Статті в журналах: "Photonic crystal cavity (PhC cavity)"

1

Yang, Jin-Kyu, Chae-Young Kim, and Minji Lee. "High-Sensitive TM Modes in Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavity with Horizontal Air Gap for Refractive Index Sensing." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050967.

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We propose a new type of refractive index sensing based on the transverse magnetic (TM) modes in the photonic crystal (PhC) nanobeam (NB) cavity with a horizontal air gap. The electric field of the resonant TM mode is strongly confined within the horizontal air gap present at the PhC NB cavity. In order to increase the quality (Q) factor and the sensitivity (S) of the refractive index change in the air simultaneously, the cavity structure is fully optimized. Because of the trade-off between the Q-factor and S of the TM mode in the PhC NB cavity with an air gap, there is an optimal thickness of the air gap in the dielectric slot. From the numerical simulation results, S can exceed 1000 nm/RIU with Q > 40,000. When the dielectric slot becomes thin, S could be higher than 1200 nm/RIU. For practical applications, we suggest an Si-based PhC NB cavity with a horizontal SiO2 slot structure which can also provide high S with a high Q-factor after a very fine selective wet etching process. This new type of TM resonant mode in the PhC NB cavity can be an ideal platform for compact sensors in photonic integrated circuits for TM waveguide systems.

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2

González, Evelyn Yamel, José Antonio Medina, and José Guadalupe Murillo. "High sensitivity photonic crystal sensor based on transition between photonic bands." Laser Physics 32, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 106202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ac9526.

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Abstract In this work, we performed a study of an interferometric high sensitivity photonic crystal (PhC) sensor applied to measure glucose concentration in human urine samples. The architecture of the photonic sensor numerically simulated is based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer formed by a coupled waveguide-cavity system. The sensor operates using photonic mode transitions detected from the photonic band diagram analysis, driven by changes in the glucose concentration in the urine samples that affect the refractive index of the optical sampling cavity. The photonic mode transition causes a phase shift between the wave traveling in the reference arm of the interferometer and the propagating electromagnetic wave in the sensing cavity containing the probing sample. As a consequence, the transmittance at the output of the interferometer can be modulated, making it extremely sensitive to changes in the refractive index of the sensing cavity. Since the PhC sensor studied works under variations in transmittance, we proposed a sensitivity coefficient as a function of the change in transmittance per unit change in the refractive index. The sensitivity achieved by the photonic sensor presents a value of 7000%/RIU, which indicates a variation in transmittance of 70% for changes in the refractive index of 0.01. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using photonic transitions between modes as a sensing tool in integrated photonic devices.

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3

Medina-Vázquez, José A., Evelyn Y. González-Ramírez, and José G. Murillo-Ramírez. "Photonic crystal meso-cavity with double resonance for second-harmonic generation." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 54, no. 24 (December 22, 2021): 245401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/ac461e.

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Abstract In this work, we study a composite zinc oxide photonic crystal (PhC) that includes a meso-cavity coupled to a PhC L3 microcavity to obtain a double resonance effect and second-harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency as high as 468 W−1. This exceptional conversion efficiency was attributed to the high quality-factors Q found in the fundamental and second-harmonic (SH) modes whose values were of the order of 105 and 106, respectively. Since the L3 microcavity plays a relevant role in the SHG of the composite PhC, we performed a calculation of its photonic band structure to observe the induced modes in its bandgap. Furthermore, we also found that the resonant mode adjusted to the frequency of the SH exhibits high Purcell factors of the order of 105. Hence, in a semiconductor material, it can be easily enhanced the light emission at the SH frequency using an adequate driving fundamental frequency light beam. These results can stimulate the engineering of photonic nanostructures in semiconductor materials to achieve highly efficient non-linear effects with applications in cavity quantum electrodynamics.

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4

Ebrahimy, Mehdi N., Aydin B. Moghaddam, Alireza Andalib, Mohammad Naziri, and Nazli Ronagh. "Nanoscale Biosensor Based on Silicon Photonic Cavity for Home Healthcare Diagnostic Application." International Journal of Nanoscience 14, no. 05n06 (October 2015): 1550026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x1550026x.

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In this paper, a new ultra-compact optical biosensor based on photonic crystal (phc) resonant cavity is proposed. This sensor has ability to work in chemical optical processes for the determination and analysis of liquid material. Here, we used an optical filter based on two-dimensional phc resonant cavity on a silicon layer and an active area is created in center of cavity. According to results, with increasing the refractive index of cavity, resonant wavelengths shift so that this phenomenon provides the ability to measure the properties of materials. This novel designed biosensor has more advantage to operate in the biochemical process for example sensing protein and DNA molecule refractive index. This nanoscale biosensor has quality factor higher than 1.5 × 104 and it is suitable to be used in the home healthcare diagnostic applications.

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5

Singaravelu, Praveen K. J., Sharon M. Butler, Robert N. Sheehan, Alexandros A. Liles, Stephen P. Hegarty, and Liam O’Faolain. "Study of the Effects of Cavity Mode Spacing on Mode-Hopping in III–V/Si Hybrid Photonic Crystal Lasers." Crystals 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080848.

