposed a supervisor for theautomatic reconfiguration of the installation so that only the failed panels is takenoffline. Furthermore, to manage the power flow and to meet user demand, wedeveloped a fuzzy supervisor. Thus, the surplus production is systematically storedin the battery for later use in cases where demand exceeds production. In addition,the proposed structure can not draining the battery in case of need thereby greatlyextend its lifetime

In this thesis, the behaviour of a weak power distribution grid at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) in the presence of a Photovoltaic (PV) inverter and Electric Vehicles (EV) as loads is analyzed. The grid connected to PV and EV has high impedance. The impact at PCC when the injected power varies in conjunction with the frequency and voltage deviation with a delay in inverter fed power is elaborated. Various measures such as peak shaving, coordinated charging, voltage drop correction have already been developed to mitigate the impact at PCC. These measures are observed on a combined EV and PV setup. In general, the grid tied inverter injects power based on an average grid voltage calculation at stable synchronization with the grid. If an error (for instance, an error in average grid voltage calculation) persists in such a case causing a loss in synchronization between the PV inverter and the grid, then a delay in the power injected may result in an oscillation at the PCC. A simple two bus system is considered to analyze the result of transportation delay. The delay and droop parameters of the PV inverter are altered whose results are quantitatively analyzed. The model abides the grid codes for active power reduction and static voltage support requirements. Further, the impact of a fault along with an inverter delay is analyzed. Simulative analysis is performed in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. To reduce the impact at PCC, performance criteria are analyzed whose parameters could be measured and altered. Scenarios are developed to analyze EV‟s impact in the presence and absence of storage and Distributed Generator (DG) that can be extended onto the micro grids.

Natural disasters and conflicts in many different parts of the world force thousands of people to get displaced from their homes and live in refugee camps temporarily or permanently. For refugee families, lack of energy access has great impact on their lives. Tarpon Solar Company has developed a solar tent which is a combination of laminated cloth and flexible solar cells. In addition to producing renewable electricity, it can create a comfortable outdoor shelter from sun, rain and wind.   The aims of this study were to define and size the solar system of the tent in both AC and DC systems and optimize the tent to work in different locations around the world. Besides designing a monitoring system for the solar tent to evaluate the performance. In addition, defining the social aspect and the consumer behavior for a better solar tent future design. As a case study, Tarpon AC solar tent in Glava, Sweden has been installed to cover the basic needs of the tent users. To understand the solar tent performance in different weather zones, 4 different locations were suggested. A monitor system was designed to monitor the tent solar system performance. The simulation software PVsyst was used to size the PV system in the different locations with different solar data.   The PVsyst simulation results showed that the current Tarpon solar tent with 32 photovoltaic modules is extremely oversized to cover the basic needs loads (Lighting, mobile charging and ventilation) in the emergency cases.   The current Tarpon solar tent has a standard number of photovoltaic modules integrated in the tent fabric while the photovoltaic modules number should vary from one location to another according to the weather data and solar irradiation. In this case the current Tarpon solar system used in Glava, Sweden can be optimized by decreasing the number of photovoltaic modules to only 6 photovoltaic modules instead of 32 modules.   The study also shows that the features of the off-grid system components (battery and charge controller) are different from one location to another according to the criteria of selection.   This study concludes that for the temporary short-term emergency use of the tent where only basic needs loads are needed, DC system is better than AC system in terms of energy efficiency, system size and cost in the different proposed locations. While AC system is better when using the tent for prolonged time in terms of user flexibility and ability to extend the system. Understanding the consumer behavior and the goal of the tent whether to be used for an emergency short term shelter or a permanent shelter for a prolonged time are important factors for a better solar tent design.

The proposed hybrid system generates AC power by combining solar and wind energy converted by a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The DFIG, driven by a wind turbine, needs rotor excitation so the stator can supply a load or the grid. In a variable-speed wind energy system, the stator voltage and its frequency vary with wind speed, and in order to keep them constant, variable-voltage and variable-frequency rotor excitation is to be provided. A power conversion unit supplies the rotor, drawing power either from AC mains or from a PV panel depending on their availability. It consists of a multilevel inverter which gives lower harmonic distortion in the stator voltage. Maximum power point tracking techniques have been implemented for both wind and solar power. The complete hybrid renewable energy system is implemented in a PSIM-Simulink interface and the wind energy conversion portion is realized in hardware using dSPACE controller board.

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Thermophotovoltaic cells are a good candidate for use in high efficiency radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) power devices for deep space missions. This thesis examines the use of Silvaco Virtual Wafer Fabrication Software as a tool for designing and optimizing TPV cells for different possible spectra. It gives results for GaSb and InGaAs cells optimized to the AM0 spectrum which closely match published data as well as hypothetical cells optimized to the spectrum of a 1300K blackbody.
Ensign, United States Navy

A paramount technical drawback of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power systems is the intermittency of energy production, which results in problems of stability of the electricity grid and power quality issues [1] [2] [3]. The effects of the separate installation of PV or wind power systems are well-known in literature [4] [5] [6]. In different countries, such as Denmark for wind, renewables have become the main sources of power: non-programmable RES share is currently around 50% of the national electric consumption. In Germany and Spain, this share is already higher than 20%, while in Italy this goal will be reached in few years [7]. In every case, a full transformation of the power system will be even more necessary: infrastructure, policies and markets have to be improved. To compensate for the intermittency of PV and wind generators, electrochemical storages are easy to install and manage in whatever site with respect to hydroelectric pumping systems which require large reservoirs. The widespread utilization could address the power balance of local loads and distributed generators mitigating their negative effects on the grid. For example, the power surplus from PV near midday could be used later to feed local loads. Nevertheless, storage is currently expensive and cannot solve the problem of the weak seasonal correlation between low demand and high non-programmable RES generation and vice versa. Therefore, it is fundamental to know what are the acceptable amounts of grid-connected RES and storages capacities. In particular, the maximum capacities of non-programmable RES must be defined so that there is no necessity of grid upgrade. Such an upgrade of distribution transformers and lines is a consequence of high active powers from distributed generation in reverse flow on radial networks originally designed to feed purely passive loads. Taking into account the previous general remarks, in the present PhD dissertation, the optimal power sharing between PV generators, wind turbines, storage and grid to feed tertiary sector (telecommunication equipment and offices) users is determined taking into account some technical end economic constraints. Therefore, the electrical consumers in this analysis are the owners of the PV generators, wind turbines and storage systems. These three technologies are used to meet a substantial amount of the demand, while the remaining power is provided by the distribution grid. In this way, the consumers became prosumers. First, each renewable source (sun and/or wind) is investigated in terms of hours of availability to estimate the total time in which PV and/or wind power productions occur along the whole year. Then, the primary goal of the prosumers is assumed to be the achievement of the best match between power profiles of loads and power profiles of generators. Such a best match is obtained thanks to an appropriate procedure to design the sizes of generators and storages. In this procedure, power ratings of PV and wind generators and energy capacities of batteries are chosen to reach the highest levels of self-consumption and the lowest levels of power exchange with the grid according to the load profile. In every case, the selected sizing solutions are cost-effective (Net Present Value NPV>0) and cannot create problems to the grid management (overloads of distribution lines and transformers are avoided). In Figure 1 1, it is present the scheme of the simulated systems: the main components are PV and wind generators, storage and electronic converters. They supply aggregations of tertiary-sector users with a peak of consumption corresponding to tens of megawatt, composed of many offices buildings and electronic equipment’s. The core of the system is the DC bus, which connects all the renewables at the voltage imposed by the batteries. On the contrary, all the loads are in AC and can be fed by the grid, when there is no production and storage is empty. PV generators are connected to the DC bus by DC/DC converters operating as Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPTs) to extract the maximum power. An inverter provides AC power to user loads: this converter is unidirectional, because the storage recharging is performed by PV and wind generators without the grid contribution. The reason is that storage is used to support renewables to feed loads and decrease grid-exchanges. Charge-discharge cycles performed to buy and sell energy at different prices are not allowed and batteries are recharged only when there is a surplus from wind and PV (with respect to the local loads). Simulations start from hourly load profiles and environmental parameters. Solar irradiance G, air temperature Ta and wind speed data u, with 1-minute time step, are measured with high accuracy instruments of meteorological stations. These stations are installed in five sites in Apulia (Southern Italy) and have a mutual maximum distance of 150 km. The meteorological data are inputs of energy production models (Figure 1 2): the sites are characterized by a similar annual solar radiation and high deviations in wind speed profiles. The first result is that the maximum levels of self-consumption, that can be reached according to the abovementioned constraints, are in the range 50÷61% of the energy consumption. A so high autonomy from the grid is achieved by installing high storage capacities: they permit to use more PV generators and wind turbines with negligible grid injections. If the goal is the maximization of the NPV, the costs of grid exchanges become the main driver: storage is expensive and to sell energy to the grid is less profitable than self-consumption. The best choice is to design the PV and wind generators to satisfy an amount of the total consumption; in this way, most of RES production is self-consumed and injections are low. In this case, in which storage is not used, the maximum levels of self-consumption result in the range 34÷41% of the load. At the end of the simulation part of my thesis, the data related to the five case studies are compared with the results of two additional simulations, in which loads and generators of all the five analysed sites are aggregated. In the first aggregation case, distributed storage is not present and capacity of PV and wind generators corresponds to the sum of the capacities of the five sites, previously calculated in case of maximization of NPV. The aggregation of generators and loads permits to increase the self-consumption from an average value of 37% up to 40% for the whole system (this result corresponds to that one of the best case study). In future works, this improvement could reach much higher values, if other different typology of loads (e.g. dwelling houses and factories) will be added in the aggregation. In the second aggregation case, a centralized storage is present and its capacity corresponds to the sum of the capacities of distributed storage calculated in the five independent sites in case of maximization of self-consumption. The capacity of PV and wind generators corresponds to the sum of the capacities of the five sites. The aggregation does not permit to achieve better results with respect to single cases, because the high installed capacity of storage already well manages surplus and deficit of energy. In addition to the above described simulation activity, during the whole PhD course, experimental work was performed on PV systems. Part of this experimental work was published in three journal papers [8] [9] [10] (I am co-author) and they are reported in Chapter 4. This experimental work was fundamental to study in details the operation and issues of PV systems. Thus, this work was significant for the achievement of simulation results described in the previous chapters. In the first part of the experimental work, it is defined a reasonable procedure, in terms of minimum type and number of tests and thus minimum duration (a few days), in order to identify the sources of poor performance and to solve or mitigate their negative effects. Such a procedure is based on experimental tests, partly on the PV-system site and partly in laboratory, and the suitable data processing, both before the experiments and after them [8]. The second part of experimental work is related to the electric characterization of the PV generator by tracking its I-V characteristic by connecting it to a capacitor. The curve tracer based on capacitive loads is used, because it is simpler, cheaper and scalable from module level to array level with respect to the use of a variable controlled load. Nevertheless, it is required a detailed sizing of the capacitive load to optimize the duration and the accuracy of the measurements. The practical setup of I–V curve tracers at module, string and array levels is addressed in this work for the main commercial technologies. Such tracers represent a tool to easily check the performance of PV systems at the beginning and during their operation, especially when poor performance occurs [9]. In Chapter 1, it is present a description of PV and wind power generation systems and electrochemical storage technologies. In Chapter 2, it is described the architecture of the simulated systems. The management of energy flows, the models of renewable generators, simulation constraints and sizing criteria are also described in detail in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, inputs of the simulation and the energy and economic results of the different case studies are presented. Finally, the experimental work on PV system is reported in Chapter 4.

