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Статті в журналах з теми "Photoacoustic spectrometer"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Palanichamy, P., P. Kalyanasundaram, K. Jeyadheepan, M. Jeyaprakasam, K. Ramachandran, and C. Sanjeeviraja. "Automation of Photoacoustic Spectrometer for NDE Applications." Materials Science Forum 699 (September 2011): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.699.185.

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Анотація:

New software using VEE Pro was developed to integrate the various components of photoacoustic spectrometer through RS-232 interface and this is the first time such an effort is made not only to integrate but also to automatically acquire the data for depth profile and wave length scanning. The performance and validity was rigorously tested for repeatability and standard error for samples like air, glass and silicon wafer. As an application towards NDE, the thermal parameters obtained from photoacoustics are compared with ultrasonics and discussed.

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2

Qiu, Yi-Geng, Yuan-Yuan Fan, Bo-Xia Yan, Yan-Wei Wang, Yi-Hang Wu, Zhe Han, Yan Qi, and Ping Lu. "Design and experiment of light field shaping system for three-dimensional extended light source used in photoacoustic spectrometer." Acta Physica Sinica 70, no. 20 (2021): 204201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20210691.

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Compared with infrared laser sources, the three-dimensional incoherent extended light source has the advantages of high power, wide spectral range, and low cost. It has extremely wide applications in high-precision and multi-component photoacoustic spectrometers. However, it encounters some problems about poor directivity, low energy density, irregular shape, light field shaping needed in the design of optical system. The photoacoustic spectrometer is required to collect and optimize the radiation of the centimeter-level three-dimensional extended light source to the whole space in a small volume. Through using a series of wavelength and frequency modulation elements, the final cylindrical light field distribution with millimeter-level radius and centimeter-level length is realized. According to the concept of optical expansion and the principle of edge light, this paper breaks through the traditional design mode based on point light source in the process of optical system design and optimization. The concept of extended light source is used throughout the design process. The luminous characteristics of the three-dimensional extended light source are directly acquired by the self-designed measurement method and device which is accurately reflected in the three-dimensional extended light source model in the form of micro-element. The design of the light field shaping system of the three-dimensional extended light source for the photoacoustic spectrometer is realized by the aspheric surface, and the relevant experimental verification is carried out. Taking the Hawkeye IR-Si272 light source for example, the experimental value of the light power at the entrance of the photoacoustic cell and the sidewall noise rate of the photoacoustic spectrometer have a small deviation from their corresponding simulation values. Compared with the original condenser system, the self-designed photoacoustic spectrometer light source system increases the value of the light power at the entrance of the photoacoustic cell from 0.86W to 1.32W, and reduces the value of the sidewall noise rate from 50.3% to 19.7%. The lower limit of detection of the concentration of trace gas in the order of ppm (parts per million) is also achieved.

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3

Boraas, Kirk, and J. P. Reilly. "Low‐temperature intracavity photoacoustic spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 64, no. 11 (November 1993): 3108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144474.

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4

Bluvshtein, Nir, J. Michel Flores, Quanfu He, Enrico Segre, Lior Segev, Nina Hong, Andrea Donohue, James N. Hilfiker, and Yinon Rudich. "Calibration of a multi-pass photoacoustic spectrometer cell using light-absorbing aerosols." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 29, 2017): 1203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1203-2017.

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Abstract. The multi-pass photoacoustic spectrometer (PAS) is an important tool for the direct measurement of light absorption by atmospheric aerosol. Accurate PAS measurements heavily rely on accurate calibration of their signal. Ozone is often used for calibrating PAS instruments by relating the photoacoustic signal to the absorption coefficient measured by an independent method such as cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRD-S), cavity-enhanced spectroscopy (CES) or an ozone monitor. We report here a calibration method that uses measured absorption coefficients of aerosolized, light-absorbing organic materials and offer an alternative approach to calibrate photoacoustic aerosol spectrometers at 404 nm. To implement this method, we first determined the complex refractive index of nigrosin, an organic dye, using spectroscopic ellipsometry and then used this well-characterized material as a standard material for PAS calibration.

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5

Cheng, Gang, Yuan Cao, Kun Liu, Ya-Nan Cao, Jia-Jin Chen, and Xiao-Ming Gao. "Numerical calculation and optimization of photoacoustic cell for photoacoustic spectrometer." Acta Physica Sinica 68, no. 7 (2019): 074202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.68.20182084.