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We present a design methodology for hybrid lasers to realise mode-hop free operation by controlling the cavity mode spacing. In this study, a compact hybrid photonic crystal laser (H-PhCL) was employed which allowed a reduction of the Fabry–Perot length of the laser cavity and eliminated the need for an active mode stabilisation mechanism in order to realise mode-hop free operation. The H-PhCL was formed by butt-coupling a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) with a two-dimensional silicon (Si) photonic crystal (PhC) cavity. Continuous stable single frequency operation with >40 dB side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the laser was achieved for gain currents of up to 100 mA, i.e., up to four times the threshold current. The shorter length of the laser cavity enabled single frequency operation due to the selection of a single longitudinal mode by the PhC narrowband reflector. Various longitudinal mode spacing regimes were studied to explain the mode-hop free characteristics of the H-PhCL. The proposed hybrid laser design methodologies can be adapted to eliminate mode-hopping in laser wavelength.

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6

Jannesari, Reyhaneh, Thomas Grille, and Bernhard Jakoby. "Highly sensitive fluid sensing due to slow light in pillar-based photonic crystal ring resonators." tm - Technisches Messen 85, no. 7-8 (July 26, 2018): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0135.

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Abstract A design for a high quality factor photonic crystal ring resonator (PCRR) is presented. The PCRR is based on pillar type photonic crystals, which consist of a hexagonal array of silicon rods. The cavity is created by removing elements from the regular photonic crystal (PhC) grid. Achieving strong confinement of light intensity in the low index region is the advantage of this PCRR. In that manner, the interaction of light and analyte, which can be a liquid or a gas, will be enhanced. The high quality factor of the cavity (Q=1.0229\times {10}^{5}), along with strong overlap between the field of the resonant mode and the analyte as well as the low group velocity of PCRR modes yield enhanced light-matter interaction. An enhancement factor of \gamma =2.127\times {10}^{4} compared to the bulk light absorption in a homogenous material provides the potential for highly sensitive gas detection with a photonic crystal ring resonator.

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7

Haron, Mohamad Hazwan, Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis, and Ahmad Rifqi Md Zain. "Increasing the Quality Factor (Q) of 1D Photonic Crystal Cavity with an End Loop-Mirror." Photonics 8, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040099.

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Increasing the quality factor (Q-factor) of an optical resonator device has been a research focus utilized in various applications. Higher Q-factor means light is confined in a longer time which will produce a sharper peak and higher transmission. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique to further increase the Q-factor of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PhC) cavity device by using an end loop-mirror (ELM). The technique utilizes and recycles the transmitted light from the conventional 1D PhC cavity design. The design has been proven to work by using the 2.5D FDTD simulation with Lumerical FDTD and MODE software. By using the ELM technique, the Q-factor of a 1D PhC design has been shown to increase up to 79.53% from the initial Q value without the ELM. The experimental result shows that the device is measurable by adding a Y-branch component to the one-port structure and able to get a high Q result. This novel design technique can be combined with any high Q-factor and very high Q-factor designs to increase more Q-factor values of photonic crystal cavity devices or any other suitable optical resonator devices.

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8

Francis, Henry, Si Chen, Kai-Jun Che, Mark Hopkinson, and Chaoyuan Jin. "Photonic Crystal Cavity-Based Intensity Modulation for Integrated Optical Frequency Comb Generation." Crystals 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9100493.

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A simple scheme to generate an integrated, nanoscale optical frequency comb (OFC) is numerically studied. In this study, all optical intensity modulators based on photonic crystal (PhC) cavities are cascaded both in series and parallel. By adjusting the modulation parameters, such as the repetition rate, phase, and coupling efficiency of the modulating wave, it is possible to produce combs with a variety of different characteristics. Unique to PhC intensity modulators, in comparison with standard lithium niobate modulators, is the ability to control the amplitude of the light via a cavity rather than controlling the phase through one arm of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. This opens up modulation-based OFC generation to new possibilities in both nanoscale operation and cavity-based schemes.

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9

Xia, Ji, Qifeng Qiao, Guangcan Zhou, Fook Siong Chau, and Guangya Zhou. "Opto-Mechanical Photonic Crystal Cavities for Sensing Application." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 7080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207080.

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A new class of hybrid systems that couple optical and mechanical nanoscale devices is under development. According to their interaction concepts, two groups of opto-mechanical systems are summarized as mechanically tunable and radiation pressure-driven optical resonators. On account of their high-quality factors and small mode volumes as well as good on-chip integrability with waveguides/circuits, photonic crystal (PhC) cavities have attracted great attention in sensing applications. Benefitting from the opto-mechanical interaction, a PhC cavity integrated opto-mechanical system provides an attractive platform for ultrasensitive sensors to detect displacement, mass, force, and acceleration. In this review, we introduce basic physical concepts of opto-mechanical PhC system and describe typical experimental systems for sensing applications. Opto-mechanical interaction-based PhC cavities offer unprecedented opportunities to develop lab-on-a-chip devices and witness a promising prospect to further manipulate light propagation in the nanophotonics.

