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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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1

Krupa-Żuczek, Kinga, Zygmunt Kowalski, and Zbigniew Wzorek. "Manufacturing of phosphoric acid from hydroxyapatite, contained in the ashes of the incinerated meat-bone wastes." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 10, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-008-0030-6.

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Manufacturing of phosphoric acid from hydroxyapatite, contained in the ashes of the incinerated meat-bone wastes The results of the investigations concerning phosphoric acid manufacturing, by the extraction method, from the ashes containing hydroxyapatite, obtained through the thermal treatment of bone sludge have been presented. The incinerated bone sludge with ~ 16% P content and the minimal amount of impurities can be an alternative source for phosphoric acid production. The process consists in two stages. In the 1st stage, reaction of hydroxyapatite with phosphoric acid resulting in monocalcium phosphate formation in the solution obtained is carried out. The tests revealed that overall hydroxyapatite dissolution in phosphoric acid takes place when the concentration is 37% H3PO4. In the 2nd stage monocalcium phosphate is converted into calcium sulphate using concentrated sulphuric acid at the recommended temperature of 95°C. The principles of the technological idea of the process of phosphoric acid manufacturing from HA-containing ashes, obtained by bone wastes incineration, as well as a preliminary economic analysis for the production of 10 000 t/year of food-grade phosphoric acid have been developed.
2

Chaabouni, Ahmed, Chaker Chtara, Ange Nzihou, and Hafed EL Feki. "Study the Nature and the Effects of the Impurities of Phosphate Rock in the Plants of Production of Phosphoric Acid." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 1296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v7i2.5560.

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Phosphate rocks from different deposits vary widely in composition, and these variations have important effects in phosphoric acid production. All phosphate rocks contain many impurities. Knowledge of the nature and contents of the various elements in the phosphate is required in the manufacturing process of phosphoric acid. All these chemical characteristics can help the operator to foresee its objectives under the operating conditions and the cost of production in the manufacturing process of phosphoric acid.Two Tunisian natural phosphates coming from two different deposits were selected. We propose in this work studying the effects of the impurities that depending on their concentration can affect decisively the behavior of these ores in the process of production of phosphoric acid. Study the chemical composition of these ores is carried out according to standard analytical methods used for raw phosphates.The results obtained show a slight difference in chemical properties between the two types of sedimentary phosphates and their aptitude to be used in the plants of production of phosphoric acid.
3

Li, Hongqiang, Wu Ge, Jun Zhang, Richard M. Kasomo, Jiahao Leng, Xiaoqing Weng, Qian Chen, et al. "Control foaming performance of phosphate rocks used for wet-process of phosphoric acid production by phosphoric acid." Hydrometallurgy 195 (August 2020): 105364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105364.

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4

Ma, Hang, Xiao Feng, and Chun Deng. "Water–Phosphorus Nexus for Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid Production." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 20 (May 2, 2018): 6968–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05399.

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5

Shibata, Junji, Masataka Morikawa, Norio Yoshikawa, Tomoko Yamada, Norihiro Murayama, and Hideki Yamamoto. "Separation and Recovery of Acids from Waste Acid Mixture Mainly Containing Phosphoric Acid Discharged in Liquid Crystal Display Manufacturing Process." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 29, no. 4 (2003): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.29.521.

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6

Hasan, Nada. "Chemical characterization of phosphogypsum produced from raw phosphate rock from the phosphoric acid manufacturing process." مجلة المعهد العالي للدراسات النوعية 3, no. 16 (July 1, 2023): 4971–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/hiss.2023.332907.

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7

Lin, Tseng-Hsian, Hung-Jung Siao, Sue-Huai Gau, Jen-Hwa Kuo, Ming-Guo Li, and Chang-Jung Sun. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash Recycling as a Feedstock for Brick Manufacturing." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 10284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310284.

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The recovery of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is currently considered to be the most viable solution for its management. However, in developing resource recovery technologies, it is crucial to consider the overall environmental impact. This study employed a life-cycle assessment (LCA) to compare environmentally friendly red bricks partially utilizing MSWI fly ash as a raw material with conventional red bricks. The results demonstrate that the use of phosphoric acid during the resource recovery process imposes the most significant environmental burden, followed by electricity consumption. To address this issue, in this study, we simulated the replacement of phosphoric acid with phosphoric acid monohydrate recovered from discarded fire extinguishers, resulting in the production of second-generation environmentally friendly red bricks. The analysis revealed that the environmentally friendly red bricks exhibited a mere 5.52% increase in total environmental impact compared with traditional red bricks. Moreover, by stabilizing heavy metals using recovered phosphoric acid monohydrate, the second-generation environmentally friendly red bricks achieved an 8.75% reduction in total environmental impact relative to traditional red bricks. These findings highlight the environmental benefits of fly ash reuse in red brick production, and the incorporation of other industrial waste or byproducts could further enhance its efficacy. The application of the LCA facilitated the identification of key areas for improvement and enabled precise evaluation of the environmental benefits associated with waste reuse.
8

Chen, Hsiao Ming, Haw Jan Chen, Ying Ming Tsai, Te Wei Lee, and Gann Ting. "Development of an improved two-cycle process for recovering uranium from wet-process phosphoric acid." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 26, no. 3 (March 1987): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00063a034.

