Статті в журналах: "Photo panel"

1

Harmash, Yurii, and Yevhenii Kershkov. "Bachelor’s Photo Project “Panel Stencil”." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Audiovisual Art and Production 3, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2617-2674.3.1.2020.202687.

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ERFIANTO, BAYU, and ALDRY HERNANDA SETIAWAN. "Interpolasi Cubic Spline untuk Memetakan Distribusi Panas pada Permukaan Panel Sel Surya." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 8, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v8i3.467.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran atau distribusi panas yang terjadi pada permukaan panel surya atau photo voltaic (PV) dengan dengan data sebaran sensor yang diolah dengan metode interpolasi cubic spline, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui posisi panel surya yang efektif dan ideal menerima cahaya matahari. Selain informasi panas pada panel surya juga informasi mengenai daya yang dikeluarkan oleh panel surya tersebut. Pemetaan distribusi panas pada panel PV menggunakan metode interpolasi cubic spline yang selanjutnya divisualisasikan dalam heatmap 2D. Berdasarkan heatmap hasil interpolasi dan hasil eksperimen menunjukkan panel PV pada posisi vertikal dengan kemiringin 0o pukul 12.00-14.00 menghasilkan arus tertinggi yaitu 449.2mA dengan tegangan yang dihasilkan sebesar 1.03V sehingga menghasilkan daya sebesar 0.46W. Hal ini lebih optimal dari suhu permukaan PV yang lebih panas pada pada posisi vertikal dengan kemiringin 45o ataupun posisi horizontal 0o dan 45o pada jam yang sama.Kata kunci:panel surya, heatmap, cubic spline, interpolasi ABSTRACTThis research aims to determine the distribution of heat that is exposed on the surface of solar panels or photo voltaic (PV), where the data from distributed sensor is processed by means of cubic spline interpolation method, so that it can be used to determine the ideal and effective position of solar panel to receive sunlight radiation. In addition to heat information on the solar panel, information about the power generated by PV is also measured. Based on the heatmap generated from the interpolation method and the experimental results, it shows that the PV panel in a vertical position with 0o inclination at 12.00-14.00 produces the highest current which is 449.2mA with the output voltage of 1.03V, thus the generated power is about 0.46W. This is more optimal than the surface temperature of the PV which is hotter in the vertical position with a 45o or horizontal position with 0o and 45o at the same time.Keywords: solar panel, heatmap, cubic spline, interpolation

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SIRINAMARATANA, PAIROTE, EKACHAI LEELARASMEE, and WANCHALERM PORA. "A SERIES DC POWER LINE COMMUNICATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO MONITORING PHOTO-VOLTAIC STRINGS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 22, no. 09 (October 2013): 1340010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126613400100.

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A communication circuit for transmitting and receiving signal through a series connection of photo-voltaic (PV) panels is proposed. It consists of a transformer connected in series with each panel to couple current signal in and out of the DC power line. This allows data transmission through the panels without using any additional wires or radio frequency link. A practical case of eight 40 W amorphous PV panels is used to demonstrate the design process. It is found that the optimum carrier frequency is 250 kHz at which the panel output impedance is around 5 Ohms, allowing the current signal to pass through with low energy lost. Coupling circuit consists of inductors and capacitors designed to give highest transmission at the carrier frequency. Simulation to verify the circuit performance using a non-ideal model of a toroidal transformer is carried out to prove the feasibility of the concept.

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4

Lin, Tzung-Han, Yu-Lun Liu, Chi-Cheng Lee, and Hsuan-Kai Huang. "A camera array system based on DSLR cameras for autostereoscopic prints." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 2 (January 26, 2020): 155–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.2.sda-155.

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In this paper, we present a multi-view camera-array system by using commercial DSLR cameras. In order to produce quality autostereoscopic prints, we initially calibrated the color based on X-Rite color-checker, then automatically adjust the alignment of all images by one black-white checker. In this system, we also utilized an external electronic trigger based on Arduino for synchronizing all cameras to generate bullet-time effect photos. Finally, we converted all photos into multiplexed images then printed them on a lenticular lens panel to be an autostereoscopic photo frame.

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Tatabhatla, Venkata Madhava Ram, Anshul Agarwal, and Tirupathiraju Kanumuri. "Chaotic baker map-based array reconfiguration in solar photo-voltaic systems under shading conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 233, no. 5 (August 2019): 559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919857436.

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The location of shaded and unshaded panels affect power generation of solar photo-voltaic array, which not only causes the disturbance in characteristic curves but also achieves multiple maximum peaks. In order to overcome these issues, panel reconfiguration is proposed based on chaotic baker map technique, which employs the concept of image processing. In this approach, the static position of a panel is changed without altering the electrical circuit to minimize the power loss and enhance the maximum power. The proposed method is tested with different sizes of solar photo-voltaic array considering a wide range of shading spectrum on both software and hardware platforms. The proposed approach augments the output power and minimizes the mismatch power loss by reducing the mismatch in row currents with both simulations and prototype results. The results of the proposed approach are compared with hitherto known configurations under various shading conditions, which support the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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6

Hwang, Young-Seok, Stephan Schlüter, Seong-Il Park, and Jung-Sup Um. "Comparative Evaluation for Tracking the Capability of Solar Cell Malfunction Caused by Soil Debris between UAV Video versus Photo-Mosaic." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051220.

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Monitoring the malfunction of the solar cells (for instance, 156 mm by 156 mm) caused by the soil debris requires a very low flight altitude when taking aerial photos, utilizing the autopilot function of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The autopilot flight can only operate at a certain level of altitude that can guarantee collision avoidance for flight obstacles (for instance, power lines, trees, buildings) adjacent to the place where the solar panel is installed. For this reason, aerial photos taken by autopilot flight capture unnecessary objects (surrounding buildings and roads) around the solar panel at a tremendous level. Therefore, the autopilot-based thermal imaging causes severe data redundancy with very few matched key-points around the malfunctioned solar cells. This study aims to explore the tracking capability on soil debris defects in solar cell scale between UAV video versus photo-mosaic. This study experimentally validated that the video-based thermal imaging can track the thermal deficiency caused by the malfunction of the solar cell at the level of the photo-mosaic in terms of correlation of thermal signatures (0.98–0.99), detection on spatial patterns (81–100%), and distributional property (90–95%) with 2.5–3.4 times more matched key-points on solar cells. The results of this study could serve as a valuable reference for employing video stream in the process of investigating soil debris defects in solar cell scale.