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10

Lu, Tsan-Wen, Yu-Kai Feng, Huan-Yeuh Chu, and Po-Tsung Lee. "Photonic Crystal Polymeric Thin-Film Dye-Lasers for Attachable Strain Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 5331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165331.

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In this report, using two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhC) and a one-dimensional PhC nano-beam cavity, we realized the development of all-polymeric dye-lasers on a dye-doped, suspended poly-methylmethacrylate film with a wavelength-scale thickness. In addition to the characterization of basic lasing properties, we also evaluated its capacity to serve as an attachable strain sensor. Through experimentation, we confirmed the stable lasing performances of the dye-laser attaching on a rough surface. Moreover, we also theoretically studied the wavelength responses of the utilized PhC resonators to stretching strain and further improved them via the concept of strain shaping. The attachability and high strain sensing response of the presented thin film PhC dye-lasers demonstrate their potential as attachable strain sensors.

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11

Kim, Kyoung-Ho, Muhammad Sujak, Evan S. H. Kang, and You-Shin No. "Tunable non-Hermiticity in Coupled Photonic Crystal Cavities with Asymmetric Optical Gain." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 8074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228074.

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We report a rationally designed coupled photonic crystal (PhC) cavity system that comprises two identical linear defect nanocavities, and we numerically investigate the controllable non-Hermitian optical properties of the eigenmodes of the nanocavities. Three different coupling schemes, namely, the tuning of the sizes of shared airholes, vertical shifting of one of the nanocavities, and lateral shifting of one of the nanocavities, are proposed. We examined the ability of these schemes to control the coupling strength between component cavities, which is a key factor that determines the non-Hermiticity of the system. Moreover, we introduce controlled levels of spatially asymmetric optical gain to the coupled PhC cavity by employing the vertical shifting scheme and independently tuning the gain and loss of individual nanocavities. Consequently, we successfully achieve the correspondingly tuned non-Hermitian behaviors of complex eigenfrequencies, such as the controlled emergence of phase transitions at exceptional points and the asymmetric development of amplified and decayed eigenmodes.

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12

Bin, Jingtong, Kerui Feng, Wei Shen, Minjia Meng, and Qifa Liu. "Investigation on GaN-Based Membrane Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041479.

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A GaN-based blue photonic crystal surface emitting laser (PCSEL) featured with membrane configuration was proposed and theoretically investigated. The membrane dimension, photonic crystal (PhC) material, lattice constant and thickness were studied by RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) simulations with the confinement factor and gain threshold as indicators. The membrane PCSEL’s confinement factor of active media is of 13~14% which is attributed to multi-pairs of quantum wells and efficient confinement of the mode in the membrane cavity with air claddings. The excellent confinement factor and larger Q factor of resonance mutually contribute to the lower gain threshold of the design (below 400 cm−1 for GaN-PhC with 100 nm thick top and bottom GaN layer, 40 nm hole radius and 40 nm depth). The PhC confinement factor exceeds 13% and 6% for TiO2-PhC with 80 nm and 60 nm PhC thickness and 20 nm and 40 nm distance between PhC and active media, respectively. It is around two times larger than that of GaN-PhC, which is attributed to the higher refractive index of TiO2 that pulls field distribution to the PhC layer.

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13

Wang, Ziye, Pinyao Wang, Huanyu Lu, Bo Meng, Yanjing Wang, Cunzhu Tong, and Lijun Wang. "Symmetry Criterion and Far-Field Control of Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Lasers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 10581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010581.

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Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) have led to amazing results in overcoming the divergence limitation of semiconductor lasers. However, so far, the physical mechanism behind this promising control of far-field characteristics is still unclear. Here, we perform a theoretical study of the mechanism of the influence of photonic crystal (PhC) geometry on the far field of PCSELs. The perspective from group theory is adopted in our analysis. We explore the function of symmetry in the formation of the far-field pattern (FFP) and clarify the roles played by various PhC parameters in this process. Through our analysis, a symmetry criterion to design PCSELs with single-lobed narrow beams is shown, where an asymmetric in-plane PhC structure, a large vertical confinement factor, and a sufficient number of periods are required. Our results reveal the physical origin of the narrow beam of PCSELs, which can even reach 0.1° with a PhC cavity size of over 1000 μm at a lasing wavelength of 940 nm.

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14

Ahmed, Umair, Yousuf Khan, Muhammad Khurram Ehsan, Muhammad Rizwan Amirzada, Naqeeb Ullah, Abdul Rafay Khatri, Atiq Ur Rehman, and Muhammad A. Butt. "Investigation of Spectral Properties of DBR-Based Photonic Crystal Structure for Optical Filter Application." Crystals 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030409.