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9

Gurbuz, Hale, and Nusret A. Bulutcu. "Preparation of Reasonably Pure Calcium Orthophosphates from Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid. 1." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 34, no. 5 (May 1995): 1914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00044a044.

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10

Abdel-Ghafar, H. M., E. A. Abdel-Aal, M. A. M. Ibrahim, H. El-Shall, and A. K. Ismail. "Purification of high iron wet-process phosphoric acid via oxalate precipitation method." Hydrometallurgy 184 (March 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.12.011.

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11

Amin, M. I., M. M. Ali, H. M. Kamal, A. M. Youssef, and M. A. Akl. "Recovery of high grade phosphoric acid from wet process acid by solvent extraction with aliphatic alcohols." Hydrometallurgy 105, no. 1-2 (December 2010): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.08.007.

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12

Sakuneka, Tebogo M., Reinier J. J. Nel, and Arno de Klerk. "Benzene Reduction by Alkylation in a Solid Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Olefin Oligomerization Process." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 19 (October 2008): 7178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie800672p.

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13

He, Siqi, Qianlin Chen, Xianquan Ao, Cuiqin Li, Ming Yu, and Yonghui Zuo. "A method for the removal of trace iodine from wet-process phosphoric acid." Hydrometallurgy 191 (January 2020): 105208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105208.

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14

Moumouh, Jihane, Saad Benjelloun, Abderrazak Latifi, and Lhachmi Khamar. "Data-driven modeling and optimization of an industrial phosphoric acid production unit." MATEC Web of Conferences 379 (2023): 07008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337907008.

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In this work, a supervised machine learning (ML) multi-output regression approach is investigated to build predictive models for an industrial unit of phosphoric acid production. More specifically, multioutput data-driven regression is applied to simultaneously estimate nine outputs (Reactor temperature, chemical yield (RC), P2O5 concentration in the phosphoric acid, and chemical losses in gypsum) under different operating conditions. The presented methods are linear regression and decision tree regression models. The use of decision tree regression provides high accuracy compared to linear regression. The decision tree model leads to a high value of the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.994, on the testing set not used for the modeling), and to low values of the mean squared error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The best parameters of the decision tree provide higher fitness values than other depth levels. The optimal values in the training stage are 0.002, 0.007, and 0.994 for MSE, MAE, and R2, respectively. Applying decision tree regression can correctly model the data of the phosphoric acid manufacturing unit with satisfying fitness criterion and important conclusions on the process coherent with phenomenological models, as well as supplementary and novel insights.
15

Kijkowska, Regina, Zygmunt Kowalski, Danuta Pawlowska-Kozinska, Zbigniew Wzorek, and Katarzyna Gorazda. "Tripolyphosphate Made from Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid with the Use of a Rotary Kiln." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 18 (September 17, 2008): 6821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie800412q.

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16

Sih, Vincent, Berthold Reimer, Anthony S. Ratkovich, Jeffrey M. Lauerhaas, and Jeffery W. Butterbaugh. "Selective Nitride Etching with Phosphoric and Sulfuric Acid Mixtures Using a Single-Wafer Wet Processor." Solid State Phenomena 219 (September 2014): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.219.93.

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Selective nitride etching in semiconductor manufacturing is currently performed in wet benches using hot orthophosphoric acid at 160-180C. This process requires silica seasoning to achieve the desired selectivity to silicon oxide. Silica seasoning in wet benches is achieved by etching blanket silicon nitride wafers prior to running productions runs. While, this method of selective silicon nitride etching has been successful in the past, particle requirements at advanced nodes [1] are driving the need for a new solution. Single wafer wet processing is proposed as a way to meet these challenging new particle specifications.
17

Nasr, B., B. Hedi, G. Abdellatif, and M. A. Rodrigo. "Purification of Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid by Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation, Activated Carbon Adsorption and Electrooxidation." Chemical Engineering & Technology 28, no. 2 (February 2005): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200407068.

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18

Puke, Maris, Daniela Godina, and Prans Brazdausks. "Catalyzed Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Oat Husks for Integrated Production of Furfural and Lignocellulosic Residue." Polymers 16, no. 5 (March 5, 2024): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050707.