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7

Gulalkari, Aditya, Prajwal Kalmegh, Chinmay Bokey, Anurodh Patil, and Tushar Mohod. "Solar Roof Top System Structure Analysis and Its Cost Optimization." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2090–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41062.

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Abstract: Nowadays the demand for clean, renewable energy sources is increasing. The use of renewable energy resource increasing rapidly. The structure plays an important role in stability of an entire solar mounting structure. The solar structure decide the life period of hole solar panel mounting system solar structure has to withstand different types of loading conditions and bear the weight of photo-voltaic panels. In this review paper, there is consideration about design and analysis and cost optimization of solar panel support structure by considering environmental effect like wind load, structural load and height of structure , material selection and also their properties . The analysis can be done by creating model in software and followed by analysis using different software to determine pressure distribution on the solar panel area and structure, then it can break and will be affect the power generation and also affect the life cycle of the hole solar panel mounting system. Keyword:-Solar panel, types of structures, wind load, structural Analysis, Cost Optimization.

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8

Patil, Ketan, Rohan Dhulap, Sanket Kinjalaskar, Neeraj Kumar Heeralal, and Prof Abdul Bari. "Dual Axis Solar Tracker with Cleaner." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41498.

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Abstract: The goal of this project was to develop a laboratory prototype of a solar tracking system, which is able to enhance the performance of the photovoltaic modules in a solar energy system. The operating principle of the device is to keep the photovoltaic modules (solar panels) constantly aligned with the sunbeams, which maximizes the exposure of solar panel to the Sun’s radiation. As a result, more output power can be produced by the solar panel. The work of the project included hardware design and implementation, together with software programming for the microcontroller unit of the solar tracker. The system utilized an Arduino sensor microcontroller to control motion of two D/C motors, which rotate solar panel in two axes. The amount of rotation was determined by the microcontroller, based on inputs retrieved from four photo sensors located next to solar panel. At the end of the project, and one cleaning unit also installed to clean the solar panels automatically with switch, a functional solar tracking system was designed and implemented. It was able to keep the solar panel aligned with the sun, or any light source repetitively. Design of the solar tracker from this project is also a reference and a starting point for the development of more advanced systems in the future.

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9

Azad, Murari Lal, Pradip Kumar Sadhu, Soumya Das, Biplab Satpati, Anagh Gupta, P. Arvind, and Riya Biswas. "An Improved Approach to Design A Photovoltaic Panel." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i3.pp515-520.

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In this paper, modeling and simulation of the solar photo-voltaic (PV) power generator is observed using Matlab-Simulink environment. The study the fore-mentioned photovoltaic systems in an efficient manner the knowledge of I-V and P-V characteristics is a prerequisite. Effect of environmental parameters of temperature and irradiance variations could also be observed from simulated characteristics.

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10

Ohniwa, Katsumi, and Yukio Iwabucki. "A simplified maximum power tracking method for photo-voltaic panel arrays." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 108, no. 2 (1988): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.108.143.

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11

Suskin, V. V., and V. T. Fam. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE DESIGN OF PHOTO-ELECTRIC PANEL WITH COOLING." Vestnik of Ryazan State Radio Engineering University 61 (2017): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21667/1995-4565-2017-61-3-119-123.

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12

El-Salamony, Mostafa, and Mohamed A. Aziz. "Solar Panel Effect on Low-Speed Airfoil Aerodynamic Performance." Unmanned Systems 09, no. 04 (March 4, 2021): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2301385021500175.

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Recently, a great interest in search of alternate means of power for the traditional fuel for aircraft propulsion is raised so as to decrease gas emissions and reduce operating costs. For the small and micro unmanned aerial vehicles or small transportation aircraft, there are many challenges in the direction of constructing an electric or solar powered airplane whose wings may possibly be sheltered with photo voltaic PV solar panels to harvest sun’s energy for propulsion. Greatest remarkably success solar powered aircraft has attracted the attention of researchers other than UAV and small aircraft supporters. Although the solar panel is thin, its thickness is considerable compared to the airfoil thickness. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of adding the solar panel over a low camber airfoil suitable for low-Reynolds number flights, as mini UAVs. Three panel installation configurations are examined to stand on the most suitable configuration, in terms of aerodynamic efficiency. The analysis is based on the airfoil characteristics (lift, drag, and moment) and the pressure distribution over the airfoil surface. A parametric study is conducted to study the effect of the solar panel size, thickness, and position on the aerodynamic performance.

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13

Tristantini, Dewi, Slamet, and Angela Jessica Stephanie. "Study of mosquito attractants for photo catalytic mosquito trap." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 1 (December 19, 2013): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i1.1478.

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Photo catalytic mosquito trap is made of TiO2-Activated Carbon (AC) with a certain composition of AC. Research concerns on the heat spectrum which is produced by combination process of existing CO2 and humid air. The purpose of performance testing is to observe capability of this device in trapping mosquitoes related to the air temperature profile for heat spectrum is play important role for attracting mosquitoes. Result shows photo catalytic mosquito trap is more effective than devices which only consist of UV light or stream of CO2 and the humid air. A number of mosquitoes trapped by the photo catalyst coated panel configuration and UV lamps were lit proved far more effective because the heat production from recombination process. A little difference in temperature can be detected by mosquito. Keywords: Photo Catalytic, Mosquito, Recombination.

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14

Wang, Dapeng, Mamoru Furuta, Shigekazu Tomai, and Koki Yano. "Impact of Photo-Excitation on Leakage Current and Negative Bias Instability in InSnZnO Thickness-Varied Thin-Film Transistors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091782.

