Статті в журналах: "Photovoltaic thermal cell"

1

Sopian, Kamaruzzaman, Ali H. A. Alwaeli, and Hussein A. Kazem. "Advanced photovoltaic thermal collectors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 2 (August 13, 2019): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408919869541.

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The solar irradiance received by the solar cell is partially lost as heat, which carries negative effect on its voltage and in turn, its generated power. This trapped heat within the photovoltaic module is considered waste energy. Hence, techniques to extract this heat to utilize it for thermal loads, such as water heating or drying, are presented throughout the literature. Most prominent technique is the hybrid photovoltaic thermal collector. This device will serve in cooling the solar cell and hence improving its efficiency during operation. Meanwhile, it will absorb the heat and transfer it into a working fluid. The fluid could be utilized directly or indirectly for thermal loads in moderate and low temperature range applications. The type of working fluid highly affects the photovoltaic thermal performance and its physical design. This paper tracks the development of working fluids and analyzes highly efficient photovoltaic thermals from the literature. Moreover, a lengthy discussion on state-of-the-art photovoltaic thermal systems is presented and recommendations for future works are listed as well.

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2

Liu, Jing. "Research on fuel cell based on photovoltaic technology." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191226134l.

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To investigate the hybrid thermal energy storage in photovoltaic fuel cells, a hybrid thermal energy storage control system for photovoltaic fuel cells is explored model construction and simulation. The correlations between the system components and the external factors are analyzed. The results show a positive correlation of the state of charges between the storage battery and the hydrogen storage tank at 0-15 hours, while no correlation exists between them at 15-35 hours. Meanwhile, the sunshine intensity and the photovoltaic output share a positive correlation. In summary, the hybrid thermal energy storage system is critical for photovoltaic fuel cells. The charging and discharging of the battery depends on the photovoltaic intensity. The constructed grouping management model for storage battery is outstanding and satisfies the operational requirements of photovoltaic fuel cells.

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3

Xu, Zhi Long, Chao Li, Lian Fen Liu, and Zhong Ming Huang. "Key Technology on the Solar Photovoltaic & Thermal System." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.901.

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Using the concentrating and tracking photovoltaics generation technology, the area of photovoltaic cells is only one-fifth of the traditional one if both generate same power output, and therefore the cost of photovoltaic power generation is greatly reduced. The concentrating solar cells produced with the special construction and lamination technique have the functions of heat exchanging and temperature controlling, which prevent the solar panel from over-temperature caused by the concentrating light and the crystal silicon cell pieces will always work under 60°C, and hence the photoelectric conversion efficiency increase. The rest solar energy that cannot be converted into electrical energy by the concentrating solar cells is absorbed by water flowing through it. The flat-plate collector reheat the water flowed from the concentrating solar cells’ heat exchanger and the additional product, hot water, whose temperature is over 80°C, is got. Hence, the total efficiency of photovoltaic & thermal conversion is more than 55%. The solar photovoltaic & thermal system can high efficiently, but low costly and practicably, utilize the solar photovoltaic & thermal and practical.

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4

Fanney, A. Hunter, Brian P. Dougherty, and Mark W. Davis. "Measured Performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Panels*." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1385824.

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The photovoltaic industry is experiencing rapid growth. Industry analysts project that photovoltaic sales will increase from their current $1.5 billion level to over $27 billion by 2020, representing an average growth rate of 25%. (Cook et. al. 2000)[1]. To date, the vast majority of sales have been for navigational signals, call boxes, telecommunication centers, consumer products, off-grid electrification projects, and small grid-interactive residential rooftop applications. Building integrated photovoltaics, the integration of photovoltaic cells into one or more of the exterior surfaces of the building envelope, represents a small but growing photovoltaic application. In order for building owners, designers, and architects to make informed economic decisions regarding the use of building integrated photovoltaics, accurate predictive tools and performance data are needed. A building integrated photovoltaic test bed has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide the performance data needed for model validation. The facility incorporates four identical pairs of building integrated photovoltaic panels constructed using single-crystalline, polycrystalline, silicon film, and amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells. One panel of each identical pair is installed with thermal insulation attached to its rear surface. The second paired panel is installed without thermal insulation. This experimental configuration yields results that quantify the effect of elevated cell temperature on the panels’ performance for different cell technologies. This paper presents the first set of experimental results from this facility. Comparisons are made between the electrical performance of the insulated and non-insulated panels for each of the four cell technologies. The monthly and overall conversion efficiencies for each cell technology are presented and the seasonal performance variations discussed. Daily efficiencies are presented for a selected month. Finally, plots of the power output and panel temperatures are presented and discussed for the single-crystalline and amorphous silicon panels.

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5

Pan, Jing. "Research on fuel cell energy storage control and power generation system." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191113107p.

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In order to realize the continuous stability of photovoltaic power generation system and the controllability of thermal energy storage, a photovoltaic fuel cell combined power generation system consisting of photovoltaic cell array, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, alkaline electrolysis cell and super capacitor is proposed. The system, at the same time, establishes the mathematical model of its various components and the system cost model, designs the thermal energy distribution of the thermal energy storage management coordination system, and uses the high efficiency battery to meet the load requirements of the power system. In addition, the paper uses simulation technology as a research method to build a simulation model of hybrid fuel cell thermal energy storage control and power generation system, and analyzes the system?s thermal energy supply and demand balance. The simulation results confirm that the photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid power generation system has high economic performance, can meet the user?s power and thermal energy requirements, and realizes the requirement of completely independent power supply.

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6

Huang, Xiaoqin, and Fangming Yang. "Research on thermal energy control of photovoltaic fuel based on advanced energy storage management." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3089–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191030083h.