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This study presents a novel approach for biorefining oat husks into furfural, leveraging a unique pilot-scale setup. Unlike conventional furfural manufacturing processes, which often result in substantial cellulose degradation and environmental concerns associated with sulfuric acid usage, our method utilizes phosphoric acid as a catalyst to achieve high furfural yield while minimizing cellulose destruction. Drawing on our research conducted in a distinctive pilot-scale environment, we successfully developed and implemented a tailored biorefining process for oat husks. Through meticulous experimentation, we attained a remarkable furfural yield of 11.84% from oven-dried mass, accompanied by a 2.64% yield of acetic acid. Importantly, our approach significantly mitigated cellulose degradation, preserving 88.31% of the cellulose content in oat husks. Existing catalytic (H2SO4) furfural manufacturing processes often lead to substantial cellulose degradation (40–50%) in lignocellulosic leftover during the pretreatment stage. As a result of the research, it was also possible to reduce the destruction of cellulose in the lignocellulose leftover to 11.69% of the output (initial) cellulose of oat husks. This research underscores the feasibility and sustainability of utilizing oat husks as a valuable feedstock for furfural production, highlighting the potential of phosphoric acid as a catalyst in biorefining processes. By showcasing our unique pilot-scale methodology, this study contributes to advancing the field of environmentally friendly biorefining technologies.
19

Zhou, Yuhe, Guocan Zheng, Youqin Long, Zuohua Liu, Changyuan Tao, and Renlong Liu. "Advanced oxidation processes for wet-process phosphoric acid: Enhanced phosphorus recovery and removal of organic matters." Hydrometallurgy 210 (April 2022): 105842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2022.105842.

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20

Luo, Biwei, Pengfei Li, Yan Li, Pengpeng He, Jun Ji, Dongsheng He, and Qifeng Tian. "Optimization of medium–low-grade phosphorus rock carbothermal reduction process by response surface methodology." Green Processing and Synthesis 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0035.

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AbstractPhosphorus extraction from phosphorus rock was conducted by carbothermal reduction with silica and coke. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, coke excess coefficient, molar ratio of silicon–calcium, and phosphorus rock particle size on the phosphorus reduction rate were investigated by the response surface methodology (RSM). The central composite design (CCD) with five factors and five levels was used to explore the effects of variables’ interactions on the phosphorus reduction rate. The results showed that there are significant interactions between reaction time and temperature; reaction temperature and molar ratio of silicon–calcium; reaction temperature and phosphorus rock particle size; coke excess coefficient and molar ratio of silicon–calcium; and coke excess coefficient and phosphorus rock particle size. The optimum conditions in the experimental range are reaction time 92 min, reaction temperature 1340°C, coke excess coefficient 1.27, molar ratio of silicon–calcium 1.28, and phosphorus rock particle size 75–106 µm, which were derived from the quadratic statistic model. Under these conditions, the phosphorus reduction rate can reach 96.88%, which is close to the model prediction value 99.40%. The optimized carbothermal reduction conditions of phosphorus rock by the RSM are helpful to reduce the energy cost of thermal phosphoric acid process.
21

Wu, Shengxi, Liangshi Wang, Patrick Zhang, Hassan El-Shall, Brij Moudgil, Xiaowei Huang, Longsheng Zhao, Lifeng Zhang, and Zongyu Feng. "Simultaneous recovery of rare earths and uranium from wet process phosphoric acid using solvent extraction with D2EHPA." Hydrometallurgy 175 (January 2018): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.10.025.

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22

Ingle, Pradnya K., Karishma Attarkar, and Virendra K. Rathod. "Ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk for copper removal." Green Processing and Synthesis 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2017-0162.

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Abstract The ultrasound assisted chemical activation of peanut husk using phosphoric acid was studied at a frequency of 20 kHz. Experiments were carried out for the activation of peanut husk in presence of ultrasound followed by the study of consequent effect on the adsorption behavior of copper. Effect of sonication during chemical activation on copper adsorption was studied with respect to various parameters such phosphoric acid concentration, acid impregnation ratio, temperature, duty cycle, sonication time, power and the probe height dipped in the adsorbent-acid slurry. Results showed that after the application of ultrasound during the activation process, copper uptake capacity of the adsorbent is improved with increasing ultrasound power and the activation process is more feasible at 30°C. The copper uptake after activation treatment of 5 min in the presence of ultrasound was found to be 19.6 mg/g as against 17.8 mg/g by conventional chemical activation method performed for 20 min. Thus, after acid treatment in the presence of ultrasound, the adsorbent shows a good adsorption capacity at lower time of chemical activation.
23

Seifollahi, Mehran, and Hamid Amiri. "Phosphoric acid-acetone process for cleaner production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol from waste cotton fibers." Journal of Cleaner Production 193 (August 2018): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.093.

