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1
Pintér, Gábor, Henrik Zsiborács, Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, András Vincze, and Zoltán Birkner. "The Economic and Geographical Aspects of the Status of Small-Scale Photovoltaic Systems in Hungary—A Case Study." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133489.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of solar energy is an obvious choice; the energy of the sun is not only indispensable for most processes in nature but it is also a clean, abundant, sustainable, and—most importantly—universally available resource. Although the further spread of photovoltaic systems, which make use of this source of energy, is expected in the future all around the world, no comprehensive investigation has been conducted into the current situation of the small-scale photovoltaic power plants in Hungary, where this type of photovoltaic system is the most popular. By means of a case study, whose novelty lies in its focus on small-scale power plants and their complex examination, including economic and geographic indicators, this paper analyzes their status in Hungary. The study endeavors to establish the reasons for the popularity of this type of power plant and to identify some typical geographical locations with well-illustrated photovoltaic density. Residential, as well as business prosumers, were examined with the aim of learning more about the density of the small-scale photovoltaic systems and their geographical locations. Another goal was to calculate the average size of small-scale photovoltaic power plants and to gain more understanding of their economic aspects. The outcomes of this research include maps displaying the density of the small-scale photovoltaic power plants in Hungary and the results of the economic calculations for such investments.
2
Tan, Verity, Pablo R. Dias, Nathan Chang, and Rong Deng. "Estimating the Lifetime of Solar Photovoltaic Modules in Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095336.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Determining the lifetime of solar photovoltaic modules is integral to planning future installations and ensuring effective end-of-life management. The lifetime of photovoltaic modules is most commonly considered to be 25 years based on performance guarantees of 80% power output after 25 years of operation; however, influences including climatic conditions, social behaviour, fiscal policy, and technological improvements have the potential to prompt early replacement. Therefore, this work aims to estimate the operating lifetime of photovoltaic panels more accurately in Australia by considering a variety of technical, economic, and social reasons for decommissioning. Based on a range of sources including government organisations, other policymakers, regulators and advisors, energy suppliers, researchers, recyclers, and manufacturers, three lifetime models—power decrease, damage and technical failures, and economic motivation—were developed and then weighted in three scenarios to form overall views of panel lifetime in Australia. In addition, it was concluded that the module lifetime will vary considerably between countries due to differences in market factors. Therefore, these results specifically address Australia as most of the input data were sourced from Australian industry reports and Australian photovoltaic systems and interpreted within the context of the Australian photovoltaic market. However, the methodology of estimating lifetime based on both technical and non-technical factors can be applied to other scenarios by using country-specific data. With the popularity of photovoltaic technology beginning in the early 2010s and given the practical lifetimes of 15–20 years found in this work, Australia will need to act swiftly within the next three years to responsibly manage the looming solar panel waste.
3
Alrawi, Omar, Islam Safak Bayram, Muammer Koc, and Sami G. Al-Ghamdi. "Economic Viability of Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems and Energy Storage Systems in Qatar." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 3040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Renewable energy sources and sustainability have been attracting increased focus and development worldwide. Qatar is no exception, as it has ambitious plans to deploy renewable energy sources on a mass scale. Qatar may also investigate initiating and permitting the deployment of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems for residential households. Therefore, a research gap has been introduced regarding the system design, grid compatibility, economic viability, and energy consumption produced from household rooftop PV systems. Additionally, the lack of supporting policies and a feed-in tariff creates further research and development topics. Therefore, using collected data regarding household power consumption and rooftop PV generation, the purposes of this research study are as follows: (1) determining the economic aspects and practicality of using energy storage systems for self-consumption values; and (2) evaluating the economic viability of rooftop PV systems under different policies and electricity rate schemes. The insights of the results of this study can serve as a stepping stone for decisions and policymakers regarding the application of rooftop PV systems in Qatar. This study utilizes empirical evidence and an economic model to evaluate rooftop PV systems in Qatar and can also be applicable in the middle east region. A few studies in the region produce complementary results, which further supports our findings; however, what makes this paper unique is the use of different economic tools and real collected data while investigating multiple economic and energy policy scenarios.
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Zhang, Yingyao, and Peng Gao. "Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermoelectric Systems for Round-the-Clock Energy Harvesting." Molecules 27, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 7590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to their emission-free operation and high efficiency, photovoltaic cells (PVCs) have been one of the candidates for next-generation “green” power generators. However, PVCs require prolonged exposure to sunlight to work, resulting in elevated temperatures and worsened performances. To overcome this shortcoming, photovoltaic–thermal collector (PVT) systems are used to cool down PVCs, leaving the waste heat unrecovered. Fortunately, the development of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) provides a way to directly convert temperature gradients into electricity. The PVC–TEG hybrid system not only solves the problem of overheated solar cells but also improves the overall power output. In this review, we first discuss the basic principle of PVCs and TEGs, as well as the principle and basic configuration of the hybrid system. Then, the optimization of the hybrid system, including internal and external aspects, is elaborated. Furthermore, we compare the economic evaluation and power output of PVC and hybrid systems. Finally, a further outlook on the hybrid system is offered.
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Moreira, Alex, Yuri Molina, Ronaldo Aquino, and Zocimo Naupari. "Allocation and Sizing of Photovoltaic Systems to Reduce Power Losses and Economic Aspects using a new PSO approach." IEEE Latin America Transactions 20, no. 6 (June 2022): 977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2022.9757741.
Повний текст джерела
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de Doile, Gabriel Nasser Doyle, Paulo Rotella Junior, Luiz Célio Souza Rocha, Ivan Bolis, Karel Janda, and Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior. "Hybrid Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Generation with Energy Storage Systems: A Systematic Literature Review and Contributions to Technical and Economic Regulations." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The operation of electrical systems is becoming more difficult due to the intermittent and seasonal characteristics of wind and solar energy. Such operational challenges can be minimized by the incorporation of energy storage systems, which play an important role in improving the stability and reliability of the grid. The economic viability of hybrid power plants with energy storage systems can be improved if regulations enable the remuneration of the various ancillary services that they can provide. Thus, the aim of this study is to provide a literature review regarding the economic feasibility of hybrid wind and solar photovoltaic generation with energy storage systems and its legal and regulatory aspects. Observing the global tendency, new studies should address the technical and economic feasibility of hybrid wind and solar photovoltaic generation in conjunction with, at least, one kind of energy storage system. In addition, it is very important to take into account the regulatory barriers and propose solutions to remove them. It was observed that although regulatory aspects can influence the economic feasibility of hybrid projects, little is known about this relationship among regulatory frameworks. The findings presented in this article are important not only for Brazil, but also for other countries that do not have regulations in force to support the use of energy storage systems in hybrid systems.
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CARVALHO, FRANCISCO IVANHOEL AGUIAR DE, MÔNICA CAVALCANTI SÁ DE ABREU, and JOCILDO FIGUEIREDO CORREIA NETO. "FINANCIAL ALTERNATIVES TO ENABLE DISTRIBUTED MICROGENERATION PROJECTS WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER." RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie 18, no. 1 (February 2017): 120–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n1p120-147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Purpose: To explore financial alternatives to implement PV power generation projects based on the provisions of Normative Resolution n. 482/2012 of the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (Aneel). This regulation sets forth the general conditions to the access of micro- and minigeneration granted to the electric energy distribution systems through the energy product offset method. Originality/gap/relevance/implications: This paper discusses the need for regulatory changes, greater government participation in the granting of financial and tax incentives so that PV solar power technology in distributed generation can be financially viable for residential consumers. Key methodological aspects: Investment analysis in PV systems used the Net Present Value (NPV) valuation method. The research assessed two scenarios for Grid-Connected PV Systems (GCPVSs), with different solar power usage levels for a residential consumer. Summary of key results: The results point to a low financial viability in the implementation of distributed microgeneration projects, suggesting the need to remove the tax burden and reduce financing costs. Key considerations/conclusions: The study shows the need of flexibilization of the Brazilian regulatory model, with changes that enable the expansion of renewable energy offers, with positive economic outcomes for tariff affordability. Tariff benefits from distributed microgeneration can positively reflect on captive customers, provided that investment risks are reduced.