Solar power, clean and abundant, is considered as a vital contributor in the effort of transforming world energy-mix to pollution-free and natural-regenerative sources.   The solar micro inverters have gained greater visibility during the past several years due to their higher efficiency, greater performances, longer life expectancy and many other benefits. But, integrating small scale [<15kW] renewable energy sources, especially the low frequency switching solar inverters to the low voltage distribution grid has its own challenges due to their inability to generate reactive power to maintain the static voltage stability of the grid. Higher level of solar penetration has identified as a potential cause of low voltage grid instability due to lack of reactive power feeding and their tendency to keep on increasing the voltage higher than grid at the point of common connection [PCC] in order to inject the current to the grid. The studies and experience in voltage stability issues has resulted in introducing many new grid regulations to manage the grid voltage stability throughout the world. The new regulation, VDE-AR-N-4105-2011 is a German grid regulation standard specifically focuses on the low voltage grid connected power generators. This regulation has addressed the reactive power requirements in terms of power factor and supply management to maintain the grid static voltage variation less than 3% at the PCC, when connecting any type of distributed power generators to the low voltage network. This report discuss about the voltage stability issues related to low frequency switching inverters and present a solution to comply with low voltage grid regulation - VDE-AR-N-4105-2011; a SmartVar Generator concept, theory, design and functionality.

Lack of access to information on the cost and timeframe for the permitting and interconnection of distributed renewable energy generation facilities may hinder renewable energy capacity development. This issue is examined within the specific context of solar photovoltaic systems developed for participation in the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) program hosted by the Marin Energy Authority (MEA). A guide on the permitting and interconnection of solar PV generators for participation in the program was produced for the host agency. This guide seeks to assist property owners and solar developers in overcoming existing informational challenges. By providing an overview of the procedural requirements and process, as well as reference tools that highlights helpful resources and documents, the guide provides readers with an introductory tool for overcoming existing non-market barriers to participation in the MEA FIT program. In addition, a Recommendations Report has also been produced to provide the MEA with a discussion of existing procedural challenges faced by program participants. This report, which details the issues identified by those stakeholders that participated in the development of the guide, concludes with a series of recommended actions that the MEA may take to enhance the ability of potential FIT participants to accurately estimate and plan for the costs and timeframes associated with permitting a solar PV facility.

This Ph.D. thesis illustrates a novel study on the analytical and numerical design optimization of radial-flux permanent magnet synchronous wind generators (PMSGs) for small power generation in an urban area, in which an outer rotor topology with a closed-slot stator is employed. The electromagnetic advantages of a double-layer fractional concentration non-overlapping winding configuration are discussed. The analytical behavior of a PMSG is studied in detail; especially for magnetic flux density distribution, time and space harmonics, flux linkages, back-EMF, cogging torque, torque, output power, efficiency, and iron losses computation. The electromagnetic behavior of PMSGs are evaluated when a number of various Halbach array magnetization topologies are presented to maximize the generator’s performance. In addition, the thermal behavior of the PMSG is improved using an innovative natural air-cooling system for rated speed and higher to decrease the machine’s heat mainly at the stator teeth. The analytical investigation is verified via 2-D and 3-D finite element analysis along with a good experimental agreement. Design optimization of electrical machines plays the deterministic role in performance improvements such as the magnetization pattern, output power, and efficiency maximization, as well as losses and material cost minimization. This dissertation proposes a novel multi-objective design optimization technique using a dual-level response surface methodology (D-RSM) and Booth’s algorithm (coupled to a memetic algorithm known as simulated annealing) to maximize the output power and minimize material cost through sizing optimization. Additionally, the efficiency maximization by D-RSM is investigated while the PMSG and drive system are on duty as the whole. It is shown that a better fit is available when utilizing modern design functions such as mixed-resolution central composite (MR-CCD) and mixed-resolution robust (MR-RD), due to controllable and uncontrollable design treatments, and also a Window-Zoom-in approach. The proposed design optimization was verified by an experimental investigation. Additionally, there are several novel studies on vibro-acoustic design optimization of the PMSGs with considering variable speed analysis and natural frequencies using two techniques to minimize the magnetic noise and vibrations. Photovoltaic system design optimization considered of 3-D modeling of an innovative application-oriented urban environment structure, a smart tree for small power generation. The horizon shading is modeled as a broken line superimposed onto the sun path diagram, which can hold any number of height/azimuth points in this original study. The horizon profile is designed for a specific location on the Barcelona coast in Spain and the meteorological data regarding the location of the project was also considered. Furthermore, the input weather data is observed and stored for the whole year (in 2016). These data include, ambient temperature, module’s temperature (open and closed circuits tests), and shading average rate. A novel Pareto-based 3-D analysis was used to identify complete and partial shading of the photovoltaic system. A significant parameter for a photovoltaic (PV) module operation is the nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT). In this research, a glass/glass module has been referenced to the environment based on IEC61215 via a closed-circuit and a resistive load to ensure the module operates at the maximum power point. The proposed technique in this comparative study attempts to minimize the losses in a certain area with improved output energy without compromising the overall efficiency of the system. A Maximum Power Point Track (MPPT) controller is enhanced by utilizing an advanced perturb & observe (P&O) algorithm to maintain the PV operating point at its maximum output under different temperatures and insolation. The most cost-effective design of the PV module is achieved via optimizing installation parameters such as tilt angle, pitch, and shading to improve the energy yield. The variation of un-replicated factorials using a Window-Zoom-in approach is examined to determine the parameter settings and to check the suitability of the design. An experimental investigation was carried out to verify the 3-D shading analysis and NOCT technique for an open-circuit and grid-connected PV module.
Esta tesis muestra un novedoso estudio referente al diseño optimizado de forma analítica y numérica de un generador síncrono de imanes permanentes (PMSGs) para una aplicación de microgeneración eólica en un entorno urbano, donde se ha escogido una topología de rotor exterior con un estator de ranuras cerradas. Las ventajas electromagnéticas de los arrollamientos fraccionarios de doble capa, con bobinas concentradas se discuten ampliamente en la parte inicial del diseño del mismo, así como las características de distribución de la inducción, los armónicos espaciales y temporales, la fem generada, el par de cogging así como las características de salida (par, potencia generada, la eficiencia y la distribución y cálculo de las pérdidas en el hierro que son analizadas detalladamente) Posteriormente se evalúan diferentes configuraciones de estructuras de imanes con magnetización Halbach con el fin de maximizar las prestaciones del generador. Adicionalmente se analiza la distribución de temperaturas y su mejora mediante el uso de un novedoso diseño mediante el uso de ventilación natural para velocidades próximas a la nominal y superiores con el fin de disminuir la temperatura de la máquina, principalmente en el diente estatórico. El cálculo analítico se completa mediante simulaciones 2D y 3D utilizando el método de los elementos finitos así como mediante diversas experiencias que validan los modelos y aproximaciones realizadas. Posteriormente se desarrollan algoritmos de optimización aplicados a variables tales como el tipo de magnetización, la potencia de salida, la eficiencia así como la minimización de las pérdidas y el coste de los materiales empleados. En la tesis se proponen un nuevo diseño optimizado basado en una metodología multinivel usando la metodología de superficie de respuesta (D-RSM) y un algoritmo de Booth (maximizando la potencia de salida y minimizando el coste de material empleado) Adicionalmente se investiga la maximización de la eficiencia del generador trabajando conjuntamente con el circuito de salida acoplado. El algoritmo utilizado queda validado mediante la experimentación desarrollada conjuntamente con el mismo. Adicionalmente, se han realizado diversos estudios vibroacústicos trabajando a velocidad variable usando dos técnicas diferentes para reducir el ruido generado y las vibraciones producidas. Posteriormente se considera un sistema fotovoltaico orientado a aplicaciones urbanas que hemos llamado “Smart tree for small power generation” y que consiste en un poste con un generador eólico en la parte superior juntamente con uno o más paneles fotovoltaicos. Este sistema se ha modelado usando metodologías en 3D. Se ha considerado el efecto de las sombras proyectadas por los diversos elementos usando datos meteorológicos y de irradiación solar de la propia ciudad de Barcelona. Usando una metodología basada en un análisis 3D y Pareto se consigue identificar completamente el sistema fotovoltaico; para este sistema se considera la temperatura de la célula fotovoltaica y la carga conectada con el fin de generar un algoritmo de control que permita obtener el punto de trabajo de máxima potencia (MPPT) comprobándose posteriormente el funcionamiento del algoritmo para diversas situaciones de funcionamiento del sistema
La tesis desenvolupa un nou estudi per al disseny optimitzat, analític i numèric, d’un generador síncron d’imants permanents (PMSGs) per a una aplicació de microgeneració eòlica en aplicacions urbanes, on s’ha escollit una configuració amb rotor exterior i estator amb ranures tancades. Es discuteixen de forma extensa els avantatges electromagnètics dels bobinats fraccionaris de doble capa així com les característiques resultats vers la distribució de les induccions, els harmònics espacials i temporals, la fem generada, el parell de cogging i les característiques de sortida (parell, potencia, eficiència i pèrdues) Tanmateix s’afegeix l’estudi de diferents estructures Halbach per als imants permanents a fi i efecte de maximitzar les característiques del generador. Tot seguit s’analitza la distribució de temperatures i la seva reducció mitjançant la utilització d’una nova metodologia basada en la ventilació natural. Els càlculs analítics es complementen mitjançant anàlisi en 2 i 3 dimensions utilitzant elements finits i diverses experiències que validen els models i aproximacions emprades. Una vegada fixada la geometria inicial es desenvolupen algoritmes d’optimització per a diverses variables (tipus de magnetització dels imants, potencia de sortida, eficiència, minimització de pèrdues i cost dels materials) La tesi planteja una optimització multinivell emprant la metodologia de superfície de resposta i un algoritme de Booth; a més, es realitza la optimització considerant el circuit de sortida. L’algoritme resta validat per la experimentació realitzada. Finalment, s’han considerat diversos estudis vibroacústic treballant a velocitat variable, emprant dues tècniques diferents per a reduir el soroll i les vibracions desenvolupades. Per a finalitzar l’estudi es considera un sistema format per una turbina eòlica instal·lada sobre un pal de llum autònom, els panells fotovoltaics corresponents i el sistema de càrrega. Per a modelitzar l’efecte de l’ombrejat s’ha emprat un model en 3D i les dades del temps i d’irradiació solar de la ciutat de Barcelona. El model s’ha identificat completament i s’ha generat un algoritme de control que considera, a més, l’efecte de la temperatura de la cèl·lula fotovoltaica y la càrrega connectada al sistema per tal d’aconseguir el seguiment del punt de màxima potencia