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24

Bojarski, Aarón David, Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez, Laureano Jiménez, Antonio Espuña, and Luis Puigjaner. "Life Cycle Assessment Coupled with Process Simulation under Uncertainty for Reduced Environmental Impact: Application to Phosphoric Acid Production." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 21 (November 5, 2008): 8286–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie8001149.

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25

Soboleva, I. V., A. V. Jensa, M. B. Glebov, I. A. Petropavlovskiy, E. M. Koltsova, and L. S. Gordeev. "Mathematical Simulation of Integrated Process of Solid-Phase Extraction and Crystallization (at the Example of Phosphoric Acid Obtaining)." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 73, no. 6 (June 2001): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2640(200106)73:6<625::aid-cite6251111>3.0.co;2-w.

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26

Henrique, Humberto Molinar, and Priciane Martins Parreira. "Sulfur Dioxide Production from Phosphogypsum: Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Results." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.253.

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Phosphogypsum or chemical gypsum is a by-product generated in the manufacture of phosphoric acid, generated in the proportion of 4 to 6 tons for every ton of acid produced by the fertilizer industry. Its reuse is important from the economic, social and environmental point of view. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the thermodynamic condition of sulfur dioxide recovering from thermal decomposition of phosphogypsum. The main advantage of this process is to return the sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid manufacturing. In this case, sulfur demand by fertilizer industry and phosphogypsum generation could be greatly reduced. Experimental results were obtained from a lab scale rotary kiln. Theoretical approach and experimental setup were validated by using the actual data from thermal decomposition of limestone. Theoretical and experimental results showed the thermal decomposition of phosphogypsum is thermodynamically feasible only at high temperatures.
27

Papadopoulos, Athanasios I., and Panos Seferlis. "Generic modelling, design and optimization of industrial phosphoric acid production processes." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 48, no. 1 (January 2009): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2008.06.011.

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28

Norek, Małgorzata, and Maksym Łażewski. "Manufacturing of highly ordered porous anodic alumina with conical pore shape and tunable interpore distance in the range of 550 nm to 650 nm." Materials Science-Poland 35, no. 3 (October 20, 2017): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2017-0058.

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AbstractIn this work, highly ordered porous anodic alumina (PAA) with tapered pore structure and interpore distance (Dc) in the range of 550 nm to 650 nm were fabricated. To produce hexagonal close-packed pore structure a two-step process, combining anodization in etidronic acid electrolyte in the first step and high-concentration, high-temperature anodization in citric acid electrolyte in the second step, was applied. The Al pre-patterned surface obtained in the first anodization was used to produce regular tapered pore arrays by subsequent and alternating anodization in 20 wt.% citric acid solution and pore wall etching in 10 wt.% phosphoric acid solution. The height of the tapered pores was ranging between 2.5 μm and 8.0 μm for the PAA with Dc = 550 nm and Dc = 650 nm, respectively. The geometry of the obtained graded structure can be used for a production of efficient antireflective coatings operating in IR spectral region.
29

Sullivan, Jack M., John H. Grinstead, Yong K. Kim, and Kjell R. Waerstad. "Physicochemical properties of new solid urea-nitric phosphate fertilizers. 2. Products from nitric acid, phosphate rock, urea, and supplemental wet-process phosphoric acid." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 27, no. 5 (May 1988): 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00077a024.

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30

Bunuş, F., I. Miu, and R. Dumitrescu. "Simultaneous recovery and separation of uranium and rare earths from phosphoric acid in a one-cycle extraction-stripping process." Hydrometallurgy 35, no. 3 (June 1994): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(94)90063-9.

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31

Daifullah, A. A. M., N. S. Awwad, and S. A. El-Reefy. "Purification of wet phosphoric acid from ferric ions using modified rice husk." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 43, no. 2 (February 2004): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-2701(03)00014-x.

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32

Jayachandran, Kavitha, I. C. Pius, Chetty K. Venugopal, V. A. Raman, B. P. Dubey, G. K. Vithal, S. K. Mukerjee, S. K. Aggarwal, K. L. Ramakumar, and V. Venugopal. "Novel Method for Stripping Uranium from the Organic Phase in the Recovery of Uranium from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid (WPA)." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 15 (April 8, 2013): 5418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie3031532.

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33

Chiang, Peter T. "The effect of solvent uranium loading on the extraction of iron in the DEPA—TOPO extraction process for recovering uranium from wet-process phosphoric acid." Hydrometallurgy 17, no. 1 (November 1986): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(86)90023-x.

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34

Gurau, Vladimir, and Emory De Castro. "Prediction of Performance Variation Caused by Manufacturing Tolerances and Defects in Gas Diffusion Electrodes of Phosphoric Acid (PA)–Doped Polybenzimidazole (PBI)-Based High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061345.