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In this work, the spectral properties of distributed Bragg reflector-based photonic crystal (DBR-PhC) structures were studied for the near-infrared (NIR) range. Different structural properties were varied to study their effect on the quality of the stopband and the appearance of the resonant dips in the reflection spectra of the DBR-PhC structure. The investigated structural features included the depth of PhC holes, hole radius, and number of PhC elements in the DBR structure. The 11-layered DBR structure was designed with a 2.4/1.4 refractive index contrast of alternating layers. The study aimed to achieve optical filtering properties in the DBR-PhC structure, to simplify the structural complexity of Fabry-Pérot filters by eliminating the FP cavity and upper-DBR mirror. The proposed DBR-PhC device can be used in different optical filtering and sensing applications.

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15

Li, Liang, and Haoyue Hao. "Simulated Study of High-Sensitivity Gas Sensor with a Metal-PhC Nanocavity via Tamm Plasmon Polaritons." Photonics 8, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110506.

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An optical configuration was designed and simulated with a metal-photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavity, which had high sensitivity on gas detection. The simulated results shows that this configuration can generate a strong photonic localization through exciting Tamm plasmon polaritons. The strong photonic localization highly increases the sensitivity of gas detection. Furthermore, this configuration can be tuned to sense gases at different conditions through an adjustment of the detection light wavelength, the period number of photonic crystal and the thickness of the gas cavity. The sensing routes to pressure variations of air were revealed. The simulation results showed that the detection precision of the proposed device for gas pressure could reach 0.0004 atm.

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Rehman, Atiq Ur, Yousuf Khan, Muhammad Irfan, and Muhammad A. Butt. "Investigation of Optical-Switching Mechanism Using Guided Mode Resonances." Photonics 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010013.

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Recently, photonic crystals have paved the way to control photonic signals. Therefore, this research numerically investigated the design of the optical switch using the guided-mode resonances in photonic crystals operating in a communication window around 1.55 μm. The design of the device is based on a dielectric slab waveguide to make it compatible with optical waveguides in photonic circuits. Moreover, two signals are used and are termed as the data signal and control signal. The data signal is coupled into the optical waveguide using an out-of-the-plane vertical coupling mechanism, whereas the control signal is index-guided into the optical waveguide to amplify the data signal. The switching parameters of the optical switch are adjusted by changing the number of the photonic crystal periods and implementing a varying radius PhC-cavity within the middle of the PhC-lattice, where the optical characteristics in terms of resonant wavelength, reflection peaks, linewidth, and quality factor of the data signal can be adjusted. The numerical simulations are carried out in open-source finite difference time domain-based software. Congruently, 7% optical amplification is achieved in the data signal with a wavelength shift of 0.011 μm and a quality factor of 12.64. The amplification of the data signal can be utilized to implement an optical switching mechanism. The device is easy to implement and has great potential to be used in programmable photonics and optical integrated circuits.

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17

Hoang, Thi Hong Cam, Thanh Binh Pham, Thuy Van Nguyen, Van Dai Pham, Huy Bui, Van Hoi Pham, Elena Duran, et al. "Hybrid Integrated Nanophotonic Silicon-based Structures." Communications in Physics 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/29/4/13855.

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We report nanophotonic silicon-based devices for hybrid integration: 1D photonic crystal (PhC) on optical fiber, i. e. fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing probe integrated in fiber laser structure for chemical sensors and slotted planar 2D PhC cavity combined with carbon nanotube (CNT) towards light nanosources. The experiments have been carried out by integrating 1D PhC on optical fiber in fiber laser structure. This structure possesses many advantages including high resolution for wavelength shift, high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of about 50~dB, the small full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of about 0.014~nm therefore its accuracy is enhanced, as well as the precision and capability are achieved for remote sensing. Low nitrate concentration in water from 0 to 80 ppm has been used to demonstrate its sensing ability in the experiment. The proposed sensor can work with good repeatability, rapid response, and its sensitivity can be obtained of $3.2\times 10^{ - 3}$ nm/ppm with the limit of detection (LOD) of 3~ppm. For 2D PhC cavity, enhancement of photoluminescence of CNT emission is observed. The semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) solution was prepared by polymer-sorted method and coupled with the confined modes in silicon slotted PhC cavities. The enhancement ratio of 1.15 is obtained by comparing between the PL peaks at two confined modes of the cavity. The PL enhancement result of the integrated system shows the potential for the realization of on-chip nanoscale sources.

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18

Sun, Jiayi, Kenichi Maeno, Shoma Aki, Kenji Sueyoshi, Hideaki Hisamoto, and Tatsuro Endo. "Design and Fabrication of a Visible-Light-Compatible, Polymer-Based Photonic Crystal Resonator and Waveguide for Sensing Applications." Micromachines 9, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9080410.