Technology improvement on solar systems has recently given the solar industry a big boost in the market especially in locations such as California where solar irradiance is abundant and fossil fuel prices are constantly on the rise. However solar power technology is not perfect and may still have some drawbacks. This project presents a theoretical evaluation and comparison between two possible off-grid systems in accordance with their cost over a fixed amount of years. A case study will be conducted to determine which of the following two off-grid systems best satisfies a given load profile in terms of cost and efficiency: a Photovoltaic (PV) system with battery back-up or an AC generator with diesel fuel engine. A cost comparison of both systems will determine whether solar energy is a good investment and can be considered as an alternative power solution for the future. A MATLAB simulation of the PV system will help visualize the battery’s charging process with respect to the load.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The search for a more diverse energy matrix, to decrease the fossil fuel consumption com-bined with the enhance concern of environmental impacts results in an increasing interest on the installation of distributed generators. Nevertheless, its technical impacts must be studied carefully to benefit electric energy distribution systems. Considering photovoltaic generators, the presence of clouds influences directly in the solar irradiance on Earth’s surface, what var-ies, in a significant way, the generation of energy throughout time. The continuous clouds movement above electrical grids that contain this kind of generation produces difficulty in the forecast variations of the generated power flow and voltage fluctuations on electrical grid im-pacting the consumer’s energy quality. Thus, this master dissertation proposes to rank real solar irradiance data according to satellite image processing, which counts on information referring to the different sort of clouds. The purpose is to investigate how the dynamic of clouds affects the energy production from photovoltaic generator and, consequently, the im-pact on the electrical grids that counts with it. At first, different types of clouds are ranked through image processing techniques, so that images were obtained in CPTEC. Weather Fore-casting and Climate Studies Center website using satellite GOES-13 data with 30 minutes periods. In comparison to image processing results, it is used measured data from a photovol-taic system installed on the roof of Block E from Santa Maria’s Polytechnic School to rate the shading influence, thus, the classification of measured data on: sunny, partially clouded and fully clouded days. Therefore, for the evaluation of impact of a photovoltaic systems on dif-ferent generation situations over an electric distribution grid, it was used the IEEE 34-bus feeder, through known analysis such as QuasiStatic Time-Series Analysis performed by the software Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS). Different load profiles are also considered, such as constant and variating loads on weekdays and weekends. The results in each tested case are presented and is performed an analysis of information from the energetic point of view, observing the real and local generation capacity, and the quality of the energy provided by the system, in which is referred the voltage levels and operation of voltage regu-lators equipment.
A busca pela diversificação da matriz energética, diminuição na utilização de combustíveis fósseis para geração de energia elétrica, além da maior preocupação com os impactos ambientais, fazem com que se aposte cada vez mais na instalação de geradores distribuídos. Contudo, para que estes possam vir a beneficiar sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica, seus impactos técnicos devem ser cuidadosamente estudados. Considerando geradores fotovoltaicos, a presença de nuvens influ-encia diretamente a irradiância solar que chega à superfície terrestre, variando de uma forma sig-nificativa ao longo do tempo a energia gerada. O movimento contínuo das nuvens sobre redes elétricas que contam com esse tipo de geração produz variações de difícil previsibilidade sobre o fluxo de potência gerado e flutuações de tensão na rede elétrica, acarretando em possíveis impac-tos na qualidade de energia fornecida aos consumidores. Assim, esta dissertação de mestrado pro-põe classificar dados reais de irradiância solar conforme o processamento de imagens de satélite que contam com informações referente a classificação de diferentes tipos de nuvens, com objetivo de investigar como a dinâmica de nuvens afeta a produção de energia através de geradores fo-tovoltaicos, e consequentemente redes de distribuição de energia elétrica que contam com a parti-cipação dos mesmos. Em um primeiro instante, através de técnicas de processamento de ima-gem dá-se a classificação dos diferentes tipos de nuvens, de modo que as imagens são obtidas através do site do CPTEC (Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos) com dados do satélite GOES-13 em períodos de 30 minutos. Em comparação aos resultados de processamento de imagem são utilizados dados medidos de um sistema fotovoltaico, instalado no telhado do Blo-co E do Colégio Politécnico de Santa Maria, para avaliar a influência do sombreamento, e assim classificação dos dados medidos em: dia ensolarado, parcialmente encoberto e encoberto. Logo, para a avaliação do impacto em uma rede de distribuição elétrica que conta com sistemas fotovol-taicos em diferentes situações de geração, considera-se o sistema IEEE 34 barras, a partir de aná-lises conhecidas como Quasi-Static Time-Series Analysis, realizadas pelo software Open Distri-bution System Simulator (OpenDSS). Também, são considerados diferentes perfis de carga, como por exemplo, cargas que não variam no tempo, e cargas que variam com características de dia de semana e fim de semana. Os resultados de cada caso testado são apresentados e é realizado uma análise de informações tanto do ponto de vista energético, observando-se a capacidade real e local de geração, além da qualidade de energia fornecida pelo sistema, no que se refere aos níveis de tensão e operação de equipamentos reguladores de tensão.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Nowadays, the distribution networks of electricity are the segment of the electrical power systems that has experienced more changes, due in particular to the presence of distributed generation and the technological advances in the areas of instrumentation, automation, measurement, information technology and comunication. This work aims to present the modelling, the control and the operation management of a group of small-scale energy resources connected to the low voltage, which coordinated form a microgrid. The microgrid energy resources are solar photovoltaic sources, wind energy based on double fed induction generator and hydrogen fuel cell, and a storage system with batteries. Two conceptions are developed: a single-phase microgrid and a three-phase microgrid, both operating in connected mode and isolated from the utility. Each energy resource is connected to a point of common coupling through power converters. For each converter was designed a set of control loops. The master-slave strategy was used to control the converters and to microgrid management. In master-slave configuration only the master converter is designed to be the voltage reference and others operate as a current source. For managing the steady state operation of microgrids different operating scenarios were considered, with variation of load and generation levels, as well as changes in tariff flags, for load supply with economy and sources operating at maximum efficiency. The proposed systems operate satisfactorily fulfill the requirements of utility for synchronization and disconnection. The injected currents are below the allowed distortion level. In stand-alone mode, the system voltage remains within the appropriate level of amplitude and frequency.
Atualmente, as redes de distribuiÃÃo de energia elÃtrica sÃo o segmento dos siste-mas elÃtricos de potÃncia que mais tem experimentado mudanÃas, devido, em es-pecial, à presenÃa da geraÃÃo distribuÃda e aos avanÃos tecnolÃgicos nas Ãreas de instrumentaÃÃo, automaÃÃo, mediÃÃo, tecnologia da informaÃÃo e comunicaÃÃo. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a modelagem, o controle e o gerenciamento da operaÃÃo de um conjunto de recursos energÃticos de pequeno porte, conectados à baixa tensÃo, que coordenados formam uma microrrede. Os recursos energÃticos da microrrede sÃo fontes solar fotovoltaica, eolielÃtrica com gerador de induÃÃo de dupla alimentaÃÃo e cÃlula combustÃvel a hidrogÃnio, e um sistema de armazenamento de energia a baterias. Duas concepÃÃes de microrredes sÃo desenvolvidas: microrrede monofÃsica e microrrede trifÃsica, ambas operando em modo conectado e isolado da rede elÃtrica principal. Cada recurso energÃtico à conectado a um ponto comum de conexÃo atravÃs de conversores de potÃncia. Para cada conversor foi projetado um conjunto de malhas de controle. A estratÃgia mestre-escravo foi usada para o controle dos conversores e gerenciamento da microrrede. Na configuraÃÃo mestre-escravo apenas o conversor mestre à designado para ser a referÃncia de tensÃo que os outros conversores necessitam para operarem como fonte de corrente. Para o gerenciamento da operaÃÃo das microrredes em regime permanente, foram considerados diferentes cenÃrios de operaÃÃo, com variaÃÃo de nÃveis de carga e de geraÃÃo, bem como variaÃÃo de bandeiras e postos tarifÃrios, visando atender a carga com economicidade e fontes operando em mÃxima eficiÃncia. Os sistemas propostos operam de forma satisfatÃria obedecendo aos requisitos da concessionÃria para a sincronizaÃÃo e desconexÃo. As harmÃnicas de corrente injetada estÃo abaixo do nÃvel de distorÃÃo permitido. No modo isolado, a tensÃo dos sistemas permanece dentro do nÃvel adequado de amplitude e frequÃncia.