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InSnZnO thin-film transistors (ITZO TFTs), having high carrier mobility, guarantee the benefits of potential applications in the next generation of super-high-definition flat-panel displays. However, the impact of photo-excitation on the leakage current and negative bias stress (NBIS) of ITZO TFTs must be further explored. In this study, the ITZO thickness (TITZO) is designed to tailor the initial performance of devices, especially for the 100 nm TITZO TFT, producing excellent electrical properties of 44.26 cm2V−1s−1 mobility, 92 mV/dec. subthreshold swing (SS), 0.04 V hysteresis, and 3.93 × 1010 ON/OFF ratio, which are superior to those of the reported ITZO TFTs. In addition, incident light coupled with tunable photon energy is introduced to monitor the leakage current of various TITZO devices. The OFF-current results demonstrate that under the identical photon energy, many more electrons are photo-excited for the thicker TITZO TFTs. NBIS-induced Vth shift and SS deterioration in all TFTs are traced and analyzed in real time. As the TITZO thickens to near Debye length, the degree of degradation is exacerbated. When the thickness further increases, the notorious instability caused by NBIS is effectively suppressed. This study provides an important research basis for the application of ITZO-based TFTs in future displays.

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15

Salilih, Elias M., and Yilma T. Birhane. "Modeling and Analysis of Photo-Voltaic Solar Panel under Constant Electric Load." Journal of Renewable Energy 2019 (August 1, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9639480.

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This paper presents modelling electrical performance of a typical PV panel/module (which is Kyocera 200GT) for constant electric loads (which are 2Ω, 4Ω, 6Ω, and 8Ω) under weather condition of a tropical region. The specific case of the city Jigjiga (9.35°N,42.8°E), located in the Eastern region of Ethiopia is considered. Electrical characteristics of the PV module are determined on the basis of detailed numerical algorithm, which was designed based on tested numerical technique from reviewed articles. The overall evaluation of the hourly variation in the electrical performance of the PV module is done by means of graphical technique, which determines the operating point of the PV module on voltage vs. current plane for each load, and the performance of the PV panel is compared for each load. The 4Ω electric load resulted in highest daily energy output of the PV panel on a daily basis for 11 days of the month of January (out of 12 considered days), but in the last day it resulted in a poorer performance with respect to the other two electrical loads (i.e., 6Ω and 8Ω electric loads).

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Hwang, Young-Seok, Stephan Schlüter, Seong-Il Park, and Jung-Sup Um. "Comparative Evaluation of Mapping Accuracy between UAV Video versus Photo Mosaic for the Scattered Urban Photovoltaic Panel." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 2745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142745.

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It is common practice for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight planning to target an entire area surrounding a single rooftop’s photovoltaic panels while investigating solar-powered roofs that account for only 1% of the urban roof area. It is very hard for the pre-flight route setting of the autopilot for a specific area (not for a single rooftop) to capture still images with high overlapping rates of a single rooftop’s photovoltaic panels. This causes serious unnecessary data redundancy by including the surrounding area because the UAV is unable to focus on the photovoltaic panel installed on the single rooftop. The aim of this research was to examine the suitability of a UAV video stream for building 3-D ortho-mosaics focused on a single rooftop and containing the azimuth, aspect, and tilts of photovoltaic panels. The 3-D position accuracy of the video stream-based ortho-mosaic has been shown to be similar to that of the autopilot-based ortho-photo by satisfying the mapping accuracy of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS): 3-D coordinates (0.028 m) in 1:217 mapping scale. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference in employing video stream-based ortho-mosaics for widely scattered single rooftop solar panels in urban settings.

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17

Kim, Jae Seon, and Chung Kun Song. "Textile Display with AMOLED Using a Stacked-Pixel Structure on a Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabric Substrate." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 22, 2019): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12122000.

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An active-mode organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) display on a fabric substrate is expected to be a prominent textile display for e-textile applications. However, the large surface roughness of the fabric substrate limits the aperture ratio—the area ratio of the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) to the total pixel area. In this study, the aperture ratio of the AMOLED panel fabricated on the polyethylene terephthalate fabric substrate was enhanced by applying a stacked-pixel structure, in which the OLED was deposited above the organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) pixel circuit layer. The stacked pixels were achieved using the following three key technologies. First, the planarization process of the fabric substrate was performed by sequentially depositing a polyurethane and photo-acryl layer, improving the surface roughness from 10 μm to 0.3 μm. Second, a protection layer consisting of three polymer layers, a water-soluble poly-vinyl alcohol, dichromated-polyvinylalcohol (PVA), and photo acryl, formed by a spin-coating processes was inserted between the OTFT circuit and the OLED layer. Third, a high mobility of 0.98 cm2/V∙s was achieved at the panel scale by using hybrid carbon nano-tube (CNT)/Au (5 nm) electrodes for the S/D contacts and the photo-acryl (PA) for the gate dielectric, enabling the supply of a sufficiently large current (40 μA @ VGS = −10 V) to the OLED. The aperture ratio of the AMOLED panel using the stacked-pixel structure was improved to 48%, which was about two times larger than the 19% of the side-by-side pixel, placing the OLED just beside the OTFTs on the same plane.

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18

La, Kristie. "“Enlightenment, Advertising, Education, Etc.”: Herbert Bayer the Museum of Modern Art's Road to Victory." October 150 (October 2014): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00201.

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“In the beginning was virgin land and America was promises.”2 So began the text panel located in the opening panorama of the photo exhibition Road to Victory: A Procession of Photographs of the Nation at War that the Museum of Modern Art organized in 1942 and circulated between 1943 and 1945. Years before Edward Steichen became curator of photography at MoMA and organized the global blockbuster exhibition The Family of Man, he combed government, press, and corporate archives to select the photographs for Road to Victory, his first curatorial project at the museum. Encircling the opening text were large photographic panels of picturesque landscapes, stern Native Americans, and a few buffalo. The largest panel—of pristine mountain valleys—was sixteen by twelve feet, making the viewer about the same height as the three portraits of Native Americans. Exhibition designer Herbert Bayer, recent Austrian émigré and former Bauhaus master, removed the walls from the second floor of the museum, using the large-scale photographs to structure the exhibition architecturally. Arranged in a semicircle, these opening panels welcomed the viewer and urged him to follow the curve into the exhibition.

