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Shi, Yaqi, and Wei Luo. "Application of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System in Maritime Vessels and Development of Maritime Tourism." Polish Maritime Research 25, s2 (August 1, 2018): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0090.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The use of new energy generation technologies such as solar energy and electric propulsion technologies to form integrated power propulsion technology for ships has become one of the most concerned green technologies on ships. Based on the introduction of the principles and usage patterns of solar photovoltaic systems, the application characteristics of solar photovoltaic systems and their components in ships are analyzed. The important characteristics of the marine power grid based on solar photovoltaic systems are explored and summarized, providing a basis for future system design and application. Photovoltaic solar cells are made using semiconductor effects that convert solar radiation directly into electrical energy. Several such battery devices are packaged into photovoltaic solar cell modules, and several components are combined into a certain power photovoltaic array according to actual needs, and are matched with devices such as energy storage, measurement, and control to form a photovoltaic power generation system. This article refers to the basic principle and composition of the land-use solar photovoltaic system, and analyzes the difference between the operational mode and the land use of the large-scale ocean-going ship solar photovoltaic system. Specific analysis of large-scale ocean-going ship solar photovoltaic system complete set of technical route, for the construction of marine solar photovoltaic system to provide design ideas.
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Szefer, Ilona. "Between aesthetics and functionality. Contemporary using of Photovoltaic Systems to create facades." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Buildings consume over 40 % [1] of the yearly demand for energy (in IEA member countries). Therefore, it is important to take this fact into account in the designing process - not only in terms of potential savings but also from the point of view of energy acquisition. That is why the external building finishing has an important influence on the energy balance as it may save thermal energy and convert sunlight directly into electricity. It is generally believed that the façade is the showcase of the building. An increasingly common concept for effective building facades, not only those newly-created but also after refurbishment, is photovoltaic panels. Regenerative energy production and architectural designing possibilities are no longer an obstacle. Due to a growing range of available cell technologies (polycrystalline, monocrystalline, high-efficiency and semitransparent), as well as designs (colors, overprints) and parameters (weight, power), their integration with building envelope is not longer an issue. Contemporary Photovoltiaics are designed and manufactured to meet the requirements of designers, builders, investors and the owners. The multifunctionality allows for energy production, as well as for shading, lighting contron and thermal insulation. Using Photovoltiaic systems eneables to create an unique facade construction as well as design.
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Pawan Kumar Tiwari, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Rajendra Kumar, Gulhasan Ahmad,. "Design Simulation and Review of Solar PV Power Forecasting Using Computing Techniques." International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijrmee.v9i5.370.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The field of renewable energies provides solutions to the sustainable energy challenges of developing countries. Various renewable energy options are used to solve the power shortage in India. In recent years, power generation has increased significantly, but the market is promising for domestic organisations, distribution networks and transmission networks, and the financial situation is sluggish and influential. India has 450,000 kilowatts of hydroelectric power, has an installed wind power capacity of 230,000 kilowatts, but has almost no great potential for renewable energy. However, India is currently very high in this region, 2022 (not including large hydropower), the target is to raise the current installed capacity from 37 GW of renewable energy to 1.75 million kilowatts. Solar energy is a key part of the government’s extension policy. The demonstration of solar PV Systems is highly advantageous for geography and structure. For efficient structure, we need effective design and forecasting tools. PV system is a popular tool to optimise and schedule the design and construction of independent photovoltaic solar systems connected to the grid.
The objective of this research is to introduce the equivalent design model of the photo voltaic solar power plant and to analyses the impact of power forecasting on performance assessment of solar photo voltaic system. Mathematical model of solar photovoltaic system has been implemented using and performance is analysed using PV and IV characteristics of solar photovoltaic system. Modified prediction technique was implemented for optimum forecasting in the specified scenario of complex operating condition.
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Pawan Kumar Tiwari, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Rajendra Kumar, Gulhasan Ahmad,. "Design Simulation and Review of Solar PV Power Forecasting Using Computing Techniques." International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 9, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijrmee.v9i3.370.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The field of renewable energies provides solutions to the sustainable energy challenges of developing countries. Various renewable energy options are used to solve the power shortage in India. In recent years, power generation has increased significantly, but the market is promising for domestic organisations, distribution networks and transmission networks, and the financial situation is sluggish and influential. India has 450,000 kilowatts of hydroelectric power, has an installed wind power capacity of 230,000 kilowatts, but has almost no great potential for renewable energy. However, India is currently very high in this region, 2022 (not including large hydropower), the target is to raise the current installed capacity from 37 GW of renewable energy to 1.75 million kilowatts. Solar energy is a key part of the government’s extension policy. The demonstration of solar PV Systems is highly advantageous for geography and structure. For efficient structure, we need effective design and forecasting tools. PV system is a popular tool to optimise and schedule the design and construction of independent photovoltaic solar systems connected to the grid.
The objective of this research is to introduce the equivalent design model of the photo voltaic solar power plant and to analyses the impact of power forecasting on performance assessment of solar photo voltaic system. Mathematical model of solar photovoltaic system has been implemented using and performance is analysed using PV and IV characteristics of solar photovoltaic system. Modified prediction technique was implemented for optimum forecasting in the specified scenario of complex operating condition.
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Shin, Hyunkyung, and Zong Geem. "Optimal Design of a Residential Photovoltaic Renewable System in South Korea." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An optimal design model for residential photovoltaic (PV) systems in South Korea was proposed. In the optimization formulation, the objective function is composed of three costs, including the monthly electricity bill, the PV system construction cost (including the government’s subsidy), and the PV system maintenance cost. Here, because the monthly electricity bill is not differentiable (it is a stepped piecewise linear function), it cannot be solved by using traditional gradient-based approaches. For details considering the residential electric consumption in a typical Korean household, consumption was broken down into four types (year-round electric appliances, seasonal electric appliances, lighting appliances, and stand-by power). For details considering the degree of PV generation, a monthly generation dataset with different PV tilt angles was analyzed. The optimal design model was able to obtain a global design solution (PV tilt angle and PV size) without being trapped in local optima. We hope that this kind of practical approach will be more frequently applied to real-world designs in residential PV systems in South Korea and other countries.
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Elomari, Youssef, Masoud Norouzi, Marc Marín-Genescà, Alberto Fernández, and Dieter Boer. "Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Systems into Power Networks: A Scientific Evolution Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 9249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159249.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have drawn significant attention over the last decade. One of the most critical obstacles that must be overcome is distributed energy generation. This paper presents a comprehensive quantitative bibliometric study to identify the new trends and call attention to the evolution within the research landscape concerning the integration of solar PV in power networks. The research is based on 7146 documents that were authored between 2000–2021 and downloaded from the Web of Science database. Using an in-house bibliometric tool, Bibliometrix R-package, and the open-source tool VOSviewer we obtained bibliometric indicators, mapped the network analysis, and performed a multivariate statistical analysis. The works that were based on solar photovoltaics into power networks presented rapid growth, especially in India. The co-occurrence analysis showed that the five main clusters, classified according to dimensions and significance, are (i) power quality issues that are caused by the solar photovoltaic penetration in power networks; (ii) algorithms for energy storage, demand response, and energy management in the smart grid; (iii) optimization, techno-economic analysis, sensitivity analysis, and energy cost analysis for an optimal hybrid power system; (iv) renewable energy integration, self-consumption, energy efficiency, and sustainable development; and (v) modeling, simulation, and control of battery energy storage systems. The results revealed that researchers pay close attention to “renewable energy”, “microgrid”, “energy storage”, “optimization”, and “smart grid”, as the top five keywords in the past four years. The results also suggested that (i) power quality; (ii) voltage and frequency fluctuation problems; (iii) optimal design and energy management; and (iv) technical-economic analysis, are the most recent investigative foci that might be appraised as having the most budding research prospects.
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Chow, T. T., G. N. Tiwari, and C. Menezo. "Hybrid Solar: A Review on Photovoltaic and Thermal Power Integration." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/307287.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The market of solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity generation is growing rapidly. New ideas on hybrid solar technology evolve for a wide range of applications, such as in buildings, processing plants, and agriculture. In the building sector in particular, the limited building space for the accommodation of solar devices has driven a demand on the use of hybrid solar technology for the multigeneration of active power and/or passive solar devices. The importance is escalating with the worldwide trend on the development of low-carbon/zero-energy buildings. Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) collector systems had been studied theoretically, numerically, and experimentally in depth in the past decades. Together with alternative means, a range of innovative products and systems has been put forward. The final success of the integrative technologies relies on the coexistence of robust product design/construction and reliable system operation/maintenance in the long run to satisfy the user needs. This paper gives a broad review on the published academic works, with an emphasis placed on the research and development activities in the last decade.