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This paper proposes a photovoltaic fuel cell power generation system to convert solar thermal energy into electrical energy after storage. The energy conversion method of the system mainly utilizes hydrogen storage to realize long-term storage of thermal energy, and realizes continuous and stable power supply through the co-operation between the micro-gas turbine and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Based on the model of each component, the simulation platform of photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid thermal energy storage control power generation system is built. Based on the design principle and design requirements of photovoltaic power generation system, the photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid power generation system studied in this paper has a simple capacity. Match the design and conduct thermal energy storage management research on the system according to the system operation requirements. The paper studies the management of hybrid fuel energy storage control system for photovoltaic fuel cells. The paper is based on advanced thermal energy storage management for photovoltaic prediction and load forecasting, and through the organic combination of these three layers of thermal energy storage management to complete the thermal energy storage management of the entire system. Finally, the real-time thermal energy storage management based on power tracking control is simulated and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink simulation environment.

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7

Magdi, Joseph, Irene Samy, and Ehab Mina. "Improving the Performance of Organic Photovoltaic Panels by Integrating Heat Pipe for Cooling." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 1376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400604.

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A new photovoltaic technology is manufactured from an organic material that easily degrades in nature. Unfortunately, organic photovoltaics suffer from low thermal stability and lower power conversion efficiency compared with silicon-based photovoltaics. Cooling is critical in this type of photovoltaic because of these factors. This research investigates a new method to cool this organic photovoltaic with a heat pipe to achieve a minimum operating temperature and maximum temperature uniformity, the heat pipe design is fixed, and the number of cells served by a single heat pipe is studied. For each case, the temperature distribution is plotted, and the maximum and the range in the temperature distribution are recorded, respectively, as a measure of the cell's performance. The temperature of the cell is evaluated numerically using COMSOL 5.6 Multiphysics™ software with and without the heat pipe. The electrical performance was estimated in both cases using GPVDM™ software. Consequently, the combined system of panel and cell reaches a maximum thermal stability at a minimum temperature of 33.4℃ instead of 52℃ without a heat pipe, which improves the electrical performance and the power conversion efficiency by 0.24%.

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8

Shin, Gilyong, Jei Gyeong Jeon, Ju Hyeon Kim, Ju Hwan Lee, Hyeong Jun Kim, Junho Lee, Kyung Mook Kang, and Tae June Kang. "Thermocells for Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems." Molecules 25, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081928.

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The photovoltaic conversion efficiency of solar cells is highly temperature dependent and decreases with increasing temperature. Therefore, the thermal management of solar cells is crucial for the efficient utilization of solar energy. We fabricate a hybrid photovoltaic/thermocell (PV/T) module by integrating a thermocell directly into the back of a solar panel and explore the feasibility of the module for its practical implementation. The proposed PV/T hybrid not only performs the cooling of the solar cells but also produces an additional power output by converting the heat stored in the solar cell into useful electric energy through the thermocell. Under illumination with an air mass of 1.5 G, the conversion efficiency of the solar cell can improve from 13.2% to 15% by cooling the solar cell from 61 °C to 34 °C and simultaneously obtaining an additional power of 3.53 μW/cm2 from the thermocell. The advantages of the PV/T module presented in this work, such as the additional power generation from the thermocell as well as the simultaneous cooling of the solar cells and its convenient installation, can lead to the module’s importance in practical and large-scale deployment.

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9

Zhang, Hai Tao, Zi Long Wang, and Hua Zhang. "Thermal Analysis of Concentrated Photovoltaic System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2213.

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Studying the thermal process of concentrating system could help us better understand how photovoltaic system works and seek ways to increase electricity production so as to reduce the cost of power generation. Energy transfer of concentrating photovoltaic system includes the process of light to electricity and the process of direct current to alternating current. This paper presents the factors that affect the energy transfer efficiency of the former one. And at last author points out that the key factor to increase the power production of photovoltaic system is controlling the temperatu- re of solar cell.

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10

Sarwar, Jawad, Muhammad Shad, Hassan Khan, Muhammad Tayyab, Qamar Abbas, Shahreen Afzal, Muhammad Moavia, and Aiman Aslam. "A novel configuration of a dual concentrated photovoltaic system: Thermal, optical, and electrical performance analysis." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220917209s.

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In this work, a validated finite element-based coupled optical, thermal, and electrical model is used to assess the performance of a dual concentrated photovoltaic system thermally regulated using a phase change material for the environmental conditions of Lahore, Pakistan. Thermal management of the system is achieved using a selected PCM; that has a melting temperature of 53-56?C, a thermal conductivity of 19 W/m K, and heat of fusion of 220 kJ/kg. Thermal regulation and power output of the system are analyzed for a clear day of six months of a year. It is found that the maximum temperature of the upper photovoltaic cell is ~80?C while for the bottom photovoltaic cell is ~82?C in July. The percentage power gain obtained after the addition of an upper concentrated photovoltaic cell is ~17.9 %. The maximum and minimum power of the system is found to be 0.079 kWh/day/m 2and 0.041 kWh/day/m2 in May and November respectively.

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11

Gu, Yuanchun. "Design and simulation of hybrid thermal energy storage control for photovoltaic fuel cell." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191128117g.

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Objective: Through the design and simulation of hybrid thermal energy storage control of photovoltaic fuel cell, the hybrid thermal energy storage system of photovoltaic fuel cell is further optimized. Method: Firstly, the mathematical model of photovoltaic power generation is established. Then voltage feedback, power feedback, disturbance observation method and conductance increment method are used to track the maximum power of the system. After that, the dynamic model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell is established, and the former maximum power point tracking control strategy is used to keep the voltage stable. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control strategy and battery model. Results: The hydrogen pressure on the anode side of the fuel cell can be maintained at 0.3 MP at a fast speed. In the process of output, the voltage of fuel cell is much smaller than the polarization voltage of fuel cell. Its voltage decreases gradually from 14 seconds to 16 seconds. Once the illumination changes suddenly, the system can also accurately locate and track the maximum power point, and output the electric quantity. Conclusion: Based on the mathematical model of photovoltaic power generation and the dynamic model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the hybrid thermal energy storage system of photovoltaic fuel cell has great advantages. It can keep the voltage stable and track the maximum power of the system in time, which is of great significance for the follow-up research in photovoltaic power generation.

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12

Ivanchenko, A. V., and A. S. Tonkoshkur. "Electrical properties of photogalvanic element with built-in posistor layer based on polymer nanocomposite with carbon filler." Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре, no. 1-2 (2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15222/tkea2020.1-2.30.