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The automated process of coating catalyst layers on gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells results inherently into a number of defects. These defects consist of agglomerates in which the platinum sites cannot be accessed by phosphoric acid and which are the consequence of an inconsistent coating, uncoated regions, scratches, knots, blemishes, folds, or attached fine particles—all ranging from μm to mm size. These electrochemically inactive spots cause a reduction of the effective catalyst area per unit volume (cm2/cm3) and determine a drop in fuel cell performance. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is presented that predicts performance variation caused by manufacturing tolerances and defects of the GDE and which enables the creation of a six-sigma product specification for Advent phosphoric acid (PA)-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). The model was used to predict the total volume of defects that would cause a 10% drop in performance. It was found that a 10% performance drop at the nominal operating regime would be caused by uniformly distributed defects totaling 39% of the catalyst layer volume (~0.5 defects/μm2). The study provides an upper bound for the estimation of the impact of the defect location on performance drop. It was found that the impact on the local current density is higher when the defect is located closer to the interface with the membrane. The local current density decays less than 2% in the presence of an isolated defect, regardless of its location along the active area of the catalyst layer.
35

Bay, Mohammad Saber, Fatemeh Eslami, and Keikhosro Karimi. "The Relationship between Structural Features of Lignocellulosic Materials and Ethanol Production Yield." Designs 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs6060119.

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Lignocellulosic materials are a mixture of natural polymers which can be considered a great alternative source of chemical products and energy. Hence, pinewood, poplar wood, and rice straw, as representatives of different types of lignocelluloses, were subjected to several pretreatment types in order to increase ethanol production yield. All pretreatments increased enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol yield, specifically pretreatment with phosphoric acid. This pretreatment increased ethanol yields by 304.6% and 273.61% for poplar wood and pinewood, respectively, compared to untreated substrates. In addition, a number of analyses, including a BET test, buffering capacity, crystallinity, accessible surface area, and composition measurement, were conducted on the pretreated substrates to investigate their structural modifications in detail. Accessible surface area, as one of the most important parameters for performance of enzymes and microorganisms in the fermentation process, was examined by the water retention value test. The results of this method (using centrifuge) showed that the maximum accessible surface area was related to the pretreated samples with phosphoric acid so that it increased WRV to 132.19%, 149.41%, and 68.44% for poplar wood, pinewood, and rice straw, respectively, as compared to untreated substrates. On the whole, pretreatments restructured and opened up the tangled structure of lignocelluloses, resulting in a considerable increase in ethanol yields. Moreover, in this study, for the first time, a new correlation was presented for each substrate which indicates the relationship between ethanol yield and structural features of the lignocellulosic substrate.
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Castro, Luiz Eduardo Nochi, Larissa Resende Matheus, Rosana Rabelo Mançano, William Gustavo Sganzerla, Rafael Gabriel da Rosa, Tiago Linhares Cruz Tabosa Barroso, Vanessa Cosme Ferreira, and Leda Maria Saragiotto Colpini. "Single-Step Modification of Brewer’s Spent Grains Using Phosphoric Acid and Application in Cheese Whey Remediation via Liquid-Phase Adsorption." Water 15, no. 20 (October 21, 2023): 3682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15203682.

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Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) are a significant by-product of beer production, and its improper disposal poses environmental challenges. This study investigated the use of BSG for activated carbon production with phosphoric acid as a chemical activator and its application in cheese whey remediation through liquid-phase adsorption. The adsorbent was thoroughly characterized through using techniques such as FTIR, SEM, N2 isotherms, and surface charge distribution. The adsorbent exhibited substantial pores, a high surface area (605.1 m2 g–1), good porosity, and positive surface charges that facilitated favorable interactions with cheese whey compounds. Equilibrium was achieved in 330 min for lactose, BOD5, and COD. The maximum adsorption capacities were 12.77 g g–1 for lactose, 3940.99 mg O2 g–1 for BOD5, and 12,857.92 mg O2 g−1 for COD at 318 K. Removing these adsorbates from cheese whey effluent reduces its organic load, enabling water reuse in the manufacturing unit, depending on its intended use. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with ΔH° ≥ 265.72 kJ mol−1. Additionally, the activated carbon produced demonstrated impressive regeneration capability with sodium hydroxide, maintaining 75% of its adsorption capacity. These results emphasize the potential of activated carbon as an effective adsorbent for cheese whey remediation, providing a sustainable solution for waste management in the dairy industry and water reuse.
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Pei, Jiannan, Junwen Zhou, Feng Jiang, Kaihua Chen, Shaohua Yin, Libo Zhang, Jinhui Peng, and Yaping Lin. "Kinetics analysis of the forward extraction of cerium(III) by D2EHPA from chloride medium in the presence of two complexing agents using a constant interfacial area cell with laminar flow." Green Processing and Synthesis 7, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2017-0035.