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Ngo, Minh Nhut, Philippe Ladoux, Jérémy Martin, and Sébastien Sanchez. "Silicium-Carbide-Based Isolated DC/DC Converter for Medium-Voltage Photovoltaic Power Plants." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The production of large-scale photovoltaics (PVs) is becoming increasingly popular in the field of power generation; they require the construction of power plants of several hundred megawatts. Nevertheless, the construction of these PV power plants with conventional low-voltage (LV) conversion systems is not an appropriate technological path. Particularly, large cross-section cables, a high quantity of semiconductors, and the bulky layout of 50/60-Hz step-up transformers make the PV system less competitive in terms of energy efficiency and cost. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper introduces new PV plant topologies with an intermediate medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) collector that requires galvanic isolation for connecting the PV arrays. Then, the design of a power electronic transformer (PET) is proposed, implementing 1.7-kV and 3.3-kV silicium carbide (SiC) power modules. The study confirms that this converter allows the use of medium-frequency (MF) transformers with high power densities while maintaining high efficiency, which facilitates the implementation of isolated medium-voltage (MV) topologies for utility-scale PV power plants.
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Ramanan, P., K. Kalidasa Murugavel, A. Karthick, and K. Sudhakar. "Performance evaluation of building-integrated photovoltaic systems for residential buildings in southern India." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419881740.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The integration of photovoltaic modules into the building structure is a challenging task with respect to power generation of PV module and the effect of incident solar radiation. The performance of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules varies depending upon the orientation and azimuth angle of the building. In this work, the year-round performance and economic feasibility analysis of grid-connected building-integrated photovoltaic (GBIPV) modules is reported for the hot and humid climatic regional condition at Kovilpatti (9°10′0′′N, 77°52′0′′E), Tamil Nadu, India. The appropriate mounting structures are provided, to experimentally simulate the performance of GBIPV modules at various orientations and inclination angles (0° to 90°). The result indicated that the optimum orientation for installation of BIPV modules in the façade and walls is found to be east while that for a pitched roof south orientation is recommended. The overall average annual performance ratio, capacity utilisation factor, array capture loss and system losses are found to be 0.83, 23%, 0.07 (h/day), and 0.17 (h/day), respectively. In addition, the economic feasibility of grid connected PV system for residential buildings in Tamil Nadu, India is analysed using HOMER by incorporating both a net metering process and electricity tariff. Practical application: Grid-connected building-integrated photovoltaic system has many benefits and barriers by being installed and integrated into the building structure. The application of GBIPV in building structures and its orientation of installation needs to be optimised before installing into buildings. This study will assist architects and wider community to design buildings facades and roofs with GBIPV system which are more aesthetic and account for noise protection and thermal insulation in the region of equatorial climate zones. By adding as shading devices, they can reduce the need for artificial lighting, and moderate heating or cooling load of the buildings.
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Esmaeili Shayan, Mostafa, Gholamhassan Najafi, Barat Ghobadian, Shiva Gorjian, and Mohamed Mazlan. "Sustainable Design of a Near-Zero-Emissions Building Assisted by a Smart Hybrid Renewable Microgrid." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.43838.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Renewable energy regulations place a premium on both the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency improvements. One of the growing milestones in building construction is the invention of green cottages. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) technologies have been proved to aid buildings that partially meet their energy demand as sustainable solar energy generating technologies throughout the previous decade. Curved facades provide a challenge for typical photovoltaics. This study designed, produced, and assessed elastic solar panels supported by flexible photovoltaic systems (FPVS) on a 1 m2 layer. The LabVIEW program recognizes and transmits online data on warm and dry climates. The fill factor was 88% and 84%, respectively, when installed on the silo and biogas surfaces. The annual energy output was 810 kWh on a flat surface, 960 kWh on a cylindrical surface, and 1000 kWh on a hemisphere surface. Economic analysis indicates that the NPV at Flat surface is $ 697.52, with an IRR of 34.81% and an 8.5-year capital return period. Cylindrical surfaces and hemispheres both get a $ 955.18 increase. For cylindrical and hemispheric buildings, the investment yield was 39.29% and 40.47%, respectively. A 20% increase in fixed investment boosted the IRR by 21.3% in the flat system. While the cylindrical system had a 25.59% raise, the hemisphere saw a 24.58% gain
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Al-Samawi, Ali Abedaljabar, and Hafedh Trabelsi. "New Nine-Level Cascade Multilevel Inverter with a Minimum Number of Switches for PV Systems." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 5857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To support the grid system with high power quality from photovoltaics (PVs) and reduce the partial shading condition (PSC) effect of the PV system, as well as the mismatch power issue, in this study, we present a simple single-phase, nine-level cascade inverter architecture for photovoltaic (PV) systems with a minimum number of power components and passive parts. This reduction in the number of switches decreases the switching losses and the number of driving circuits, which causes a reduction in the complexity of the control circuit and hence reduces the cost and size. The suggested inverter shows a lower output voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) and unity power factor. In addition, this inverter’s control and switching techniques are far simpler than those of recently published designs. To evaluate the performance of the proposed inverter, we performed a comparison of the cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI) topology, which required recent cascade topologies with the same nine voltage levels. The comparison depends on parameters such as the number of components (diode and capacitors) and the number of active switches in the inverter, in addition to total harmonic distortion. MATLAB/Simulink models for a grid-tied solar system PV application driven by the proposed nine-level inverter were built for design and validation.
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Huang, Pei, Yongjun Sun, Marco Lovati, and Xingxing Zhang. "Solar-photovoltaic-power-sharing-based design optimization of distributed energy storage systems for performance improvements." Energy 222 (May 2021): 119931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119931.
Повний текст джерела
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Ledesma, Javier R., Rita H. Almeida, and Luis Narvarte. "Modeling and Simulation of Multipumping Photovoltaic Irrigation Systems." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 9318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159318.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The growing market of large-power photovoltaic irrigation systems (PVISs)—made of systems with different and several motor pumps working in parallel—needs simulation tools capable to estimate their energy and water productivity. The objective of this paper is to present the simulation models developed for parallel multipump PVISs fed by a single PV generator. These models seek to maximize the instantaneous water flow rate according to the available PV power and were developed for the typical configurations of large-power irrigation facilities. The models present some advantages when compared with the current state of the art (in which a single motor pump connected to a 1/N fraction of the PV generator is simulated and the result is multiplied by N): in the case of negligible hydraulic friction losses, the use of the multipump model shows gains with respect to the state of the art; in the case of appreciable friction losses, the current state of the art overestimates the productivity of the systems. Then, the ability of these models to compare different multipump designs is shown: two groups of pumps working at variable frequencies show better performance than a group working at a variable frequency and a group at a nominal frequency—an 8% increase in the water pumped is seen.
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Esenboğa, Burak, and Tuğçe Demirdelen. "Soft-Switching Smart Transformer Design and Application for Photovoltaic Integrated Smart City Power Distribution." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Smart city power distributions have become promising technologies to meet the demand for energy in developed countries. However, increase in smart grids causes several power quality problems on the smart grid, in particular, current and voltage harmonic distortions, sudden voltage sag and swells, fault current, and isolation deterioration. Smart transformers are potential solutions to improve the power quality on the electric grid. They present energy efficiency, ensure grid reliability and power flow control, voltage regulation, bidirectional power flow, fault current limiting, harmonic blocking, and galvanic isolation. Therefore, this paper offers an optimal selection of a three-stage (AC-DC-DC-AC) smart transformer model and power control strategy for solar PV power plant integrated smart grids. The topology of the rectifier, isolated bidirectional converter, and inverter has soft-switching features. This enables low conduction loss, low electromagnetic interference (EMI), high efficiency, achievable zero-voltage switching for converters, and zero-current switching for electrical auxiliary systems. Operation strategies of the proposed ST, PWM control, voltage, and current control between converters, including a medium-voltage (MV) high-frequency transformer to realize a 10 kVA, 450 Vdc to 220 Vdc, or 220 Vac ST, are presented. Significantly, the ST prototype achieves 96.7% conversion efficiency thanks to its control strategy, even under unstable power generation conditions from the solar PV plant. Experimental results obtained on the 344 Vac 10.4 A load current validates the dv/dt rate 6.8 kV/us. The dynamic and experimental results of the proposed bidirectional smart transformer demonstrate the success in preventing power quality problems for photovoltaic integrated smart city power distribution.