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In this paper, we have proposed a polymer-based photonic crystal (PhC) resonator, with multiple sizes of cavities, and a waveguide to be used as highly sensitive optical sensor components. Properties of the proposed PhC were simulated by the finite-difference time-domain method, and the polymer-based PhC resonator and waveguide were fabricated on a photoresist (polymer) by electron beam lithography, which was prepared on an Au-layer-deposited Si substrate. We detected the resonant light that penetrated through the waveguide and was trapped in the PhC resonator. Optical characteristics of the fabricated PhC were evaluated by detecting the polymer layer deposition process by using the layer-by-layer (LbL) method to deposit polymer layers. As a result, by using an optimized design of a polymer-based PhC resonator with a long cavity (equivalent to a defect of three holes), the PhC structure changes caused by LbL deposition lead to changes in resonant light wavelength (peak shift: 5.26 nm/layer). Therefore, we suggest that a PhC resonator and a waveguide is applicable as an optical sensor.

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19

Matsuo, Shinji, та Koji Takeda. "λ-Scale Embedded Active Region Photonic Crystal (LEAP) Lasers for Optical Interconnects". Photonics 6, № 3 (25 липня 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6030082.

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The distances optical interconnects must cover are decreasing as Internet traffic continues to increase. Since short-reach interconnect applications require many transmitters, cost and power consumption are significant issues. Directly modulated lasers with a wavelength-scale active volume will be used as optical interconnects on boards and chips in the future because a small active volume is expected to reduce power consumption. We developed electrically driven photonic crystal (PhC) lasers with a wavelength-scale cavity in which the active region is embedded in a line-defect waveguide of an InP-based PhC slab. We call this a λ-scale embedded active region PhC laser, or a LEAP laser. The device, whose active region has six quantum wells with 2.5 × 0.3 × 0.15 μm3 active volume, exhibits a threshold current of 28 μA and provides 10 fJ/bit of operating energy to 25 Gbit/s NRZ (non-return-to-zero) signals. The fiber-coupled output power is 6.9 μW. We also demonstrate heterogeneous integration of LEAP lasers on a SiO2/Si substrate for low-cost photonic integrated circuits (PICs). The threshold current is 40.5 μA and the output power is 4.4 μW with a bias current of 200 μA. These results indicate the feasibility of using PhC lasers in very-short-distance optical communications.

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20

Lai, Guo Zhong, Xi Yao Chen, Yu Fei Wang, and Hong Lin. "Photonic Crystal Fabry-Perot Self-Collimation Interferometer by Liquid Crystal Infiltration." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.573.

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A Fabry-Perot self-collimation interferometer (FPSI) constructed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) by liquid crystal infiltration has been proposed and demonstrated theoretically. The resonant cavity of FPSI is infiltrated with a nematic liquid crystal (LC) 5CB with ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices 1.522 and 1.706, respectively. The transmission spectrum of the FPSI has been investigated with the 2D finite-difference time-domain method. Calculation results show that resonant transmission peaks have nearly equal frequency spacing 0.0090c/a. When the effective refractive index neff of the liquid crystal is increased from 1.522 to 1.706, the peaks shift to the lower frequencies over 0.0071c/a while the peak spacing is almost kept unchanged. Thus this FPSI by LC infiltration can work as a tunable attenuator or an optical switch. For the central operating wavelength around 1.55m, its dimensions are only about tens of microns. Thus this device may be applied to photonic integrated circuits.

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Battula, Arvind, Yalin Lu, R. J. Knize, Kitt Reinhardt, and Shaochen Chen. "Extraordinary Transmission and Enhanced Emission with Metallic Gratings Having Converging-Diverging Channels." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2007 (2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/24084.

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Transmission metallic gratings having the shape of converging-diverging channel (CDC) give an extra degree of freedom to exhibit enhanced transmission resonances. By varying the gap size at the throat of CDC, the spectral locations of the transmission resonance bands can be shifted close to each other and have high transmittance in a very narrow energy band. Hence, the CDC shape metallic gratings can lead to almost perfect transmittance for any desired wavelength by carefully optimizing the metallic material, gap at the throat of CDC, and grating parameters. In addition, a cavity surrounded by the CDC shaped metallic grating and a one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PhC) can lead to an enhanced emission with properties similar to a laser. The large coherence length of the emission is achieved by exploiting the coherence properties of the surface waves on the gratings and PhC. The new multilayer structure can attain the spectral and directional control of emission with onlyp-polarization. The resonance condition inside the cavity is extremely sensitive to the wavelength, which would then lead to high emission in a very narrow wavelength band. Such simple 1D multilayer structure should be easy to fabricate and have applications in photonic circuits, thermophotovoltaics, and potentially in energy efficient incandescent sources.

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Iadanza, S., A. A. Liles, S. M. Butler, S. P. Hegarty, and L. O’Faolain. "Photonic crystal lasers: from photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs) to hybrid external cavity lasers (HECLs) and topological PhC lasers [Invited]." Optical Materials Express 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 3245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.430748.

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James Singh, Konthoujam, Hao-Hsuan Ciou, Ya-Hui Chang, Yen-Shou Lin, Hsiang-Ting Lin, Po-Cheng Tsai, Shih-Yen Lin, Min-Hsiung Shih, and Hao-Chung Kuo. "Optical Mode Tuning of Monolayer Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2) by Integrating with One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal through Exciton–Photon Coupling." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030425.