The wide diffusion of distributed energy resources (DERs) has led to a scenario where the penetration of renewables is very high and can significantly affect the grid stability. The increasing complexity of these systems requires a suitable stability approach: the impedance-based analysis has one of its main advantages in the possibility to characterize the components separately, e.g. source and load, and to estimate the stability at a certain interface applying the Nyquist criterion to the impedance ratio. This method has been widely used in DC systems, to investigate the converters interactions and anticipating the stability of the final scenario also in case of multiple paralleled converters, often using criteria to limit the interactions and guarantee a stable configuration. Then, the method has been extended to three-phase system, where the multi-input multi-output configuration needs the generalized Nyquist criterion (GNC) for the stability assessment. The first case presented in this work is a grid-connected large photovoltaic (PV) farm, where the inverter control is provided in abc-frame, and considering a balanced and symmetrical system the equivalent single-phase inverter is used in this analysis. The stability is addressed according to the aforementioned impedance-based approach, including also the equivalent generator contributions. The impedance multiplication effect is here formalized also for the case of different parallel inverters. The influence of the line impedance and of the power rating of the inverter are considered. The outcome of the study is an approach featuring both accurate stability analysis, as in multi-input multi-output based approaches, and modularity, as in impedance-based approaches. Moreover, the grid sensitivity is investigated for the case of multiple paralleled inverters, in order to analyze how it changes with an increasing number of connections. Recently, the interest on the hybrid-grids with diesel generators and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are gaining higher attention because nearly one in five people in the world live without access to electricity. This off-grid solution is then able to provide a continuous generation and also integrate the renewables in the same system. The second part focuses on the modeling of a three-phase hybrid-grid, where the diesel generator is controlled in isochronous mode, and the inverters interfacing the BESSs are droop-controlled with an additional external loop to provide the exact tracking of the power references when the generator is connected. The experimental results of a system with a 400kVA diesel generator and up to 300kVA coming from the BESSs are included. The analysis has led to the full reproduction of the interaction between the diesel generator and an increasing number of connected inverters, where the total inertia of the system changes. However, in literature there is no stability analysis accurate enough to analyze such a complex system and predict instabilities. The modularity of the impedance-based stability analysis can then provide a subdivision of this complexity, and so represents a suitable approach. In this work, the output impedance of a droop-controlled inverter is determined, in order to characterize this element widely used in off-grid applications. After determining the operating point, the analytical model of the output impedance is derived in both controller and system frame, including the effect of the decoupling impedance and the inverter inner dynamics. Finally, this work presents a mathematical tool to convert impedance between different dq-frames. The application of this conversion tool to the aforementioned droop-controlled inverter case will be provided, in order to prove the correctness of the transformation.
L'ampia diffusione delle risorse di energia distribuite ha portato ad uno scenario dove la penetrazione di fonti rinnovabili è molto elevata e può significativamente influenzare la rete. La crescente complessità di questi sistemi richiede un adeguato studio della stabilità: l'approccio basato sulle impedenze ha come uno dei maggiori vantaggi la possibilità di caratterizzare i componenti separatamente, ad esempio sorgente e carico, e di stimare la stabilità ad una determinata interfaccia applicando il criterio di Nyquist al rapporto di impedenze. Questo metodo è stato largamente utilizzato nei sistemi DC, per analizzare le interazioni tra convertitori e prevedere la stabilità del sistema finale anche in caso di più convertitori parallelo, spesso utilizzando criteri per limitare le interazioni e garantire una configurazione stabile. Successivamente il metodo è stato esteso a sistemi trifase, dove la configurazione con ingressi ed uscite multiple richiede l'utilizzo del criterio generalizzato di Nyquist per analizzare la stabilità. Il primo caso presentato in questo lavoro è un grande impianto fotovoltaico connesso alla rete, dove il controllo degli inverter è fornito nel sistema di riferimento abc e, considerando un sistema bilanciato e simmetrico, l'inverter equivalente monofase è stato utilizzato in questa analisi. La stabilità è determinata seguendo il metodo basato sulle impedenze precedentemente citato, includendo anche il contributo del generatore equivalente. L'effetto di moltiplicazione di impedenza è qui formalizzato anche nel caso di inverter paralleli non uguali. L'influenza dell'impedenza di linea e della taglia dell'inverter sono considerate. Il risultato dello studio è un approccio che include un'accurata analisi di stabilità, come negli approcci basati su sistemi multi-input e multi-output, e la modularità, come negli approcci basati sulle impedenze. Inoltre, la sensibilità rispetto alla rete è stata studiata per il caso di inverter paralleli multipli, con lo scopo di analizzare come questa si modifica con un crescente numero di connessioni. Recentemente, l'interesse sulle reti ibride con generatori diesel e sistemi di accumulo di energia tramite batterie stanno ricevendo maggiore attenzione perché una ogni cinque persone vive senza accesso all'elettricità. Questa soluzione non connessa alla rete principale è quindi in grado di fornire una generazione continua ed integrare le energie rinnovabili nel sistema. La seconda parte si concentra nella modellizzazione di una rete ibrida trifase, dove il generatore diesel è controllato con controllo isocrono e gli inverter, utilizzati come interfaccia per le batterie, sono gestiti con un controllo droop con dei loop esterni addizionali per fornire l'inseguimento dei riferimenti di potenza quando connessi al generatore. Sono riportati nella tesi i risultati sperimentali del sistema con un generatore diesel a 400kVA e fino a 300kVA dalle batterie. L'analisi ha portato ad una completa riproduzione dell'interazione tra il generatore diesel e un crescente numero di inverter connessi, nel qual caso l'inerzia totale del sistema cambia. Tuttavia, in letteratura non è presente alcuna analisi di stabilità abbastanza accurata per analizzare un sistema di una tale complessità e per predire eventuali instabilità. La modularità dell'analisi di stabilità basata sulle impedenze può quindi fornire una suddivisione di questa complessità, e quindi è un approccio opportuno. In questo lavoro, l'impedenza di uscita di un inverter controllato in droop è determinata, con lo scopo di caratterizzare questo elemento largamente utilizzato in applicazioni non connesse alla rete. Dopo aver determinato il punto operativo, il modello analitico dell'impedenza di uscita è derivato riferendosi sia al controllore interno al convertitore che al sistema, includendo l'effetto dell'impedenza di disaccoppiamento e delle dinamiche interne dell'inverter. Infine, questo lavoro presenta uno strumento matematico per convertire le impedenze da un sistema di riferimento dq ad un altro. È fornito un esempio di applicazione di questo strumento di conversione nel caso dell'inverter controllato in droop, con lo scopo di provare la correttezza della trasformazione.

The thesis deals with the problem of potential use of solar energy through the conversion into electric energy. The thesis analyses in great detail several types of conversion. My special concern included photovoltaic conversion and thermal conversion of solar energy using steam turbines for energy production. In the subsequent parts, I focus on the problem of photovoltaic, photovoltaic systems, and solar thermal power plants, their installation and use.

La nature intermittente et aléatoire des sources renouvelables, telles que le photovoltaïque et l’éolien, nécessite un complément de stockage, tel une batterie et un système de secours énergétique, tel un générateur diesel, en particulier dans un système autonome. En ce qui concerne le générateur diesel, il a besoin d'un certain temps pour démarrer et il ne peut pas donner immédiatement la puissance nécessaire, en raison de son comportement dynamique. Alors, la qualité de l'énergie est abaissée pendant cette période en raison du manque de puissance. Par conséquent, pendant la période de démarrage du générateur diesel, un supercondensateur est suggéré pour équilibrer la puissance en raison de sa réponse rapide et de sa densité de puissance élevée. Une stratégie de contrôle de puissance est proposée pour réaliser la coordination entre le générateur diesel et le supercondensateur. La simulation et les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la stratégie de contrôle proposée est capable de réguler la tension du bus continu dans des limites acceptables et d’alimenter la charge pendant la sous production d'énergie renouvelable ou lors d'augmentation de la demande de la charge. De plus, le supercondensateur peut également être utilisé pour surmonter les limites de stockage électrochimique telles que son état de charge et son courant maximal. Ainsi, cette thèse propose le contrôle de puissance en temps réel pour un micro réseau continu avec un système hybride photovoltaïque-batterie-supercondensateur-diesel, visant à répondre à la demande de puissance de charge avec fiabilité et à stabiliser de la tension du bus continu. La simulation et les résultats expérimentaux montrent également que la stratégie de contrôle améliore les performances dynamiques et statiques du micro réseau continu pour différentes conditions de fonctionnement. De plus, afin de minimiser le coût énergétique du groupe diesel, le coût du carburant et la consommation de carburant sont analysés à travers plusieurs tests expérimentaux. Par conséquent, la valeur optimale de sa production d'énergie est déduite et appliquée dans une nouvelle stratégie de gestion de la puissance est proposée. Cette stratégie peut atteindre l'objectif de maximiser l'utilisation de l'énergie photovoltaïque et de prendre en compte la caractéristique de démarrage lent et le coût énergétique du générateur diesel. Les simulations et expérimentations sont réalisées en utilisant des données photovoltaïques réelles pour illustrer les performances et le comportement du système hybride. Les résultats obtenus vérifient l'efficacité de cette stratégie. De plus la comparaison avec la stratégie de gestion de la puissance précédente, dans laquelle le coût d’énergie du générateur diesel n'est pas pris en compte, démontre que la nouvelle stratégie de gestion peut réduire le coût total du système de puissance à courant continu hybride
The intermittent and random nature of renewable sources, such as photovoltaic and wind turbine, asks for the complement of storage, such as battery and back-up energy, such as diesel generator, especially in a standalone power system. Concerning the diesel generator, it needs some time to start up and cannot immediately offer the needed power, due to its dynamic behavior. Hence, the power quality is lowered down during this period because of the shortage of power. Therefore, during the period of the diesel generator starting up, a supercapacitor is suggested to compensate the power balance because of its fast response and high power density. A power control strategy is proposed to achieve the coordination between diesel generator and supercapacitor. Both simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy is able to regulate the DC bus voltage within the acceptable limits and supplying the load during the renewable power under generation or load step-increase situations. In addition, the supercapacitor can be also used to overcome the electrochemical storage limits like its state of charge and maximum current. So, this thesis proposes the real time power control for a hybrid photovoltaic-battery-supercapacitor-diesel generator DC microgrid system, aiming to meet the load power demand with reliability and stabilizing the DC bus voltage. Both simulation and experimental results show that the designed control strategy improves the DC microgrid dynamic and static performances under different operating conditions. Furthermore, in order to minimize the diesel generator energy cost, the fuel cost and fuel consumption are analysed through several experimental tests. Therefore, the optimal value of its power generation is deduced and applied in a newly proposed energy management strategy. This strategy can achieve the goal of maximizing the utilization of photovoltaic energy and taking into account the slow start-up characteristic and energy cost of diesel generator. Both simulation and experimental studies are carried out by using the real photovoltaic data to illustrate the performance and the behavior of the hybrid system. The obtained results verify the effectiveness of this strategy. Furthermore, the comparison with the previous energy management strategy, in which the diesel generator energy cost is not considered, demonstrates that the newly proposed energy management strategy can reduce the total cost of the hybrid DC power system

L'objectif des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est d'apporter une contribution à l'étude d'un système photovoltaïque fonctionnant à sa puissance maximale et énergétiquement autonome. Le cas étudié, dans cette thèse, concerne la commande d'une chaine de pompage photovoltaïque dans un site isolé. Dans ce sens, et pour que le système photovoltaïque fonctionne à sa puissance maximale, il doit comporter un étage d'adaptation associé à un algorithme MPPT. Dans notre étude, nous avons utilisé deux algorithmes MPPT, l'algorithme “Perturb and Observe” (P&O) puis l'algorithme “ Increment of Conductance” (IncCond). Dans quelques applications industrielles, il est parfois nécessaire de maintenir la tension délivrée par le système photovoltaïque constante. Pour cela, un système de contrôle de cette tension est présenté. Les méthodes utilisées pour la simulation de ce système sont basées sur l'utilisation d'un régulateur PID, puis sur le contrôle par mode glissant, et enfin sur un contrôleur par logique floue. Ce système est testé pour une charge résistive puis pour le cas d'une pompe centrifuge entrainée par un moteur à courant continu à aimant permanent. Ensuite, nous avons étudié le cas d'une chaine de pompage utilisant un moteur asynchrone triphasé comme moteur d'entrainement. Dans le but d'avoir la possibilité de régler le débit d'eau, et en se basant sur la caractéristique de proportionnalité entre la vitesse et le débit, la méthode de contrôle direct du couple, Direct Torque Control - DTC est utilisée pour la commande de la vitesse du moteur asynchrone
The aim of the work presented in this thesis is to contribute to the study of a photovoltaic system operating at its maximum power and energetically autonomous. The case studied in this thesis relates to the control of a chain of photovoltaic pumping in an isolated site. In this sense and for the PV system operates at its maximum power, it must include a converter associated with a MPPT algorithm. In our study, we used two MPPT algorithms, the algorithm “Perturb and Observe” (P & O), then the algorithm “Increment of Conductance” (IncCond). In some industrial applications, it is sometimes necessary to maintain the voltage delivered by the PV system constant. For this, a control system of this voltage is presented. The methods used for the simulation of this system are based on the use of a PID controller and the sliding mode control, and finally a fuzzy logic controller. This system was tested for a resistive load then for the case of a centrifugal pump driven by a permanent magnetic DC motor. Then we studied the case of a pumping chain using a three-phase induction motor as a drive motor. In order to be able to regulate the flow of water, the Direct Torque Control method “DTC” is used to control the speed of the induction motor because it is proportional with the water flow

The thesis deals with power harvesting sensors as a source of energy. As the power requirements for microelectronics decreases the environmental energy sources become more perspective. In a few last years batteries reach a higher capacity but there is still problem with their replacement. Power harvesting sensors appears as a good solution for powering microelectronics.