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Kemmler, Thomas, and Bernd Thomas. "Design of Heat-Pump Systems for Single- and Multi-Family Houses using a Heuristic Scheduling for the Optimization of PV Self-Consumption." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heat pumps in combination with a photovoltaic system are a very promising option for the transformation of the energy system. By using such a system for coupling the electricity and heat sectors, buildings can be heated sustainably and with low greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reveals a method for dimensioning a suitable system of heat pump and photovoltaics (PV) for residential buildings in order to achieve a high level of (photovoltaic) PV self-consumption. This is accomplished by utilizing a thermal energy storage (TES) for shifting the operation of the heat pump to times of high PV power production by an intelligent control algorithm, which yields a high portion of PV power directly utilized by the heat pump. In order to cover the existing set of building infrastructure, 4 reference buildings with different years of construction are introduced for both single- and multi-family residential buildings. By this means, older buildings with radiator heating as well as new buildings with floor heating systems are included. The simulations for evaluating the performance of a heat pump/PV system controlled by the novel algorithm for each type of building were carried out in MATLAB-Simulink® 2017a. The results show that 25.3% up to 41.0% of the buildings’ electricity consumption including the heat pump can be covered directly from the PV-installation per year. Evidently, the characteristics of the heating system significantly influence the results: new buildings with floor heating and low supply temperatures yield a higher level of PV self-consumption due to a higher efficiency of the heat pump compared to buildings with radiator heating and higher supply temperatures. In addition, the effect of adding a battery to the system was studied for two building types. It will be shown that the degree of PV self-consumption increases in case a battery is present. However, due to the high investment costs of batteries, they do not pay off within a reasonable period.
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Lee, Seung-Joon, Kyu-Jin Kim, Da-Sol Kim, Eui-Hwan Ryu, and Jae Lee. "The Construction of a Mock-Up Test Building and a Statistical Analysis of the Data Acquired to Evaluate the Power Generation Performance of Photovoltaic Modules." Energies 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071546.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditionally, studies on the power generation performance analysis of the photovoltaic (PV) modules used in building-integrated PV (BIPV) systems have been based on computer simulations and actual experiments with constraints, resulting in the results being inaccurate and limited. This paper proposes a two-step analysis method that results in a more versatile and reliable means of analysis. The steps are: (1) construction of a mock-up test building in the form of BIPV systems and the collection of a massive amount of operational data for one year; and (2) a statistical analysis of the acquired data using Minitab software (Version: 17, Manufacturer: Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA) to examine the power generation performance. The constructed BIPV mock-up applies design elements such as material types (c-Si and a-Si) and various directions and angles for different module installations. Prior to the analysis, the reliability of the large database (DB) constructed from the acquired data is statistically validated. Then, from the statistical correlation analysis of the DB, several plots that visualize the performance characteristics governed by design elements, including contour plots that show the region of higher performance, are generated. Further, a regression model equation for power generation performance is derived and verified. The results of this study will be useful in determining whether a BIPV system should be adopted in a building’s architectural design and, subsequently, selecting design element values for an actual BIPV system.
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Hart, Maria Christina Gudrun, and Michael Hans Breitner. "Fostering Energy Resilience in the Rural Thai Power System—A Case Study in Nakhon Phanom." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 7374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197374.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With rising electricity demand, heavy reliance on imports, and recent economic downturns due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain bottlenecks, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Thailand is suffering severely from energy resilience risks. The government has therefore set a goal of decentralizing energy production through small-scale distributed renewable energy systems. To support their design and the planning process, we simulate multiple scenarios with wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, and battery storage for a model community in rural Nakhon Phanom, Thailand. Using the software NESSI4D, we evaluate and discuss their impact on energy resilience by considering environmental sustainability, economic attractiveness, and independence from the central power grid. To fill the gap of missing data on energy demand, we synthesize high-resolution load profiles from the Thailand Vietnam Socio-Economic Panel. We conclude that distributed photovoltaic systems with additional battery storage are only suitable to promote energy resilience if the government provides appropriate financial incentives. Considering temporal variations and local conditions, as well as a participatory decision-making process, are crucial for the long-term success of energy projects. Our advice to decision-makers is to design policies and regulatory support that are aligned with the preferences and needs of target communities.
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Selim, Fathalla F., Almoataz Abdelaziz, and Ibrahim B. M. Taha. "Economic Design of Hybrid Pico-Hydraulic/Photovoltaic Generation System: A Case Study in Egypt." Electronics 10, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 2947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10232947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Clean and renewable energy sources are the preferable power system generations for the overall world. This research aims to present a very highly integrated, economic, professional, and simple construction, clean and natural resources usage of the renewable hybrid generation system. This research performs analysis, systematic representation, evaluation, and design of the hybrid proposed system—pico-hydraulic from home usage water and photovoltaic (PV)—to generate an optimal renewable generation system using a new professional control system. Applying this proposed technique in Egypt shows that the hybrid system successfully overcame Egypt’s energy crisis. Renewable energy will rise to 8.782% by increasing 7.323% (14,408.83 GWh/Y). Besides, this system increases the power supply reliability; it gives an additional emergency supply and reduces the exhausts from other generation stations (e.g., CO2). The saving from this hybrid system is very effective for; the residential sector (subscribes), which will be ranged from 9599.298 million E£/10Ys up to 86,393.68 million E£/10Ys that equals 5399.6 million $, government to use this extra generation energy to reduce the maximum loads from various stations. A practical model has been presented with results to verify the high efficiency of the proposed system that illustrates the effective performance of the used hybrid system.
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Zsiborács, Henrik, András Vincze, István Háber, Gábor Pintér, and Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai. "Challenges of Establishing Solar Power Stations in Hungary." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the context of the ever-growing demand for energy, especially electric energy, from renewable sources, there has been great interest in photovoltaic energy generation. The speed at which the penetration of photovoltaic technology can grow, however, does not simply depend on supply and demand but also on the various policies and schemes adopted by countries around the world. These, in turn, play decisive roles in investment decisions and determine how projects are approached. Investors in photovoltaic (PV) systems need to be aware of the country-specific risk factors for investments and the regulatory environment. The aim of this research was to explore which managerial, economic and technical aspects should be considered in a causal approach when designing PV power plants with over 50 kW of capacity in the Hungarian regulatory environment for the success of the project. The innovative significance of the study is that it presents a validated, practically usable model for the realization of PV power plant projects in Hungary, which provides an in-depth description of the causal steps of their planning and establishment, based on real-life experience. The novel, practical benefit of the research is that it updates and clarifies the steps necessary for the design of PV power plants, since nowadays there are no current scientific works that provide knowledge of a sufficient depth regarding such projects, so these characteristics need to be investigated.
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Purwahyudi, Bambang, Kuspijani Kuspijani, and Ahmadi Ahmadi. "SCNN Based Electrical Characteristics of Solar Photovoltaic Cell Model." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3198-3206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell is one of the renewable energy sources and a main component of PV power systems. The design of PV power systems requires accurately its electrical output characteristics. The electrical characteristics of solar PV cell consist of I-V and P-V characteristics. They depend on the parameters of PV cell such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage and maximum power. Solar PV cell model can be described through an equivalent circuit including a current source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. In this paper, the development solar PV cell model is built by using self constructing neural network (SCNN) methods. This SCNN technique is used to improve the accuracy of the electrical characteristic of solar PV cell model. SCNN solar PV cell model have three inputs and two outputs. They are respectively solar radiation, temperature, series resistance, current and power. The effectiveness of SCNN technique is verified using simulation results based on different physical and environmental conditions. Simulations are conducted by the change of the solar irradiation, temperature and series resistance. Simulation results show SCNN model can yield the I-V and P-V characteristics according to the characteristics of solar PV cell.