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Two-dimensional materials, such as transition metal dichalogenides (TMDs), are emerging materials for optoelectronic applications due to their exceptional light–matter interaction characteristics. At room temperature, the coupling of excitons in monolayer TMDs with light opens up promising possibilities for realistic electronics. Controlling light–matter interactions could open up new possibilities for a variety of applications, and it could become a primary focus for mainstream nanophotonics. In this paper, we show how coupling can be achieved between excitons in the tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer with band-edge resonance of one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystal at room temperature. We achieved a Rabi splitting of 25.0 meV for the coupled system, indicating that the excitons in WSe2 and photons in 1-D photonic crystal were coupled successfully. In addition to this, controlling circularly polarized (CP) states of light is also important for the development of various applications in displays, quantum communications, polarization-tunable photon source, etc. TMDs are excellent chiroptical materials for CP photon emitters because of their intrinsic circular polarized light emissions. In this paper, we also demonstrate that integration between the TMDs and photonic crystal could help to manipulate the circular dichroism and hence the CP light emissions by enhancing the light–mater interaction. The degree of polarization of WSe2 was significantly enhanced through the coupling between excitons in WSe2 and the PhC resonant cavity mode. This coupled system could be used as a platform for manipulating polarized light states, which might be useful in optical information technology, chip-scale biosensing and various opto-valleytronic devices based on 2-D materials.

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24

Aly, Arafa, S. Awasthi, A. Mohamed, Z. Matar, M. Mohaseb, M. Al-Dossari, M. Tammam, Zaky Zaky, A. Amin, and Walied Sabra. "Detection of Reproductive Hormones in Females by Using 1D Photonic Crystal-Based Simple Reconfigurable Biosensing Design." Crystals 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121533.

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In this manuscript, we have explored the photonic biosensing application of the 1D photonic crystal (PhC) (AB)NCDC(AB)N, which is capable of detecting reproductive progesterone and estradiol hormones of different concentration levels in blood samples of females. The proposed structure is composed of an air cavity surrounded by two buffer layers of material MgF2, which is sandwiched between two identical 1D sub PhCs (AB)N. Both sub PhCs are made up of alternate layers of materials, SiO2 and Si, of period 5. MATLAB software has been used to obtain transmission characteristics of the structure corresponding TE wave, only with the help of the transfer matrix method. The mainstay of this research is focused on the dependence of the intensity and position of the defect mode inside the photonic bandgap with respect to reproductive hormone concentrations in blood samples, change in the thickness of the cavity region and change in angle of incidence corresponding to TE wave only. The proposed design shows high sensitivity of 98.92 nm/nmol/L and 96.58 nm/nmol/L when the cavity of a thickness of 340 nm is loaded with progesterone and estradiol hormones of concentrations of 80 nmol/L and 11 nmol/L, respectively, at an incident angle of 20°. Apart from sensitivity, other parameters such as quality factor and figure of merit have also been computed to gain deep insight about the sensing capabilities of the proposed design. These findings may pave the path for the design and development of various sensing devices capable of detecting gynecological problems pertaining to reproductive hormones in females. Thus, the simple design and excellent performance makes our design most efficient and suitable for sensing applications in industrial and biomedical fields.

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25

Labbani, Amel, MoumenisImene, and Faiza Bounaas. "A T-branch diplexer based on directional couplers and resonant cavities in photonic crystal." MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929202002.

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In this paper a T-branch optical diplexer in two dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PhC) to select two telecommunication wavelengths 1493.6nm and1553nm is investigated. In our design directional couplers (DC) and resonant cavity (RC) are utilized. A square lattice of silicon (Si) rods in air is used as fundamental structure. The coupling regions consist of three entire rows of decreased Si rods. Plane wave expansion method (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) method are utilized to analyze and simulate the characteristics of the designed device. The average transmission efficiency of our proposed diplexer is about 99.75%. High quality factor and extremely small crosstalk were achieved. The total size of the suggested design is 272.214 μm2, which is very suitable for nanotechnology based demultiplexing applications.

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26

Abolhaasani-Kaleibar, Abolfazl, and Alireza Andalib. "Studying Photonics Crystal Cavities by Design and Simulation of a 1 to 8 Optical Demultiplexer." Frequenz 72, no. 9-10 (August 28, 2018): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2017-0189.

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Abstract In this paper we are going to design and simulating a 1 to 8 demultiplexer based on Photonic Crystal (PhC) that where in wavelengths was guided to her coupled cavity and after that our Intended output. This structure is good Selection to communication operations that their wavelengths are around 1550nm. High Q factor, high transmission speed and low crosstalk between wavelengths are the advantages of this structure. The area of this structure is $560\,{\rm{ \mu }}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{2}}}$. The wavelengths was selected to this work are 1602.1 nm, 1598.3 nm, 1595.2 nm, 1591.8 nm, 1588.6 nm, 1585.4 nm, 1582.4 nm, 1579.6 nm. In this paper we are going to prepare the crosstalk between outputs and our main goal is giving low crosstalk between outputs.