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Hiron, Nurul, Nundang Busaeri, Sutisna Sutisna, Nurmela Nurmela, and Aceng Sambas. "Design of Hybrid (PV-Diesel) System for Tourist Island in Karimunjawa Indonesia." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 8311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248311.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main problem with electricity supply on densely populated islands is reliable, low-carbon, and sustainable electricity. The availability of potential energy needs in-depth observation to ensure that the system can be built sustainably. This paper examines the integration of PV systems and diesel power systems on Karimunjawa Island to meet the need for reliable systems from economic, ecological, and technological aspects. Using the DigSilent Power Factory program to obtain the system response interference and penetration of the Photovoltaic (PV) system. Furthermore, this paper also tests short circuit analysis and economic feasibility analysis while validating the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and Electric Production Cost (EPC) approaches. The results show that the availability of irradiation can handle the electricity needs on Karimunjawa Island. In addition, it proposes the designed requirements for an integrated PV power system and Diesel Power Plant (DPP) system. The research has also captured the synergistic profile of PV and DPP working coordination within 24 h.
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Sikorski, Tomasz, Michał Jasiński, Edyta Ropuszyńska-Surma, Magdalena Węglarz, Dominika Kaczorowska, Paweł Kostyła, Zbigniew Leonowicz, et al. "A Case Study on Distributed Energy Resources and Energy-Storage Systems in a Virtual Power Plant Concept: Economic Aspects." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 4447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234447.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper analyzes the technical and economic possibilities of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy-storage systems (ESSs) into a virtual power plant (VPP) and operating them as a single power plant. The purpose of the study is to assess the economic efficiency of the VPP model, which is influenced by several factors such as energy price and energy production. Ten scenarios for the VPP were prepared on the basis of the installed capacities of a hydropower plant (HPP), rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), and energy-storage system (ESS), as well as weather conditions, in Poland. On the basis of technical conditions, it was assumed that the maximum power capacity of the ESS equaled 1.5 MW. The economic efficiency analysis presented in this paper demonstrated that, in seven years, the VPP will achieve a positive value of the net present value (NPV) for a scenario with 0.5 MW battery storage and rainy summers. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was conducted on price factors and DER production volume. The price variable had a major impact on the NPV value for all scenarios. The scenario with a 0.5 MW battery and typical summers was highly sensitive to all factors, and its sensitivity decreased as the ESS capacity grew from 0.5 to 1.5 MW.
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Tan, Nadia M. L., Agileswari K. Ramasamy, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, Marayati Marsadek, Mohd R. Othman, and Ibrahim Ariffin. "Utility-scale photovoltaic generators: a review on trends, grid code requirements and challenges." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i2.pp573-585.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This paper provides an overview of the global trends in utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity. This paper also presents a comparison of grid-connection requirements of six countries in the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia for utility-scale PV generators in normal and abnormal grid conditions. Many country-based grid codes and international standards (IEEE 1547) for interconnection of inverter-based renewable energy generators are demanding stricter grid-connection compliance from utility-scale PV generators to ensure power system safety and reliability as its penetration level increases. This paper then discusses the economic and technical impacts, and explores the preparedness of PV generation systems in meeting the grid code requirements.</p>
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Kristiawan, Ruben Bayu, Indah Widiastuti, and Suharno Suharno. "Technical and economical feasibility analysis of photovoltaic power installation on a university campus in indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 08012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819708012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Development of Renewable Energy System (RES) in Indonesia is an alternative solution for an increasing of fuel-based energy demand problem. Higher educational institutes may contribute to reducing the energy consumption by implementing green campus policies which include creating a medium-scale solar power installation. The research presents the feasibility analysis of photovoltaic power generation plants development in a university in the southern part of Java Island, Indonesia. In this article, different on/off-grid photovoltaic systems were considered in one of the campuses located in rural area. The technical viability of the proposed solar energy system is analyzed using HOMER software. The economic aspects of the plant are analyzed based on standard parameters, the NPC (Net Present Cost) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) methods. The simulation studies are carried out to identify technical and cost-effective configuration. Feasibility study of the Photovoltaic energy generation was conducted by revealing their potential contributions and applicabilities. This study gives emphasis to the techno-economic analysis of renovating the energy supply system of a grid-connected large office building through an RES. Finally, results of the research can be used as the preference for the relevant stakeholders and policymakers in developing the grid-connected RES system.
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Castro, Pedro Henrique Gonçalves Rigueira Pinheiro, Delly Oliveira Filho, Olga Moraes Toledo, Joyce Correna Carlo, and Antônia Sônia Alves Cardoso Diniz. "Integrated analysis of photovoltaic system externalities in Brazil: public health expenditures, energy quality, architectural aspects and real estate value." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 7 (2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2022002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Photovoltaic solar energy systems is a renewable source that has raised great worldwide interest in recent decades. However, in Brazil still, the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems is still high, and the current public policies are incipient. From 2014 to 2019, an average growth of 203% per year was observed in the installed PV power systems in Brazil. Such performance can also be justified by a greater understanding of externalities, i.e., external positive and negative impacts inherent to the generation of electric energy. The objective is to understand the economic effects of photovoltaic externalities from different perspectives. The following externalities were studied: air pollution; energy quality; construction element; thermal load and real estate valuation, and all of them were analyzed for the Brazilian scenario. The results indicated that the externality of air pollution, which has impacts on health, estimated from the society perspective, could be worth, at least, 4.12% of the price of the energy generated by PV systems. The losses avoided and the voltage profile, energy quality parameters, may account to 12.61% of the electricity price for utilities, and from the consumer perspective, the externality real estate value may be around 79.44% of the price of the electricity generated by photovoltaic systems. The results of this study indicate that the externalities were, for the most part, positive for PV electric energy generating systems. Thus, considering externalities, it is intended to further understand their relationship with the expansion of the distributed generation of electric energy with PV systems in Brazil.
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Żelazna, Agnieszka, Justyna Gołębiowska, Agata Zdyb, and Artur Pawłowski. "A Hybrid vs. On-Grid Photovoltaic System: Multicriteria Analysis of Environmental, Economic, and Technical Aspects in Life Cycle Perspective." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 3978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153978.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hybrid photovoltaic installations, defined as on-grid PV system in cooperation with battery energy storage system (BESS), are still rare among the typical investors because the investment cost of the hybrid installation is significantly higher than the one of the on-grid system. However, while considering the broader perspective, such as environmental or technological aspects, the mentioned solution can be competitive with photovoltaic on-grid systems and therefore should be carefully tested in the widest possible context. In this study, the authors compared 3.05 kW of peak power hybrid and on-grid installations operating in temperate climate conditions (Eastern Poland) using economic indicators, such as dynamic generation cost (DGC) and benefit–cost rate (BCR); environmental impact indicators (IMPACT 2002+ and GWP 100a) determined using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); and technological aspects consideration, including the reliability of examined systems. Creating a ranking of the considered solutions based on the equal weighting factors assigned to the appropriate features allows indicating the technological areas where the competitiveness of hybrid systems justifies the increased investment costs. One such area is business, where the economic criterion, the only negatively assessed one in the standard operation, can be radically changed by the possible financial losses due to interruption of energy supply.
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Oğuz, Elif, and Ayşe Eylül Şentürk. "Selection of the Most Sustainable Renewable Energy System for Bozcaada Island: Wind vs. Photovoltaic." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy production without destroying the environment has been one of the most crucial issues for people living in today’s world. In order to analyze whole environmental and/or economic impacts of the energy production process, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) are widely used. In this study, two distinct renewable energy systems are assessed. First, a land-based wind farm, which has been operating in Bozcaada Island since 2000, is compared to a proposed solar photovoltaic power plant in terms of Energy Pay-Back Time (EPBT) periods and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and life cycle cost. The energy production process including the recycling phase evaluated “from cradle to grave” using GaBi software for both cases. All scenarios are compared by considering different impact categories such as global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). Following this, levelized unit cost to produce 1 MWh electricity (LUCE) is calculated for both systems. This study revealed that LCA and LCCA are useful and practical tools that help to determine drawbacks and benefits of different renewable energy systems considering their long-term environmental and economic impacts. Our findings show that onshore wind farms have a number of benefits than proposed photovoltaic power plants in terms of environmental and cost aspects.