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Tafazoli, Mehdi, Mohsen Salimi, Saeed Zeinalidanaloo, Javad Mashayekh, and Majid Amidpour. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Electricity Generation by Photovoltaic Power Plants Equipped with Trackers in Iran." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of solar trackers can help increase the production and time period of electricity generation in photovoltaic power plants. Different types of trackers in terms of rotation mechanisms and sun tracking systems have been used in these types of power plants in recent years. In this article, a comparison has made between the electricity produced of fixed and tracking structures in a number of power plants which are located in different cities of Iran but in similar geographical locations. Following this, software modeling is used to evaluate various sun tracking scenarios in the design of sample power plants. Finally, a techno-economic analysis has been made to evaluate the decision-making regarding the construction of such power plants in Iran using this technology. Using east-west detectors has had a positive effect on increasing the production of power plants, especially in summer. Due to the higher initial costs of using this technology in the power plants, as well as the higher maintenance costs, the economization of the power plants’ business plan is extremely dependent on other economic conditions governing the project. Using trackers alone cannot lead to a better situation in a project’s lifetime. From the national point of view, if domestic companies can produce east-west single-axis tracking technology at an acceptable cost and provide related services in the long term, it would be beneficial for the power grid. One of the attractive proposals for the power plants under construction will be the use of this technology, because of additional electricity production in peak hours in summer. Annual experimental data from different tracking/fixed PV power plant have been used for the first time in this techno-economic investigations, they are validated with the simulation process, and the results have been predicted for a wide range of tracking scenarios. Techno-economic analyses of this type of power plant are an essential need for policy makers and investors in Iran’s energy market.
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Balabel, Ashraf, Nagy I. Elkalashy, Mohammed A. Abdel-Hakeem, and Usama Hamed Issa. "Application of Solar Energy Technology in Green Healthcare Camps for Fighting COVID-19 Outbreak in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 81, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.81.1.117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The healthcare facilities sector is an energy-intensive organization especially at a time of spreading dangerous infectious viruses, such as new Coronavirus, or what is known as COVID-19. Recently, many countries have opened several mobile field quarantine hospitals provided with the required technical equipment to prevent the COVID-19 outbreak in these countries. Unfortunately, most of these healthcare camps are lacking in the application of the necessary sustainability principles and health standards to become green healthcare facilities. Solar energy can be used for various purposes in green healthcare facilities, such as power generation and other sterilized applications. Therefore, in the present paper, a new design for the mobile, quick built, and solar-powered green healthcare camp, in safe and effective 24 hours a day services, is introduced. The proposed green healthcare camp is built using modern building technologies for rapid constructions, in which the building design is proposed to incorporate the photovoltaic power generation consideration. Photovoltaic systems are designed according to the loads required for the operation of the designed model of the green healthcare camp. Moreover, the total cost of a solar-powered green healthcare camp is estimated according to local conditions and standards in Saudi Arabia. The practical recommendations are presented with the designed photovoltaic system to attain the overcurrent and overvoltage protection. The photovoltaic designed system is proposed under the condition of ascertaining the service continuity of the photovoltaic power system during the electric faults in the photovoltaic strings. This is achieved by incorporating series diodes at the terminals of each photovoltaic string. The performance of a 50-kW PV system simulated using Matlab/Simulink is evaluated for the fault disturbance to enhance the service continuity.
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Chae, Sang Heon, Gi Hoon Kim, Yeong-Jun Choi, and Eel-Hwan Kim. "Design of Isolated Microgrid System Considering Controllable EV Charging Demand." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 22, 2020): 9746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229746.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microgrid construction is promoted globally to solve the problems of energy inequality in island regions and the use of fossil fuels. In the application of a microgrid system, it is important to calculate the capacities of renewable energy sources and storage systems (ESSs) to ensure economic feasibility. In some microgrids that have recently had environmental challenges, there are island regions where the policy is to consider both the installation of the microgrid system and the supplement of electric vehicles (EV). However, an EV load pattern that does not match the solar radiation pattern may increase the required ESS capacity. Therefore, in this study, we designed and analyzed a method for reducing the microgrid system cost using a controllable EV charging load without the requirements of vehicle-to-grid technology and real-time pricing. The power system operations at similar capacities of photovoltaic and ESS were shown by applying EV charging control steps in 10% increments to analyze the effect of EV charging demand control on the microgrid. As a result of the proposed simulation, the amount of renewable power generation increased by 2.8 GWh over 20 years only by moving the charging load under the same conditions. This is an effect that can reduce CO2 by about 2.1 kTon.
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Stefano, Aneli, Arena Roberta, Antonio Gagliano, and Guido Sciuto. "Opportunity for Revamping/Repowering of a Large Photovoltaic Plant in Sicily, a Case Study." Tecnica Italiana-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 2-4 (July 30, 2021): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.652-422.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current Italian photovoltaic park begins to show significant underperformance in efficiency mainly due to degradation of the modules, component defects, incorrect design, construction and maintenance of the systems. Such criticisms have the highest occurrences for the older installations which have had to meet feed-in tariff deadlines. According to GSE data, in Italy at the end of 2013 about 11,000 photovoltaic systems of between 200 kW and 5000 MW were installed, for a total power of about 11.0 GW, the prospective of upgrading and improving these older plants becomes progressively significant to both producers and PV plant owners. To meet these new needs, the Italian Energy Service System Operator (GSE) has recently issued new directives for repowering that allow producers of photovoltaic energy to maintain and modernize their plants without losing incentives. To evaluate the opportunities deriving from the possibility of revamping existing plants, a case study on a PV plant built in Sicily for which significant production losses were found is presented. The total investment costs, estimated in approximately € 444,000, is based on a market survey and the advice of industry experts. Considering the residual incentive period still recognized equal to 13, the economic return on investment is expected 8th year of post-revamping. The possibility of making this type of operation compatible with the maintenance of incentives is, therefore, an opportunity to increase the efficiency and enhancement of the national photovoltaic park and at the same time a potentially advantageous investment for producers.
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Kaldate, Avinash, Amarsingh Kanase-Patil, and Shashikant Lokhande. "Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis of PV-Wind Power Systems for Rural Location in India." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017001015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One downside to Green Energy is that it cannot be estimated. Therefore, determining the optimum planning and perfect working strategies for the resources to be included in the hybrid system is very important. HOMER software has been used in this research paper to solve the case study of the hybrid renewable energy system. Due to its extensive analytical capabilities and advanced prediction capabilities based on the sensitivity of variables, HOMER is one of the most used software for optimal planning purposes. A case study for the sizing of a renewable energy-based hybrid system is solved in this article, using the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. Photovoltaic panels (PV panels), wind turbines (WT), batteries, converters, electric charge and grid are used in case study. The results of the simulation are presented in graphical form and tabulated for better system visualization. The design of a system to supply 6.8 KWh/d whereas the peak is 1.04 KW electric loads has been performed using HOMER software. In order to allow the user to choose the most suitable option, a comparative analysis has made, showing the pros and cons of cases. Optimum construction conditions help to lower operating costs.
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Schultz, Herwin Saito, and Monica Carvalho. "Design, Greenhouse Emissions, and Environmental Payback of a Photovoltaic Solar Energy System." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 6098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to design a 16.4 MW photovoltaic solar system located in the Brazilian Northeast and quantify the associated greenhouse gas emissions and environmental payback. The energy system was designed to minimize the Levelized Cost of Energy. The greenhouse gas emissions were quantified with the Life Cycle Assessment methodology, expressing the environmental impact in terms of generated energy (kg CO2-eq/kWh) and following ISO 14040 and 14044. The environmental payback considered the Brazilian electricity mix and degradation of the panels. The results indicated a system capable of producing 521,443 MWh in 25 years, with an emission factor of 0.044 kg CO2-eq/kWh and environmental payback of five years and eight months. The emission factor is at least ten times lower than thermoelectric natural gas power plants. The solar panels were the main contributors to the greenhouse gas emissions, representing 90.59% of overall emissions. It is concluded that photovoltaic energy systems are crucial in the search for emissions mitigation, even in a country that presents a predominantly renewable electricity matrix, with demonstrated environmental benefits.