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The study considers the problem of preventing overheat and thermal breakdown of a photovoltaic cell when a high reverse voltage is applied to its p—n junction. The overvoltage protection ability of a structure made up of a photovoltaic cell in direct thermal contact with a built-in posistor layer has been experimentally studied. Fragments of solar cells based on single-crystal silicon were used as a photovoltaic cells. The posistor layer was a polymer nanocomposite with carbon filler used in the resettable fuses of the “PolySwitch” technology. The authors study kinetics of changes in the electrical characteristics of such a structure under constant electric overvoltage on a shaded photovoltaic cell, when its p—n junction is turned on in the reverse direction. It is shown that the current and reverse voltage on the shaded photovoltaic cell are limited and reduced from the moment when the temperature of this structure reaches the values close to the temperature of the phase transition of the posistor nanocomposite to the low-conductive state, which is ≈ 125°С. With an increase in the overvoltage value, a decrease in the response time of the considered protection and an increase in the maximum current value through the structure under study are observed. A decrease in the current value required to reach the tripping temperature by the posistor layer can be achieved by reducing the thermal resistance of the contact between the photovoltaic and posistor elements of the structure. The results obtained indicate the possibility of implementing protection against reverse electrical overvoltage and thermal breakdown of photovoltaic systems based on photovoltaic cells with built-in fuse layers of a specified type.

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13

Reteri, Ahmed, Hind Saib, and Zahra Chib. "Experimental Study of Temperature Influence on the Electrical Performance of Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Cell." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0087.

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AbstractA thermal photovoltaic hybrid collector enables simultaneous electrical conversion of the solar radiation and recovery of heat absorbed by the cell. This energy cogeneration obviously yields the use of such systems which are very interesting in various fields. During the actual operation of the photovoltaic modules, the experimental characterization shows that the electrical efficiency decreases significantly with increasing temperature of the photovoltaic cells exposed to the sun. Our work focuses on an experimental study carried out in thermal transfer laboratory at the Faculty of Technology of the Tlemcen University, in order to analyze the effect of cell temperature, glazing on electrical performance, also the effect of the cooling of this cell.

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14

Sorokina S.V., . Soldatenkov F. Yu., Potapovich N. S., and Khvostikov V.P. "Front contact to the GaSb-photovoltaic converter: Properties and thermal stability." Semiconductors 57, no. 1 (2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/sc.2023.01.55618.3692.

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Issues related to the thermal stability of front contacts, based on Cr-Au and Cr-Au-Ag-Au, to GaSb-based photovoltaic cells have been considered at the operational (the cell temperature is 50oC) and standard conditions as well as at the forced thermal degradation (at 125 and 200oC). It is shown that the photovoltaic converter with the silver-containing contact is preferable in terms of the stability of contact resistivity, external quantum yield, FF, Voc, and therefore, the cell efficiency and service life. The durability of the cells is determined at operational and elevated temperatures. Keywords: contact, degradation, photovoltaic converter, GaSb.

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15

Yang, Lifei, Xiaolei Wu, Xin Shen, Xuegong Yu, and Deren Yang. "Investigating the Effect of Thermal Annealing Process on the Photovoltaic Performance of the Graphene-Silicon Solar Cell." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/626201.

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Graphene-silicon (Gr-Si) Schottky solar cell has attracted much attention recently as promising candidate for low-cost photovoltaic application. For the fabrication of Gr-Si solar cell, the Gr film is usually transferred onto the Si substrate by wet transfer process. However, the impurities induced by this process at the graphene/silicon (Gr/Si) interface, such as H2O and O2, degrade the photovoltaic performance of the Gr-Si solar cell. We found that the thermal annealing process can effectively improve the photovoltaic performance of the Gr-Si solar cell by removing these impurities at the Gr/Si interface. More interestingly, the photovoltaic performance of the Gr-Si solar cell can be improved, furthermore, when exposed to air environment after the thermal annealing process. Through investigating the characteristics of the Gr-Si solar cell and the properties of the Gr film (carrier density and sheet resistance), we point out that this phenomenon is caused by the natural doping effect of the Gr film.

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16

Paulo N. Torres, João, and Carlos Alberto Fernandes. "Stationary Solar Concentrating Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector-Cell String Layout." Sustainable Energy 5, no. 1 (September 2, 2017): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/rse-5-1-3.

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17

Fagotto, E. A. M., C. H. C. R. Costa, F. Decker, and M. Fracastoro-Decker. "Thermal wave electroacoustic calorimetry in a Si photovoltaic cell." Applied Physics A Solids and Surfaces 54, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00348121.

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18

Fang, Xiaomin, and Xiaolu Li. "Design and simulation of hybrid thermal energy storage control for photovoltaic fuel cells." Thermal Science 27, no. 2 Part A (2023): 1031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2302031f.

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In order to meet the demand of stable and continuous household electricity con?sumption, the author proposes the modelling and simulation of photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid power generation system. The system is composed of photovoltaic power generation device, fuel cell/super capacitor, electrolytic cell, hydrogen storage device and power regulation unit. As photovoltaic power generation is affected by sunshine changes, the combination of fuel cells and super capacitors with photo?voltaic devices can ensure the stability and reliability of power supply of hybrid power generation system. Taking sunshine intensity and household electricity consumption in a certain area as an example, the system is simulated in MATLAB/SIM?ULINK software. The results show that: At 08:30-17:00, the output power of the fuel cell is almost zero. This is because the electric energy output by the photovoltaic power generation system can basically meet the power demand of users during this period. At 00:00-6:00 and 18:30-24:00, the sunlight intensity is zero, and the power output of the photovoltaic power generation system is zero, at this time, the user?s electricity is completely supplied by the fuel cell. The investment cost of 1 kW fuel cell is about 45258.4 yuan, and that of 1 kW ordinary battery is about 15200 yuan, the investment cost of fuel cell is still high. In conclusion, the hybrid power generation system can meet the demand of ordinary household electricity.