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Abstract The kinetic studies performed on the forward extract of cerium(III) from chloride solution with the complex agents, citric acid (H3Cit) and lactic acid (HLac) in the presence of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA, H2A2) have been investigated using a constant interfacial area cell with laminar flow. The effects of stirring speed, temperature, and specific interfacial area on the extraction rate are discussed separately, and the results show that the extraction process is a diffusion-controlled kinetics process with an interfacial reaction. Studies on the effect of pH value and H2A2 concentration on the extraction rate are used to obtain the rate equation. The rate-controlling step is also suggested by the predictions derived from the interfacial reaction models, and the rate equation obtained by the kinetic model is consistent with that obtained by the experimental results. The information on the extraction kinetics in this extraction system will provide some knowledge of its application.
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Salehi, Ehsan, Mahdi Askari, Mohammad Velashjerdi, and Behzad Arab. "Phosphoric acid-treated Spent Tea Residue Biochar for Wastewater Decoloring: Batch Adsorption Study and Process Intensification using Multivariate Data-based Optimization." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 158 (December 2020): 108170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2020.108170.

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39

Gangurde, Subodh A., and Kirti S. Laddha. "A Comprehensive Review on Plant derived Natural products for Diabetes and its complication as nephropathyExtraction and Quantitative Estimation of Chrysophanol From Cassia tora Meal Powder by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 1-s (February 15, 2020): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3880.

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An isocratic reverse phase HPLC method were described to determined chrysophanol contain in cassia tora meal powder obtained during the split manufacturing process of cassia tora seed husk and germs which are used as a valuable cattle feed and poultry feed as they are quite rich in protein. The method involves methanol: water (90:10) with 0.05% Ortho-Phosphoric acid as solvent system and chromatogram detection was done on 254 nm using photodiode array detector. Chrysophanol were extracted using methanol, 70% methanol, acid hydrolysis and Oxidative hydrolysis by different concentration of the Hydrochloric acid and ferric chloride respectively. An average chrysophanol content was observed in cassia tora meal powder was 0.066 percent. In an efforts to develop an improved method for the determination of content of chrysophanol which is important marker compound in cassia tora meal and also improve method of an extraction methods. The solvents for extraction of chrysophanol from cassia tora were examined in order to increase the chrysophanol contents in cassia tora meal powder. It was found that 70% methanol, 20% HCL (v/v) and 3% FeCl3 (v/v) was capable of increasing the chrysophanol contain up to 0.099 percent. Keywords: HPLC, Chrysophanol, Extraction, Cassia tora meal powder
40

Merzeg, F. Ait, N. Bezzi, N. Bouzidi, S. Narsis, N. Bait, R. Ladji, and K. Bachari. "Reverse flotation process in double stage on the Algerian phosphate ore treatment." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-1/061.

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Purpose. In this work, the influence of flotation reagents on the separation yield of the phosphate-carbonate system is studied. The investigation is conducted by the reverse flotation process in double stage of the phosphate ores from the Jebel Onk deposit-Algeria. Methodology. The experimental part can be divided into three aspects, a mechanical preparation of the samples, and flotation tests in the first stage followed by a double flotation and, finally, characterization of the flotation products by different physical-chemical analysis techniques. Findings. Reverse flotation double stage process was applied on two classes of phosphate ores (C1: 40–250 and C2: 250–500 m). The samples are constituted by phosphatic elements (apatite), cemented by a mixture of a great amount of dolomite with low amounts of quartz, clay and calcite. Flotation results showed that P2O5 recovery was higher for C2 compared to C1. Thus, oleic acid and double tartrate of sodium-potassium could be considered as the best reagent since the P2O5 recovery content corresponds to 29.27 and 31.25 % for C1 and C2, respectively. Compared to the oleic acid and pine oil reagent, the recoveries of P2O5 were 28.85 and 30.55 % for C1 and C2, respectively. However, when other reagents as (oleic acid  phosphoric acid) and (oleic acid + diesel fuel) were used, the recovered amount of P2O5 was found to be less important, 27.80 and 27.10 % for class C1, and 30.14 and 29.15 % for C2, respectively. Originality. During this study two main axes were discussed: the first one was the influence of flotation reagents on flotation of the first and second stages, the second one was to study the effect of grain size on the flotation yields. The flotation process has been shown to be effective both in terms of depressed phosphate elements in the phosphate concentrates and in gangue floated in the flotation tailings. It can be seen that the concentrate contents of around 32 % is achieved in P2O5 with superior recoveries of 99 %. Practical value. The results of analyses carried out on the flotation products showed, in most cases, that the streams are richer in phosphate elements (fluorapatite, carbonate hydroxylapatite, carbonate fluorapatite) and a low amount of carbonates (dolomite and calcite), unlike floating, mainly made up of dolomite with a small amount of phosphated elements.
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Schiavi, Pier Giorgio, Flavia Carla dos Santos Martins Padoan, Pietro Altimari, and Francesca Pagnanelli. "Cryo-Mechanical Treatment and Hydrometallurgical Process for Recycling Li-MnO2 Primary Batteries with the Direct Production of LiMnPO4 Nanoparticles." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2020): 4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13154004.