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Zsiborács, Henrik, András Vincze, István Háber, Gábor Pintér, and Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai. "Challenges of Establishing Solar Power Stations in Hungary." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the context of the ever-growing demand for energy, especially electric energy, from renewable sources, there has been great interest in photovoltaic energy generation. The speed at which the penetration of photovoltaic technology can grow, however, does not simply depend on supply and demand but also on the various policies and schemes adopted by countries around the world. These, in turn, play decisive roles in investment decisions and determine how projects are approached. Investors in photovoltaic (PV) systems need to be aware of the country-specific risk factors for investments and the regulatory environment. The aim of this research was to explore which managerial, economic and technical aspects should be considered in a causal approach when designing PV power plants with over 50 kW of capacity in the Hungarian regulatory environment for the success of the project. The innovative significance of the study is that it presents a validated, practically usable model for the realization of PV power plant projects in Hungary, which provides an in-depth description of the causal steps of their planning and establishment, based on real-life experience. The novel, practical benefit of the research is that it updates and clarifies the steps necessary for the design of PV power plants, since nowadays there are no current scientific works that provide knowledge of a sufficient depth regarding such projects, so these characteristics need to be investigated.
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Zahedi, Rafi, Parisa Ranjbaran, Gevork B. Gharehpetian, Fazel Mohammadi, and Roya Ahmadiahangar. "Cleaning of Floating Photovoltaic Systems: A Critical Review on Approaches from Technical and Economic Perspectives." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are some environmental factors, such as ambient temperature, dust, etc., which cause a reduction in the efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Installation of PV panels on the water surface, commonly known as Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems, is one solution to employ PV panels in a cooler environment, achieve higher efficiency, and reduce water evaporation. FPV systems open up new opportunities for scaling up solar generating capacity, especially in countries with high population density and valuable lands, as well as countries with high evaporation rates and water resources deficiency. Since the FPV system is an almost new concept, its cleaning techniques have not been comprehensively studied. While FPV systems are located on the surface of water resources and reservoirs, the water quality can limit the application of different cleaning techniques. Therefore, this paper investigates different techniques of FPV systems cleaning and categorizes them into water-based and water-free approaches. In addition, their cleaning frequencies, as well as economic aspects, are presented and discussed to determine their merits and demerits for using them in FPV systems.
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Zator, Sławomir. "Power Scheduling Scheme for DSM in Smart Homes with Photovoltaic and Energy Storage." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 8571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248571.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents a case study of a single-family house with several photovoltaic micro-installations oriented in different directions, in which the energy electricity storage systems have been operating for several months. In the house, the heat source is the air–water heat pump cooperating with heat buffers. The first photovoltaic installation was installed in 2016 and, in the subsequent five years, was expanded using microinverters. The final amount of energy from photovoltaics covers 50% of the energy demand of the building. The procedure for dealing with technical and economic aspects was presented, allowing us to determine whether it is profitable to install energy storage in the given conditions of energy prices, equipment efficiency, and prices, as well as government support. This paper presents the effects of the designed and built home energy management system that supervises energy storage in heat and batteries, mainly through its impact on the self-consumption of energy from the photovoltaic system and on final costs. Comparative calculations were performed with the demand-side management, which dictated the instantaneous energy costs. Attention was paid to the possibility of obtaining a high self-consumption, but the economic calculations showed that it was not always beneficial. An annual self-consumption increased by approximately one-sixth upon installation of the electrical energy storage system and by one-third from the start of use of the home energy management system. Concurrently, by utilising energy storage in heat and batteries, almost 95% of energy was consumed in the cheapest multi-zone tariff. The impact of inverters and battery charging systems on the power grid is also presented. Often, when the active energy was nearing zero, the capacitive reactive energy was significant.
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Pérez, Jorge Andrés, Ellis Moisés Reyes, and Tannia Karina Vindel. "Ancillary Services in Honduras, Regulatory Framework and Proposals for Its Development in the System." Revista de la Escuela de Física 7, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ref.v7i1.8263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ancillary services are essential in the power Systems operation, historically this services haven’t been regulated in any way in Honduras. There have been changes recently into the regulatory framework in the entire electricity sector alongside the large-scale injection of photovoltaic and wind powered centrals in the System. Considering these scenarios, the ancillary services become a necessity in terms of the operation for the power system and the stability associated with it.
In this paper, we analyze the technical and economic aspects related to the frequency control, voltage control and blackstart services, we compare the services provided in different countries and how it is possible to adapt the successful cases to the Honduran power system.
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Sikorski, Tomasz, Michal Jasiński, Edyta Ropuszyńska-Surma, Magdalena Węglarz, Dominika Kaczorowska, Paweł Kostyla, Zbigniew Leonowicz, et al. "A Case Study on Distributed Energy Resources and Energy-Storage Systems in a Virtual Power Plant Concept: Technical Aspects." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 3086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents calculations and power flow of a real virtual power plant (VPP), containing a fragment of low and medium voltage distribution network. The VPP contains a hydropower plant (HPP), a photovoltaic system (PV) and energy storage system (ESS). The purpose of this article is to summarize the requirements for connection of generating units to the grid. Paper discusses the impact of the requirements on the maximum installed capacity of distributed energy resource (DER) systems and on the parameters of the energy storage unit. Firstly, a comprehensive review of VPP definitions, aims, as well as the characteristics of the investigated case study of the VPP project is presented. Then, requirements related to the regulation, protection and integration of DER and ESS with power systems are discussed. Finally, investigations related to influence of DER and ESS on power network condition are presented. One of the outcomes of the paper is the method of identifying the maximum power capacity of DER and ESS in accordance with technical network requirements. The applied method uses analytic calculations, as well as simulations using Matlab environment, combined with real measurement data. The obtained results allow the influence of the operating conditions of particular DER and ESS on power flow and voltage condition to be identified, the maximum power capacity of ESS intended for the planed VPP to be determined, as well as the influence of power control strategies implemented in a PV power plant on resources available for the planning and control of a VPP to be specified. Technical limitations of the DER and ESS are used as input conditions for the economic simulations presented in the accompanying paper, which is focused on investigations of economic efficiency.
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Németh, Márton. "Renewable Energy Production and Storage Options and their Economic Impacts in Hungary." Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 67, no. 3 (2022): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_3_2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study reviews the most relevant renewable energy sources, focusing on their possible application, economic aspects and potential for Hungary. Feasibility and economic analysis is made for plant-sized photovoltaic devices, wind turbines, geothermal power plants and biomass power plants. It was found that solar cell technology has the highest revenue. However, its further spread is limited by several factors, such as the reactive effect on the energy market, grid problems, and weather dependency. A possible solution for these problems is to use energy storage systems. For the sake of simplicity, only the economically mature technologies are investigated, including pumped hydroelectric storage, batteries, green hydrogen production, and thermal energy storage connected to a heat power plant. The payback calculations require a simple simulation algorithm to calculate the revenue using Hungarian data. With the simulation, the most important economic indicators are estimated. As a result of these calculations, we suggest a pumped hydroelectric storage to be built, or if it is impossible, the Paks 2 nuclear plant should be completed with a thermal energy storage facility.
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Andrychowicz, Mateusz. "The Impact of Energy Storage along with the Allocation of RES on the Reduction of Energy Costs Using MILP." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 3783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133783.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper shows a method of optimizing local initiatives in the energy sector, such as energy cooperatives and energy clusters. The aim of optimization is to determine the structure of generation sources and energy storage in order to minimize energy costs. The analysis is carried out for the time horizon of one year, with an hourly increment, taking into account various RES (wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic installations (PV), and biogas power plant (BG)) and loads (residential, commercial, and industrial). Generation sources and loads are characterized by generation/demand profiles in order to take into account their variability. The optimization was carried out taking into account the technical aspects of the operation of distribution systems, such as power flows and losses, voltage levels in nodes, and power exchange with the transmission system, and economic aspects, such as capital and fixed and variable operating costs. The method was calculated by sixteen simulation scenarios using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP).
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Alzaid, Omar S., Basharat Salim, Jamal Orfi, Salah Khan, and Hassan Alshehri. "Hybrid Solar and Wind Power Generation in Saudi Arabia." Energy and Environment Research 10, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v10n2p25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solar and wind energy systems are attractive hybrid renewable energy systems suitable for various applications and most commonly for power generation. Compared to standalone wind and solar devices, hybrid systems have several advantages, including requiring lesser or no storage devices, being more reliable, damping the daily and seasonal variations and ensuring constant energy flows. This work aims to conduct a feasibility study and a performance analysis of a hybrid wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) power system in selected regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A detailed review on the potential of PV, wind energy and hybrid energy systems in KSA, to reason out the potential areas of study, has identified two sites to be selected to carry out the investigation. A small size power system driven by solar and wind energy has been modeled and simulated for a year period in the selected locations. Various configuration schemes of integrated solar and wind with storage devices for such a small capacity system have been proposed and their respective performances have been evaluated. Techno-economic aspects have been included. The simulation results indicated that the developed model shows a promising future of implementing the renewable energy system in the eastern and southern regions of the Kingdom.