Ces dernières années, un intérêt croissant pour les systèmes électroniques de puissance a été motivé par l'émergence de sources d'énergie distribuées et renouvelables raccordées aux réseaux électriques. Dans ce contexte, la nécessité de topologies de faibles puissances alimentées par quelques modules photovoltaïques, en évitant l'utilisation de transformateurs, a ouvert l'étude de convertisseurs spéciaux et l’étude des stratégies de commande associées afin d’assurer la stabilité, la fiabilité et un rendement élevé du dispositif. Une possible solution est d’utiliser un dispositif générique connu dans la littérature scientifique et commerciale comme « micro-onduleur » ou «convertisseur intégré au module » qui avec le module photovoltaïque définit un produit « plug and play » appelé "module AC".Ce travail est consacré à l'étude d'un micro-onduleur monophasé avec deux étapes sans transformateur raccordée au réseau. La topologie proposée est composé d’un convertisseur DC-DC non isolé élévateur avec un gain quadratique et un onduleur réducteur lié au réseau connectés en cascade. Le convertisseur DC-DC extrait en permanence la puissance maximale du module photovoltaïque malgré les changements dans les conditions environnementales. L'étape DC-AC injecte la puissance extraite par l'étape DC-DC dans le réseau et assure un niveau élevé de qualité de l’énergie. Les efforts de recherche de ce travail sont concentrés sur la mise au point de commandes utilisant comment base, la théorie de contrôle par mode de glissement, qui conduit à une mise en œuvre simple avec une description théorique complète validée á partir de simulations et expérimentations.Après avoir décrit l'état de l’art dans le premier chapitre, le manuscrit est divisé en quatre chapitres, qui sont dédiés respectivement à l’algorithme de recherche du point de puissance maximale (MPPT), á l’étape de conversion DC-DC, á l'étape de conversion DC-AC et finalement au micro-onduleur complet. Un nouvel algorithme de recherche extrémal du point de puissance maximale est développé (SM-ESC). Pour la étape DC-DC, le convertisseur élévateur quadratique avec seulement un interrupteur contrôlé est étudié utilisant le concept de résistance sans perte par mode de glissement (de l’acronyme anglais : Sliding-Mode Loss-Free-Resistor – SM-LFR) afin d’obtenir un gain de tension élevé avec un fonctionnement sûr et compatible avec l’algorithme MPPT. Pour la étape DC-AC, le convertisseur de pont complet est contrôlé comme un onduleur de source de puissance (de l’acronyme anglais : Power Source Inverter - PSI) en utilisant une commande par mode de glissement qui poursuit une référence sinusoïdale de courant de sortie. Cette commande est complétée par une boucle de régulation de la tension du bus DC qui assure une haute qualité d’énergie injectée dans le réseau. Enfin, les trois étapes constitutives sont fusionnées pour obtenir un micro-onduleur complètement contrôlé par la technique de mode de glissement, ce qui constitue le principal résultat et contribution de cette thèse
These last years, a growing interest in power electronic systems has been motivated by the emergence of distributed renewable energy resources and their interconnection with the grid. In this context, the need of low power topologies fed by a few photovoltaic modules avoiding the use of transformers opens the study of special converters and the associated control strategies ensuring stability, reliability and high efficiency. A resulted generic device known in the commercial and scientific literature as “microinverter” or “module integrated converter” performs a plug and play product together with the PV module called an “AC module”.This work is devoted to the study of a transformer-less single-phase double-stage grid-connected microinverter. The proposed topology has a non-isolated high-gain boost type DC-DC converter and a non-isolated buck type DC-AC converter connected in cascade through a DC bus. The DC-DC converter permanently extracts the maximum power of the PV module ensuring at the same time a good performance coping with power changes introduced by the change in the environmental conditions. The DC-AC stage injects the power extracted by the DC-DC stage into the grid ensuring a high level of power quality. The research efforts focus on the involved control functions based on the sliding mode control theory, which leads to a simple implementation with a comprehensive theoretical description validated through simulation and experimental results.After giving the state-of-the-art in the first chapter, the manuscript is divided into four chapters, which are dedicated to the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), the DC-DC stage and its control, the DC-AC stage and its control and the complete microinverter. A new Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) MPPT algorithm is proposed. The single-switch quadratic boost converter is studied operating as a Loss-Free-Resistor (LFR) obtaining a high DC output voltage level with a safe operation. The full-bridge converter is controlled as a Power Source Inverter (PSI) using a simple sliding-mode based tracking law, regulating the voltage of the DC bus and then ensuring a high power quality level in the grid connection. Finally, the three building blocks are merged to obtain a sliding mode controlled microinverter constituting the main result and contribution of the work

Objective of master’s thesis theoretical part is especially to illustrate influence of operation conditions, such as solar radiation, temperature or pollution of photovoltaic generator active area, on load and power characteristics of photovoltaic generator, or more precisely on photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Possible variants of increasing effectivity of using photovoltaic generator are explored, such as solar radiation concentration, photovoltaic generator active area cooling or aplication of optimalization circuit. Pivotal part of master‘s thesis is focused on experimental device practical realisation, concretely type MSQ36-10 photovoltaic generator with oriented concentrators of solar radiation. Practical realisation includes design of master‘s thesis experimental part construction with subsequent design of photovoltaic generator motion cycle necessary for adequate simulation of configuration variants solved using single testing photovoltaic generator. Description of own experimental device construction with list of measuring places used in task takes up. It is used automatic monitoring system working as independent measurement task for required values measuring and consecutive data collecting. It is done in two phases. First phase is measurement of all required values, in second phase measurement with attached optimalization circuit is made. Optimalization circuit sets best working point of photovoltaic generator according to actual working conditions. Master‘s thesis intention is experimental verification of solar radiation concentrators application convenience, orientation of photovoltaic generator or its mutual combination, namely using type MSQ36-10 photovoltaic generator. Objective is evaluation of reached energetic gain for all experimental device layouts in variable operating conditions.

Comme tout processus industriel, un système photovoltaïque peut être soumis, au cours de son fonctionnement, à différents défauts et anomalies conduisant à une baisse de la performance du système et voire à son indisponibilité. Permettre de diagnostiquer finement et de faire de la détection et de localisation de défauts dans une installation PV réduit les coûts de maintenance et surtout augmente la productivité. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous intéressons spécifiquement à la détection et la localisation de défauts côté DC du système PV, c'est-à-dire du côté générateur PV. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer, en prenant le moins de mesures possibles pour respecter les contraintes économiques, un algorithme pour détecter et localiser des défauts conduisant à une baisse de production. Pour cela, le choix s'est porté sur l'analyse de la caractéristique I-V du générateur PV pour les différents modes de fonctionnement considérés. Cette analyse a conduit à utiliser la méthode d'inférence pour effectuer le diagnostic de l'installation. Cette démarche a été validée par des expérimentations sur site, des simulations temps-réel et hors temps-réel.

Disertační práce je zaměřena na nízkoenergetické konvertory pro zpracování energie. Pro fotovoltaické generátory pracující při nízké úrovní osvětlení byly navrženy konvertory založené na konfiguraci single cell. Pomocí levných výrobních procesů a dostupných materiálů byl navržen a vyroben jednoduchý a spolehlivý termogenerátor. Výrobní postupy využívaly plazmatické aktivace povrchu pomocí výboje s dielektrickou bariérou a modifikované metody depozice PEDOT. Byly navrženy jednoduché a spolehlivé DC/DC měniče pro nízkonapěťové aplikace jako termoelektrické generátory a fotovoltaické články v konfiguraci single cell. Měniče pracují od napětí několika desítek mV a výstupní napětí může být na úrovni několika voltů. Účinnost se blíží 50% a náklady na materiál a výrobu jsou ve srovnání s použitím běžně dostupných integrovaných obvodů pro Energy Harvesting výrazně nižší. Pro řídicí obvody byly použity bipolární tranzistory, které v režimu velmi malých proudů mohou mít napájecí napětí od 0,5 V. Byla ověřena možnost výroby integrovaných obvodů s extrémně nízkým provozním napětím. Tranzistory FET zde pracují v podprahovém režimu a v režimu Bulk-driven.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma metodologia baseada nas incertezas da radiação solar para prever o despacho de demanda e reativos nos sistemas de distribuição radial com geradores fotovoltaicos (GFs). O objetivo dessa metodologia é melhorar o perfil da magnitude de tensão para o dia seguinte, sujeito a certas restrições operativas do sistema elétrico de distribuição. No desenvolvimento dos algoritmos de solução são considerados geradores distribuídos que têm forte dependência das variações da fonte primária de energia (principalmente sistemas fotovoltaicos), ou seja, os limites de injeção de potência dos GFs dependem das incertezas da radiação solar. Este grupo de geradores precisa de considerações que incluam as incertezas na geração de energia. Para isso, elaboram-se cenários de radiação baseado na função de distribuição de probabilidade beta. Assim, são realizados fluxos de potência probabilísticos em múltiplos cenários. Leva-se em consideração, os objetivos a serem otimizados por meio de técnicas multiobjetivo, observando principalmente, os desvios da tensão nos nós e as perdas de potência nas linhas do sistema. A metodologia proposta foi implementada em linguagem de modelagem algébrica com o AMPL para descrever o problema de otimização e resolvido usando o solver comercial CPLEX. Os sistemas testes de 34 e 123 nós foram utilizados para avaliar os modelos matemáticos e a eficiência da técnica de solução proposta para o problema de controle dos sistemas de distribuição radiais com GFs.
This work presents a methodology based on uncertainties of solar radiation to predict demand and reactive dispatch in the radial distribution systems with photovoltaic generators (GFs). The objective is to improve the voltage magnitude profile for a day ahead, subjecting to operation constraints of distribution system. In order to evaluate the optimization criteria for distribution networks, active power balance equations have to be solved. It is considered that distributed generators have a high coherence to variations of the primary energy source (mainly photovoltaic systems), where, the power injection limits of the GFs depend on the uncertainties of the solar radiation. Uncertainties in generation are needed to be considered for this type of generator. Thus, the beta probability distribution function has been employed to include different radiation scenarios in the problem formulation. The aim of this research evolves the development of an optimization tool to predict the reactive power dispatch of GFs considering the uncertainties of solar radiation. For this purpose, the probabilistic power flow is performed under various scenarios. The Multiobjective optimization problem is formulated by including the buses (nodes) voltage deviations and the power losses of distribution lines in two different objective functions. The proposed methodology was implemented in AMPL mathematical model language and solved using the commercial CPLEX solver. The 34 and 123 nodes test systems are applied to show efficiency of presented mathematical models, i.e. control of radial distribution systems with GFs, and the proposed solution method.