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19

Yusoff, Nurul Huda, Nur Izzah Abd Azes, and Surani Buniran. "Modification of Thin Film Surface Morphology by Thermal Annealing Process to Enhance Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cell Performance." Advanced Materials Research 879 (January 2014): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.879.144.

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This paper reports effect of modification thin film surface morphology using thermal annealing process in order to enhance organic photovoltaic solar cell performance. The organic photovoltaic solar cell (OPV) were fabricated using bulk heterojunction structure, consist of p-type semiconductor of polythiophene (PT) derivative and an n-type of fullerene, C-61 derivative. The devices structure can be named as Al/LiF/polymer composite film/PEDOT-PSS/ITO. For comparison, the devices were varies; as cast and annealed at 125°C for half an hour to modify the thin film surface structure. The performances of the devices were studied by observing the current-voltage characteristics of the device in dark at ambient temperature and under standard A.M 1.5 illumination. The light conversion efficiency of the resulting photovoltaic devices increases from 0.04% (as cast) to 2.3% after thermal annealing process. As a result, the annealed organic photovoltaic devices, show enhanced efficiencies compared with as cast device due to the enhancement in transport properties of polymer base photovoltaic device.

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20

Szefer, Ilona. "Between aesthetics and functionality. Contemporary using of Photovoltaic Systems to create facades." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900111.

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Buildings consume over 40 % [1] of the yearly demand for energy (in IEA member countries). Therefore, it is important to take this fact into account in the designing process - not only in terms of potential savings but also from the point of view of energy acquisition. That is why the external building finishing has an important influence on the energy balance as it may save thermal energy and convert sunlight directly into electricity. It is generally believed that the façade is the showcase of the building. An increasingly common concept for effective building facades, not only those newly-created but also after refurbishment, is photovoltaic panels. Regenerative energy production and architectural designing possibilities are no longer an obstacle. Due to a growing range of available cell technologies (polycrystalline, monocrystalline, high-efficiency and semitransparent), as well as designs (colors, overprints) and parameters (weight, power), their integration with building envelope is not longer an issue. Contemporary Photovoltiaics are designed and manufactured to meet the requirements of designers, builders, investors and the owners. The multifunctionality allows for energy production, as well as for shading, lighting contron and thermal insulation. Using Photovoltiaic systems eneables to create an unique facade construction as well as design.

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21

Chai, Jasman Y. H., Basil T. Wong, and Jaka Sunarso. "An Opto-Electro-Thermal Model for Black-Silicon Assisted Photovoltaic Cells in Thermophotovoltaic Applications." Photonics 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050565.

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Black silicon (b-Si)-assisted photovoltaic cells have textured b-Si surfaces, which have excellent light-trapping properties. There has been a limited amount of work performed on the theoretical modelling of b-Si photovoltaic cells, and hence, in this work, a coupled optical-electrical-thermal model has been proposed for the simulation of b-Si photovoltaic cells. In particular, the thermal aspects in b-Si photovoltaic cells have not been discussed in the literature. In the proposed model, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to study the optical response of the b-Si photovoltaic cell. Semiconductor equations were used for the electrical modelling of the cell. For the thermal model, the Energy Balance Transport Model was used. The developed model was used to simulate b-Si photovoltaic cells under thermophotovoltaic sources. The impacts of heat generation on the electrical performance of thermophotovoltaic cells are discussed. Simulation results from this study showed that black silicon layer improved efficiency and power output in thermophotovoltaic cells compared to thermophotovoltaic cells with no surface texture. In addition, heat generation due to Joule heating and electron thermalization in b-Si-assisted thermophotovoltaic cells reduced the open-circuit voltage and electrical performance.

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22

Fanney, A. H., and B. P. Dougherty. "A Photovoltaic Solar Water Heating System." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2887891.

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A novel solar water heating system was patented in 1994. This system uses photovoltaic cells to generate electrical energy that is subsequently dissipated in multiple electric resistive heating elements. A microprocessor controller continually selects the appropriate heating elements such that the resistive load causes the photovoltaic array to operate at or near maximum power. Unlike other residential photovoltaic systems, the photovoltaic solar water heating system does not require an inverter to convert the direct current supplied by the photovoltaic array to an alternating current or a battery system for storage. It uses the direct current supplied by the photovoltaic array and the inherent storage capabilities of a residential water heater. A photovoltaic solar hot water system eliminates the components most often associated with the failures of solar thermal hot water systems. Although currently more expensive than a solar thermal hot water system, the continued decline of photovoltaic cell prices is likely to make this system competitive with solar thermal hot water systems within the next decade. This paper describes the system, discusses the advantages and disadvantages relative to solar thermal water heating systems, reviews the various control strategies which have been considered, and presents experimental results for two full-scale prototype systems.

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23

Zhao, Zhiyu, Zesen Wang, Yinglin Liu, Weichen Liang, Jie Li, Xuwei He, and Bo Gao. "Energy Optimization Model of Multi Energy Interaction in Thermal Power Plants with Wind Power, Photovoltaic, Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Fuel Cell System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2474, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2474/1/012010.

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Abstract It is proposed that an energy optimization model of multi energy interaction in thermal power plants with wind power, photovoltaic and hydrogen production and hydrogen fuel cell system (HPHFCS). Considering that the wind power, photovoltaic and HPHFCS are connected to the auxiliary power system of thermal power plant, according to the output characteristics of the multiple power sources and auxiliary power load, an energy optimization model of multi energy interaction at the auxiliary power is proposed and analysed. This paper quantitatively analyses the role of wind power, photovoltaic and HPHFCS connected to the auxiliary power system of thermal power plants in promoting the local consumption of renewable energy sources and reducing the power consumption rate of thermal power plants. Numerical cases and simulation results validate the correctness and effectiveness of the energy optimization model in this paper.

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24

Fudholi, Ahmad, Nur Farhana Mohd Razali, Abrar Ridwan, Rado Yendra, Hartono Hartono, Ari Pani Desvina, Majid Khan Bin Majahar Ali, and Kamaruzzaman Sopian. "Overview of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Water Collector." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i4.pp1891-1898.