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Restrepo-Herrera, David, Walter Martinez, Luz Adriana Trejos-Grisales, and Bonie Johana Restrepo-Cuestas. "A Holistic Approach for Design and Assessment of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Systems." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020746.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article addresses the application of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems through the analysis of a case study with different operating conditions and geospatial locations. The research is carried out with customer-made photovoltaic modules supported by computational aids. The results obtained from real-life BIPV installation are contrasted, simulated, and improved through different scenarios where aspects such as software deviation, shadowing influence, installed capacity, and project profitability are analyzed to establish viability pathways for BIPV projects. As a result, the most relevant factors to improve the technical and economic conditions of the BIPV system are the total capacity installed, the use of the available area, and the strategic location of the modules to avoid shading surfaces. In this way, this work addresses the analysis of BIPV systems through the assessment of a case study implemented in a real residential structure in Colombia. The proposed methodology includes simulations to evaluate the solar energy potential considering the elements in the neighborhood of the BIPV system and technical aspects, such as the wiring and power interface, an economical study to find the feasibility of the project, and an analysis of different operating scenarios. As a result, the most important factors that affect the operation of BIPV systems under Colombian weather conditions were identified: total installed capacity, use of the available area, and strategic location of the modules to avoid shading surfaces. Such factors can then be considered in the early stage of designing for future BIPV applications.
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Kharrich, Mohammed, Salah Kamel, Ali S. Alghamdi, Ahmad Eid, Mohamed I. Mosaad, Mohammed Akherraz, and Mamdouh Abdel-Akher. "Optimal Design of an Isolated Hybrid Microgrid for Enhanced Deployment of Renewable Energy Sources in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094708.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hybrid microgrids are presented as a solution to many electrical energetic problems. These microgrids contain some renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV), wind and biomass, or a hybrid of these sources, in addition to storage systems. Using these microgrids in electric power generation has many advantages such as clean energy, stability in supplying power, reduced grid congestion and a new investment field. Despite all these microgrids advantages, they are not widely used due to some economic aspects. These aspects are represented in the net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). To handle these economic aspects, the proper microgrids configuration according to the quantity, quality and availability of the sustainable source of energy in installing the microgrid as well as the optimal design of the microgrid components should be investigated. The objective of this paper is to design an economic microgrid system for the Yanbu region of Saudi Arabia. This design aims to select the best microgrid configuration while minimizing both NPC and LCOE considering some technical conditions, including loss of power supply probability and availability index. The optimization algorithm used is Giza Pyramids Construction (GPC). To prove the GPC algorithm’s effectiveness in solving the studied optimization problem, artificial electric field and grey wolf optimizer algorithms are used for comparison purposes. The obtained results demonstrate that the best configuration for the selected area is a PV/biomass hybrid microgrid with a minimum NPC and LCOE of $319,219 and $0.208/kWh, respectively.
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Uthirasamy, R., V. Kumar Chinnaiyan, S. Vishnukumar, Alagar Karthick, V. Mohanavel, Umashankar Subramaniam, and M. Muhibbullah. "Design of Boosted Multilevel DC-DC Converter for Solar Photovoltaic System." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (January 5, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1648474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Integration of renewable energy sources to the grid-connected system has influenced scholarly research in recent times to evolve solutions for power electronic conversion. Particularly, solar photovoltaic (SPV), being a resource available throughout the year, demands needful research to meet the demand for industrial applications. To facilitate SPV, multilevel inverters (MLIs) and cascaded H-bridge inverters (CHBIs) are proposed in the literature to meet the power requirement. However, these circuits suffer from efficiency loss, economic aspects of DC sources usage, and switching losses. Hence, in this research, a new power converter topology is projected to improve the overall efficiency of SPV systems. Further, a three-level approach involving (i) SPV Panel-Temperature Reduction (SPV-PTR) Setup, (ii) Boost Multilevel Direct Current Link Converter (BMLDCLC), and (iii) use of effective snubber modules (SM) are effectively handled to promote the industry readiness of the proposed system. From a detailed system investigation, it is seen that the proposed arrangement has minimized the power loss to ensure better quality in output. Furthermore, the software-based results and hardware setup of the planned comprehensive converter have shown promising results in terms of (i) reduced voltage stress, (ii) reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) without filter component, and (iii) reduced power loss. It is observed that the experimental setup has reported a 12.9% of excess heat removal, 5% decrease in harmonics, and 33% switch reduction than the existing MLI schemes. In addition, the proposed setup is suggested to apply for industrial purposes indicate its efficacy to be a solution in real time.
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Giusti, E., L. Ciappi, P. Ungar, C. Zuffi, D. Fiaschi, G. Manfrida, and L. Talluri. "Exergo-economic and exergo-environmental analysis of a binary geothermal power plant with solar boosting." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The exploitation of renewable energies is a solution to the energy, economic and environmental issues related to the massive use of fossil resources. Thus, investing in renewable technologies is essential to achieve the carbon-neutral scenario within 2050. In this framework, geothermal energy may have a key role. In particular, power plants with a closed binary cycle are suitable for harnessing geothermal resources with low and medium enthalpy levels. They are prone to be integrated with other renewable devices to increase the global power output. Geothermal fluid can be drawn constantly from underground throughout the day and seasons. Conversely, the availability and intensity of solar energy depend on weather conditions and the time of year. In Italy, geothermal energy is currently harvested for continuous electricity generation, while solar energy is mainly used for photovoltaic generation. For small-to-medium size plants, rated between 5 and 20 MWe, the geothermal and thermodynamic solar hybridization may lead to relevant benefits for the economic competitiveness regarding separate photovoltaic or thermodynamic solar systems. This article aims to investigate the economic and environmental aspects of geothermal power plants with a closed binary cycle coupled with a topper cycle fed by linear parabolic solar collectors. The system operation in both design and off-design conditions was analysed, and exergo-economic and exergo-environmental simulations were conducted. The application site was selected near Torre Alfina (Italy). It has a water-dominant reservoir with a pressure of 44 bar, a temperature of 140 °C, and content of non-condensable gases (NCGs) approximately equal to 2% by weight. At the design point, the net power is 8.4 MW and the first and second principle efficiencies are 9.31% and 18.45%, respectively. The exergo-economic and exergo-environmental analyses indicate that the components with the highest economic and environmental impact are the condenser, the field of solar collectors, the evaporator, and the low-pressure turbine. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is equal to 14.19 c€/kWh.
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Priyohutomo, Arif, Dedet Candra Riawan, and Soedibyo Soedibyo. "Studi Kelayakan Water Pumped Energy Storage Sebagai Penyimpanan Energi PLTS Mandiri Pada Daerah Terisolir." Jurnal FORTECH 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32492/fortech.v2i1.234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research and development on the implementation of renewable energy is growing rapidly, especially about photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage. Water pumped energy storage (WPES) is an alternative storage media in a standalone solar power system because of its longer technical life than chemical storage types, such as batteries. To assess the feasibility of WPES implementation as an energy storage in the standalone solar power plant system, the process of sizing the system components needs to be carried out by considering technical and economic aspects. This research will discuss the sizing process of standalone solar power system using WPES with closed loop reservoir systems and its economic analysis. The sizing process is carried out by the method of power balance, energy balance, and volume balance while economic viability is seen from the capital cost, O&M cost, and revenue from electrical energy absorbed by the load. In this study, the daily load profile with energy demand of 79 kWh and peak load of 4.36 kW. The analysis shows the need of 56 kWp PV system, 3800 m³reservoir capacity with 20m head. The calculation shows the technical efficiency of the system is 28.2%. From the economic analysis, the sistem’s payback period is 24 years, assuming the reservoir technical age is 50 years with net present value of Rp 2,072,823,731.86 and return of investment 105%.