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6

Davies, Nicholas W., Michael I. Cotterell, Cathryn Fox, Kate Szpek, Jim M. Haywood, and Justin M. Langridge. "On the accuracy of aerosol photoacoustic spectrometer calibrations using absorption by ozone." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 4 (April 24, 2018): 2313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2313-2018.

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Abstract. In recent years, photoacoustic spectroscopy has emerged as an invaluable tool for the accurate measurement of light absorption by atmospheric aerosol. Photoacoustic instruments require calibration, which can be achieved by measuring the photoacoustic signal generated by known quantities of gaseous ozone. Recent work has questioned the validity of this approach at short visible wavelengths (404 nm), indicating systematic calibration errors of the order of a factor of 2. We revisit this result and test the validity of the ozone calibration method using a suite of multipass photoacoustic cells operating at wavelengths 405, 514 and 658 nm. Using aerosolised nigrosin with mobility-selected diameters in the range 250–425 nm, we demonstrate excellent agreement between measured and modelled ensemble absorption cross sections at all wavelengths, thus demonstrating the validity of the ozone-based calibration method for aerosol photoacoustic spectroscopy at visible wavelengths.

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7

Sapna , P. Bhaskar, Sapna ,. P. Bhaskar. "Review on Applications of Photoacoustic Spectrometer." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research 7, no. 4 (2017): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijeeeraug20177.

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8

Guo, Lina, Zhilie Tang, Yongheng He, and Hanchao Zhang. "Characterization of a derivative photoacoustic spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 78, no. 2 (February 2007): 023104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2472594.

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9

Budevska, Boiana O., and Christopher J. Manning. "Time-Resolved Impulse Photoacoustic Measurements by Step-Scan FT-IR Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 7 (July 1996): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963905457.

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Анотація:

An impulse/response approach for measuring photoacoustic spectra is described. Instead of the usual modulation from either a chopper or an interferometric phase modulation, a radiation pulse is used to generate the photoacoustic (PA) signal at each step of a step-scan FT-IR spectrometer. The signal from the PA cell is recorded as a time-resolved sequence. The time-dependent photoacoustic signal reveals depth-profiling information for solid samples. Examples of time-resolved impulse photoacoustic spectra (TRIPAS) of gas and solid samples are presented.

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10

Anjo, Dennis, Coleman Smith, and Humberto Gutierrez. "Construction of a Microcomputer Controlled Photoacoustic Spectrometer." Instrumentation Science & Technology 21, no. 3-4 (January 1993): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739149308543767.

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11

Telles, E. M., E. Bezerra, and A. Scalabrin. "A photoacoustic spectrometer for trace gas detection." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 125 (June 2005): 885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2005125205.

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12

Wilder, J. A., and G. L. Findley. "Construction of a two‐photon photoacoustic spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 6 (June 1987): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139584.

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13

Yun, Yuxin, and Xiaoxiao Zhao. "Laser Resonant Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Methane Detection." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 526 (July 8, 2020): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/526/1/012075.

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14

Banno, Motohiro, Ami Nagashima, and Hiroharu Yui. "Stimulated Raman photoacoustic spectroscopy for chemical-contrast imaging of a sample deeply buried in scattering media." Analyst 141, no. 20 (2016): 5747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an01211f.

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15

Wolff, M., and H. Harde. "Photoacoustic spectrometer based on a DFB-diode laser." Infrared Physics & Technology 41, no. 5 (October 2000): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4495(00)00041-4.

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16

Haisch, C., P. Menzenbach, H. Bladt, and R. Niessner. "A Wide Spectral Range Photoacoustic Aerosol Absorption Spectrometer." Analytical Chemistry 84, no. 21 (October 9, 2012): 8941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac302194u.

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17

Jeyadheepan, K., P. Palanichamy, P. Kalyanasundaram, M. Jayaprakasam, C. Sanjeeviraja, and K. Ramachandran. "Automation of photoacoustic spectrometer using VEE Pro software." Measurement 43, no. 10 (December 2010): 1336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2010.07.011.

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18

Zhan, Xiaowei, Esa Kauppi, and Lauri Halonen. "High‐resolution photoacoustic Ti:sapphire/dye ring laser spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 12 (December 1992): 5546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143379.