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19

Shirbhate, Isha M., and Sunita S. Barve. "Solar panel monitoring and energy prediction for smart solar system." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v8.i2.pp136-142.

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Solar Energy is established as an alternative source of energy known as renewable energy. In a developing country like India, the perspective of Solar Energy is important, as it supports a limitless source of energy. Monitoring and prediction of photo-voltaic energy generation help to reduce the energy loss and empower to utilize more energy. Solar energy prediction is challenging as it depends on the fluctuating solar radiations and climate conditions. The problem statement is to monitor solar panels and predict energy generation for energy management procedure. In this paper, the Internet of Things and Machine Learning algorithms are used as a powerful tool for developing a smart solar system. The metro-logical data such as humidity, temperature and photovoltaic panel data is used as input to forecast solar power generation. For prediction, we examine time-series of solar energy data with Hidden Markov Model. This model considers the probabilistic correlation between previous values to next value in time-series. Experimental results shows that individual panel dead state is located successfully and time-series based solar energy prediction emulate the actual power generation.

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Ahn, Dong-Gyu, Yeong-Su Ahn, and Sang-Hwa Jeong. "A Study on the Development of a Thin Flat Panel Photo-bioreactor Case." Journal of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering 29, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 946–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2012.29.9.946.

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Jiang, Cho-Pei, Jeng-Ywan Jeng, You-Min Huang, and Ming-Jong Tsai. "Development of Masked Photo-polymerization Rapid Prototyping System using Liquid Crystal Display Panel." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers 22, no. 1 (January 2005): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10170660509509279.

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22

Pandian, Anbu, Kamal Bansal, D. John Thiruvadigal, and S. Sakthivel. "Fire Hazards and Overheating Caused by Shading Faults on Photo Voltaic Solar Panel." Fire Technology 52, no. 2 (July 3, 2015): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-015-0509-7.

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23

Ibn-Elhaj, Mohammed, Sabrina Chappellet, and Frédéric Lincker. "Rolic^® LCMO Photo Alignment Technology: Mechanism and Application to Large LCD Panels." Solid State Phenomena 181-182 (November 2011): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.181-182.3.

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Rolic® Light Controlled Molecular Orientation (LCMO) technology is the basis for todays advanced mass production technologies for large LCD-TV panel, high-resolution 3D patterned-retarders and high-resolution optical security devices. This fundamental technology allows an easy achievement of high resolution azimuthal LC-director patterns with defined bias angles, from homogeneous planar to homeotropic orientation, depending on the target application [1-7]. In addition to the control of bias angles, LCD panel manufacturers require alignment layers with a wide range of optimized properties. Thin alignment films must be easily coatable and should have high photosensitivity in order to achieve fast processing. The photoalignment film should also have high stability and good electrical properties such as Voltage Holding Ratio (VHR), Residual DC (RDC) and image sticking. Because of in-situ photo crosslinking during processing [1, 2], our proprietary LCMO photoalignment technology is shown to be thermally and optically stable. Last years, enormous progress has been made in the development of advanced materials that meet all requirements for mass production of large-area flat panel displays. LCMO-VA technology, for vertical alignment LCDs, is the basis for the state of the art UV2A production technology recently used in the manufacturing of advanced new generation LCD-TV panel displays with reduced production costs and low energy consumption [8, 9]. LCMO-VA mechanism and performances of state of the art materials will be discussed.

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Ku, DongHun. "Defect Inspection in Display Panel Using Concentrated Auto Encoder." International Journal of Optics 2019 (October 10, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8039267.

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In this paper, concentrated auto encoder (CAE) is proposed for aligning photo spacer (PS) and for local inspection of PS. The CAE method has two characteristics. First, unaligned images can be moved to the same alignment position, which makes it possible to move the measured PS images to the same position in order to directly compare the images. Second, the characteristics of the abnormal PS are maintained even if the PS is aligned by the CAE method. The abnormal PS obtained through CAE has the same alignment as the reference PS and has its abnormal characteristics. The presence or absence of defects and the location of defects were identified without precisely measuring the height of the PS and critical dimension (CD). Also, alignment and defect inspection were performed simultaneously, which shortened the inspection time. Finally, inspection performance parameters and inspection time were analyzed to confirm the validity of the CAE method and were compared with the image similarity comparison methods used for defect inspection.

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Dong, P., J. K. Hong, J. Zhang, P. Rogers, J. Bynum, and S. Shah. "Effects of Repair Weld Residual Stresses on Wide-Panel Specimens Loaded in Tension." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842229.

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As a part of the welding fabrication procedure development for the next generation space shuttle external tank, aluminum-lithium wide-panel specimens were used to assess the interactions between repair weld residual stresses and external loading conditions. The detailed residual stress development in the wide panel specimens with a repair weld was analyzed using an advanced finite element procedure. External tension loading effects were then incorporated in the residual stress model to study the interactions between the residual stress field and external tensile loading. Wide-panel tensile tests were also performed to extract photo strain and strain-gage results. A good agreement between the finite element and experimental results was obtained. The results demonstrate that the presence of high tensile residual stresses within a repair weld has a drastic impact on the stress/strain distribution in the wide panel specimens subjected to external loading. Its implications on structural integrity are discussed in light of the wide-panel results. The effects of post-welding mechanical treatment such as planishing were also examined.

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Gurras, Arsenios, Leonidas Gergidis, Christos Mytafides, Lazaros Tzounis, and Alkiviadis S. Paipetis. "Automated detection-classification of defects on photo-voltaic modules assisted by thermal drone inspection." MATEC Web of Conferences 349 (2021): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134903015.