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Bamberger, Joachim, Ti-Chiun Chang, Brian Mason, Amer Mesanovic, Ulrich Münz, Warner Priest, Ross Thompson, Andrei Szabo, and Xiaofan Wu. "Reliable cost-efficient distributed energy systems with a high renewable penetration: a techno-economic case study for remote off-grid regional coal seam gas extraction." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As our energy systems evolve with the adoption of more variable renewable energy resources, so will our oil and gas industry play a pivotal role in what is expected to be a lengthy transitional phase to a greater mix of renewables with a reliance on fast, reliable gas peaking power generation, which have lower greenhouse gas emissions, and short delivery periods to construct. Oil and gas companies are also rapidly moving towards becoming integrated energy companies supplying a mix of gas, oil, photovoltaic power, wind power and hydrogen, coupling these into the electrical and gas grids. We discuss some of the components and tasks of a distributed energy system in its various system guises that contribute to a more cost effective, reliable and resilient energy system with lower greenhouse gas emissions. We discuss the role that hydrogen will play in the future as oil and gas companies explore alternatives to fossil fuels to address their need to reduce their carbon footprint, substituting or supplementing their conventional gas supply with renewably produced hydrogen. We talk about how Australia with its excellent renewable resources and the opportunity to potentially develop a new industry around the production of renewable fuels, power-to-X, such as hydrogen, with the potential for the oil and gas industry to leverage its existing assets (i.e. gas pipelines) and future embedded renewable assets to produce hydrogen through electrolysis with the intention of supplementing their liquefied natural gas exports with a portion of renewably produced hydrogen.
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El-Hafez, Omar Jouma, Tarek Y. ElMekkawy, Mohamed Bin Mokhtar Kharbeche, and Ahmed Mohammed Massoud. "Economic Energy Allocation of Conventional and Large-Scale PV Power Plants." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the past few decades, rapid progress in reducing the cost of photovoltaic (PV) energy has been achieved. At the megawatt (MW) to gigawatt (GW) scale, large PV systems are connected to the electricity grid to provide power during the daytime. Many PVs can be installed on sites with optimal solar radiation and other logistical considerations. However, the electricity produced by the PV power plant has to be transmitted and distributed by the grid, which leads to more power losses. With the widespread commissioning of the large-scale solar PV power plants connected to the grid, it is crucial to have an optimal energy allocation between the conventional and the PV power plants. The electricity cost represents the most significant part of the budget in the power distribution companies, which can reach in many countries billions of dollars. This optimal energy allocation is used to minimize the electricity cost from buyers’ (distribution companies) point of view rather than sellers’ (owners of power plants, i.e., investors) point of view. However, some constraints have to be considered and met, such as water demand, network limitations, and contractual issues such as minimum-take energy. This paper develops a model for the economic energy allocation of conventional and large-scale PV power plants, which considers both the operational aspects and the contractual provisions. The model can be used either in the design or operation phases to minimize the operating cost. Moreover, the proposed model can be used for budgeting tasks. The developed model is entirely generic and can be used for any country or electricity system regardless of the PV energy contribution. Furthermore, the Al-Karsaah power plant located in Qatar is discussed as a case study to validate the claimed contribution.
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Reyes-Severiano, Yesenia, Susana Estefany De León De León Aldaco, Jesus Aguayo Aguayo Alquicira, Luis Mauricio Carrillo-Santos, Ricardo Eliú Lozoya-Ponce, and Jesús Alfonso Medrano Medrano Hermosillo. "Modification of SPWM Modulating Signals for Energy Balancing Purposes." Electronics 11, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 2871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is currently a growing interest in efficient power generation and transformation without increasing the cost and complexity of a system. One type of transformation is the conversion of energy from a direct current to an alternating current, which is used in various applications, for example, in photovoltaic systems. One of the elementary components of these systems is the inverter. However, there are several drawbacks in the design of these systems, such as the energy balance between their semiconductor devices. Therefore, it is important to study alternatives to balance the energy and thus achieve a positive impact on both the economic and reliability aspects of the system. This article deals with the study, design, and implementation of the modification of a modulation technique with reconstructed modulating signals, which aims to ensure the energy balance in each cell of a multilevel inverter and, at the same time, present better results concerning the different parameters of comparison established, such as harmonic distortion, percentage of unbalance, percentage of use of digital resources, and power transferred to the load.
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Catelani, Marcantonio, Lorenzo Ciani, Giorgio Graditi, and Giovanna Adinolfi. "Measurement and Comparison of Reliability Performance of Photovoltaic Power Optimizers for Energy Production." Metrology and Measurement Systems 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2015-0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) power optimizers are introduced in PV systems to improve their energetic productivity in presence of mismatching phenomena and not uniform operating conditions. Commercially available converters are characterized by different DC-DC topologies. A promising one is the boost topology with its different versions. It is characterized by its circuital simplicity, few devices and high efficiency values - necessary features for a Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT) converter. PV power optimizer designs represent a challenging task since they operate in continuously changing operating conditions which strongly influence electronic component properties and thus the performance of complete converters. An aspect to carefully analyze in such applications is the thermal factor. In this paper, a necessity to have a suitable temperature monitoring system to avoid dangerous conditions is underlined In addition, another important requirement for a PV power optimizer is its reliability, since it can suggest a useful information on its diagnostic aspects, maintenance and investments. In fact, a reliable device requires less maintenance services, also improving the economic aspect. The evaluation of the electronic system reliability can be carried out using different reliability prediction models. In this paper, reliability indices, such as the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) or the Failure Rate of a Diode Rectification (DR) boost, are calculated using the evaluation of the Military Handbook 217F and Siemens SN29500 prediction models. With the reliability prediction results it has been possible to identify the most critical components of a DMPPT converter and a measurement setup has been developed in order to monitor the component stress level on the temperature, power, voltage, current, and energy in the DMPPT design phase avoiding the occurrence of a failure that might decrease the service life of the equipment.
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Santos, Daniel de Cerqueira Lima e. Penalva, Juliana Berendt Ihler, Laene Oliveira Soares, Yana Amaral Alves, Cristina Gomez Souza, and Ronney Arismel Mancebo Boloy. "Global Trends and Opportunities in Hybrid Microgrid Systems Using Renewable Energies." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13175.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Access to energy is related to the essential aspects of modern survival, impacting production processes, access to knowledge and economic development. The global energy demand grows every year, and remote areas without connection to central grids need viable and sustainable alternatives for generating, distributing and storing energy at the local level. This paper presents an analysis through academic research, patent publications, reports and government information to map global trends and identify the opportunities for hybrid systems for power generation in microgrids from renewable sources and with several modes of generation. The data showed recent exponentially rising technologies with a tendency to continue for the next few years. China leads in isolation followed by USA and India. Countries like Brazil and Mexico, despite favourable conditions, do not present local technological development nor are they seen as a market of interest. Technological and research routes point to improving storage processes. Photovoltaic energy source was most used and to lesser extent wind, biomass, bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel and biohydrogen. Most of the inventions were focused on creating and improving machines, equipment, and systems to operate and control, utilizing the Homer software, for example.
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Nguyen, V. H. M., L. D. L. Nguyen, C. V. Vo, and B. T. T. Phan. "Green Scenarios for Power Generation in Vietnam by 2030." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 4019–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2658.
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Energy for future sustainable economic development is considered one crucial issue in Vietnam. This article aims to investigate green scenarios for power generation in Vietnam by 2030. Four scenarios named as business as usual (BAU), low green (LG), high green (HG) and crisis have been proposed for power generation in Vietnam with projection to 2030. Three key factors have been selected for these scenarios, namely: (1) future fuel prices, (2) reduction of load demand caused by the penetration of LED technology and rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, and (3) the introduction of power generation from renewable sources. The least costly structure of power generation system has been found. CO2 emission reduction of HG in comparison to the BAU scenario and its effect on generation cost reduction are computed. Results show that BAU is the worst scenario in terms of CO2 emissions because of the higher proportion of power generation from coal and fossil fuels. LG and HG scenarios show their positive impacts both on CO2 emissions and cost reduction. HG is defined as the greenest scenario by its maximum potential on CO2 emission reduction (~146.92Mt CO2) in 2030. Additionally, selling mitigated CO2can make green scenarios more competitive to BAU and Crisis in terms of cost. Two ranges of generation cost (4.3-5.5 and 6.0-7.7US$cent/kWh) have been calculated and released in correspondence with low and high fuel price scenarios in the future. Using LED lamps and increasing the installed capacity of rooftop PVs may help reduce electric load demand. Along with the high contribution of renewable sources will make the HG scenario become more attractive both in environmental and economic aspects when the Crisis scenario comes. Generation costs of all scenarios shall become cheap enough for promoting economic development in Vietnam by 2030.