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In this work, an innovative hydrometallurgical recycling route for the recovery of all the materials composing Li-MnO2 primary batteries was proposed. End-of-life batteries were mechanically treated in an innovative pilot plant where a cryogenic crushing was performed. The mechanical treatment allowed for the release of the electrodic powder contained in the batteries with the simultaneous recovery of 44 kg of steel and 18 kg of plastics from 100 kg of batteries. Electrodic powder was employed as the raw material for the synthesis of LiMnPO4 nanoparticles. To obtain the synthesis precursors, selective sequential leaching of Li and Mn was performed. Li was extracted via water washing the electrodic powder and Li2CO3 and a purity of 99% was recovered. The black mass containing Mn oxides was leached using phosphoric acid, which gave a Mn-bearing precursor solution that was directly used for the hydrothermal synthesis of LiMnPO4 nanoparticles. A preliminary materials balance of the process was presented, indicating that the proposed process should be an easy hydrometallurgical route for the recycling of primary lithium batteries. In addition, the simultaneous production of high-value-added products that could be reintroduced into the battery manufacturing chain could ensure the economic feasibility of the process.
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Son, Changjin, Taegun Park, Taehyeon Kim, and Sangwoo Lim. "Si3N4 Etching with Carboxylic-Acid-Containing Superheated Water." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 28 (July 7, 2022): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01281260mtgabs.

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Silicon nitride (Si3N4) has been widely used as an insulating or sacrificial layer in various electronic devices. A removal of Si3N4 is also required in the semiconductor manufacturing process. In particular, in the 3D NAND flash memory manufacturing processes, selective removal of Si3N4 from the Si3N4/SiO2 stack structure is one of the very critical processes. It is known that Si3N4 is etched in high temperature phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Si3N4 is etched by nucleophilic attack of H2PO4 - and H2O in H3PO4 solution [1]. However, as the number of Si3N4/SiO2 stacked layers increases to improve the memory density of 3D NAND, oxide regrowth on the SiO2 layer and non-uniform top-to-bottom etching performance during Si3N4 etching process are the issues that need to be solved [2]. In this study, a novel Si3N4 etching in superheated water is investigated. As the temperature of H2O increases, the self-ionization of H2O is accelerated, thus the concentrations of H3O+ and OH- ion increase. It was previously reported that Si3N4 is etched by nucleophilic attack of OH- in superheated water [3]. However, in general, superheated water produced a low Si3N4 etching rate with the attack of Si substrate, making it difficult to apply to the Si3N4 etching process. Therefore, in this study, various additives were added to superheated water to selectively etch Si3N4 without material loss of the SiO2 and Si substrate. LPCVD Si3N4 film was prepared on Si wafer. A patterned Si3N4/SiO2 multi-stack structure was prepared the selective etching of Si3N4. Deionized (DI) water with a resistivity of 18.25 M was used to prepare superheated water in the reactor. Acetic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, hexanoic acid, lactic acid or tartaric acid was added to DI water before heating. The etching of process was conducted 160 °C for 20 min. The thickness of the Si3N4 film was measured using a spectroscopic ellipsometry and a field-emission scanning electron microscope. To increase Si3N4 etching rate and suppress the material loss of the Si substrate during the Si3N4 etching process, various carboxylic acids, which are acidic and nucleophiles, were added to superheated water. The etching rates of Si3N4 in 1 M carboxylic-acid-containing superheated water at 160 °C were shown in Fig. 1(a). To reduce the effect of OH- and investigate the effect of carboxylic acid on Si3N4 etching, HCl was added to superheated water, adjusting the pH of the solution at 1, 2 and 3. Etching rates of Si3N4 are shown in Fig. 1(a). When either of tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, or acetic acid was added to superheated water, Si3N4 etching rate was increased at a given pH, as compared to that obtained in HCl-added superheated water. However, when butyric acid, hexanoic acid or formic acid was added to superheated water, similar or lower etching rates of Si3N4 were observed as compared to the HCl-added superheated water. The results in Fig. 1(a) suggest that Si3N4 etching kinetics differs depending on the type of carboxylic acid added to superheated water. To investigate the reason for different Si3N4 etching rate with the type of carboxylic acid, the concentrations of carboxylate (RCOO-) ion were calculated from the pK a values of carboxylic acids at 25 °C. As shown in Fig. 1(b), the etching rates of Si3N4 increased with the concentration of carboxylate ions. Based on these results, it is thought that carboxylate ions play an important role in Si3N4 etching in superheated water. To investigate the selective Si3N4 etching ability of carboxylic-acid-containing superheated water, a Si3N4/SiO2 multi pair-layered structure on Si wafer was etched in tartaric-acid-containing superheated water. The cross-sectional FE-SEM images before and after the Si3N4 etching process were shown in Fig. 2. It is clearly shown that Si3N4 was selectively etched without material loss of SiO2 and Si substrate. Finally, eco-friendly and environmentally friendly carboxylic-acid-containing superheated water process can be a strong candidate that can replace the conventional Si3N4 etching process. References [1] T. Park, C. Son, T. Kim, S. Lim, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 102, 146−154 (2021). [2] T. Kim, C. Son, T. Park, S. Lim, Microelectron. Eng., 221, 111191 (2020). [3] C. Son, S. Lim, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 8, N85−N91 (2019). Figure 1
43