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N., SAVCHENKO. "Geometrization of solar panel structures and its impact on the productivity of electricity production." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 26, no. 4 (May 24, 2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2022-1-6-10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
. The current direction in the development of renewable energy today is the efficient use of the potential of solar energy. The construction of energy-efficient low-power autonomous solar power supply systems is a priority task, the solution of which will lead to energy independence of the consumer from the electricity market. Decentralization of energy supply is currently a global trend. Renewable energy is a solution to many problems of energy systems in an energy crisis. It is on renewable energy sources and autonomous power plants built on their basis that the future is. But their construction must meet a number of requirements, such as energy efficiency, performance, reliability, mobility and modularity. . The constructive issues of building photovoltaic plants are important and require an individual approach in each case, taking into account a variety of impact indicators. Therefore, it is very important to identify the optimal geometric design of an autonomous photogeneration system, which is the most energy efficient and productive in terms of generating electrical energy. The generation of electrical energy by solar power plants and, accordingly, the energy efficiency and performance of solar panels depends on many factors, but climatic and technical ones have the greatest influence. Since it is impossible to influence the change in climatic conditions, it is accordingly necessary to adapt to them in order to reduce their impact. Thus, one of the solutions is the location of solar panels at an optimal angle to directional solar radiation. From a technical point of view, the issue of adapting solar panels to climatic factors has been studied for a long time and has certain solutions. But constructive issues that also ensure the mobility and modularity of an autonomous solar installation, taking into account such parameters as the occupied area, the location of the components of the energy storage system, the conversion system and the control system, require further development. One of the solutions to these issues is the geometrization of the design of a solar power plant, making it in the form of a geometric figure with the location of all the necessary devices and systems in the middle of it. The paper considers solar power plants structurally made in the form of a cube and in the form of a cone. The theoretical review of the construction of solar power plants in the form of geometric structures allows us to conclude that each given design has such general advantages as a reduction in the area of placement, structural stability and modularity. But all the considered designs need further development in order to increase their efficiency and, accordingly, energy performance.
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Olabi, Abdul Ghani, Nabila Shehata, Hussein M. Maghrabie, Lobna A. Heikal, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, Shek Mohammod Atiqure Rahman, Sheikh Khaleduzzaman Shah, and Enas Taha Sayed. "Progress in Solar Thermal Systems and Their Role in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 9501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249501.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of solar thermal systems (STSs) has recently reached a significant edge. The increasing research on developing an alternative power supply for limiting fossil fuel usage and climate change are the driving forces of STSs. The current work explores the recent progress in STSs’ applications, including PV/T or “photovoltaic/thermal” systems, zero-energy buildings, greenhouse solar thermal applications, solar thermal for pumping water, solar thermal refrigerators, solar chimneys, water desalination, and solar collectors, along with the benefits and challenges of these applications. Then, the potential contribution of STSs in achieving the various SDGs or “Sustainable development goals”, including barriers and research gaps, are elaborated. In brief, STSs significantly contribute to the seventeen SDGs’ achievement directly and indirectly. Recent developments in the engineering applications of STSs are strongly based on the materials of construction, as well as their design, process optimisation, and integration with multidisciplinary sciences and technologies such as modelling, nanoscience/nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence.
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Iñigo-Labairu, Javier, Jürgen Dersch, and Luca Schomaker. "Integration of CSP and PV Power Plants: Investigations about Synergies by Close Coupling." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 7103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Photovoltaic (PV) - concentrated solar power (CSP) hybrid power plants are an attractive option for supplying cheap and dispatchable solar electricity. Hybridization options for both technologies were investigated, combining their benefits by a deeper integration. Simulations of the different systems were performed for seven different sites by varying their design parameters to obtain the optimal configurations under certain boundary conditions. A techno-economic analysis was performed using the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and nighttime electricity fraction as variables for the representation. Hybrid power plants were compared to pure CSP plants, PV-battery plants, and PV plants with an electric resistance heater (ERH), thermal energy storage (TES), and power block (PB). Future cost projections were also considered.
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Stinia, Hubert, Joanna Maraszek, Anna Ścierska, Muhammadjon Odinabekov, Dilshod Rajabov, Dlinoza Nabieva, Gulnora Anvarova, Magdalena Dudek, Andrzej Raźniak, and Paulina Szpyt. "The Tajikistan Project: Energy for Education." E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910801031.
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This paper presents the main results of a project aimed at developing educational materials (lectures, laboratory exercises, and e-learning materials) in the field of renewable and hydrogen energy for the students of the Tajik Technical University. Special emphasis was placed on the exchange of knowledge and experience with respect to scientific achievement and education in renewable energy and energy storage technologies. The design and construction of a special educational installation of off-grid distributed power systems designed for the practice of exercises is described. An autonomous solar lamp system powered by PV solar panels is described in operation under in-field conditions. The laboratory setup consisted of 150W photovoltaic solar panels, an accumulator-type battery, an electronic charge monitoring system, and a Raspberry Pi microcomputer, enabling the real-time monitoring of PV system parameters (measurement of the voltage, current, and power generated by PV panels) as well as the archiving of data transmitted via the internet to the SQL database.
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Ramos-Paja, Carlos Andres, Elkin Edilberto Henao-Bravo, and Andres Julian Saavedra-Montes. "MPPT Solution for Commercial Small Wind Generation Systems with Grid Connection." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020719.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Power generation using small wind turbines connected to AC grids has been gaining attention and contributions in recent years. As small wind turbines are connected to remote areas as support energy systems, there are not extensive contributions connecting those small turbines to AC grids. This paper presents the integration of a small wind generation system which is AC-grid-connected. The system is composed of a 160 W commercial small wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator and a 140 W Texas Instruments development kit devoted to connecting photovoltaic panels to AC grids. Several experimental tests were developed to characterize the devices, e.g., to obtain the power–current curves of the synchronous generator. Moreover, a mathematical model of the flyback converter is developed in detail in order to design a new converter controller. All the control capacity of the development kit is used to extract the maximum power of the synchronous generator, to reject the oscillation produced by the inverter and to connect the system to the AC grid. Experimental results show that is possible to integrate these devices to provide energy to power systems with some achievable adaptations.
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Taghezouit, Bilal, Fouzi Harrou, Cherif Larbes, Ying Sun, Smail Semaoui, Amar Hadj Arab, and Salim Bouchakour. "Intelligent Monitoring of Photovoltaic Systems via Simplicial Empirical Models and Performance Loss Rate Evaluation under LabVIEW: A Case Study." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 7955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217955.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The capacity of photovoltaic solar power installations has been boosted last years by reaching a new record with 175 GWdc of newly installed solar power in 2021. To guarantee reliable performances of photovoltaic (PV) plants and maintain target requirements, faults have to be reliably detected and diagnosed. A method for an effective and reliable fault diagnosis of PV plants based on the behavioral model and performance analysis under the LabVIEW environment is presented in this paper. Specifically, the first phase of this study consists of the behavioral modeling of the PV array and the inverter in order to estimate the electricity production and analyze the performance of the 9.54 kWp Grid Connected PV System (GCPVS). Here, the results obtained from the empirical models were validated and calibrated by experimental data. Furthermore, a user interface for modeling and analyzing the performance of a PV system under LabVIEW has been designed. The second phase of this work is dedicated to the design of a simple and efficient diagnostic tool in order to detect and recognize faults occurring in the PV systems. Essentially, the residuals obtained using the parametric models are analyzed via the performance loss rates (PLR) of four electrical indicators (i.e., DC voltage, DC current, DC power, and AC power). To evaluate the proposed method, numerous environmental anomalies and electrical faults affecting the GCPVS were taken into account. Results demonstrated the satisfactory prediction performance of the considered empirical models to predict the considered variables, including DC current, DC power, and AC power with an R2 of 0.99. Moreover, the obtained results show that the detection and recognition of faults were successfully achieved.
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Enescu, Florentina Magda, Fernando Georgel Birleanu, Maria Simona Raboaca, Mircea Raceanu, Nicu Bizon, and Phatiphat Thounthong. "Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based on Photovoltaic Energy with or without the Support of a Fuel Cell–Electrolyzer Unit." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020762.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The transport sector generates more than 35% of total CO2 emissions. Electric vehicles are the future of transportation systems, and the demand for electric vehicles has grown considerably in the last few years due to government support. Companies worldwide are investing heavily in electric car charging stations based on renewable energy. This research study presents a complete design (including an appropriate energy management strategy) for a photovoltaic energy-based electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) with or without the support of a fuel cell and electrolyzer system. The parameters considered for designing the necessary capacity of the battery pack to support the required load are relative to the location-specific solar radiation (using RETScreen® Clean Energy Management Software, Version 9.0, Government of Canada, Toronto, Canada), the efficiency of the solar panel, the used strategy, etc. The battery capacity in the EVCS design based on a power-following strategy is about 20 times smaller than that resulting in the reference design. Additionally, the cost for an EVCS design based on a power-following strategy is almost half that resulting in the reference design. An analysis of the power-following strategy was carried out according to three EVCS operating scenarios.