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Burgio, Alessandro, Daniele Menniti, Nicola Sorrentino, Anna Pinnarelli, and Zbigniew Leonowicz. "Influence and Impact of Data Averaging and Temporal Resolution on the Assessment of Energetic, Economic and Technical Issues of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Battery Systems." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The temporal resolution of the demand and generation profiles may have a significant impact on the estimation of self-sufficiency and self-consumption for consumers and prosumers. As an example, measuring the load profile, with a low temporal resolution, may lead to the under-estimation of energy consumption, while measuring solar irradiation with a low temporal resolution may lead to the over-estimation of on-site energy generation. Storage systems may reduce errors due to the lower temporal resolution by 8–10 times or even more, depending on the capacity of the batteries. Besides self-generation and self-consumption, there are other indicators that can be influenced by temporal resolution that deserve to be investigated. This is a detailed study of the influence of temporal resolution and the time averaging on a hybrid photovoltaic-battery system; this study encompasses both economic and technical aspects, from the calculation of savings on the electricity bill to the estimation of the equivalent cycles of battery storage system. To this end, the three-minute load profile of a real case study is used to obtain other three load profiles with temporal resolution equal to 15, 30, and 60 min via data averaging. Therefore, the authors analyze the influence and the impact of temporal resolution and data averaging in terms of: The size of the photovoltaic generator and the capacity of the storage system; the savings in the electricity bill and the balance between costs and savings; the peak values and the average values of power flows during high generation and low generation; the profile of the storage system over the year; the utilization rate of the storage system and the rated power of the electronic converter that regulates the charge and the discharge; the profile of the state of charge of the storage system and the life-time estimation of batteries through the calculation of the equivalent number of cycles.
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Georgiou, Andreas, and Dimitrios Skarlatos. "Optimal site selection for sitting a solar park using multi-criteria decision analysis and geographical information systems." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 5, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-321-2016.
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Abstract. Among the renewable power sources, solar power is rapidly becoming popular because it is inexhaustible, clean, and dependable. It has also become more efficient since the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells has increased. Following these trends, solar power will become more affordable in years to come and considerable investments are to be expected. Despite the size of solar plants, the sitting procedure is a crucial factor for their efficiency and financial viability. Many aspects influence such a decision: legal, environmental, technical, and financial to name a few. This paper describes a general integrated framework to evaluate land suitability for the optimal placement of photovoltaic solar power plants, which is based on a combination of a geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing techniques, and multi-criteria decision-making methods. An application of the proposed framework for the Limassol district in Cyprus is further illustrated. The combination of a GIS and multi-criteria methods produces an excellent analysis tool that creates an extensive database of spatial and non-spatial data, which will be used to simplify problems as well as solve and promote the use of multiple criteria. A set of environmental, economic, social, and technical constrains, based on recent Cypriot legislation, European's Union policies, and expert advice, identifies the potential sites for solar park installation. The pairwise comparison method in the context of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to estimate the criteria weights in order to establish their relative importance in site evaluation. In addition, four different methods to combine information layers and check their sensitivity were used. The first considered all the criteria as being equally important and assigned them equal weight, whereas the others grouped the criteria and graded them according to their objective perceived importance. The overall suitability of the study region for sitting solar parks is appraised through the summation rule. Strict application of the framework depicts 3.0 % of the study region scoring a best-suitability index for solar resource exploitation, hence minimizing the risk in a potential investment. However, using different weighting schemes for criteria, suitable areas may reach up to 83 % of the study region. The suggested methodological framework applied can be easily utilized by potential investors and renewable energy developers, through a front end web-based application with proper GUI for personalized weighting schemes.
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Lofgren, Hans. "Medicines policy and drug company investments: the Irish experience." Australian Health Review 33, no. 2 (2009): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090295.
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THIS BOOK IS ABOUT MANIFESTATIONS of power in medicines and pharmaceutical industry policy. The main focus is on the Republic of Ireland but there are chapters also on drug regulation in Canada, Britain and Australia. The multinational pharma companies loom larger in Ireland than in most other countries; several chapters detail the implications for this small country of the presence of a major cluster of global drug companies. Globalisation is the hallmark of the drug sector; innovation and production occur within international networks which are mirrored by interaction between regulatory agencies which operate similar systems of control and monitoring. Since the 1990s, many aspects of product safety regulation have been standardised across the developed countries through the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) process, sponsored by the regulatory agencies and industry associations of the USA, the European Union and Japan. While orchestrating vast scientific, economic and technological resources, the big pharma companies participate as insiders in national policy processes, such as those described in this book. Firms typically affirm a commitment to the health and economic concerns of the local jurisdiction ? however governments cannot help but be sensitive to their global reach and power to choose where to invest.
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Domènech Monfort, Meritxell, César De Jesús, Natapon Wanapinit, and Niklas Hartmann. "A Review of Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading with Standard Terminology Proposal and a Techno-Economic Characterisation Matrix." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 9070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays decarbonisation of the energy system is one of the main concerns for most governments. Renewable energy technologies, such as rooftop photovoltaic systems and home battery storage systems, are changing the energy system to be more decentralised. As a consequence, new ways of energy business models are emerging, e.g., peer-to-peer energy trading. This new concept provides an online marketplace where direct energy exchange can occur between its participants. The purpose of this study is to conduct a content analysis of the existing literature, ongoing research projects, and companies related to peer-to-peer energy trading. From this review, a summary of the most important aspects and journal papers is assessed, discussed, and classified. It was found that the different energy market types were named in various ways and a proposal for standard language for the several peer-to-peer market types and the different actors involved is suggested. Additionally, by grouping the most important attributes from peer-to-peer energy trading projects, an assessment of the entry barrier and scalability potential is performed by using a characterisation matrix.
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Al-Ansary, Hany. "Prospects for Use of Solar Thermal Energy in High-Temperature Process Heat Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.16.
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Concentrating solar power is a family of solar energy technologies that have been used for decades to produce power. These technologies have a unique advantage, which is the ability to store thermal energy for prolonged periods of time such that stable and dispatchable energy can be provided to the electricity grid. However, concentrating solar power has been recently losing market share to photovoltaic technology due to the former’s significantly higher initial cost. There are many efforts worldwide to develop innovative solutions that reduce the cost and/or increase efficiency of concentrating solar power systems. However, concentrating solar thermal energy already has great promising area of application that is still largely unexplored, and that is high-temperature industrial process heat. This study attempts to make the case for using concentrating solar thermal energy in process heat applications by examining the economic feasibility (represented by the levelized cost of energy) for three scenarios of deployment, where the temperature levels are 400°C, 550°C, and 700°C, respectively. The first scenario uses parabolic trough collectors, while the second uses a central receiver system, both with 12 hours of molten salt storage. The third scenario uses a central receiver system that employs the innovative falling particle receiver concept to push the operating limit to 700°C, and silica sand is used to store thermal energy for 12 hours. The location chosen for this analysis is Alice Springs, Australia, due to its high direct normal irradiance and the presence of mining industries in its vicinity. The analysis shows that all three scenarios have a lower levelized cost of energy when compared to natural gas. To further confirm these findings, the analysis needs to be extended to other locations to account for different solar resources and different economic constraints.
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Chalgynbayeva, Aidana, Zoltán Gabnai, Péter Lengyel, Albiona Pestisha, and Attila Bai. "Worldwide Research Trends in Agrivoltaic Systems—A Bibliometric Review." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020611.
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An agrovoltaic system combines agricultural crop production and energy production in the same place, emphasizing the dual use of land. This article provides a bibliometric analysis of agrivoltaic topics based on publications indexed in SCOPUS, in which either economic assessments of agrivoltaics, agrivoltaic systems for crops and livestock animals, photovoltaic greenhouse and agrivoltaics with open field are discussed, or its ideas are used to analyze certain locations. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the SCOPUS database. Multiple bibliometric tools, such as R Studio and Biblioshiny, were applied to analyze data for this study. Finally, 121 relevant articles were obtained and reviewed. The results show that the focus topic is a brand-new research area, with the majority of relevant scientific publications concentrated in the last three years, and with much ongoing research. This is why AV-specialized scientific conferences might be the best place to get relevant and up-to-date information, with the highest number being offered in the USA and China. A typical trend in recent years has been researched, focusing on different agricultural aspects. The research results show that scientific publications in recent years mainly focus on short-term predictions, there is no recognized evaluation standard for various prediction analyses, and it is difficult to evaluate various prediction methods so far.