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19

Chen, Ke, Shuai Liu, Liang Mei, Feng Jin, Bo Zhang, Fengxiang Ma, Yewei Chen, Hong Deng, Min Guo, and Qingxu Yu. "An auto-correction laser photoacoustic spectrometer based on 2f/1f wavelength modulation spectroscopy." Analyst 145, no. 4 (2020): 1524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9an01799b.

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Анотація:

An auto-correction laser photoacoustic (PA) spectrometer based on 2f/1f wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) has been proposed and demonstrated for trace gas detection to eliminate concentration measurement errors due to light power variations.

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20

NAKAYAMA, Tomoki, Hiroyuki SUZUKI, Satomi KAGAMITANI, Yuka IKEDA, Akihiro UCHIYAMA, and Yutaka MATSUMI. "Characterization of a Three Wavelength Photoacoustic Soot Spectrometer (PASS-3) and a Photoacoustic Extinctiometer (PAX)." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 93, no. 2 (2015): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-016.

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21

Hao, Lu-yuan, Jia-xiang Han, Qiang Shi, Jin-hui Zhang, Jin-jin Zheng, and Qing-shi Zhu. "A highly sensitive photoacoustic spectrometer for near infrared overtone." Review of Scientific Instruments 71, no. 5 (May 2000): 1975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150564.

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22

Gondal, M. A. "Laser photoacoustic spectrometer for remote monitoring of atmospheric pollutants." Applied Optics 36, no. 15 (May 20, 1997): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.36.003195.

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23

Gondal, M. A., and Z. H. Yamani. "Highly sensitive electronically modulated photoacoustic spectrometer for ozone detection." Applied Optics 46, no. 29 (October 1, 2007): 7083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.46.007083.

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24

Chen, Ke, Hong Deng, Min Guo, Chen Luo, Shuai Liu, Bo Zhang, Fengxiang Ma, et al. "Tube-cantilever double resonance enhanced fiber-optic photoacoustic spectrometer." Optics & Laser Technology 123 (March 2020): 105894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105894.

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25

Wang, Qiaoyun, Jianwei Wang, Liang Li, and Qingxu Yu. "An all-optical photoacoustic spectrometer for trace gas detection." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 153, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.10.035.

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26

Mao, Xuefeng, Xinlei Zhou, Zhengfeng Gong, and Qingxu Yu. "An all-optical photoacoustic spectrometer for multi-gas analysis." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 232 (September 2016): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.03.114.

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27

Mao, Xuefeng, Peichao Zheng, Xiaofa Wang, and Suzhen Yuan. "Breath methane detection based on all-optical photoacoustic spectrometer." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 239 (February 2017): 1257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.132.

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28

Li, Jingsong, Xiaoming Gao, Weizheng Li, Zhensong Cao, Lunhua Deng, Weixiong Zhao, Mingqiang Huang, and Weijun Zhang. "Near-infrared diode laser wavelength modulation-based photoacoustic spectrometer." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 64, no. 2 (May 2006): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2005.07.029.

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29

Beitz, James V., M. M. Doxtader, V. A. Maroni, S. Okajima, and D. T. Reed. "High sensitivity photoacoustic spectrometer for variable temperature solution studies." Review of Scientific Instruments 61, no. 5 (May 1990): 1395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141195.

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30

Cao, Yingchun, Wei Jin, Hoi Lut Ho, and Jun Ma. "Miniature fiber-tip photoacoustic spectrometer for trace gas detection." Optics Letters 38, no. 4 (February 8, 2013): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.000434.

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31

Carter, R. O. "The Application of Linear PA/FT-IR to Polymer-Related Problems." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 2 (February 1992): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924125410.

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Анотація:

A simplified method has been developed which allows the computation of linear photoacoustic FT-IR spectra using only one sample and one reference interferogram from a commercial, rapid-scan spectrometer. The application of linear computation to photoacoustic infrared data can produce spectra similar to transmission spectra through the reduction, if not elimination, of the saturation artifacts typical of amplitude computation, the usual mode of producing a PA/FT-IR spectrum or a transmission mode spectrum. Comparison of the resulting linear spectra with amplitude spectra has been used to demonstrate the existence of surface layers on top of substrates. Qualitative identification of the surface layer is easier in this mode than in the case where amplitude spectra are obtainted at the extremes of instrument mirror velocity. Additionally, information concerning a polymer matrix in the presence of up to 25 wt % carbon black is contained in linear photoacoustic spectra. Linear photoacoustic FT-IR spectra of carbon-filled samples are easier to interpret in comparison to spectra obtained by amplitude methods.