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A new computational procedure is proposed for the automated detection-classification of defects on photovoltaic (PV) modules-panels. Thermal imaging or IR thermography is an important and powerful non-destructive technique for the investigation of structural or operational defects on PV modules and when it is combined with drones can provide a fully automated inspection, detection and defect classification procedure. The aforementioned image processing approach adopts pre- and post-processing tools and methodologies assisting the infrared (IR) thermography for the evaluation of a photovoltaic (PV) module performance. In particular, the passive approach of IR thermography was adopted, a portable thermal imager was used for the in-situ acquisition of images that show the distribution of infrared luminance of the PV panel surface. The acquired images are processed and analyzed for the detection and classification of defects and hot spots on the module’s surface that are potential candidates for faulty operation. The proposed computational methodology adopts gaussian filters for the IR images, thresholding operations, morphological transformations and Artificial Neural Networks. The use of IR thermography assisted by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for the inspection of PV modules-panels proved to be a very reliable and efficient tool towards the automated detection-classification of defects.

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Choi, Hee-Jeong, and Seung-Mok Lee. "Effect of Photo Bioreactor with Optical Panel on the Growth Rate of Chlorella vulgaris." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 34, no. 7 (July 30, 2012): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2012.34.7.467.

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28

Salilih, Elias M., Fiker A. Haile, and Yilma T. Birhane. "Corrigendum to “Modeling and Analysis of Photo-Voltaic Solar Panel under Constant Electric Load”." Journal of Renewable Energy 2020 (September 12, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4697453.

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Hichri, Habib, Shohei Fujishima, Seongkuk Lee, Markus Arendt, and Shigeo Nakamura. "Fine Line Routing and Micro via Patterning in ABF Enabled by Excimer Laser Ablation." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 000113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-tp44_011.

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Abstract Fan-Out technologies continue to be the main driver for advanced packaging, be it on wafer level (FOWLP) or panel level (FOPLP). There is a continuing need for higher density routing and heterogeneous integration of different devices, but also for continuous cost reduction. While traditional organic flip-chip substrates using semi-additive processes (SAP) have not been able to scale to ultra-fine RDL pitches and via opening below 10um, photo-sensitive spin-on dielectrics and RDL processes used for wafer level packaging do not sufficiently address the cost reduction need, and also face serious technical challenges. This paper presents the latest results from an innovative package RDL and micro via processes using excimer laser ablation in an especially developed non-photo sensitive material, to meet the market's most stringent requirements. To enable panel and wafer based interposers to reduce RDL cost and scale interconnect pitch to 40um and below, excimer laser ablation is introduced as a direct patterning process that uses proven industrialized excimer laser sources to emit high-energy pulses at short wavelengths to remove polymer materials with high precision and high throughput. The combination of a high-power excimer laser source, large-field laser mask and precision projection optics enables the accurate replication and placement of fine resolution circuit patterns without the need for any wet-processing. With excimer laser patterning technology the industry gains a much wider choice of dielectric materials (photo and non-photo) to help achieve further reductions in manufacturing costs as well as enhancements in interposer and package performance. In this paper, we propose a novel patterning process that uses excimer laser ablation to integrate via and RDL traces in one patterning step, followed by seed layer deposition, plating and planarization. The capability of this excimer laser patterning process in non-photo materials Ajinomoto Build-up Film, which is abbreviated to “ABF” in this paper, will be discussed, and its technical robustness and commercial advantages are demonstrated. We will present electrical and reliability data of Via and RDL traces patterned by excimer laser in ABF material.

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30

Pushpa, K. R., and R. S. Geetha. "Mathematical model and analysis of PV Converter - Inverter System." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1187, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1187/1/012019.

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Abstract Photo Voltaic (PV) system is commonly preferred renewable energy source for most of the residential, commercial as well as for utility applications. Photo Voltaic systems are extensively used for standalone and grid tied applications. To utilize the PV generated power to the best possible extent, control and conversion of power in PV systems plays an important role. In this paper, mathematical model of the complete PV system that comprises of solar panel, DC-DC Boost converter and a H bridge inverter is developed. The developed model is validated for constant load condition at varying irradiation levels and at fixed duty cycle. The performance analysis of the PV system in terms of efficiency is carried out for 200W resistive load.

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31

Kadeval, Hina N., and V. K. Patel. "Mathematical modelling for solar cell, panel and array for photovoltaic system." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2529.

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Renewable energy is considered as next alternative to fossil fuels and nowadays, it attracts much attention in agriculture and environmental protection. Application of solar photovoltaic system is drying and dehydration of products, heating, irrigation, greenhouse and power generation etc. Temperature and sun radiation varies nonlinearly. Power generation varies with reference to radiation and temperature in photo-voltaic (PV) system. PV characteristic is nonlinear and PV cell is the basic unit for electricity generation. To get the characteristic response of PV, it aimed to develop a solar cell/panel model and array on a platform like MATLAB. In this research paper, step by step procedure has been defined for modelling solar cell, panel, and array models of the photovoltaic system. Kyocera solar KC-200GT 200W solar panel is used as a reference model for further modelling. The PV array characteristic are simulated for different irradiance(200W/m2,400 W/m2 ,600 W/m2 ,800W/m2 ,1000W/m2)and temperature variation(25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 55°C, 75°C). The output characteristic of the reference model matches with simulated results. The output reduced when the solar irradiation reduced from 1000 to 200 W/m2. As the temperature increased, the output voltage decreases, whereas the output current increases slightly. This model would be useful for investigating the effect of different parameters like series resistance, shunt resistance, thermal voltage, solar cell temperature coefficient of short circuit current etc. It would also be useful for investigating the working parameters like temperature & radiation condition and different series and parallel combinations of panels. This modelling is useful in investigating the performance of solar arrays in different applications of solar power generation, as well as modelling provides a major role in the mounting of PV panels.

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32

Sundaram, Venky, Fuhan Liu, Chandra Nair, Rao Tummala, Atsushi Kubo, Tomoyuki Ando, Keith Best, and Corey Shay. "Demonstration of Embedded Cu Trench RDL using Panel Scale Lithography and Photosensitive Dry Film Polymer Dielectrics." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 000689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-thp13_159.