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27

Takahashi, Shun, Erika Kimura, Takeshi Ishida, Takeyoshi Tajiri, Katsuyuki Watanabe, Kenichi Yamashita, Satoshi Iwamoto, and Yasuhiko Arakawa. "Fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals for near-infrared light by micro-manipulation technique under optical microscope observation." Applied Physics Express 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ac414a.

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Abstract We developed a micro-manipulation technique performed under optical microscope observation, which enabled the accurate fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals (3D PhCs) for near-infrared light. Thin GaAs plates having an array of rods were picked up with a fine needle by means of the van der Waals force and were mechanically stacked one-by-one by using vertical posts as guides. In spite of the limited spatial resolution in the optical microscope images, the mechanical resolution of the micro-manipulator and the precisely fabricated vertical posts enabled a stacking error that was an order of magnitude smaller than the period of the 3D PhCs. Photoluminescence measurement of a 3D PhC nanocavity containing quantum dots showed a cavity-mode peak in the near-infrared region.

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28

Gadalla, Mena N., Andrew S. Greenspon, Rodrick Kuate Defo, Xingyu Zhang, and Evelyn L. Hu. "Enhanced cavity coupling to silicon vacancies in 4H silicon carbide using laser irradiation and thermal annealing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 17, 2021): e2021768118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021768118.

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The negatively charged silicon monovacancy VSi− in 4H silicon carbide (SiC) is a spin-active point defect that has the potential to act as a qubit in solid-state quantum information applications. Photonic crystal cavities (PCCs) can augment the optical emission of the VSi−, yet fine-tuning the defect–cavity interaction remains challenging. We report on two postfabrication processes that result in enhancement of the V1′ optical emission from our PCCs, an indication of improved coupling between the cavity and ensemble of silicon vacancies. Below-bandgap irradiation at 785-nm and 532-nm wavelengths carried out at times ranging from a few minutes to several hours results in stable enhancement of emission, believed to result from changing the relative ratio of VSi0 (“dark state”) to VSi− (“bright state”). The much faster change effected by 532-nm irradiation may result from cooperative charge-state conversion due to proximal defects. Thermal annealing at 100 °C, carried out over 20 min, also results in emission enhancements and may be explained by the relatively low-activation energy diffusion of carbon interstitials Ci, subsequently recombining with other defects to create additional VSi−s. These PCC-enabled experiments reveal insights into defect modifications and interactions within a controlled, designated volume and indicate pathways to improved defect–cavity interactions.

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29

Iadanza, Simone, Chinna Devarapu, Alexandros Liles, Robert Sheehan, and Liam O’Faoláin. "Hybrid External Cavity Laser with an Amorphous Silicon-Based Photonic Crystal Cavity Mirror." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010240.

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The authors present results on the performance of a hybrid external cavity photonic crystal laser-comprising semiconductor optical amplifier, and a 2D photonic crystal cavity fabricated in low-temperature amorphous silicon. The authors demonstrate that lithographic control over amorphous silicon photonic crystal cavity-resonant wavelengths is possible, and that single-mode lasing at optical telecommunications wavelengths is possible on an amorphous silicon platform.

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30

Singh, Rajpal, and Anami Bhargava. "Chalcogenide Photonic Crystal: Channel Drop Filter." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1221, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1221/1/012056.

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Abstract In the present paper, we have studied a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure of square lattice as channel drop filter application. Photonic crystal structure of square lattice was constructed with circular rods are embedded in air medium. The channel drop filter was designed with a point defect cavity nearby a waveguide, which constructed by removing a single row of rods near cavity. The cavity was designed by removing a number of rods, which characterized with dimension of the cavity. The transmission spectra were analyzed for the channel drop filter with the dimension of the cavity.

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31

Nayak, K. P., Pengfei Zhang, and K. Hakuta. "Optical nanofiber-based photonic crystal cavity." Optics Letters 39, no. 2 (January 6, 2014): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.000232.

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32

Karle, T. J., D. H. Brown, R. Wilson, M. Steer, and T. E. Krauss. "Planar photonic crystal coupled cavity waveguides." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 8, no. 4 (July 2002): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2002.801741.

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33

Giannopoulos, A. V., J. D. Sulkin, C. M. Long, J. J. Coleman, and K. D. Choquette. "Decimated Photonic Crystal Defect Cavity Lasers." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 17, no. 6 (November 2011): 1693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2011.2141975.

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34

Faraon, Andrei, Edo Waks, Dirk Englund, Ilya Fushman, and Jelena Vučković. "Efficient photonic crystal cavity-waveguide couplers." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 7 (February 12, 2007): 073102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2472534.

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35

Sun, Yi-zhi, Yang Yu, Hui-lan Liu, Zhi-yuan Li, and Wei Ding. "Optical microfiber-based photonic crystal cavity." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 680 (January 2016): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/680/1/012029.

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36

Ryckman, Judson D., and Sharon M. Weiss. "Slotted Photonic Crystal Single Nanobeam Cavity." Optics and Photonics News 24, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.24.12.000041.