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32

HARJUM, Agung Bambang Setio UTOMO, and MITRAYANA. "DESIGN OF EXTRA CAVITY PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROMETER BASED ON BLUE DIODE LASER IN NO2 (NITROGEN DIOXIDE) GAS DETECTION." Periódico Tchê Química 18, no. 38 (July 28, 2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v18.n38.2021.05_harjum_pgs_47_61.pdf.

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Background: NO2 detection is necessary because NO2 is an air pollutant causing photochemical smog and acid rain. In addition, respiratory diseases are caused by high levels of NO2 in the inhaled air. Aim: The purpose of this study was to detect NO2 using PAS utilizing Arduino Uno, an easy, simple, and low-cost research. Methods: The detection of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) gas with a Photoacoustic Spectrometer (PAS) using an Arduino Uno microcontroller has been carried out. The PAS system uses a blue diode laser with a wavelength of 450 nm as the radiation source because this wavelength is suitable for NO2 gas. The intensity of the laser beam is modulated using a modulation system with an on-off scheme using the Arduino Uno. The modulation frequency has been varied to get the maximum detection frequency. The photoacoustic cell used was a single resonator photoacoustic cell with type H. Sound sensor and photodiode were used in this measurement. The amplification of the signal was done by utilizing the Lock-in amplifier, and the constant time of Lock-in amplifier was also determined to optimize the PAS. Nitrogen gas was used to detect background signal. Results and Discussion: From the photoacoustic spectrometer optimization, the results obtained were a laser diode frequency of 1,000 Hz with a duty cycle of 50% and a Lock-in amplifier amplification of 10,000 times with a constant time of 3.3 ms. The maximum concentration reached in this measurement was 6 ppm. The background signal achieved in this measurement was 0.00002 V/W. The lowest detection limit achieved in this measurement was 0.0064 ppm.Conclusion: The gas sample containers containing NO2 with larger sizes tend to have a greater concentration. Sometimes, the NO2 concentration of the large sample gas container was overtaken by the small sample container.

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33

Zegadi, A., M. A. Slifkin, and R. D. Tomlinson. "A photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring subgap absorption spectra of semiconductors." Review of Scientific Instruments 65, no. 7 (July 1994): 2238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144733.

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34

Chen, Ke, Zhihao Yu, Zhenfeng Gong, and Qingxu Yu. "Lock-in white-light-interferometry-based all-optical photoacoustic spectrometer." Optics Letters 43, no. 20 (October 10, 2018): 5038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.43.005038.

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35

Soleimani-Karimabad, Arash, and Ralph T. Muehleisen. "Computer simulations of a maximum length sequence modulated photoacoustic spectrometer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 5 (2007): 2966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2942574.

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36

Patrick Arnott, W., Hans Moosmüller, C. Fred Rogers, Tianfeng Jin, and Reinhard Bruch. "Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosol: instrument description." Atmospheric Environment 33, no. 17 (August 1999): 2845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00361-6.

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37

Wang, Jianwei, Wang Zhang, Lirong Liang, and Qingxu Yu. "Tunable fiber laser based photoacoustic spectrometer for multi-gas analysis." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 160, no. 1 (December 2011): 1268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.09.061.

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38

Slezak, V., A. Peuriot, N. Zajarevich, M. González, and G. Santiago. "Characterization of a precise phase-reading, CO2laser-based photoacoustic spectrometer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 214 (March 1, 2010): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/214/1/012041.

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39

Sharma, N., I. J. Arnold, H. Moosmüller, W. P. Arnott, and C. Mazzoleni. "Photoacoustic and nephelometric spectroscopy of aerosol optical properties with a supercontinuum light source." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 12 (December 10, 2013): 3501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3501-2013.