Le projet SACER vise à répondre aux demandes d’Airbus qui ont besoin de disposer de données décrivant le comportement d’un avion ou d’un satellite avant commercialisation ou lancement. Pour mieux répondre à cette demande, un réseau de capteurs sans fil remplacerait les équipements de test filaires existants. Le but est d’apporter des avantages tels qu’une réduction de poids, de coût et de connectique. Pour notre part, nous n’avons travaillé que sur l’application aéronautique.Pour alimenter les capteurs autonomes sans fil embarqués, dans le cadre de cette thèse, il faut concevoir une architecture de récupération d’énergie, un système de stockage de l’énergie ainsi que un circuit de gestion de ces énergies. La principale contrainte pour le système est qu’il doit pouvoir fonctionner de -50C à 100°C, tout en délivrant une puissance de sortie de 3 watts. De plus, l’épaisseur du système doit être inférieure à 3,2 mm.Pour notre travail, nous avons cherché, dans un premier temps, la meilleure solution possible sur le choix du type de cellules solaires. Le résultat sur les tests des cellules à différentes températures et irradiations dans les conditions de notre application est présenté. Dans un second temps, nous avons testé plusieurs types de systèmes de stockage d’énergie aux températures extrêmes. Enfin, la conception de l’architecture pour la gestion de l’énergie (vue d’ensemble des panneaux photovoltaïques, d’un circuit MPPT, des super condensateurs, et d’un régulateur) est présentée
Flight tests of a commercial aircraft consist in gathering data during flight to validate aircraft design. However they are very expensive for various reasons. One of them is that most of the sensors implemented to collect data are wired. As an example, for the sole system that monitors the vibrations onboard a large (more than 100 seats) aircraft, more than 100 sensors may be deployed. Such networks are complex to implement, mainly because of the required wiring. A wireless solution is therefore of great interest; however, such a cable-less implementation implies both wireless transmission of data together with energy autonomy.The purpose of this work is therefore to describe a design of a power generation system, focusing on photovoltaic, together with the associated management strategies for an autonomous wireless sensor network deployed for large aircraft in-flight tests. This work is a part of SACER project. The main requirements are related to the thickness of the system (less than 3,2mm in order not to disturb the aerodynamic air flow) and the output power (3 W per sensor node in order to power the sensor, data processing and transmission system). In addition, the system has to properly work at extremely high and low temperature (-50 to 100°C). Our system consists of three primary components to consider: Energy Harvesting system, Energy storage device and Energy management system.In this work, we firstly present the comparison of the performance of different photovoltaic technologies at different temperatures concerning their availability and achievable power density in aircraft applications. Secondly, we will investigate the possibility of using batteries and supercapacitor. Finally the power management system, composed by a photovoltaic panel, a power conditioning (MPPT function), supercapacitors and a DC/DC regulator, is presented

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O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o planejamento ótimo de microrredes em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Para tanto, é apresentada a formulação dos elementos propostos incluindo sua modelagem técnico-econômica. O objetivo principal é a abordagem das vantagens do sistema de compensação de energia elétrica estipulado pela resolução normativa n◦ 482/2012 da ANEEL, na busca por redução dos custos de energia em um horizonte de planejamento de longo prazo. Para isso, faz-se a utilização da meta-heurística denominada SIA com propósito de obter o dimensionamento otimizado dos elementos da microrrede. A determinação dessa técnica se deve a quantidade de combinações possíveis devido a complexidade do problema apresentado. É traçado, ainda, um comparativo com o método de busca exaustiva para análise das soluções geradas e do tempo computacional requerido para as duas metodologias propostas. O projeto aborda a implantação de fontes de energia renovável eólica e solar e gerador a diesel para análise de estudos de caso para consumidores comercial e residencial. Por último, é realizado um comparativo com resultados provenientes de um software de dimensionamento de microrredes, denominado HOMER Pro R .
The present work presents a methodology for the optimal planning of microgrids in electricitydistributionnetworks. Forthatreason, theformulationoftheproposedelements includingtheirtechnical-economicmodelingispresented. Themainobjectiveistoapproach the advantages of the net metering stipulated by ANEEL normative resolution 482/2012, in the search for reduction of energy costs in a long-term planning horizon. Therefore, the meta-heuristic called SIA is implemented with the purpose of obtaining the optimized sizing of the elements of the microgrid. The determination of this technique come from the amount of possible combinations due to the complexity of the presented problem. A comparison with the exhaustive search method for the analysis of the generated solutions and the computational time required for the two proposed methodologies is also drawn. The project addresses the deployment of wind and solar renewable energy sources and diesel generator for analysis of case studies for commercial and residential consumers. Finally, a comparison is made with results from HOMER Pro R, a microgrid software.

Le principe de récupération d'énergie est appliqué dans cette thèse à un système de micro-actionneur bistable sans fil, développé au laboratoire de Roberval. Le micro-actionneur bistable est composé de deux poutres antagoniste bistable, de deux éléments en alliage à mémoire de forme (SMA) et d'une source laser. Le faisceau laser est utilisé comme source de transfert d'énergie sans contact pour actionner les éléments SMA. A leur tour, les éléments SMA sont les composants de transition pour activer les faisceaux bistables entre ses deux positions stables. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse est de récolter différents types d'énergies disponibles inutilisées dans ce système. Pour commencer, l'énergie optique est récupérée en utilisant l'effet photovoltaïque transformant l'énergie optique en énergie électrique. De plus, du fait de l'échauffement ambiant, la différence de température est captée par effet thermoélectrique transformant cette différence de température en une différence de tension. L'objectif global est de créer deux différents systèmes pour la récupération d'énergie dans le système. Le premier système repose sur la récupération de l'énergie optique uniquement. Cette conception sera utilisée lorsque le micro-actionneur nécessite une énergie électrique supplémentaire sans nécessiter une grande vitesse d'actionnement. Cependant, lorsque la vitesse représente une priorité par rapport à l'énergie électrique demandée, le micro-actionneur bascule pour fonctionner dans le deuxième système de récupération d’énergie où les énergies optiques et thermiques sont récupérées alors que la vitesse d'actionnement du micro-actionneur est supérieure à la première conception
The principle of energy harvesting is applied in this thesis to a wireless bistable micro-actuator system, developed in the Roberval laboratory. The bistable micro-actuator is made up of an antagonistic pre-shaped double beams, two shape memory alloy (SMA) elements and a laser source. The laser beam is used as a contactless energy transfer source to actuate the SMA elements. At their turn, SMA elements are the transitional components to activate the bistable beams among its two stable positions. From this context, the aim of this thesis is to harvest different types of unused available energies in this system. To start with, optical energy is harvested using the photovoltaic effect transforming optical energy into electrical energy. Moreover, due to the environment heating, the difference in temperature is harvested using thermoelectric effect transforming this difference in temperature into a voltage difference. The overall objective is to create two different playgrounds of energy harvesting in the system. The first one relies on harvesting only the optical energy. This design will be used when the micro-actuator requires an additional electrical energy without requiring high speed of actuation. However, when the speed represents a priority comparing to the electrical energy in demand, the micro-actuator switches to operate in the second playground where optical and thermal energies are harvested while the speed of actuation of the micro-actuator is higher than the first design

Les travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans les problématiques des travaux de recherche de l’équipe thématique : Maitrise des Energies Renouvelables et systèmes de Stockage (MERS) du laboratoire GREAH-EA3220. Ils englobent le dimensionnement des éléments constitutifs du système et la gestion optimale de l’énergie électrique pour un système hybride (Diesel à vitesse variable, Eolien, PV et Batteries) dédié aux sites isolés. Les sources de production d'énergie alimentent des charges par le biais de convertisseurs multi-niveaux d’électronique de puissance. Le groupe électrogène comportant un moteur diesel à vitesse variable est considéré comme la principale source d’énergie utilisée pour contrôler la tension continue du point de couplage. Ce type de groupe électrogène est choisi pour optimiser la consommation du carburant. Il est sollicité pour délivrer une puissance électrique compatible avec le régime du moteur qui supporte mal les variations fréquentes et rapides. Les sources d’énergie renouvelables dont on cherche à augmenter la part d’énergie pour satisfaire la demande sont pilotées de manière à extraire instantanément le maximum de puissances disponible par les ressources (ensoleillement, vent). Celles-ci imposent ainsi leurs dynamiques et leurs intermittences au point de couplage. Le pack des batteries sert à compenser les fluctuations rapides de l’énergie provenant des sources d’énergie renouvelables par rapport à une évolution plus lente prise en charge par le groupe électrogène. La gestion des interactions au sein du système électrique hybride résultant est assurée au moyen de convertisseurs statiques multi-niveaux (AC / DC, DC / DC et DC / AC). Une approche de gestion d’énergie électrique fondée sur la répartition fréquentielle des perturbations induites au point de couplage par les sources renouvelables. Une plateforme expérimentale à échelle réduite (1/22) a été développée pour valider expérimentalement les approches théoriques et les simulations. Les résultats de simulations obtenus dans l’environnement logiciel Matlab/Simulink/SimPowerSystems et ceux issus du dispositif expérimental réalisé et piloté par dSPACE-1104 prouvent l’adéquation des méthodes de contrôle proposées
The thesis works are part of the research work of the thematic team: Mastery of Renewable Energies and Storage Systems (MERS) of the GREAH-EA3220 laboratory. They include the dimensioning of the constituent elements of the system and the optimal management of electrical energy for a hybrid system (Variable speed Diesel, Wind, PV and Batteries) dedicated to isolated sites. Power sources supply loads through multi-level converters of power electronics. The generator set with a variable speed diesel engine is considered to be the main source of energy used to control the DC voltage at the coupling point. This type of generator is chosen to optimize fuel consumption. It is used to deliver an electrical power compatible with the engine speed which does not tolerate frequent and rapid variations. Renewable energy sources whose share of energy is sought to meet demand are managed so as to instantly extract the maximum power available from resources (sunshine, wind). These thus impose their dynamics and their intermittences at the coupling point. The battery pack is used to compensate for rapid fluctuations in energy from renewable energy sources compared to a slower evolution supported by the generator. Interactions within the resulting hybrid electrical system are managed by means of multi-level static converters (AC / DC, DC / DC and DC / AC). An electrical energy management approach based on the frequency distribution of disturbances induced at the coupling point by renewable sources. An experimental platform on a reduced scale (1/22) has been developed to experimentally validate theoretical approaches and simulations. The results of simulations obtained in the Matlab / Simulink / SimPowerSystems software environment and those from the experimental device produced and piloted by dSPACE-1104 prove the adequacy of the proposed control methods

Rozptýlená výroba elektrické energie využívající obnovitelné zdroje, jako je sluneční energie, přispívá ke snížení emisí skleníkových plynů. Z hlediska provozu distribuční soustavy je také výhodné, aby energie byla primárně spotřebována v místě výroby. To je částečně možné přizpůsobením spotřeby, ale především využitím akumulačních systémů. V této práci je představen hybridní systém složený z fotovoltaické elektrárny, akumulátoru elektrické energie a akumulátoru tepelné energie. Výběr a parametry všech částí hybridního systému jsou popsány v práci. Akumulátor elektrické energie je navržen a sestaven z LiNiMnCoO2 článků a řídícího systému zajišťujícího bezpečný provoz. Řídicí systém akumulátoru (BMS) zajistí odpojení baterie, pokud je překročen některý z provozních parametrů baterie. Návrh baterie i sestavy je popsán v práci. Akumulátor tepelné energie sestává z výkonového spínače a nádrže na teplou vodu s topnou patronou pro odporový ohřev vody. Na základě rešerše komerčně používaných zařízení pro regulaci příkonu byly definovány jejich nedostatky a na základě nich bylo navrženo optimální řešení. Řešení spočívá v použití komerčního polovodičového spínacího prvku. Pro tento výkonový spínací prvek byla vytvořena zpětnovazební řídící smyčka s regulátorem výkonu, který byl implementován v prostředí softwaru LabVIEW. V práci je také uveden postup návrhu chladiče spínacího prvku a LCL filtru, který je klíčový pro splnění požadavků elektromagnetické kompatibility. V druhé části práce je popsán návrh nadřazeného řídícího algoritmu, jehož úkolem je řídit výkonové toky v hybridním systému tak, aby byly splněny požadavky definované jak uživatelem, tak i okamžitým stavem akumulátorů. Algoritmus byl implementován v prostředí LabVIEW. Funkčnost celého systému byla ověřena měřením v laboratorních podmínkách. Z výsledků plyne, že nadřazený řídící algoritmus funguje správně. Řídící smyčka tepelného akumulátoru je stabilní a reguluje zátěž na požadovanou hodnotu. Přidanou hodnotou je kratší reakční doba na změnu toku výkonu oproti hybridnímu měniči a díky tomu dochází k minimalizaci přetoků elektrické energie do distribuční sítě. Na práci je možné navázat rozšířením stávajícího algoritmu o možnost řízení/ovládání více typů akumulačních jednotek a generátorů nebo implementováním odlišných strategií řízení.