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37

Xiao, Ting-Hui, Ziqiang Zhao, Wen Zhou, Mitsuru Takenaka, Hon Ki Tsang, Zhenzhou Cheng, and Keisuke Goda. "Mid-infrared germanium photonic crystal cavity." Optics Letters 42, no. 15 (July 17, 2017): 2882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.002882.

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38

Schubert, Martin, Troels Suhr, Sara Ek, Elizaveta S. Semenova, Jørn M. Hvam, and Kresten Yvind. "Lambda shifted photonic crystal cavity laser." Applied Physics Letters 97, no. 19 (November 8, 2010): 191109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3501968.

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39

Mahnkopf, S., R. Marz, M. Kamp, Guang-Hua Duan, F. Lelarge, and A. Forchel. "Tunable photonic crystal coupled-cavity laser." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 40, no. 9 (September 2004): 1306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2004.831638.

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40

Sünner, T., T. Stichel, S. H. Kwon, T. W. Schlereth, S. Höfling, M. Kamp, and A. Forchel. "Photonic crystal cavity based gas sensor." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 26 (June 30, 2008): 261112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2955523.

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41

Wang, Qiugu, Depeng Mao, and Liang Dong. "MEMS Tunable Photonic Crystal-Cantilever Cavity." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 28, no. 5 (October 2019): 741–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2019.2936450.

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42

Qiu, Peng, Guang Long Wang, Jiang Lei Lu, and Hong Pei Wang. "Properties Investigation for Single-Defect Square-Lattice Photonic Crystal Slab Cavity in Crystal Material Application." Advanced Materials Research 578 (October 2012): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.578.170.

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Compact and high-quality cavities are essential building blocks in constructing nano-photonic systems and quantum information systems. So, it is important in understanding the properties of localized modes produced by disorder in two-dimensional photonic crystals cavity. Single defect square lattice photonic crystal slab cavity is taken as the investigation object, the relationship between structure parameters (lattice constant a, radius of hole r and slab thickness) and properties parameters (quality factor Qt, effective mode volume Vmode) is discussed for a optimization design of high performance cavity. The results of this investigation are useful reference for single defect square lattice photonic crystal slab cavity in photonic crystal material application.

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43

Xu, Xiaochuan, Harish Subbaraman, Swapnajit Chakravarty, Amir Hosseini, John Covey, Yalin Yu, David Kwong, et al. "Flexible Single-Crystal Silicon Nanomembrane Photonic Crystal Cavity." ACS Nano 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2014): 12265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn504393j.

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44

Zhou, Renlong, Mengxiong Wu, Yingyi Xiao, Lingxi Wu, Qiong Liu, Suxia Xie, Hui Deng, Lisan Zeng, and Guozheng Nie. "Modes and Carrier Density in Dispersive and Nonlinear Gain Planar Photonic Crystal Cavity." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/580157.

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The cavity mode and carrier density in dispersive and nonlinear gain planar photonic crystal cavities are studied with the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. Planar photonic crystal cavity can enhance light mater interaction, which can be used to design a photonic crystal cavity laser. With the effect of both total internal reflection and photonic band gap confinement, the frequency responses of the planar photonic crystal cavity can be obtained by simulation. The effect of carrier diffusion is calculated through the laser rate equations. The electric field intensity distribution, temporal behavior of electric field energy, and carrier density characteristics are analyzed from the resonance cavity mode.

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45

Tong Kai, 童凯, 张振国 Zhang Zhenguo, 卢建如 Lu Jianru, 李汉卿 Li Hanqing, and 高鹏耀 Gao Pengyao. "Hybrid Plasmonic Photonic Crystal Nano Micro-Cavity." Chinese Journal of Lasers 41, no. 9 (2014): 0905009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201441.0905009.

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46

Sharma, Naresh, Govind Kumar, Vivek Garg, Rakesh G. Mote, and Shilpi Gupta. "Reconstructive spectrometer using a photonic crystal cavity." Optics Express 29, no. 17 (August 3, 2021): 26645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.432831.

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47

Gan, Xuetao, Xinwen Yao, Ren-Jye Shiue, Fariba Hatami, and Dirk Englund. "Photonic crystal cavity-assisted upconversion infrared photodetector." Optics Express 23, no. 10 (May 8, 2015): 12998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.012998.

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48

Shambat, Gary, Bryan Ellis, Jan Petykiewicz, Marie A. Mayer, Tomas Sarmiento, James Harris, Eugene E. Haller, and Jelena Vučković. "Nanobeam photonic crystal cavity light-emitting diodes." Applied Physics Letters 99, no. 7 (August 15, 2011): 071105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3625432.

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49

Perani, Tommaso, Daniele Aurelio, and Marco Liscidini. "Bloch-surface-wave photonic crystal nanobeam cavity." Optics Letters 44, no. 21 (October 17, 2019): 5133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.005133.

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50

Danner, Aaron J., James J. Raftery, Paul O. Leisher, and Kent D. Choquette. "Single mode photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 9 (February 27, 2006): 091114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2181268.

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