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Abstract This paper presents the first demonstration of fine pitch embedded trench RDL on glass substrates using a new family of ultra-high resolution dry film photo-sensitive polymer dielectrics and a new large area panel scale lithography tool. The specific research targets are to demonstrate multilayer RDL scaling to 1um lines and vias at >200 I/Os per mm of die edge for 2.5D interposers and high density fan-out packages.

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33

Kim, Seol Hee, Soonshin Hwang, Yeon-Ju Hong, Jae-Jin Kim, Kyung-Ho Kim, and Chooryung J. Chung. "Visual attention during the evaluation of facial attractiveness is influenced by facial angles and smile." Angle Orthodontist 88, no. 3 (January 29, 2018): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/080717-528.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the changes in visual attention influenced by facial angles and smile during the evaluation of facial attractiveness. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three young adults were asked to rate the overall facial attractiveness (task 1 and 3) or to select the most attractive face (task 2) by looking at multiple panel stimuli consisting of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° rotated facial photos with or without a smile for three model face photos and a self-photo (self-face). Eye gaze and fixation time (FT) were monitored by the eye-tracking device during the performance. Participants were asked to fill out a subjective questionnaire asking, “Which face was primarily looked at when evaluating facial attractiveness?” Results: When rating the overall facial attractiveness (task 1) for model faces, FT was highest for the 0° face and lowest for the 90° face regardless of the smile (P < .01). However, when the most attractive face was to be selected (task 2), the FT of the 0° face decreased, while it significantly increased for the 45° face (P < .001). When facial attractiveness was evaluated with the simplified panels combined with facial angles and smile (task 3), the FT of the 0° smiling face was the highest (P < .01). While most participants reported that they looked mainly at the 0° smiling face when rating facial attractiveness, visual attention was broadly distributed within facial angles. Conclusions: Laterally rotated faces and presence of a smile highly influence visual attention during the evaluation of facial esthetics.

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Agarwal, Ashish, Hasan Irtaza, and Azhar Zameel. "Numerical study of lift and drag coefficients on a ground-mounted photo-voltaic solar panel." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 9 (2017): 9822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.274.

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35

Rada-Ariza, A. M., C. M. Lopez-Vazquez, N. P. van der Steen, and P. N. L. Lens. "Nitrification by microalgal-bacterial consortia for ammonium removal in flat panel sequencing batch photo-bioreactors." Bioresource Technology 245 (December 2017): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.019.

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36

Kim, Young Jeon, Yong Taek Hwang, Kook Ji Kim, Jae Ho Eo, Sunglak Choi, Sung-Chan Jo, and Weon Sik Oh. "Photo-Induced Structural Change of and Interaction Between Organic Materials in Liquid Crystal Display Panel." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 508, no. 1 (September 11, 2009): 249/[611]—260/[622]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400903064997.

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37

Chilambarasan, M., M. Ramesh Babu, and T. Jones Basil. "Comparison of DC-DC Converters for Photo-Voltaic Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.864.

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Electricity demand is a major concern in the world today. To meet this demand, a number of natural sources are used for electricity production. The produced electrical energy from these natural sources will be given to consumers after going through a lot of conversion stages. So losses mostly occur in these conversion stages. In this paper the four existing converters CUK, SEPIC, Self-lift CUK and Self-lift SEPIC performances are separately compared and analyzed with each other. The voltage-lift (VL) technique is a popular method that is widely applied in electronic circuit design. This technique overcomes the effects of parasitic elements and increases the output voltage effectively along with high power efficiency and high power density with a simple structure. The operating principles of these converters are discussed and Simulation results are provided to verify and compare the feasibility of each systemwith solar photo-voltaic panel incorporated maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

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38

Sudarisman, Budi Nur Rahman Muhammad, and Andi Bagus Prabowo. "Impact Behavior of Apus Bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) Fiber/Epoxy Green Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 758 (April 2015): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.758.83.

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The objective of this work is to investigate the impact behavior of bamboo fiber/epoxy composites. The test was carried out in accordance with the ASTM D5941 Izod impact test standard. Whilst the fiber was obtained from local bamboo the matrix being used is Eposchon general purpose Bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin epoxy resin mixed with Eposchon general purpose Polyaminoamide epoxy hardener. The specimens were cut from nine bamboo fiber/epoxy composite panels. Each panel contains either random or unidirectional fiber orientation of four different volume fraction,i.e. 10, 20, 30 and 40%, of fiber, along with a pure epoxy, without fiber, panel board as reference. According to the adopted standard, the specimens are of prismatic bars of 85 [mm] long × 10 [mm] wide × 5 [mm] thick. Photo macrographs of selected samples were analyzed to describe their failure modes. It was revealed that both the impact strength and energy absorption capacity of the samples increase with the increase of fiber content up to 40%, for both unidirectional and randomly oriented fiber arrangement. In addition, unidirectional fiber composite samples show higher values in both impact strength and energy absorption capacity (0.162 [J.mm-2] and 8.5 [J], respectively) in comparison with those of randomly oriented fiber composite samples (0.144 [J.mm-2] and 7.6 [J], respectively).

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39

R, Selvakumar, M. Sujatha, and S. Palanikumar. "ROAC: Recursive optimization of Ant colony assisted perturb and observe for a photo voltaic resonant boost converter." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.3 (December 31, 2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.3.10661.

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This paper introduces a new Hybrid MPPT algorithm by combining new Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Perturb & Observe (P&O) method. The maximum power from a solar panel is extracted from all conditions like solar irradiance variation, temperature variation and partial shading conditions. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method tracks maximum power from panel under all variations and Perturb & Observe algorithm used in final stage to achieve faster MPP tracking. This proposed algorithm is implemented both in Simulink and hardware. A 5kWp grid connected solar photovoltaic power plant is designed and implemented for the 15 stage 31 level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter (CMLI) with the Selective harmonic elimination algorithm. From the analysis of results, it is found that the proposed hybrid MPPT provides higher MPP tracking performance in any weather conditions compared with other MPPT algorithms

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40

Irshad, Kashif, Khairul Habib, Nagarajan Thirumalaiswamy, and Anas Elrayah Ahmed Elmahdi. "Performance Analysis of Photo Voltaic Trombe Wall for Tropical Climate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.211.