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Semeskandeh, Sina, Mehrdad Hojjat, and Mohamad Hosseini Abardeh. "Techno–economic–environmental feasibility study of a photovoltaic system in northern part of Iran including a two-stage multi-string inverter with DC–DC ZETA converter and a modified P&O algorithm." Clean Energy 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 891–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Inverters play a significant role in the configuration of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The perturb-and-observe (P&O) algorithm is a common method to derive the maximum power from grid-connected inverters; however, the possibility of losing maximum power due to sudden changes in radiation is a significant drawback of this control strategy. To overcome this barrier, the two-stage multi-string inverter using the ZETA DC–DC converter and a novel P&O algorithm has been proposed to increase the efficiency of these systems. The proposed inverter has been simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. To investigate the performance of the proposed inverter, technical, environmental and economic feasibility studies have been performed for the construction of a 5-kW PV power plant in a northern city of Iran (Sari) using the RETScreen software developed by Natural Resources Canada. On the other hand, most feasibility studies for power-plant construction are based on the concept of inverter peak efficiency, which leads to non-optimal system design due to the short operation duration of the inverter at this value. However, the weighted European efficiency has been used in the feasibility study for more accurate computations. Moreover, the performance of the proposed inverter is compared to that of a two-stage multi-string inverter using a conventional P&O algorithm and the single-stage (central) inverter. The simulation results indicated that the proposed inverter injects 7.6 MW of power into the grid per year. Moreover, it prevents the emission of 88 tons of CO2 (over 20 years), which is equivalent to saving 1883.5 litres of gasoline per year.
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MAYOROV, VLADIMIR, ALEKSEY SVIRIDOV, and YULIYA LOPATINA. "ASSEMBLY TECHNOLOGY OF PVT-MODULES BASED ON 3D-TECHNOLOGIES." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 4, no. 41 (December 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-4-44-50.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main task in the development of concentrating systems is in reducing the inhomogeneous distribution of illumination over the focal spot, which determines the distribution of concentrated radiation on the receiver, which affects the efficiency of heat and photo converters. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in modeling for calculation, construction manufacturing and research of characteristics of a thermal photovoltaic module with specified energy parameters. (Materials and methods) The article considers new thermal photovoltaic modules that include photodetectors and concentrators that provide efficient conversion of solar energy into heat. The research is based on mathematical modeling techniques using the laws of photoelectricity, geometric optics, and heat and mass transfer. The computer-aided design system COMPASS-3D was used to create a prototype model of the solar module, and the FDM 3D printing technology was used to produce the resulting CAD models. Authors conducted bench and field tests of components and complexes of solar power systems in order to clarify the design parameters. (Results and discussion) During the study of a developed solar module with parabolic concentrators and a discrete photodetector with asymmetric profile, with a system of the coolant flow, physical and mathematical models on the basis of which was calculated: the structural parameters; the distribution of concentration of solar radiation across the width of the photodetector; dependences of the distribution of the heating temperature of the coolant over the profile of the photodetector. Authors designed a layout of the basic thermal photovoltaic module, in which the rounded lower part of the rotary rack fixed on the axis allows to create a rotation in the axial direction of the photodetector holders within ±20 degrees with a mechanism for fixing the adjusted position. (Conclusions) Based on the alignment carried out on the stand, the identical location of the receivers of concentrated solar radiation relative to the concentrators in the installation is preserved.
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Fathy, Ahmed, Hegazy Rezk, Seydali Ferahtia, Rania M. Ghoniem, Reem Alkanhel, and Mohamed M. Ghoniem. "A New Fractional-Order Load Frequency Control for Multi-Renewable Energy Interconnected Plants Using Skill Optimization Algorithm." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 13, 2022): 14999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214999.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Connection between electric power networks is essential to cover any deficit in the generation of power from any of them. The exchange powers of the plants during load disturbance should not be violated beyond their specified values. This can be achieved by installing load frequency control (LFC); therefore, this paper proposes a new metaheuristic-based approach using a skill optimization algorithm (SOA) to design a fractional-order proportional integral derivative (FOPID)-LFC approach with multi-interconnected systems. The target is minimizing the integral time absolute error (ITAE) of frequency and exchange power violations. Two power systems are investigated. The first one has two connected plants of photovoltaic (PV) and thermal units. The second system contains four plants, namely, PV, wind turbine, and two thermal plants, with governor dead-band (GDB) and generation rate constraints (GRC). Different load disturbances are analyzed in both considered systems. Extensive comparisons to the use of chef-based optimization algorithm (CBOA), jumping spider optimization algorithm (JSOA), Bonobo optimization (BO), Tasmanian devil optimization (TDO), and Atomic orbital search (AOS) are conducted. Moreover, statistical tests of Friedman ANOVA table, Wilcoxon rank test, Friedman rank test, and Kruskal Wallis test are implemented. Regarding the two interconnected areas, the proposed SOA achieved the minimum fitness value of 1.8779 pu during 10% disturbance on thermal plant. In addition, it outperformed all other approaches in the case of 1% disturbance on the first area as it achieved ITAE of 0.0327 pu. The obtained results proved the competence and reliability of the proposed SOA in designing an efficient FOPID-LFC in multi-interconnected power systems with multiple sources.
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Truong, Dinh-Nhon, Mi-Sa Nguyen Thi, Van-Thuyen Ngo, and An-Quoc Hoang. "Development of the Monitoring Program for an Integrated Small-Scale Wind and Solar Systems based on IoT Technology." Journal of Science and Technology: Issue on Information and Communications Technology 19, no. 12.2 (January 25, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/ict-ud.2021.139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For monitoring the energy supply from the hybrid small-scale wind turbine generator (WTG) and rooftop solar Photovoltage (PV) systems, this paper presents the design of a management program of the studied system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed studied system consists of digital power meters that communicate wirelessly to the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) through the ZigBee communication standard. By using a free cloud platform will greatly facilitate the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) interface design work for a Human Machine Interface (HMI) or mobile phone. This system configuration may be easy to be fitted for collecting electrical information such as voltage, current, power, frequency of the system to be monitored. This is one of the cheap solutions deployed in small-scale hybrid power systems (HPS) or factories because wireless communication is very convenient in construction and installation.
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Kharrich, Mohammed, Salah Kamel, Ali S. Alghamdi, Ahmad Eid, Mohamed I. Mosaad, Mohammed Akherraz, and Mamdouh Abdel-Akher. "Optimal Design of an Isolated Hybrid Microgrid for Enhanced Deployment of Renewable Energy Sources in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094708.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hybrid microgrids are presented as a solution to many electrical energetic problems. These microgrids contain some renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV), wind and biomass, or a hybrid of these sources, in addition to storage systems. Using these microgrids in electric power generation has many advantages such as clean energy, stability in supplying power, reduced grid congestion and a new investment field. Despite all these microgrids advantages, they are not widely used due to some economic aspects. These aspects are represented in the net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). To handle these economic aspects, the proper microgrids configuration according to the quantity, quality and availability of the sustainable source of energy in installing the microgrid as well as the optimal design of the microgrid components should be investigated. The objective of this paper is to design an economic microgrid system for the Yanbu region of Saudi Arabia. This design aims to select the best microgrid configuration while minimizing both NPC and LCOE considering some technical conditions, including loss of power supply probability and availability index. The optimization algorithm used is Giza Pyramids Construction (GPC). To prove the GPC algorithm’s effectiveness in solving the studied optimization problem, artificial electric field and grey wolf optimizer algorithms are used for comparison purposes. The obtained results demonstrate that the best configuration for the selected area is a PV/biomass hybrid microgrid with a minimum NPC and LCOE of $319,219 and $0.208/kWh, respectively.
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Hasan, Husam Abdulrasool, Jenan S. Sherza, Jasim M. Mahdi, Hussein Togun, Azher M. Abed, Raed Khalid Ibrahim, and Wahiba Yaïci. "Experimental Evaluation of the Thermoelectrical Performance of Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems with a Water-Cooled Heat Sink." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A design for a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) assembly with a water-cooled heat sink was planned, constructed, and experimentally evaluated in the climatic conditions of the southern region of Iraq during the summertime. The water-cooled heat sink was applied to thermally manage the PV cells, in order to boost the electrical output of the PVT system. A set of temperature sensors was installed to monitor the water intake, exit, and cell temperatures. The climatic parameters including the wind velocity, atmospheric pressure, and solar irradiation were also monitored on a daily basis. The effects of solar irradiation on the average PV temperature, electrical power, and overall electrical-thermal efficiency were investigated. The findings indicate that the PV temperature would increase from 65 to 73 °C, when the solar irradiation increases from 500 to 960 W/m2, with and without cooling, respectively. Meanwhile, the output power increased from 35 to 55 W when the solar irradiation increased from 500 to 960 W/m2 during the daytime. The impact of varying the mass flow rate of cooling water in the range of 4 to 16 L/min was also examined, and it was found that the cell temperature declines as the water flow increases in intensity throughout the daytime. The maximum cell temperature recorded for PV modules without cooling was in the middle of the day. The lowest cell temperature was also recorded in the middle of the day for a PVT solar system with 16 L/min of cooling water.