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The popular solar technology is the integration of solar thermal technology and photovoltaic (PV), called photovoltaic thermal (PVT) technology. This technology converts solar energy to electrical and thermal energy. The efficiency of solar energy conversion via PVT is higher than photovoltaic and solar systems. PV cell efficiency decreases if system operating temperature is higher. Therefore, solar systems attached to PV cells act to cool PV cells and increase the overall efficiency of the PVT system. PVT construction that saves space, is suitable for domestic consumption, and long-term saving costs makes PVT current research by researchers in the latest energy technology. This review presents descriptions and previous works conducted on performances analysis of PVT water collector. Results on the performances of PVT water collectors are summarized. The energy and exergy efficiency of PVT water collector ranges from 28.5% to 85% and 6.8% to 14%, respectively.

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Sarwar, Jawad, Arshmah Hasnain, Ahmed Abbas, and Konstantinos Kakosimos. "Comparative analysis of a novel low concentration dual photovoltaic/phase change material system with a non-concentrator photovoltaic system." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2019): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190929468s.

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In this work, a novel design of a concentrated photovoltaic system with thermal management using phase change material is analyzed. The novelty lies in utilizing two mono-facial PV cells, installing one on upper side of the receiver to receive non-concentrated sunlight and installing another photovoltaic cell on bottom side to receive concentrated sunlight. An RT47 (melting range of 41-48?C) phase change material enclosed in an Aluminum containment regulates the temperature of the system. Parabolic trough concentrator is used to focus sunlight on the bottom photovoltaic cell with a concentration ratio of 25. A finite volume based coupled thermal, electrical and optical model is developed and the system is analyzed for environmental conditions of Doha, Qatar. Temperature regulation and electrical power output of upper photovoltaic cell and bottom concentrated photovoltaic cell of proposed design are compared to a conventional flat plate system. Analysis is made for one day of each month of a year. It is found that the proposed design maintains the temperature below 85?C for all months of a year. The performance of the proposed system is comparable to the conventional flat plate system and excels it with power production in the range of -4.7% and +21.7%.

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González-Peña, David, Iván Alonso-deMiguel, Montserrat Díez-Mediavilla, and Cristina Alonso-Tristán. "Experimental Analysis of a Novel PV/T Panel with PCM and Heat Pipes." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051710.

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A new design for the use of photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) technology with thermal storage is reported in this work. In the new design, a phase change material (PCM) tank is added to the backside of the photovoltaic panel. The advantages of this design are the storage of thermal energy and the efficiency improvement of the photovoltaic (PV) panel as a result of the temperature control of the PV cell during the phase change process. In addition, a perimeter with a black surface surrounds the PV panel to increase the absorption of thermal energy. The thermal energy is then transferred to the backside of the PCM tank by heat pipes. One prototype with lauric acid as PCM was tested under two different operating configurations and resulted in an overall daily efficiency of 50% coulding be improve by controlling the PCM temperature during the day.

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Сорокина, С. В., Ф. Ю. Солдатенков, Н. С. Потапович та В. П. Хвостиков. "Фронтальный контакт к GaSb-фотопреобразователям: свойства и температурная стабильность". Физика и техника полупроводников 57, № 1 (2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2023.01.54928.3692.

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Issues related to the thermal stability of front contacts, based on Cr-Au and Cr-Au-Ag-Au, to GaSb-based photovoltaic cells have been considered at the operational (the cell temperature is 50 oC) and standard conditions as well as at the forced thermal degradation (at 125 and 200 oC). It is shown that the photovoltaic converter with the silver-containing contact is preferable in terms of the stability of contact resistivity, external quantum yield, FF, VOC, and therefore, the cell efficiency and lifetime. The durability of the cells is determined at operational and elevated temperatures.

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Zhang, Ruotian, Wei Yuan, Bing He, and Lijun Han. "High performance photovoltaic/thermal subsystem photoelectric conversion solar cell coupled thermal energy storage system." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191121112z.

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Based on the traditional solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system, the experimental platform of compound parabolic collector (CPC) coupled PV/T system was constructed, and the measurement and control system (MCS) of the experimental platform was also proposed. According to the evaluation system of photothermal PV energy conversion performance, the change rule of photothermal power (PTP) of CPC coupled PV/T system was studied and analyzed when the inlet water temperature was 20?C and the ambient temperature was 28?C, as well as the change rule of thermal efficiency and photoelectric efficiency (PEE). When the solar radiation intensity reached 800 W/m2, the outlet water temperature of the system could reach more than 45?C under the condition that the power efficiency of the system was more than 10%, which could meet the demand of water and heating. The total amount of solar radiation in the whole day was 17.32 MJ/m2, the photoelectric output of CPC coupled PV/T system was 18.32 MJ, the average PEE was 9.2%, the collector heat was 99.33 MJ, the average photothermal efficiency was 50.1%, and the total efficiency of the system was 58.7%. In a word, compared with the traditional collector, the PV/T system proposed has better performance.

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Ahmed, Asmaa, Katie Shanks, Senthilarasu Sundaram, and Tapas Kumar Mallick. "Theoretical Investigation of the Temperature Limits of an Actively Cooled High Concentration Photovoltaic System." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081902.

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Concentrator photovoltaics have several advantages over flat plate systems. However, the increase in solar concentration usually leads to an increase in the solar cell temperature, which decreases the performance of the system. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the performance and temperature limits of a high concentration photovoltaic Thermal system (HCPVT) based on a 1 cm2 multi-junction solar cell subjected to a concentration ratio from 500× to 2000× by using three different types of cooling fluids (water, ethylene glycol and water mixture (60:40), and syltherm oil 800). The results show that, for this configuration, the maximum volumetric temperature of the solar cell did not exceed the manufacturer’s recommended limit for the tested fluids. At 2000× the lowest solar cell temperature obtained by using water was 93.5 °C, while it reached as high as 109 °C by using syltherm oil 800, which is almost equal to the maximum operating limit provided by the manufacturer (110 °C). Overall, the best performance in terms of temperature distribution, thermal, and electrical efficiency was achieved by using water, while the highest outlet temperature was obtained by using syltherm oil 800.