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Khamharnphol, Rawit, Ismail Kamdar, Jompob Waewsak, Somphol Chiwamongkhonkarn, Sakrapee Khunpetcha, Chuleerat Kongruang, and Yves Gagnon. "Techno-Economic Assessment of a 100 kWp Solar Rooftop PV System for Five Hospitals in Central Southern Thailand." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 12, no. 1 (September 15, 2022): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.46864.
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This paper presents a techno-economic assessment of a 100 kWp solar rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system at five hospitals in central southern Thailand. The system encompasses 100 kWp PV panels, 100 kW grid-tied inverters and balance of system (BOS) under the grid code of the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). The latest PV technology of bifacial mono-crystalline solar panels, inverters and BOS were simulated along with the Meteonorm 7.3 database using the PVsyst simulation toolkit with different tilt angles, orientations, solar radiations and ambient temperature. The technical aspects of solar rooftop PV power generation systems include the annual energy output and the performance ratio (PR) under IEC standard. Further, an economic analysis of the model was examined using a cost benefit analysis (CBA) and various assumptions. Four main financial criteria, i.e., benefit cost ratio (BCR), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period (PBP) were evaluated under three different scenarios: (1) self-consumption scheme, (2) feed-in tariff (FiT) scheme, and (3) private power purchase agreement (PPA) scheme. Finally, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) was also calculated. The results reveal that the Takua Thung hospital is characterized by the maximum average global horizontal irradiation (GHI) and the maximum annual produced energy of 199 kWh/m2 and 164.8 MWh/year, respectively. The PR calculated for all hospital sites is above 85%. The outcomes of the financial analysis show that the optimum scenarios are PPA and FiT schemes. The LCOE analysed in this study indicates that the Takua Thung hospital site has the lowest LCOE at 2.47 THB/kWh (0.07 USD/kWh). This research confirms the potential for hospitals and stakeholders in central southern Thailand for investments in solar rooftop PV systems
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Oladigbolu, Jamiu Omotayo, Makbul A. M. Ramli, and Yusuf A. Al-Turki. "Optimal Design of a Hybrid PV Solar/Micro-Hydro/Diesel/Battery Energy System for a Remote Rural Village under Tropical Climate Conditions." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091491.
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Recently, off-grid renewable power generation systems have become good alternatives for providing reliable electricity at a low cost in remote areas. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, more than half the population of Nigerian rural communities are outside the electricity coverage area. This research examines the potential application of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/hydro/diesel/battery systems to provide off-grid electrification to a typical Nigerian rural village. The performance of four different hybrid systems was evaluated via techno-economic and environmental analysis, and the optimized solution was selected using the HOMER analysis tool. The simulation results revealed that a hybrid PV solar/hydro/diesel with battery storage was the optimized solution and most suitable with the least net present cost (NPC) of $963,431 and a cost of energy (COE) of $0.112/kWh. The results also revealed that the optimal system prevented about 77.1% of CO2 gas emission from being released to the surrounding air as compared with the PV/diesel system (worst case). In addition, the results also showed better performance in technical aspects, making the system appropriate and ideal for rural electrification and clean energy development. Furthermore, the effects of varying some variables such as interest rate, solar radiation, water discharge, capacity shortage, and battery minimum state of charge on the system cost and operational performance were discussed via the sensitivity analysis because these parameters influence the economy and technical aspect of the power system.
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Mekonnen, Tefera, Ramchandra Bhandari, and Venkata Ramayya. "Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Grid-Integrated and Islanded Solar PV Systems for the Ethiopian Residential Sector: Considering an Emerging Utility Tariff Plan for 2021 and Beyond." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 3360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113360.
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Currently, difficulties such as the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the associated environmental pollution have driven the rise of other energy systems based on green energy sources. In this research, modeling and a viability study of grid-connected and islanded photovoltaic (PV) power systems for supplying the residential load in Mekelle City, Ethiopia, were carried out considering the country’s emerging utility tariff plan for 2021 and beyond. The technical viability of the proposed supply option was analyzed using PVGIS, PVWatts and HOMER Pro tool, while the economic and environmental optimization aspects were carried out using HOMER Pro. Sensitivity analyses and output comparisons among the three renewable energy simulation tools are presented. The results showed that under the consideration of an incremental electricity tariff plan (up to 2021), the analyzed cost of energy of the grid/PV system is around 12% lower than the utility grid tariff. Moreover, we also found that by taking the continuous global solar PV cost reduction into account, the cost of energy of the modeled islanded operation of solar PV power units totally broke the grid tariff in Ethiopia after 2029 based on the tariff for 2021 and well before with the expected escalation of the grid tariff on an annual basis. The technical performance of the system realized through PVGIS and PVWatts was almost comparable to the HOMER Pro outputs. Thus, this investigation will offer a clear direction to the concerned target groups and policy developers in the evolution of PV power supply options throughout the technically viable locations in the country.
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Frivaldsky, Michal, and Jan Morgos. "DC-DC Converter Design Issues for High-Efficient DC Microgrid." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.1.35-41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, the electrical properties, as well as the economic aspects of the modular and non-modular solution of the DC-DC photovoltaic converter for DC microgrid subsystem, are described. Principally a theoretical overview of the circuit configuration for the selected DC-DC stage of the DC microgrid system is shown. It is dealt with the comparison of the one non-modular high - voltage SiC-based dual - interleaved converter operating at the low switching frequency and with modular low voltage GaN-based DC-DC converters operating at high switching frequencies. The main focus is given to the research of the dependency that arises from the different module count, overall efficiency, costs, and power density (system volume). High efficiency, reduced overall volume, and maximum power density are important factors within modern and progressive solar systems. It is assumed that with the increase of switching frequency within the modular system the volume reduction of the passive components will be highly demanded, thus PCB dimensions and overall volume can be reduced. This dependency is investigated, while the total volume of the non-modular system is a unit of the measure. For these purposes, the design of variant solution was done, and consequently mutually compared in the way of simulations and experimental measurements.
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Rubio-Aliaga, Alvaro, Angel Molina-Garcia, M. Socorro Garcia-Cascales, and Juan Miguel Sanchez-Lozano. "Net-Metering and Self-Consumption Analysis for Direct PV Groundwater Pumping in Agriculture: A Spanish Case Study." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081646.
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International policies mainly that are focused on energy-dependence reduction and climate change objectives have been widely proposed by most developed countries over the last years. These actions aim to promote the integration of renewables and the reduction of emissions in all sectors. Among the different sectors, agriculture emerges as a remarkable opportunity to integrate these proposals. Indeed, this sector accounts for 10% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU, representing 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016. Within the agriculture sector, current solutions for groundwater pumping purposes are mainly based on diesel technologies, leading to a remarkable fossil fuel dependence and emissions that must be reduced to fulfill both energy and environmental requirements. Relevant actions must be proposed that are focused on sustainable strategies and initiatives. Under this scenario, the integration of photovoltaic (PV) power plants into groundwater pumping installations has recently been considered as a suitable solution. However, this approach requires a more extended analysis, including different risks and impacts related to sustainability from the economic and energy points of view, and by considering other relevant aspects such as environmental consequences. In addition, PV solar power systems connected to the grid for groundwater pumping purposes provide a relevant opportunity to optimize the power supplied by these installations in terms of self-consumption and net-metering advantages. Actually, the excess PV power might be injected to the grid, with potential profits and benefits for the agriculture sector. Under this scenario, the present paper gives a multidimensional analysis of PV solar power systems connected to the grid for groundwater pumping solutions, including net-metering conditions and benefit estimations that are focused on a Spanish case study. Extensive results based on a real aquifer (Aquifer 23) located in Castilla La Mancha (Spain) are included and discussed in detail.
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Rashid, Fazlur, Md Emdadul Hoque, Muhammad Aziz, Talukdar Nazmus Sakib, Md Tariqul Islam, and Raihan Moker Robin. "Investigation of Optimal Hybrid Energy Systems Using Available Energy Sources in a Rural Area of Bangladesh." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185794.