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Abstract. A novel multi-wavelength photoacoustic-nephelometer spectrometer (SC-PNS) has been developed for the optical characterization of atmospheric aerosol particles. This instrument integrates a white light supercontinuum laser with photoacoustic and nephelometric spectroscopy to measure aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients at five wavelength bands (centered at 417, 475, 542, 607, and 675 nm). These wavelength bands are selected from the continuous spectrum of the laser (ranging from 400–2200 nm) using a set of optical interference filters. Absorption and scattering measurements on laboratory-generated aerosol samples were performed sequentially at each wavelength band. To test the instrument we measured the wavelength dependence of absorption and scattering coefficients of kerosene soot and common salt aerosols. Results were favorably compared to those obtained with a commercial 3-wavelength photoacoustic and nephelometer instrument demonstrating the utility of the SC light source for studies of aerosol optical properties at selected wavelengths. Here, we discuss instrument design, development, calibration, performance and experimental results.

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40

Sharma, N., I. J. Arnold, H. Moosmüller, W. P. Arnott, and C. Mazzoleni. "Photoacoustic and nephelometric spectroscopy of aerosol optical properties with a supercontinuum light source." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 11, 2013): 6293–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-6293-2013.

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Анотація:

Abstract. A novel multi-wavelength photoacoustic-nephelometer spectrometer (SC-PNS) has been developed for the optical characterization of atmospheric aerosol particles. This instrument integrates a white light supercontinuum laser with photoacoustic and nephelometric spectroscopy to measure aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients at five wavelength bands (centered at 417, 475, 542, 607, and 675 nm). These wavelength bands were selected from the continuous spectrum of the laser (ranging from 400–2200 nm) using a set of optical interference filters. Absorption and scattering measurements on laboratory-generated aerosol samples were performed sequentially at each wavelength band. To test the instrument we measured the wavelength dependence of absorption and scattering coefficients of kerosene soot and common salt aerosols. Results were favorably compared to those obtained with a commercial 3-wavelength photoacoustic and nephelometer instrument demonstrating the utility of the SC light source for studies of aerosol optical properties at selected wavelengths. Here, we discuss instrument design, development, calibration, performance and experimental results.

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41

Paredes-Miranda, G., W. P. Arnott, J. L. Jimenez, A. C. Aiken, J. S. Gaffney, and N. A. Marley. "Primary and secondary contributions to aerosol light scattering and absorption in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 5 (September 10, 2008): 16951–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-16951-2008.

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Abstract. A photoacoustic spectrometer, a nephelometer, an aetholemeter, and an aerosol mass spectrometer were used to measure at ground level real-time aerosol light absorption, scattering, and chemistry at an urban site located in north east Mexico City (Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Mexican Petroleum Institute, denoted by IMP), as part of the Megacity Impact on Regional and Global Environments field experiment, MILAGRO, in March 2006. Photoacoustic and reciprocal nephelometer measurements at 532 nm accomplished with a single instrument compare favorably with conventional measurements made with an aethelometer and a TSI nephelometer. The diurnally averaged single scattering albedo at 532 nm was found to vary from 0.60 to 0.85 with the peak value at midday and the minimum value at 7 a.m. local time, indicating that the Mexico City plume is likely to have a net warming effect on local climate. The peak value is associated with strong photochemical generation of secondary aerosol. It is estimated that the same-day photochemical production of secondary aerosol (inorganic and organic) is approximately 40 percent of the aerosol mass concentration and light scattering in association with the peak single scattering albedo. A strong correlation of aerosol scattering at 532 nm and total aerosol mass concentration was found, and an average mass scattering efficiency factor of 3.8 m2/g was determined. Comparisons of photoacoustic and aethalometer light absorption with oxygenated organic aerosol concentration (OOA) indicate a very small systematic bias of the filter based measurement associated with OOA and the peak aerosol single scattering albedo.

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42

Paredes-Miranda, G., W. P. Arnott, J. L. Jimenez, A. C. Aiken, J. S. Gaffney, and N. A. Marley. "Primary and secondary contributions to aerosol light scattering and absorption in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 11 (June 9, 2009): 3721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3721-2009.