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30

Li, Feng Feng, Qiu Xuan Wu, Li Juan Huang, and Yu Jie Huang. "PV Cells Power Generation System Modeling Based on Heat Energy Efficiency." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1977.

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Temperature is one of the important factors affecting the power generation efficiency of PV cells. In order to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation systems and heat utilization efficiency, we used Matlab/Simulink to build photovoltaic power system analysis model based on thermal power. By changing the heat and illumination input to the photovoltaic cell model and the heat generated by the battery we got the characteristics and temperature characteristics of the photovoltaic cell the system model, the photovoltaic power generation system model and the output power correction, etc. We got the environmental temperature change equation through the actual air temperature and curve fitting and used real and detailed data to compare the data obtained using the equation for online correction. PV cells temperature factor was used to get the PV cells temperature with the environment temperature changes. In order to get PV module thermal /energy efficiency the dates was processed and analyzed by using Matlab and Excel through actual observation data of school 120KW PV power station. The results showed that power generation efficiency increased and year average efficiency PV improved 21.3279% through the use of some heat about PV cells.

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D. Raut, Piyush, Vishal V. Shukla, and Sandeep S.Joshi. "Recent developments in photovoltaic-thermoelectric combined system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.18.12709.

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The photovoltaic system converts solar radiation into electricity. The output of the solar photovoltaic systems is strongly depending on the operating cell temperature. The power output of photovoltaic system reduces as the operating cell temperature increases. Several techniques have been reported in the literature to maintain the low operating temperature of the solar cell by utilizing module heat for separate thermal application. Integration of photovoltaic thermoelectric (PV-TE) system is one of these techniques. In these PV-TE systems, the hot junctions of thermoelectric modules are coupled with the photovoltaic. The thermoelectric module uses heat from PV system and generates additional power. This PV-TE system not only generates more power but also improves the PV efficiency. The present article reports a comprehensive review of latest developments in the PV-TE systems. A detailed classification, key outcomes of published research and the future research scope are discussed in this article.

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Aminou Moussavou, AA, AK Raji, and M. Adonis. "Controllable and flexible energy production in a water-based photovoltaic/thermal system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, no. 4 (October 19, 2019): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i4.29485.

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A combined solar photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) system is not just a product that makes our life easier, nor is it a luxury. In the future economics will make the use of the PV/T system essential. The purpose of this to improve the energy balance in a PV/T system, by control-ling the thermal energy (useful heat) production for the domestic hot water as well as the electrical production. Simulation and analysis of a simplified model of the PV/T system for cooling the PV cell and heating the working fluid inside of the absorber pipe attached at the back of the PV cell were implemented in MATLAB /Simulink software. The optimal electrical and thermal power were obtained by selecting a par-ticular value of Rse that partially converts the output of the PV cell into useful thermal energy. It was discovered that increasing the chosen value of Rse results in higher heat dissipation in the PV/T cell, an increase in thermal efficiency, and also a decrease in electrical efficiency.

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Wu, Chen-Wu, Qing Peng, and Chen-Guang Huang. "Thermal analysis on multijunction photovoltaic cell under oblique incident laser irradiation." Energy 134 (September 2017): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.018.

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34

Sriram, A., and T. D. Sudhakar. "Photovoltaic Cell Panels Soiling Inspection Using Principal Component Thermal Image Processing." Computer Systems Science and Engineering 45, no. 3 (2023): 2761–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.028559.

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35

Venegas-Reyes, Eduardo, Naghelli Ortega-Avila, Manuel I. Peña-Cruz, Omar J. García-Ortiz, and Norma A. Rodríguez-Muñoz. "A Linear Hybrid Concentrated Photovoltaic Solar Collector: A Methodology Proposal of Optical and Thermal Analysis." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 5, 2021): 8155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238155.

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The photovoltaic cell surface in linear hybrid concentrated solar collectors receives non-uniform radiative flux, causing additional thermal stress due to hot spots and reducing its electrical performance and durability. The current study proposes a parametric methodology to determine the optimal receiver displacement required in a linear Cassegrain-type hybrid solar collector. The aim was to achieve a minimal non-uniformity distribution and a high radiative flux over the photovoltaic cells, considering optical errors close to real environment conditions and analyzing the heat transfer to determine the electrical and thermal efficiencies. The developed methodology was applied to analyze a case study with a receiver width of 0.125 m and rim angle of 80° and using a commercial silicon photovoltaic cell that supports up to 7000 W/m2. After applying the methodology, a hybrid solar collector with a concentration ratio of 13.0 and receiver displacement of 0.14 m is recommended. As a result, 5728 W/m2 of average radiative flux with non-uniformity lower than 4% was achieved. Thus, thanks to the proposed configuration, a low non-uniformity and high radiative flux were achieved, benefiting the photovoltaic cells’ life while improving their operation.

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36

Manish Kumar Sharma, Ashish Kumar Jain, and Sandeep Gupta. "Modeling and analysis of thermal photovoltaic energy generator using COMSOL multiphysics." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 054–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.9.1.0136.

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Because of to their versatile energy choice alternatives, immovable elements, and opportunity for effective energy generation, thermophotovoltaic techniques have a vast range of achievable applications. For illustration, these devices could help us to offer convenient energy. Nevertheless, first enhance the performance of thermo-photovoltaic cell unit devices along with decrease system costs and system temperatures. To achieve such objectives, we use simulation to evaluate and improve their thermo-photovoltaic cell unit models. This research regarded as the different alternatives of enhancing system operation via successful deal with the operating circumstances. It examined solutions of the system formation for much better system performance and energy output and at bare minimum quantity working expenses. The number of mirrors and photovoltaic devices for employ in the construction had been set at eight as traditional for the procedure. A novel energy technique was constructed and was used to reproduce the energy effectiveness of the thermal photo voltaic modules. The boundaries situations utilized for the materials involved were defined and the appropriate physics utilized in the analysis of various operating circumstances that affected the system effectiveness. It is possible to reduce the costs of PV systems by using small area PV cells, which require some special mirrors to focus radiation onto photocells. Based on COMSOL Multiphysics (version 5.5) as a commercial FEM package, this paper develops a basic thermo-photovoltaic cell unit model. A variety of options examined for optimizing the operation of the system by controlling operating conditions effectively. For a two-dimensional system, it was demonstrated the correct physics to apply when studying various operating conditions which affected system performance.