L'autonomie énergétique des systèmes embarqués est un frein majeur au développement de l'intelligence ambiante et de l'internet des objets. Cette thèse présente un système générique de gestion de micro-puissance capable d'alimenter un nœud de réseau de capteurs autonomes et communicant sans fil (WSN). L'architecture proposée est basée sur un convertisseur DC/DC abaisseur simple inductance multi-entrées multi-sorties (SI MIMO) associé à un circuit de recherche du point de puissance maximal (MPPT) très basse consommation. Nous montrons dans ce travail que cette famille de convertisseurs permet d'hybrider efficacement plusieurs sources et plusieurs éléments de stockage pour fournir les tensions régulées nécessaires à l'alimentation électrique d'un nœud de WSN. Pour ce faire, et dans le cadre du projet PCB², nous avons réalisé un convertisseur SI MIMO à base de composants discrets ultra basse consommation sur carte PCB. Ce convertisseur interface un récupérateur piézoélectrique, une cellule photovoltaïque et une batterie fine au LIPON (Lithium Phosphorous Oxynitride) enterrée dans le circuit imprimé, pour alimenter un capteur de température enregistreur. Le développement de modèles pour chacun de ces dispositifs et leur implémentation dans un environnement de simulation système en VHDL-AMS a permis, dans un premier temps, de valider le concept présenté, puis, a guidé le travail de conception et d'optimisation du circuit du démonstrateur. Le rendement ainsi obtenu avoisine 55% dans les conditions normales d'utilisation et tend vers 70% lorsque le niveau de puissance qui transite dans le convertisseur dépasse 500 µW.

The United Nations (UN) project "Sustainable energy for all" sets three ambitious objectives to favor a sustainable development and to limit climate change: - Universal access to modern energy services. Electricity is currently not available for 1.3 billion people and the global energy demand is expected to grow of about 35% within 2040, due to the increasing world population and the expanding economies - Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency - Double the share of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the global energy mix In addition, according to the climate scenario assessed in the fifth assessment report (AR5) of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the prevention of undesirable climate effects requires a 40-70% reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, compared with 2010 levels, by mid-century, and to near-zero by the end of this century (IPCC, 2014). The achievement of such objectives requires and encourages the spread of RESs in the global energy mix, gradually replacing depleting and polluting energy sources based on fossil fuels, which still have the main incidence on the energy sector. RESs already play a major role in several countries, due to the technological development and the increasing market competitiveness, and the world renewable power capacity reached 22.1% in 2013, showing an increasing trend in 2014 (REN, 2014). However, supporting policies, robust investments from the private sector and efforts from the scientific community are still crucial to demonstrate the technical and economic sustainability and effectiveness of RESs, helping their large-scale diffusion. Starting from such a background, this Ph.D dissertation focuses on the study, design and development of methods and tools for the optimization and enhancement of renewable energy technologies and their effective integration with energy storage solutions and traditional energy sources powered by fossil fuels (hybrid energy systems). The analysis of the major literature and the different scenarios and perspectives of RESs in the national and international contexts have shown that their economic sustainability, and then their diffusion, is closely connected to a number of technical, economic/financial and geographical parameters. Such parameters are the input of the analytic models developed for the techno-economic design of photovoltaic (PV) plants and small wind turbines (SWTs) and applied to the economic feasibility study, through multi-scenario analysis, of such systems in some of the main European Union (EU) Countries. Among the obtained results, the self-consumption of the produced energy plays a crucial role in the economic viability of SWTs and PV plants and, particularly, after the partial or total cut of incentives and uncertainties related to supporting policies within the EU context. The study of the energy demand profile of a specific user and the adoption of battery energy storage (BES) systems have been identified as effective strategies to increase the energy self-consumption contribution. Such aspects have led to the development of an analytic model for the techno-economic design of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES), integrating a PV plant and a BES system (grid connected PV-BES HES). The economic profitability of the grid connected PV-BES HES, evaluated for a real case study, is comparable with PV plants without storage in case of a significant gap between the cost of energy purchased from the grid and the price of energy sold to the grid, but high BES system costs due to the initial investment and the maintenance activities and the eventual presence of incentives for the energy sold to the grid can make the investment not particularly attractive. Thus, the focus has shifted to the techno-economic analysis of off-grid HES to meet the energy demand of users in remote areas. In this context, BES systems have a significant role in the operation and management of the system, in addition to the storage of exceeding energy produced by the intermittent and variable RESs. The analysis has also been strengthened by an industrial application with the aim to configure, test and install two off-grid HESs to meet the energy demand of a remote village and a telecommunication system. In parallel, two experimental activities in the context of solar concentrating technology, a promising and not fully developed technology, have been carried out. The former activity deals with the design, development and field test of a Fresnel lens pilot-scale solar concentrating prototype for the PV energy distributed generation, through multi-junction solar cells, and the parallel low temperature heat recovery (micro-cogeneration CPV/T system). The latter activity deals with the development of a low cost thermal energy (TES) storage prototype for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. TES systems show a great potential in the CSP plants profitability since they can overcome the intermittent nature of sunlight and increase the capacity factor of the solar thermal power plant. Concluding, the present Ph.D dissertation describes effective methods and tools for the optimization and enhancement of RESs. The obtained results, showing their critical issues and potential, aim to contribute to their diffusion and favor a sustainable development
Il progetto delle Nazioni Unite "Sustainable energy for all" ha fissato tre obiettivi ambiziosi per favorire uno sviluppo sostenibile e limitare l'impatto del cambiamento climatico: - Accesso universale a moderni servizi elettrici. Tali servizi sono attualmente indisponibili per circa 1.3 miliardi di persone ed è previsto un aumento del 40% della domanda globale di energia elettrica entro il 2040, a causa dell'incremento della popolazione mondiale e delle economie in crescita nei paesi in via di sviluppo - Raddoppio del tasso globale di miglioramento dell'efficienza energetica - Raddoppio del contributo di fonti di tipo rinnovabile nel mix energetico globale Inoltre, lo scenario climatico proposto nel "fifth assessment report (AR5)" redatto da "International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)" stabilisce la necessità di ridurre l'emissione di gas ad effetto serra del 40-70%, rispetto ai valori registrati nel 2010, entro il 2050 ed eliminarli in modo quasi definitivo entro la fine del secolo con lo scopo di evitare effetti climatici indesiderati. Il raggiungimento di tali obiettivi richiede e incoraggia la diffusione di fonti energetiche rinnovabili (FER) all'interno del mix energetico globale, rimpiazzando gradualmente le fonti di energia convenzionali basate su combustibili fossili, inquinanti e in via di esaurimento, che hanno ancora l'incidenza principale nel settore energetico. A seguito nel loro sviluppo tecnologico e la crescente competitività nel mercato, le FER rivestono già un ruolo fondamentale nel mix energetico di numerose Nazioni ricoprendo il 22.1% del fabbisogno globale di energia nel 2013 e mostrando un andamento in rialzo nel 2014 (REN, 2014). Tuttavia, sono ancora cruciali politiche di supporto, ingenti investimenti privati e contributi della comunità scientifica per dimostrare l'efficacia e la sostenibilità tecnica ed economica delle FER e favorire, quindi, una loro diffusione in larga scala. In questo contesto, la seguente tesi di dottorato è rivolta allo studio, progettazione e sviluppo di metodi e strumenti per l'ottimizzazione e la valorizzazione di tecnologie energetiche rinnovabili e la loro integrazione efficace con fonti di produzione di energia convenzionali alimentate da combustibili fossili e sistemi di accumulo di energia (Sistemi energetici di tipo ibrido). I contributi scientifici disponibili in letteratura e l'analisi dei diversi scenari e delle prospettive delle FER nei vari contesti nazionali ed internazionali hanno dimostrato che la loro sostenibilità economica, e quindi la loro diffusione, è strettamente legata ad una serie di parametri tecnici, economico / finanziari e geografici. Tali parametri sono stati impiegati come input in due modelli analitici sviluppati per la progettazione tecnico-economica di impianti fotovoltaici (FV) e micro turbine eoliche e applicati per lo studio della loro fattibilità economica, attraverso analisi multi-scenario, in alcuni dei maggiori Paesi Europei. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato come l'autoconsumo dell'energia prodotta rivesta un ruolo fondamentale nella redditività economica dei citati impianti ed, in particolare, a seguito del taglio parziale o totale dei sistemi di incentivazione e l'incertezza attorno alle politiche di supporto all'interno del panorama Europeo. Lo studio specifico del profilo di domanda elettrica delle utenze e l'impiego di sistemi di accumulo di energia sono stati identificati come strategie efficaci al fine di incrementare la quota di autoconsumo. Tali considerazioni hanno portato allo sviluppo di un modello analitico utile alla progettazione tecnico-economica un sistema energetico ibrido connesso alla rete Nazionale integrante un impianto FV e un sistema di accumulo a batterie. La redditività del sistema, valutata su un caso reale, risulta comparabile a un impianto fotovoltaico privo di batterie in caso di un gap significativo tra il costo dell'energia elettrica acquistata dalla rete e il prezzo di vendita dell'energia elettrica ceduta in rete. Tuttavia, gli elevati costi dovuti all'acquisto iniziale e alle attività di manutenzione, e l'eventuale incentivazione sulla vendita dell'energia in rete, non rendono l'investimento particolarmente attrattivo per impianti connessi alla rete. L'attenzione si è quindi rivolta all'analisi tecnico-economica di sistemi energetici ibridi non connessi alla rete, comunemente definiti in isola o off-grid, per soddisfare il fabbisogno energetico di utenti in area remote e quindi prive di allaccio a una rete elettrica. In tali sistemi, i sistemi di accumulo a batterie, oltre alla capacità di accumulo dell'energia prodotta in eccesso variabili e intermittenti FER, hanno funzioni fondamentali nella gestione del sistema stesso. L'attività è stata anche rafforzata da un'applicazione industriale per la configurazione, test e installazione di due sistemi energetici ibridi in isola impiegati per soddisfare il fabbisogno energetico di un villaggio e di un sistema di telecomunicazione situati in aree remote. In parallelo, sono state svolte due attività sperimentali applicate alla promettente, ma non ancora completamente sviluppata a livello industriale, tecnologia solare a concentrazione. La prima attività riguarda la progettazione, sviluppo e test sperimentali di un prototipo in scala ridotta di concentratore solare a lenti di Fresnel per la produzione distribuita di energia elettrica, mediante l'uso di celle fotovoltaiche multi giunzione, ed energia termica a bassa temperatura, tramite un sistema di recupero termico. La seconda attività concerne lo sviluppo e test sperimentali di un prototipo di sistema di accumulo termico per impianti termodinamici alimentati da sistemi a concentrazione solare. Il sistema di accumulo consente di compensare la natura intermittente e variabile della fonte solare incrementando le ore di funzionamento dell'impianto termodinamico con i conseguenti benefici economici. Concludendo, la presente tesi di dottorato include la descrizione di metodi e strumenti per l'ottimizzazione e valorizzazione delle FER. I risultati evidenziano le criticità e potenzialità dei sistemi studiati con lo scopo di contribuire a una loro diffusione e favorire uno sviluppo sostenibile