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Angulo-Calderón, Marthoz, Iván Salgado-Tránsito, Iván Trejo-Zúñiga, Carlos Paredes-Orta, Sajjad Kesthkar, and Arturo Díaz-Ponce. "Development and Accuracy Assessment of a High-Precision Dual-Axis Pre-Commercial Solar Tracker for Concentrating Photovoltaic Modules." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052625.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent decades, advances in the development of solar tracking systems (STSs) have led to concentrating solar technologies to increase their energy conversion efficiency. These systems, however, still have areas of opportunity or improving their performance and reducing their manufacturing costs. This paper presents the design, construction and evaluation of a high-precision dual-axis solar tracking system with a technology readiness level of 7–8. The system is controlled by a low-cost Arduino board in a closed-loop control using a micro-electromechanical solar sensor. Real-time tracking experiments were performed under a clear sky as well as during partly and mostly cloudy days. Solar tracking accuracy was evaluated in an operational environment using test procedures adapted from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62817 standard. The total mean instantaneous solar tracking error on a clear day measured with a calibrated digital solar sensor was 0.37° and 0.52° with a developed pinhole projection system. Similarly, the total mean reported solar tracking accuracy achieved was 0.390° on a sunny day and 0.536° on a partially cloudy day. An annual power generation analysis considering a conventional photovoltaic (PV) panel system and a typical concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module as payloads was also presented. Simulations showed an increase in the generation of up to 37.5% for a flat panel with dual-axis tracking versus a fixed panel. In the case of the CPV system, first, a ray tracing study was implemented to determine the misalignment coefficient, then the annual power generation was estimated. The developed STS allowed the CPV modules to reach at least 90% of their nominal energy conversion efficiency.
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Hussain, Bilal, Asif Khan, Nadeem Javaid, Qadeer Hasan, Shahzad A. Malik, Omar Ahmad, Amir Dar, and Ahmad Kazmi. "A Weighted-Sum PSO Algorithm for HEMS: A New Approach for the Design and Diversified Performance Analysis." Electronics 8, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research focuses on a decomposed-weighted-sum particle swarm optimization (DWS-PSO) approach that is proposed for optimal operations of price-driven demand response (PDDR) and PDDR-synergized with the renewable and energy storage dispatch (PDDR-RED) based home energy management systems (HEMSs). The algorithm for PDDR-RED-based HEMS is developed by combining a DWS-PSO-based PDDR scheme for load shifting with the dispatch strategy for the photovoltaic (PV), storage battery (SB), and power grid systems. Shiftable home appliances (SHAs) are modeled for mixed scheduling (MS). The MS includes advanced as well as delayed scheduling (AS/DS) of SHAs to maximize the reduction in the net cost of energy ( C E ). A set of weighting vectors is deployed while implementing algorithms and a multi-objective-optimization (MOO) problem is decomposed into single-objective sub-problems that are optimized simultaneously in a single run. Furthermore, an innovative method to carry out the diversified performance analysis (DPA) of the proposed algorithms is also proposed. The method comprises the construction of a diversified set of test problems (TPs), defining of performance metrics, and computation of the metrics. The TPs are constructed for a set of standardized dynamic pricing signal and for scheduling models for MS and DS. The simulation results show the gradient of the tradeoff line for the reduction in C E and related discomfort for DPA.
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Xie, Di, Liangliang Wang, Zhi Zhang, Shoumo Wang, Longyun Kang, and Jigang Yao. "Photovoltaic Energy Storage System Based on Bidirectional LLC Resonant Converter Control Technology." Energies 15, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 6436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bidirectional DC/DC converters are widely adopted in new energy power generation systems. Because of the low conversion efficiency and non-isolation for conventional, bidirectional DC/DC converters in the photovoltaic energy storage complementary system, this paper proposes a bidirectional isolation LLC converter topology, with compensating inductance for the energy storage system; it has excellent characteristics, such as wide input voltage range and soft switching in full-load range. First, an AC equivalent model based on the fundamental wave equivalent method is established to derive the voltage gain. Meanwhile, a small signal model is also built to design a reasonably closed-looped controller. Finally, the improved bidirectional LLC resonant converter is applied to the photovoltaic energy storage complementary system. The correctness and feasibility for the bidirectional LLC converter topology under the proposed charging and discharging control strategy of the DC bus are verified by simulation and experimental results.
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Sodagudi, Suhasini, C. Manjula, M. S. Vinmathi, R. Shekhar, José Luis Arias Gonzáles, C. Ramesh Kumar, Gaurav Dhiman, and A. R. Murali Dharan. "Renewable Energy Based Smart Grid Construction Using Hybrid Design in Control System with Enhancing of Energy Efficiency of Electronic Converters for Power Electronic in Electric Vehicles." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (October 4, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2986605.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The power electronic interface is critical in matching a distributed generation (DG) unit’s characteristics to grid requirements as most DG technologies rely on renewable energy. Increased adoption of electric vehicles (EV) is seen as a positive step toward minimizing air pollution as well as carbon emissions. Rapid proliferation of electric vehicles as well as charging stations has exacerbated voltage quality as well as harmonic distortion difficulties, which harm the efficiency of combined renewable energy. This research proposes novel hybrid design techniques in control systems that enhance the energy efficiency of electronic converters for power electronics. The control system enhancement has been carried out using a hybrid energy storage electric convertor, and energy efficiency is improved using a synergetic battery reference adaptive controller. A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)’s internal combustion engine with a small photovoltaic (PV) module is utilised to assess a proposed control method which effectively regulates electric power on-grid by draining electricity from batteries during peak hours as well as then charging them during off-peak times, lowering the load on the converter as well as allowing electric vehicles to charge faster. Experimental results show the constant acceleration case obtained battery current of 92 Amps, ultracapacitor current of 89 Amps, charging voltage of 88 V, DC load current of 85 Amps, battery SOC of 72%, and the time-varying acceleration proposed technique obtained current of 94 Amps, and ultracapacitor current of 90 Amps, charging voltage of 90 V, DC load current of 82 Amps, battery SOC of 79%.
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Aslam, Adnan, Naseer Ahmed, Safian Ahmed Qureshi, Mohsen Assadi, and Naveed Ahmed. "Advances in Solar PV Systems; A Comprehensive Review of PV Performance, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Techniques." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 7595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207595.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PV power plants utilizing solar energy to generate electricity on a large scale has become a trend and a new option that has been adopted by many countries; however, in actuality, it is difficult to anticipate how much electricity PV plants will generate. This analysis of existing photovoltaic (PV) power plants provides guidelines for more precise designs and performance forecasting of other upcoming PV technologies. In the literature, some authors have put their efforts into reviewing studies on PV power systems; however, those reviews are too focused on specific aspects of the topic. This study will review, from a broader perspective, recent investigations on PV power systems in the literature that were published between 1990 and 2022. The present study is divided into three main parts. Firstly, a performance assessment review of PV power plants is presented by taking different performance parameters into consideration, which were developed by the “International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 61724-1)”. These parameters include reference yield, final yield, performance ratio, capacity utilization factor, and system efficiency. Secondly, different identifying factors that were investigated in previous studies, and which affect PV performance, were considered. These factors include solar irradiance, PV technology type, ambient temperature, cell temperature, tilt angle, dust accumulation, and shading effect. Thirdly, different methods were adopted and suggested to counter the effects of these influencing factors to enhance the performance efficiency of the PV power system. A hybrid cooling and cleaning system can use active techniques to boost efficiency during high solar irradiances and ambient temperatures while depending on passive techniques for everyday operations. This comprehensive and critical review identifies the challenges and proposed solutions when using photovoltaic technologies and it will be helpful for researchers, designers, and investors dealing with PV power systems.