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The present study examines the performance of a single zone building integrated with PV Trombe wall (PV-TW) in term of thermal load reduction and electrical energy production by varying PV Glazing types (i.e. Single Glazing, Double glazing, Double glazing filled with gas (Argon)). TRNSYS software is used for simulation in which inputs like climatic conditions, building construction details, thermal properties of materials, detail of PV-TW and orientation of building is inserted. By comparing the results of all three types of glazing it is found that PV Double glazing filled with argon shows significant reduction in mean air duct temperature, hence reduces the PV cell temperature and increases power production of PV panel. Also solar radiation captured by massive wall of PV-TW is reduced by using PV Double glazing filled with argon as compared to other types of glazing, which further reduces thermal load inside the building.

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Zainuddin, K., Z. Majid, M. F. M. Ariff, K. M. Idris, and N. Darwin. "3D MODELLING METHOD OF HIGH ABOVE GROUND ROCK ART PAINTING USING MULTISPECTRAL CAMERA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (February 25, 2022): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-537-2022.

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Abstract. This paper presents a developed methodology of 3D modelling of rock art painting located at high above shelter floor based on close-range photogrammetric technique. Instead of using elevated devices to reach inaccessible paintings due to high elevation, the developed method proposed a simple technique. The camera was mounted on an expandable pole to acquire the panel with normal and tilted camera settings. Due to inaccessibility to place the control point marker on the panel surface, the distribution of photo control was positioned below the panel. Based on the configuration, the image of the panel was acquired using the low-spatial resolution multispectral camera in a two elevated strips position that imitates the aerial photogrammetry flight line. The camera was set parallely to the painting panel on both strips, with additional tilted geometry included at the upper strip of the camera block. The acquired multispectral images were then processed using commercial SfM photogrammetry software to generate a 3D point cloud. The accuracy of constructed point cloud was then analysed by comparing it with the point cloud generated using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The result has shown that the multispectral 3D point cloud has a small deviation against the TLS point cloud. The mean deviation was -0.43mm, indicating a slight downscaled on the multispectral point cloud.

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42

Hichri, Habib, Seongkuk Lee, Markus Arendt, Sanjay Malik, Ognian Dimov, Raj Sakamuri, and Venky Sundaran. "Embedded RDL formation in Non-Photo Polymers using Excimer Laser Ablation." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 000025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-tp16.

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Abstract The continuous trend towards miniaturization, increasing performance and mobility of electronic devices drives interconnect density and integration, not only at the chip level, but also at interposer and package level. Silicon interposers coming from wafer foundries using back end of line (BEOL) redistribution layer (RDL) processes have been introduced successfully. However, there is a continuing need for low cost interposers based on large organic or glass panels. While traditional organic flip-chip substrates using semi-additive processes (SAP) have not been able to scale to ultra-fine RDL pitches, photo-sensitive spin-on dielectrics and RDL processes used for wafer level packaging do not sufficiently address the cost reduction need, This paper presents the latest results from cost effective and innovative package RDL processes using excimer laser ablation, to meet the market's most stringent requirements. To enable panel and wafer based interposers to reduce RDL cost and scale interconnect pitch to 40um and below, excimer laser ablation is introduced as a direct patterning process that uses proven industrialized excimer laser sources to emit high-energy pulses at short wavelengths to remove polymer materials with high precision and high throughput. The combination of a high-power excimer laser source, large-field laser mask and precision projection optics enables the accurate replication and placement of fine resolution circuit patterns without the need for any wet-processing. In addition, with excimer laser patterning technology the industry gains a much wider choice of dielectric materials (photo and non-photo) to help achieve further reductions in manufacturing costs as well as enhancements in interposer and package performance. In this paper, we propose new process that uses excimer laser ablation to integrate via and RDL traces in one patterning process step, followed by seed layer deposition, plating and planarization steps. A new integration process flow is proposed, and its technical robustness and commercial advantages have been demonstrated. The capability of this excimer laser process to extend the current material portfolio to non-photo materials will be discussed, and its commercial benefits as compared to the current process of record (POR) will be highlighted.

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43

Lee, Won-Kyu, Jae Hwan Oh, Dong Beom Lee, Yongsung Park, Yong Soo Lee, Young Jin Chang, Seong Hyun Jin, et al. "P-12: Novel Positive-Intrinsic-Oxide Semiconductor (P-I-OS) Photo Sensor for Flat Panel Displays." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 42, no. 1 (June 2011): 1140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.3621024.

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44

Song, Yan-Jun, Chung-Ching Hsieh, Yong-Chao Zhao, Ren-Tang Zhao, Xiang Li, Chung-Yi Chiu, Chia-Yu Lee, Chang-Cheng Lo, and Alan Lien. "P-116: The Investigation of In-Plane Liquid Crystal Photo-Alignment Technology for Large Size Panel." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 46, no. 1 (June 2015): 1605–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.10008.

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45

Vygranenko, Y., A. Sazonov, M. Fernandes, M. Vieira, and A. Nathan. "Thin-Film Phototransistor with nc-Si:H/a-Si:H Bilayer Channel." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1180.

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ABSTRACTThere is significant interest in optical sensors whose fabrication process is fully compatible with existing flat panel display thin film transistor (TFT) technology. Here, we report a field-effect phototransistor with a channel comprising a thin nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) transport layer and a thicker hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) absorption layer. The implementation of nc-Si:H layer improves device stability in comparison with a-Si:H phototransistors, resulting in reduced threshold voltage shift. Semiconductor and dielectric layers were deposited by radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 280°C. The device characterization included the dark and light transfer characteristics, spectral-response and dynamic measurements. The external quantum efficiency was measured as a function of incident photon flux at different biasing conditions. The phototransistor with channel length of 24 microns and photosensitive area of 1.4 mm2shows an off-current of about 1 pA, and photo-conductive gain up to 200 at low incident intensities. Thus, the results demonstrate the feasibility of the phototransistor for low light level detection.