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Noro, Marco, and Renato Lazzarin. "PVT and ETC Coupling for Annual Heating and Cooling by Absorption Heat Pumps." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 29, 2020): 7042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177042.

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Until recently, solar assisted heat pumps have used solar collectors as a cold source. Solar collectors provide, when possible, direct heat, otherwise they offer temperature levels to the heat pump evaporator higher than the outside air. At the same time, solar thermal cooling exploits the solar collectors and the absorption chiller only in hot months. Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) modules have been available on the market in recent years for solar cogeneration, but their utilization can be problematic due to PhotoVoltaic (PV) cell damage in cases where there is no heating request. This paper considers the possibility of coupling evacuated tube collectors and photovoltaic/thermal modules to drive an absorption heat pump-based plant operating as an absorption chiller in the summertime. The cold source is the solar energy and the ground, which is recharged by the solar thermal and photovoltaic/thermal collectors and by the cooling of the absorber-condenser in mid-seasons and summer. This study analyzes the system behavior in yearly operation and evaluates the role of suitable storage tanks in two different climates, varying the size of the two solar fields and the generator tank. In the best plant configuration, a primary energy ratio of 26.6 in colder climates with cloudy skies and 20 in hotter climates with clearer skies is obtained.

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Haddad, Ahmad, Mohamad Ramadan, Mahmoud Khaled, Haitham Ramadan, and Mohamad Becherif. "Study of hybrid energy system coupling fuel cell, solar thermal system and photovoltaic cell." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 25 (May 2020): 13564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.06.019.

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Chen, Hong Bing, and Ping Wei. "Investigation of a Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Heat Pump System." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.78.

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The decrease of photovoltaic (PV) cell temperature by 10 °C is expected to improve the PV electrical efficiency by 0.6-0.7% based on the reference efficiency of 15%. Different cooling liquids like air and water have been introduced to pass across the PVs to reduce the cell temperature, and thus increase the electrical efficiency. In this paper, the refrigerant R134a was used as the cooling liquid and a PV/thermal (PV/T) collector was coupled with a heat pump system acting as the evaporator, which was expected to achieve a better cooling effect and energy performance due to its low boiling temperature. A hybrid PV/T collector, made of 6 glass vacuum tube – PV module – aluminum sheet – cooper tube sandwiches connected in series, worked as the evaporator of the heat pump system. Numerical steady models were established for each component of the heat pump system and part of the PV/T collector/evaporator for predicting their energy performance under the weather data of January 14th at Tibet, China. The results showed that the maximum COP could reach up to 7.6. The daily average thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency were 0.764 and 0.104, respectively.

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40

He, Yongtai, Lixian Xiao, and Lei Li. "Research on the influence of PV cell to thermal characteristics of photovoltaic/thermal solar system." International Journal of Energy Research 41, no. 9 (January 30, 2017): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3711.

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41

Alzahrani, Mussad M., Anurag Roy, Senthilarasu Sundaram, and Tapas K. Mallick. "Investigation of Thermal Stress Arising in a Graphene Neutral Density Filter for Concentrated Photovoltaic System." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123515.

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As an excellent heat spreader candidate, graphene attracts considerable interest concerning its application in concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems. The consequences of employing a graphene-coated neutral density (GCND) filter to mitigate concentrated light impact adequately. Hence, the temperature for a concentrated photovoltaic system is reported in this work. A systematic thermal characterisation study was carried out using three different thickness-based GCND filters. Interestingly, using the GCND filter, the focal spot temperature remained considerably lower than that of the incident temperature for a more extended period. The graphene coating orientation further influenced the temperature gradient behaviour of the focal spot and incident temperature. The thermal and electrical results depended on the GC samples’ thickness and emplacement, leading to dramatic differences in their respective photovoltaic performance. As a base substrate of the GCND filter, the low-iron glass suffered extreme thermal stress under concentrated solar irradiance. This thermal stress phenomenon on the GCND filter was further analysed. This study suggests that using GCND leads to lower temperature maintenance of the CPV focal point, which minimises the PV cell thermal stress. However, the GCND filter also experienced considerable thermal stress during the CPV experiment.

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42

Vossier, A., J. Zeitouny, E. A. Katz, A. Dollet, G. Flamant, and J. M. Gordon. "Performance bounds and perspective for hybrid solar photovoltaic/thermal electricity-generation strategies." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 9 (2018): 2060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00046h.

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Hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/thermal power systems offer the possibility of dispatchable, affordable and efficient solar electricity production – the type of transformative innovation needed for solar cell devices to realize high grid penetration.

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43

New, Edward, Ian Hancox, Luke A. Rochford, Marc Walker, Chloe Argent Dearden, Chris F. McConville, and Tim S. Jones. "Organic photovoltaic cells utilising ZnO electron extraction layers produced through thermal conversion of ZnSe." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 45 (2014): 19201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04459b.

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A thin ZnSe layer was deposited by thermal evaporation in vacuum and thermally annealed in air to provide an efficient ZnO electron extraction layer for an inverted small molecule organic photovoltaic cell.

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44

Mahadevan, Barath Kanna, Sahar Naghibi, Fariborz Kargar, and Alexander A. Balandin. "Non-Curing Thermal Interface Materials with Graphene Fillers for Thermal Management of Concentrated Photovoltaic Solar Cells." C — Journal of Carbon Research 6, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c6010002.