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Khan, Asfand Y., Zeshan Ahmad, Tipu Sultan, Saad Alshahrani, Khazar Hayat, and Muhammad Imran. "Optimization of Photovoltaic Panel Array Configurations to Reduce Lift Force Using Genetic Algorithm and CFD." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249580.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aerodynamic lift force acting on the solar structure is important while designing the counterweight for rooftop-mounted solar systems. Due to their unique configuration, the load estimated for solar structures using international building codes can be either higher or lower than the actual. Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) simulations haveproven to be an efficient tool for estimating wind loads on solar panels for design purposes and identifying critical design cases. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations usually require high computation power, and slight changes in geometry to find optimum configuration can be time-consuming. An optimization method to minimize lift force effects on solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays installed on rooftops usesthe Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)and genetic algorithms proposed in this paper. The tilt angle and pitch between two rows of solar panels were parameterized, and a genetic algorithm was used to search for aconfiguration resulting in minimum wind lift force acting on the solar photovoltaic plant. Only combinations with a performance ratio >80% were considered. Three different rooftopphotovoltaic (PV) plant layout configurations were analyzed in this research. Two rows of photovoltaic (PV) panel arrays wereconsidered for optimization in the 2D domain using ANSYS Fluent. Results showed that the difference in wind-liftforce between optimized configurations against that with maximum lift force configuration for all three cases above was fifty percent.
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Węglarski, Mariusz, Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz, Mateusz Chamera, Justyna Dziedzic, and Paweł Kwaśnicki. "Designing Antennas for RFID Sensors in Monitoring Parameters of Photovoltaic Panels." Micromachines 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11040420.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The importance of the radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology and photovoltaic (PV) systems has been growing systematically in the modern world full of intelligent products connected to the Internet. Monitoring parameters of green energy plants is a crucial issue for efficient conversion of solar radiation, and cheap RFID transponders/sensors can be involved in this process to provide better performance of module supervision in scattered installations. Since many components of PV panels disturb the radio-wave propagation, research in the antenna scope has to be carried out to reach the proposed fusion. The problem with RFID transponders being detuned in close proximity to glass or metal surfaces can be solved on the basis of solutions known from the scientific literature. The authors went further, revealing a new antenna construction that can be fabricated straight on a cover glass of the PV panels. To achieve the established task, they incorporated advantages from the latest advancements in materials technology and low-power electronics and from the progress in understanding radio-wave propagation phenomena. The numerical model of the antenna was elaborated in the Hyper Lynx 3D EM software environment, and test samples were fabricated on the technology line of ML System Company. The convergence of calculated and measured antenna parameters confirms the design correctness. Thus, the studied antenna can be used to elaborate the cheap semipassive RFID transponders/sensors in the PV panel production lines.
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Zhou, Xue, Jianan Shou, and Weiwei Cui. "A Game-Theoretic Approach to Design Solar Power Generation/Storage Microgrid System for the Community in China." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 10021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The utilization of solar power generation/storage microgrid systems has become an important approach, transforming the energy structure of China in order to achieve the emission peak and carbon neutrality. Meanwhile, the commercialization of household photovoltaic (PV) systems is also at the transitional period between its beginning to its maturity. This study considers developers intending to invest in building community microgrids with the concept of sustainable development, and focuses on the relationship between the developers and residential users. Firstly, an operation framework considering the autonomous behavior patterns of stakeholders is proposed. Then, a two-level mathematical programming model based on the leader–follower game is established in this paper. In the upper level, the developer decides the capacity size and the system price of the microgrid system in order to maximize profit. In the lower level, the residential users in the community optimize their power consumption behaviors in the microgrid system taking into account both benefit and fairness. They need to decide whether to support the construction of a microgrid system by comparing their electricity bills before and after participating in a microgrid system. Through solving the model and analyzing the relationship between the two sides of the game, it can be seen that only by designing the optimal system configuration and coordinating with weather conditions in terms of better sunshine intensity can the developer and all kinds of users benefit from the project under the current market data. Meanwhile, the users with higher power consumption benefit more from the microgrid system among different types of residents. Under the market structure dominated by developer, the government’s PV subsidy will greatly increase the revenue of system developer. However, it does not increase the installed capacity of system, nor does it bring more benefits to residential users. Moreover, compared with the independent operation mode, the centralized management mode can bring more benefits to both sides and encourage the developer to build larger installations.
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Maiorino, Angelo, Adrián Mota-Babiloni, Fabio Petruzziello, Manuel Gesù Del Duca, Andrea Ariano, and Ciro Aprea. "A Comprehensive Energy Model for an Optimal Design of a Hybrid Refrigerated Van." Energies 15, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 4864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134864.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The path towards decarbonization requires a progressive adaptation of all refrigeration systems, but only stationary ones have been intensely studied to improve their environmental performance. However, refrigerated transport is vital in the cold chain and must be considered in the green transition. In this paper, we propose a model for a hybrid refrigerated van that includes photovoltaic panels and electric batteries to decrease total greenhouse gas emissions from the engine. Thermal, electrical, and battery sub-models are considered and integrated into the comprehensive hybrid solar-powered refrigerated van model. Different technologies are compared, including lithium and lead-acid batteries and three different types of photovoltaic panels. The model was validated regarding van fuel consumption, showing a 4% deviation. Single and multiple delivery scenarios are considered to assess the energy, economic, and environmental benefits. Monthly CO2,e emissions could be reduced by 20% compared to a standard refrigerated van. Despite the environmental benefits provided by this sustainable solution, the payback period is still too long (above 20 years) because of the necessary investment to adapt the vehicle and considering fuel and electricity prices currently.
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Imjai, Thanongsak, Kamon Thinsurat, Pakorn Ditthakit, Warit Wipulanusat, Monthian Setkit, and Reyes Garcia. "Performance Study of an Integrated Solar Water Supply System for Isolated Agricultural Areas in Thailand: A Case-Study of the Royal Initiative Project." Water 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092438.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents a field-performance investigation on an Integrated Solar Water Supply System (SWSS) at two isolated agricultural areas in Thailand. The two case-study villages (Pongluek and Bangkloy) have experienced severe draughts in recent decades, and, therefore, water supply has become a major issue. A stand-alone 15.36 kW solar power and a 15 kW solar submersible pump were installed along with the input power generated by solar panels supported by four solar trackers. The aim is to lift water at the static head of 64 and 48 m via a piping length of 400 m for each village to be stored in 1000 and 1800 m3 reservoirs at an average of 300 and 400 m3 per day, respectively, for Pongluek and Bangkloy villages. The case study results show that the real costs of electricity generated by SWSS using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems intergraded with the solar tracking system yield better performance and are more advantageous compared with the non-tracking system. This study illustrates how system integration has been employed. System design and commercially available simulation predictions are elaborated. Construction, installation, and field tests for SWSS are discussed and highlighted. Performances of the SWSS in different weather conditions, such as sunny, cloudy, and rainy days, were analysed to make valuable suggestions for higher efficiency of the integrated solar water supply systems.
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Seguel, Julio López, Seleme I. Seleme, and Lenin M. F. Morais. "Comparative Study of Buck-Boost, SEPIC, Cuk and Zeta DC-DC Converters Using Different MPPT Methods for Photovoltaic Applications." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 7936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217936.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The power produced in a photovoltaic (PV) system is highly dependent on meteorological conditions and the features of the connected load. Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods are crucial to optimize the power delivered. An MPPT method needs a DC-DC converter for its implementation. The proper selection of both the MPPT technique and the power converter for a given scenario is one of the main challenges since they directly influence the overall efficiency of the PV system. This paper presents an exhaustive study of the performance of four step-down/step-up DC-DC converter topologies: Buck-Boost, SEPIC, Zeta and Cuk, using three of the most commonly implemented MPPT techniques: incremental conductance (IncCond), perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Unlike other works available in the literature, this study compares and discusses the performance of each MPPT/converter combination in terms of settling time and tracking efficiency of MPPT algorithms, and the conversion efficiency of power converters. Furthermore, this work jointly considers the effects of incident radiation variations, the temperature of the PV panel and the connected load. The main contribution of this work, other than selecting the best combination of converter and MPPT strategy applied to typical PV systems with DC-DC power converters, is to formulate a methodology of analysis to support the design of efficient PV systems. The results obtained from simulations performed in Simulink/MATLAB show that the FLC/Cuk set consistently achieved the highest levels of efficiency, and the FLC/Zeta combination presents the best transient behavior. The findings can be used as a valuable reference for the decision to implement a particular MPPT/converter configuration among those included in this study.