This thesis deals with energy self-sufficiency focusing on the independence of the electric grid. Basic line emanating project form a concrete proposal for autonomous energy supply system. Emphasis is placed primarily on photovoltaic systems, electric energy accumulation and selection of individual components of such a system. Another important part of the thesis is also an economic evaluation of design variations. The thesis also deals with a market research, and thereof derived benefit assessment of each technology. The accompanying chapters are then devoted to the history of autonomous life style or classification of buildings according to their energy performance.

Bilan des differentes actions en genie solaire menee dans le cadre d'une mission de cooperation scientifique et technique effectuee au venezuela:deshumidification de l'air dans une installation qui utilise le potentiel thermique du sous-sol et l'energie solaire. Concentrateur solaire constitue de deux portions de spirales logarithmiques destine a servir de recepteur secondaire dans une installation de production de vapeur industrielle; amelioration des conditions de confort de l'environnement construit et elaboration des criteres de dessin d'un habitat climatique pour les conditions specifiques de chaque site; methode de dimensionnement d'un generateur solaire autonome avec stockage saisonnier

Ce mémoire présente le travail de recherche effectué pour la conception d'une stratégie de commande originale, destinée aux systèmes de puissance hybrides en sites isolés. Le système considéré, voué à l'alimentation électrique d'une habitation, comprend deux sources, un groupe de panneaux photovoltaïques et une petite éolienne, et deux types de stockage, un banc de batteries lithium-ion et un de supercondensateurs. Face au problème de gestion de l'énergie dans un système hybride, et aux enjeux de maximisation de sa puissance produite, nous proposons de développer une stratégie de commande basée sur les flux d'énergie. pour cela, nous présentons dans un premier temps les modélisations d'Euler-Lagrange et hamiltonienne du système. Ces modèles permettent d'utiliser la propriété de passivité de celui-ci, et ainsi de synthétiser des commandes par injection d'amortissement pour chaque source, afin de maximiser sa production, et pour les supercondensateurs, dans le but d'assurer une répartition cohérente des flux d'énergie entre eux et les batteries. Les commandes sont finalement mises en œuvre dans un simulateur, puis dans un banc d'essai expérimental, afin d'une part de comparer leurs performances à celles de solutions préexistantes, et d'autre part de valider le bon fonctionnement du système hybride complet les utilisant.

碩士
國立交通大學
光電工程研究所
84
Due to the continual development of IC technology, the low power PVG(PhotoVoltaic Generator) has become very important in the microelectronics applications. The purpose of this thesis is to study the optical penetration of different wavelengths on two kinds of biological tissues and the electric features (open voltage and short current) of PIN diodes placed inside the tissues which are casted light from outside by using LEDs of various wavelengths. The pacemaker is used as an example to illustrate the applications of photodiodes in low power photo- voltaic generators.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
電機工程系
104
This thesis discusses power quality problems steming from solar power generation units connecting to power grid. Nowadays, popularity of renewable energy has made synchronization one of the necessary technologies in the grid interface. In a single-phase PV inverter, stationary and synchronous coordinate transformation has allowed the grid voltage, frequency and phase to be tracked and synchronized. The phase-locked-loop (PLL) model is first built in the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) to observe if overvoltage happens at the point of common coupling (PCC) since a three-phase feeder may contain several single-phase PV generators. Voltage and current unbalance and impact analysis at the PCC of centralized and distributed grid-connection configurations are also studied. Finally, intentional islanding in a micro grid is simulated using the ATP taking the IEEE 929 and the UL 1741 as the standards. The intentional islanding in micro grid is simulated according to the standards to observe variations of voltage and frequency at the PCC and the capacity curve of the islanding region. Simulation results show that the voltage and frequency at the PCC go through transient fluctuations and gradually become stable when the islanding region and the grid is uncoupled, conforming to the limits set by the standards of avoiding islanding operation.

In these uncertain times having a clean, secure and definable energy supply will be a key ingredient necessary to provide a platform to underpin and stabilise our financial and economic systems while removing one of the greatest causes of political conflict. The solar energy resource is widespread and can provide more than a thousand fold for our energy needs for the foreseeable future. To effectively harness this energy a number of challenges must be met to overcome shortcomings and inertia including aspects of a technical, social and political nature.

Photovoltaic systems alongside energy storage systems are a recognized distributed generation (DG) technology deployed in stand-alone and grid connected system for urban and rural applications. DG system ranging in size from a few kilowatts up to 50 MW refers to a variety of small, modular power-generating technologies connected to the electric grid, and combined with energy management and storage systems to improve the operation of electricity delivery systems. DG provides solutions to two long standing problems of power system operation: non-availability at all times of sufficient power generation to meet peak demands and the lack of capacity of existing transmission lines to carry all the electricity needed by consumers. Installing DG at or near a customer load can eliminate the need to upgrade existing transmission/distribution networks to handle the extra power requirement. Since these distributed energy systems are inertia-less and possess large time constants (response times), there are significant interactions between these systems, the power converters and the distribution networks. This precipitates new dynamics and control limitations, which are unknown in the conventional electric power distribution networks. To perform effective load scheduling, high performance control and optimal operation of these energy systems require an understanding of the dynamic and steady state characteristics of the DG system. This thesis report presents a mathematical model for a Photovoltaic (PVG) generator system, including the energy-storage system. Laboratory test results for steady state performance analysis using various loads are presented and discussed. It concludes with a fundamental economic evaluation of system.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.

碩士
中原大學
電機工程研究所
95
A micro-grid power system consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) array panel, DC/DC converter, and a battery is considered in this research. This thesis proposes a T-S fuzzy method to deal with the power tracking problem of the power generating systems. The T-S fuzzy model can represent nonlinear systems into fuzzy rules with consequent part as local linear subsystems. Then, the stability analysis is carried out using Lyapunov direct method where as the control problem is formulated into the feasibility of solving a set of linear matrix inequality (LMIs). The satisfactory performance is firstly shown by the numerical simulation result. Then, we focus on the experiment on the hardware realization. To this end, we establish an experiment environment for the solar power system, which includes an SP75 solar module, a DC/DC buck converter, an A/D DS1103 card, and a real-time interface, dSPACE. Then, the experiment is carried to verify the proposed scheme.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
電子工程所IC設計及綠色能源產業研發碩士專班
98
This thesis aims to develop a digital signal processor to control a solar cell and wind turbine hybrid charging system, using solar cells, a wind turbine, and a lead acid battery in order to construct a buck-boost converter. The solar cells and wind turbine serve as the system’s main power sources, and the battery to stores energy. The output power of solar cells and wind turbine have large fluctuations according to changes in weather and climate conditions, unstable power may be adjusted to the most suitable output, with a buck-boost converter. This study designed a booster using a dsPIC30F4011 digital signal controller as its core, which is controlled by the perturbation and observation methods in order to obtain an effective energy circuit, with a complete 100W charging system. Using a digital signal controller as a core, and relatively simple circuit components, this generator can be easily controlled and charged, day and night, by a simple program that reads weather conditions and makes changes to the state of the system’s circuits through a flexible application.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
103
The output power of Photovoltaic Generations (PVGs) varies with solar irradiance and temperature nonlinearly. Therefore, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is very important to operate PVG to harvest the maximum solar energy in real time. However, it is difficult to find the maximum power point in the rapidly changing weather conditions with minimal loss. This thesis proposes a state-estimation-based MPPT for PVGs. Based on the measured voltages and currents and the characteristic output function of PVG, the proposed MPPT uses state estimation to calculate the solar irradiance and temperature directly. The operating voltage of maximum power point can also be found immediately. The proposed MPPT can effectively reduce the maximum power tracking time of conventional MPPT methods and increase the harvested powers during MPPT. Simulation and experimental results comparing the proposed MPPT to a Perturbation and Observation (P&;O) MPPT demonstrate the performance achieved by the proposed MPPT.

碩士
國立清華大學
電機工程學系
100
This thesis presents the development and operation control of a DC microgrid with photovoltaic (PV) cell and wind permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). A single-phase three-wire (1P3W) 60Hz 220V/110V load inverter is equipped for making its operation performance test. The robust controls for the developed bidirectional 1P3W inverter are proposed to yield good AC output voltage waveforms and good line drawn current in switch mode rectifier (SMR) operation mode. The PV source is interfaced to the common DC bus of microgrid via two interleaving boost DC/DC converters. Smaller PWM ripples and rating enlargement of the established converter are preserved thanks to the interleaving approach. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is also applied to extract the solar energy as effective as possible. As to the wind PMSG, it is connected to the common DC bus through a properly designed Vienna three-phase SMR. Sinusoidal armature winding currents are obtained using only three power switches. The effects of commutation shift on the generating performance of an SPMSM are also studied experimentally. The developed microgrid is supported by an energy storage system including a Li-ion battery, a supercapacitor and a flywheel. Each storage device is interfaced to the common DC bus by an one-leg bidirectional DC-DC converter. Good charging and discharging characteristics of each device are achieved through proper schematic and controller designs. And the effective use of energy storage to improve the microgrid power quality can be obtained by properly dispatching these storage devices according to their response characteristics and capacities. Moreover, the charges of these devices can be made via the plug-in a charger formed by the 1P3W inverter from mains for the occurrence of long-term renewable energy exhaustion. While the Vienna SMR is implemented employing a specific power module, all other constituted interface converters of PV source, energy storage devices and 1P3W inverter are constructed using two three-phase intelligent power modules. The digital control algorithms of all power stages are realized using digital signal processor (DSP). Some experimental results are provided to demonstrate their performances.