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Анотація:

Temperature rise in multi-junction solar cells reduces their efficiency and shortens their lifetime. We report the results of the feasibility study of passive thermal management of concentrated multi-junction solar cells with the non-curing graphene-enhanced thermal interface materials. Using an inexpensive, scalable technique, graphene and few-layer graphene fillers were incorporated in the non-curing mineral oil matrix, with the filler concentration of up to 40 wt% and applied as the thermal interface material between the solar cell and the heat sink. The performance parameters of the solar cells were tested using an industry-standard solar simulator with concentrated light illumination at 70× and 200× suns. It was found that the non-curing graphene-enhanced thermal interface material substantially reduces the temperature rise in the solar cell and improves its open-circuit voltage. The decrease in the maximum temperature rise enhances the solar cell performance compared to that with the commercial non-cured thermal interface material. The obtained results are important for the development of the thermal management technologies for the next generation of photovoltaic solar cells.

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45

Noor, Aliefia, Meri Hamdini, Salsabila Ramadina, and Yuant Tiandho. "Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell-Based Photovoltaic Thermal for Ethanol Distillation: A Narrative Review." Jurnal Geliga Sains: Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika 8, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jgs.8.2.123-131.

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The potential for solar energy in Indonesia is abundant and attractive to be developed into one of the leading renewable energy sources. Photovoltaic or solar cells are devices that can be used to convert solar energy directly into electrical energy. A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is an exciting type of solar cell to be developed because it is cheap, easy, and can use natural dyes based on plant extracts. However, the performance of DSSC degrades when it is at high operating temperatures. In this article, a narrative review is presented to improve the efficiency of DSSC by integrating with a solar collector in the form of a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system. The solar collector will act as a heat absorbent from the DSSC, and the heat energy obtained will be used to distill ethanol. Optimization in the ethanol distillation system can take advantage of CuO as a nanoparticle in the working fluid or better know as nanofluid.

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46

Yang, Chen, Qiuhua Tao, and Jianwen Zheng. "Study on thermal performance of phase change materials in photovoltaic system." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 01069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235601069.

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The thermal performance of solar cells plays an important role in the energy use of solar photovoltaic power generation. The surface temperature of solar cells is a key factor affecting the power generation efficiency. The use of phase change materials in solar cells can increase the thermal storage capacity and weaken the temperature fluctuation under the action of solar radiation, achieving the purpose of improving the system power generation performance. The aim of this paper is to investigate the phase change materials and their thermal performance for solar cell modules through simulations and experiments. In the experimental study, six types of binary composite phase change materials were prepared by selecting two of lauric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid and tetradecanol in a 1:1 ratio. In the thermal performance tests of the phase change materials, the phase change temperature and latent heat of phase change were measured by the thermogravimetric method using a TGA/DSC simultaneous thermal analyser, and the thermal conductivity was measured by the probe method using a thermal conductivity meter. In the simulation study, a numerical model of the phase change heat transfer is developed, coupling the phase change material to the cell components and performing heat transfer analysis. The results are helpful to the selection of phase change materials that are beneficial for reducing the temperature of solar photovoltaic panels and to explore the effect of radiation levels on the materials.

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47

Gradauskas, Jonas, Steponas Ašmontas, Algirdas Sužiedėlis, Aldis Šilėnas, Viktoras Vaičikauskas, Aurimas Čerškus, Edmundas Širmulis, Ovidijus Žalys, and Oleksandr Masalskyi. "Influence of Hot Carrier and Thermal Components on Photovoltage Formation across the p–n Junction." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 7483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217483.

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In the present work we reveal the existence of the hot carrier photovoltage induced across a p–n junction in addition to the classical carrier generation-induced and thermalization-caused photovoltages. On the basis of the solution of the differential equation of the first-order linear time-invariant system, we propose a model enabling to disclose the pure value of each photovoltage component. The hot carrier photovoltage is fast since it is determined by the free carrier energy relaxation time (which is of the order of 10−12 s), while the thermal one, being conditioned by the junction temperature change, is relatively slow; and both of them have a sign opposite to that of the electron-hole pair generation-induced component. Simultaneous coexistence of the components is evidenced experimentally in GaAs p–n junction exposed to pulsed 1.06 μm laser light. The work is remarkable in two ways: first, it shows that creation of conditions unfavorable for the rise of hot carrier photovoltage might improve the efficiency of a single junction solar cell, and second, it should inspire the photovoltaic society to revise the Shockley–Queisser limit by taking into account the damaging impact of the hot carrier photovoltage.

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48

Marc-Alain Mutombo, N., Freddie Inambao, and Glen Bright. "Performance analysis of thermosyphon hybrid photovoltaic thermal collector." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 27, no. 1 (March 23, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v27i1a1564.

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The conversion of solar irradiance into electricity by a photovoltaic module (PV) is 6– 7% of the incoming energy from the sun depending on the type of technology and the environmental parameters. More than 80% of incoming energy from the sun is reflected or absorbed by the solar module. The fraction of energy absorbed increases with solar cell temperature and the cells’ efficiency drops as a consequence. The efficiency of a PV module is improved by combining a PV module and a thermal collector in one unit, resulting in a hybrid photovoltaic and thermal collector (PV/T). The purpose of this paper is to present the behavior a thermosyphon hybrid PV/T when exposed to variations of environmental parameters and to demonstrate the advantage of cooling photovoltaic modules with water using a rectangular channel profile for the thermal collector. A single glazed flat-box absorber PV/T module was designed, its behavior for different environmental parameters tested, the numerical model developed, and the simulation for particular days for Durban weather run. The simulation result showed that the overall efficiency of the PV/T module was 38.7% against 14.6% for a standard PV module while the water temperature in the storage tank reached 37.1 °C. This is a great encouragement to the marketing of the PV/T technology in South Africa particularly during summer, and specifically in areas where the average annual solar irradiance is more than 4.70 kWh/m²/day.

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Sun, Vat, Attakorn Asanakham, Thoranis Deethayat, and Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat. "Evaluation of nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) of glazed photovoltaic thermal module." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 28 (December 2021): 101361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101361.

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50

Li, Chenxi, Sergiu Viorel Spataru, Kanjian Zhang, Yongheng Yang, and Haikun Wei. "A Multi-State Dynamic Thermal Model for Accurate Photovoltaic Cell Temperature Estimation." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 10, no. 5 (September 2020): 1465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2020.2987401.

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