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46

Miki-Yoshida, M., F. Paraguay D, and W. Antunez. "Microstructural Characterization of Thin Films TiO2 Deposited Inside a Tubing by Spray Pyrolysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 412–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600028130.

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The traditional application of titanium dioxide was as a white pigment; later, it was discovered their photocatalytic properties as an anode for the photo-oxidation of water. Furthermore, titanium dioxide films are now widely used in catalysis and photocatalysis because of low cost and other advantageous properties. For example, they have been used for decomposition of organic contaminants in air and water. Moreover, recent studies have reported bactericidal and detoxification effects of TiO2 thin films . It has been shown that TiO2- coated materials possess deodorizing, antibacterial, and self-cleaning functions under weak ultraviolet light. Titanium dioxide films can be prepared by many deposition techniques. One of them is the spray pyrolysis (SP) technique which is a low cost, simple to manipulate, and applicable to large-scale areas (final). Photocatalytic TiO2-covered tubing can be used to decompose organic contaminants and/or to sterilize microbial cells in air or water flows , using solar panel reactors or indoor panels irradiated with UV radiation.

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47

Imron, Chairul, Imam Abadi, Ilham Amirul Akbar, Jauharotul Maknunah, Yusilawati Ahmad Nor, and Aep Saepul Uyun. "Performance Comparison of the Single Axis and Two-Axis Solar System using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Controls." E3S Web of Conferences 190 (2020): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019000005.

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Solar energy is one of the renewable energy that gets more attention from many countries. Solar photo voltaic (PV) takes the right position to get the maximum energy yield. The study was conducted by comparison of performance with two methods of tracking the sun with one axis and two axes by using ANFIS control (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System). The solar tracking system is a system that operates on the sun by using a light sensor and controls the photovoltaic to always perpendicular to the sun by changing the pitch and yaw axis of the sun tracing properties. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is one of the light sensors whose resistance changes depending on the intensity of incoming light. Direct current (DC )motor is used as a PV drive panel in a solar tracking system. A two-axis solar tracking system has a greater power output than a tracking system with a single photovoltaic panel that does not use a tracking system (fixed).

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48

Abbas, Ahmed Khudhair, Kaleid Waleed Abed, Osama Ibrahim Abd, Yousif Al Mashhadany, and Abdulrahman Hammad Jasim. "High performance of solar panel based on new cooling and cleaning technique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i2.pp803-814.

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There is a requirement for an elective wellspring of inexhaustible and earth feasible electrical vitality because of expanded power use and an unnatural weather change issues the world over. With the accumulation of dust and the surface temperature of cells or sun-based boards increase, their productivity drops significantly. Cooling and cleaning by using water can be utilized. Proteus and MikroC software have been used to simulate the model and write the code. In this paper, is design and an experimental study shrewd customized cleaning and cooling system for photo-voltaic (PV) modules installed in Ramadi, Iraq. Which is started dependent on low essentialness coming about due to dust accumulating and high temperature conditions. This was attempted by presenting two indistinct photovoltaic modules close to one another. The fundamental unit was equipped with a model of the cleaning structure while the resulting unit was seen as standard. An upgraded cleaning and cooling methodology are gotten with the data acquiring structure. An expansion in vitality profitability of 12.4% was acquired because of lessening the operational aggravations of residue amassing and warming of the board surface. The automatic cleaning mechanism used in the system reduces human stress by washing the PV panel with low energy use.

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49

Rajasekhar, Mandalapu, and A. Suyampulingam. "Advanced Closed Loop Control of PMDC Motor Drive using Boost Converter Fed from a Photo Voltaic Panel." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 10, no. 18 (May 1, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i18/105294.

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50

Chien, Chun-Hsien, Chien-Chou Chen, Wen-Liang Yeh, Wei-Ti Lin, Cheng-Hui Wu, Fu-Yang Chen, Yi-Cheng Lin, et al. "Study Photo Imagable dielectric (PID) and non-PID on process, fabrication and reliability by using panel glass substrate for next generation interconnection." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2019, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 000216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000216.

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Abstract In 1965, Gordon E. Moore, the co-founder of Intel stated that numbers of transistors on a chip will double every 18 months and his theory called the Moore's Law. The law had been the guiding principle of chip design over 50 years. The technology dimension is scaling very aggressively in IC foundry. For example, TSMC announced their 5nm Fin Field-Effect Transistor (FinFET) process technology is optimized for both mobile and high performance computing applications. It is scheduled to start risk production in the second half of 2019.[1] To overview the semiconductor supply chain included IC foundry, wafer bumping, IC carrier, PCB (Printed circuit board) and OSAT (oversea assembly and testing)… etc., the IC carrier and PCB technology dimension scaling are far behind than the IC foundry since many reasons for the traditional industry. The industry needs different kinds of breakthrough approaches for the scaling of via and strip line in next generation interconnection. Traditional organic substrates faces many challenges of warpage, surface roughness and material dimension stability issues for manufacturing and high density I/Os with very fine line interconnections. To breakthrough these challenges, the materials of glass carrier, new photo-imagable dielectric (PID) and advanced equipment were evaluated for the fine line and fine via interconnection. In the papers, there are many PID and non-PID materials were surveyed and compared for fine via (< 10μm) interconnection or low loss of high frequency application. The first candidate was chosen for redistribution layers (RDL) fabrication by using 370mm × 470mm glass panels. Semi additive process (SAP) was used for direct metallization on glass panel with different build-up dielectric materials to form daisy chain test vehicles. The process, fabrication integration and electrical measurement results of daisy chain showed good continuity and electric resistance in the glass panel substrate. The reliability of the thermal cycling test (TCT) and highly accelerated stress test (HAST) were evaluated as well in this study.

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