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The aims of this paper are to develop hybrid energy systems considering biomass energy sources as well as a framework and optimal configuration of hybrid systems of energy for a southern sub-urban area of Bhola district in Bangladesh, named Kukri Mukri island, and analyse the feasibility of the techno-economic prospects of these systems. In this work, electrification for the rural area is analysed for different configurations of the hybrid systems. The estimation of available resources with optimal sizing and analysis of techno-economic aspects is done through HOMER Pro software to satisfy the demand of peak load. Different configurations of hybrid energy systems, including PV/diesel, PV/wind, PV/diesel/wind, PV/wind/diesel/biomass, and wind/diesel, are analysed and compared through optimization of different energy sources in HOMER. The size of the system and components are optimized and designed depending on the net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Due to the lower availability and rising cost of wind energy, the outcome of this work shows a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) as the main energy source, battery as the storage media, and diesel generator as an energy source for backup. The results indicate that LCOE is much lower for PV/wind/diesel/biomass (0.142 USD/kWh) than PV/diesel (0.199 USD/kWh), PV/wind (0.239 USD/kWh), PV/diesel/wind (0.167 USD/kWh), PV/diesel (0.343 USD/kWh), and wind/diesel (0.175 USD/kWh). Additionally, it is demonstrated from the research that the genetic algorithm (GA) process gives sustainable and cost-effective outcomes compared to HOMER.
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Turbucz, Bela, Martin Major, Romana Zelko, and Balazs Hanko. "Proposal for Handling of Medicine Shortages Based on a Comparison of Retrospective Risk Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074102.
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Introduction: We reviewed and compared current drug shortages and shortage management practices in six selected countries (Hungary, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, United States) based on the most comprehensive national shortage databases for each country, for four Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) groups, to analyze the criticality of drug shortages across countries and identify best practices in shortage management strategies. Materials and Methods: Countries were selected to cover a wide geographical range of high-income nations where a lack of economic power as a potential source of drug shortages is not observable. ATC groups were selected based on a pre-examination of the databases to analyze groups most often in shortage, and groups where the absence of which could have a severe negative impact on treatment outcomes. The bias originating from the different reporting systems had to be reduced to gain comprehensive and comparable information. The first bias-reducing mechanism was transforming the raw number of shortages into proportion per million people. Secondly, critical cases were classified, and thirdly, critical cases were compared with the Word Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicine Lists. Results: The results indicate that every European country studied reports significantly higher total and critical shortages per population compared to the US and Australia. Within Europe, Hungary reports the highest number of cases both for total and critical shortages, while Spain has the lowest results in both aspects. While in the US and Australia critical shortages were observable in similar proportions across all ATC groups, in European countries ATC groups of anti-infectives for systemic use (J) and the nervous system (N) were found to account for a notably higher proportion of critical shortages. Current shortage management practices were examined in each country and classified into five groups to identify common best practices. Conclusions: Due to the different characterization of reporting systems, several bias-reducing mechanisms should be applied to compare and evaluate shortages. In addition, European harmonization should be initiated to create mutually acknowledged definitions and reporting systems, which could be the basis of good drug shortage handling practices in Europe.
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Trevizan, Rodrigo D., Alexander J. Headley, Robert Geer, Stanley Atcitty, and Imre Gyuk. "Integration of energy storage with diesel generation in remote communities." MRS Energy & Sustainability 8, no. 2 (September 2021): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43581-021-00013-9.
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Highlights Battery energy storage may improve energy efficiency and reliability of hybrid energy systems composed by diesel and solar photovoltaic power generators serving isolated communities. In projects aiming update of power plants serving electrically isolated communities with redundant diesel generation, battery energy storage can improve overall economic performance of power supply system by reducing fuel usage, decreasing capital costs by replacing redundant diesel generation units, and increasing generator system life by shortening yearly runtime. Fast-acting battery energy storage systems with grid-forming inverters might have potential for improving drastically the reliability indices of isolated communities currently supplied by diesel generation. Abstract This paper will highlight unique challenges and opportunities with regard to energy storage utilization in remote, self-sustaining communities. The energy management of such areas has unique concerns. Diesel generation is often the go-to power source in these scenarios, but these systems are not devoid of issues. Without dedicated maintenance crews as in large, interconnected network areas, minor interruptions can be frequent and invasive not only for those who lose power, but also for those in the community that must then correct any faults. Although the immediate financial benefits are perhaps not readily apparent, energy storage could be used to address concerns related to reliability, automation, fuel supply concerns, generator degradation, solar utilization, and, yes, fuel costs to name a few. These ideas are shown through a case study of the Levelock Village of Alaska. Currently, the community is faced with high diesel prices and a difficult supply chain, which makes temporary loss of power very common and reductions in fuel consumption very impactful. This study will investigate the benefits that an energy storage system could bring to the overall system life, fuel costs, and reliability of the power supply. The variable efficiency of the generators, impact of startup/shutdown process, and low-load operation concerns are considered. The technological benefits of the combined system will be explored for various scenarios of future diesel prices and technology maintenance/replacement costs as well as for the avoidance of power interruptions that are so common in the community currently. Graphic abstract Discussion In several cases, energy storage can provide a means to promote energy equity by improving remote communities’ power supply reliability to levels closer to what the average urban consumer experiences at a reduced cost compared to transmission buildout. Furthermore, energy equity represents a hard-to-quantify benefit achieved by the integration of energy storage to isolated power systems of under-served communities, which suggests that the financial aspects of such projects should be questioned as the main performance criterion. To improve battery energy storage system valuation for diesel-based power systems, integration analysis must be holistic and go beyond fuel savings to capture every value stream possible.
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Pérez, Citlaly, Pedro Ponce, Alan Meier, Lourdes Dorantes, Jorge Omar Sandoval, Javier Palma, and Arturo Molina. "S4 Framework for the Integration of Solar Energy Systems in Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturing Companies in Mexico." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 6882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196882.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, the industrial sector consumes more than 60% of the energy produced in Mexico, mainly from fossil fuels, causing negative impacts on the environment and human beings. Solar energy helps companies diversify their energy sources, generate savings, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Moreover, the environmental impact can be reduced when CO2 emissions are reduced. Nevertheless, in Mexico, less than 3.5% of the electricity comes from solar energy, and along with a lack of information about the technical and social aspects involved in photovoltaic (PV) systems, it is difficult for companies to analyze and evaluate relevant data, and thus make effective decisions based on their needs. As such, companies cannot understand the complete lifecycle of PV systems, and, usually, the economic, environmental, and technical decisions are made only using the installation analysis, which is only one stage in the lifespan of PV systems. This paper proposes an S4 framework with the sensing, smart, sustainable, and social features that small and medium-sized companies must consider to install, operate, and dispose of PV systems, considering the Mexican context. The current literature does not show a complete classification to cover the essential S4 features to describe PV systems, so companies only have partial information when deciding about the installation of PV systems. This framework considers all the needs that may exist during the PV systems’ lifecycle, making a detailed evaluation of each of its elements in each lifecycle stage. Consequently, this S4 framework gives a complete guideline allowing companies to decide on PV systems. Finally, this paper presents a case study about a Mexican company that uses the proposed S4 framework to analyze the PV’s lifespan.
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Cabrera-Tobar, Ana, Nicola Blasuttigh, Alessandro Massi Pavan, Vanni Lughi, Giovanni Petrone, and Giovanni Spagnuolo. "Energy Scheduling and Performance Evaluation of an e-Vehicle Charging Station." Electronics 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 3948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233948.
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This paper proposes an energy management system (EMS) for a photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected charging station with a battery energy storage system (BESS). The main objective of this EMS is to manage the energy delivered to the electric vehicle (EV), considering the price and CO2 emissions due to the grid’s connection. Thus, we present a multi-objective two-stage optimization to reduce the impact of the charging station on the environment, as well as the costs. The first stage of the optimization provides an energy schedule, taking into account the PV forecast, the hourly grid’s CO2 emissions factor, the electricity price, and the initial state of charge of the BESS. The output from this first stage corresponds to the maximum power permitted to be delivered to the EV by the grid. Then, the second stage of the optimization is based on model predictive control that looks to manage the energy flow from the grid, the PV, and the BESS. The proposed EMS is validated using an actual PV/BESS charging station located at the University of Trieste, Italy. Then, this paper presents an analysis of the performance of the charging station under the new EMS considering three main aspects, economic, environmental, and energy, for one month of data. The results show that due to the proposed optimization, the new energy profile guarantees a reduction of 32% in emissions and 29% in energy costs.
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Pickering, Steve. "Energy from the Desert – Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Systems: Socio-economic, Financial, Technical and Environmental Aspects. In: Keiichi Komoto, Masakazu Ito, Peter van der Vleuten, David Faiman, Kosuke Kurokawa (Eds.). Earthscan, London (2009). 240 pp., £85.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-84407-794-6." Fuel 89, no. 5 (May 2010): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.12.007.
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