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Анотація:

Abstract. A photoacoustic spectrometer, a nephelometer, an aethalometer, and an aerosol mass spectrometer were used to measure at ground level real-time aerosol light absorption, scattering, and chemistry at an urban site located in North East Mexico City (Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Mexican Petroleum Institute, denoted by IMP), as part of the Megacity Impact on Regional and Global Environments field experiment, MILAGRO, in March 2006. Photoacoustic and reciprocal nephelometer measurements at 532 nm accomplished with a single instrument compare favorably with conventional measurements made with an aethalometer and a TSI nephelometer. The diurnally averaged single scattering albedo at 532 nm was found to vary from 0.60 to 0.85 with the peak value at midday and the minimum value at 07:00 a.m. local time, indicating that the Mexico City plume is likely to have a net warming effect on local climate. The peak value is associated with strong photochemical generation of secondary aerosol. It is estimated that the photochemical production of secondary aerosol (inorganic and organic) is approximately 75% of the aerosol mass concentration and light scattering in association with the peak single scattering albedo. A strong correlation of aerosol scattering at 532 nm and total aerosol mass concentration was found, and an average mass scattering efficiency factor of 3.8 m2/g was determined. Comparisons of photoacoustic and aethalometer light absorption with oxygenated organic aerosol concentration (OOA) indicate a very small systematic bias of the filter based measurement associated with OOA and the peak aerosol single scattering albedo.

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43

Donini, J. C., and K. H. Michaelian. "Low-Frequency Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Solids." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 2 (February 1988): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884428239.

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Research-quality far-infrared photoacoustic (PA) spectra are obtainable with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, the only changes with respect to conventional mid-infrared PA spectroscopy being the use of (1) a caesium iodide or polyethylene window on the PA cell, and (2) a mylar beamsplitter. Far-infrared PA spectra of several solids (bentonite, Fe+3-bentonite, and asbestos), in addition to the PA reference carbon black, have been recorded in this way. In order to improve signal-to-noise ratios in one of the spectra, we recorded ten interferograms under identical conditions; it was found that the average of the ten individually calculated spectra displays less noise and fewer spurious features than the spectrum obtained by first averaging the interferograms and then calculating a single spectrum. The results of this investigation demonstrate the feasibility of far-infrared PA spectroscopy, and illustrate that both experimental and computational procedures should be optimized in order to obtain the most satisfactory spectra.

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44

Gillis, K. A., D. K. Havey, and J. T. Hodges. "Standard photoacoustic spectrometer: Model and validation using O2 A-band spectra." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 6 (June 2010): 064902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3436660.

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45

Zhou, Sheng, and Davide Iannuzzi. "Immersion photoacoustic spectrometer (iPAS) for arcing fault detection in power transformers." Optics Letters 44, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 3741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.003741.

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46

Wolff, M., and H. Harde. "Photoacoustic spectrometer based on a Planckian radiator with fast time response." Infrared Physics & Technology 44, no. 1 (February 2003): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4495(02)00176-7.

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47

Reed, Zachary D., Brent Sperling, Roger D. van Zee, James R. Whetstone, Keith A. Gillis, and Joseph T. Hodges. "Photoacoustic spectrometer for accurate, continuous measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration." Applied Physics B 117, no. 2 (June 19, 2014): 645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-014-5878-y.

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48

Fink, T., S. Büscher, R. Gäbler, Q. Yu, A. Dax, and W. Urban. "An improved CO2 laser intracavity photoacoustic spectrometer for trace gas analysis." Review of Scientific Instruments 67, no. 11 (November 1996): 4000–4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147274.

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49

Rajan, M. A. Jothi, Arockiam Thaddeus, T. Mathavan, T. S. Vivekanandam, and S. Umapathy. "Construction of a Low Cost Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Characterization of Materials." Macromolecular Symposia 222, no. 1 (March 2005): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200550438.

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50

Gregoriou, Vasilis G., Michael Daun, Mark W. Schauer, James L. Chao, and Richard A. Palmer. "Modification of a Research-Grade FT-IR Spectrometer for Optional Step-Scan Operation." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (September 1993): 1311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067649.

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The implementation of step-scanning to a research-grade FT-IR spectrometer (Nicolet system 800) is described. This implementation relies on the complete computer control of the retardation, representing a substantial improvement over results from the previous generation of step-scan spectrometers (IBM IR44) available in our laboratory. Specifically, the instrument represents an improvement in speed, stability, and attainable limit of detection. The most distinctive capability of this instrument is that of high-amplitude phase modulation (tested up to 10 ΛHeNe peak to peak) at relatively high phase modulation frequency while maintaining high position certainty. Alternatively, the phase modulation can be turned off completely and the retardation can be maintained within ±1 nm for indefinite periods between steps. The step-scan option for this instrument, along with its continuous-scan “TRS” (stroboscopic) mode, gives it a unique combination of capabilities for dynamic vibrational spectroscopy. The performance of the instrument in the step-scan mode is demonstrated with photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS).

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