Li, Zhili, Zhihao Xie, Dongsheng He, Jie Deng, Hengqin Zhao, and Hongqiang Li. "Simultaneous leaching of rare earth elements and phosphorus from a Chinese phosphate ore using H3PO4." Green Processing and Synthesis 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2021-0023.

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Abstract Although phosphate rock has been considered as a potential new rare earth elements (REEs) resource, the recovery of REEs from phosphate rock is impeded by technical challenges and cost issues. This study investigated the effects of operation conditions on the leaching efficiencies of REEs and phosphorus from Zhijin phosphate ore, a large phosphate deposit in China. The leaching process overtime was also studied by chemical analysis, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that the REEs from Zhijin phosphate ore were mainly present in fluorapatite and dolomite, and REEs had similar trends of leaching efficiency to those of phosphorus and magnesium. Under the conditions of 25 wt% phosphoric acid concentration in the initial pulp, a weight ratio of liquid to solid of 12 mL/g, a temperature of 60°C, an agitation speed of 220 rpm, and leaching time of 120 min, REEs and phosphorus leaching efficiencies of 97.8% and 99.7% were obtained. Most parts of dissoluble substances were decomposed within 30 min. Chemical analysis, SEM-EDS, and XRD results indicated that leaching efficiencies of minerals in Zhijin phosphate ore increased following the order: quartz, aluminosilicate, pyrite, fluorapatite, dolomite, and calcite.
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El-Nadi, Y. A., and N. E. El-Hefny. "Removal of iron from Cr-electroplating solution by extraction with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in kerosene." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 49, no. 2 (February 2010): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2010.01.004.

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45

Shah, Jehanzeb Ali, Tayyab Ashfaq Butt, Cyrus Raza Mirza, Ahson Jabbar Shaikh, Muhammad Saqib Khan, Muhammad Arshad, Nadia Riaz, et al. "Phosphoric Acid Activated Carbon from Melia azedarach Waste Sawdust for Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Orange 16: Equilibrium Modelling and Thermodynamic Analysis." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092118.

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Waste wood biomass as precursor for manufacturing activated carbon (AC) can provide a solution to ever increasing global water quality concerns. In our current work, Melia azedarach derived phosphoric acid-treated AC (MA-AC400) was manufactured at a laboratory scale. This novel MA-AC400 was tested for RO16 dye removal performance as a function of contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature and initial dye concentration in a batch scale arrangement. MA-AC400 was characterized via scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. MA-AC400 is characterized as mesoporous with BET surface area of 293.13 m2 g−1 and average pore width of 20.33 Å. pHPZC and Boehm titration confirm the acidic surface charges with dominance of phenolic functional groups. The average DLS particle size of MA-AC400 was found in the narrow range of 0.12 to 0.30 µm and this polydispersity was confirmed with multiple excitation fluorescence wavelengths. MA-AC400 showed equilibrium adsorption efficiency of 97.8% for RO16 dye at its initial concentration of 30 mg L−1 and adsorbent dose of 1 g L−1. Thermodynamic study endorsed the spontaneous, favorable, irreversible and exothermic process for RO16 adsorption onto MA-AC400. Equilibrium adsorption data was better explained by Langmuir with high goodness of fit (R2, 0.9964) and this fitness was endorsed with lower error functions. The kinetics data was found well fitted to pseudo-second order (PSO), and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models. Increasing diffusion constant values confirm the intraparticle diffusion at higher RO16 initial concentration and reverse was true for PSO chemisorption kinetics. MA-AC400 exhibited low desorption with studied eluents and its cost was calculated to be $8.36/kg.
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Qu, Rui, H. M. Jaber, Zhongxin Li, Chaojiang Li, Xin Jin, Dongyi Zou, and Hang Yu. "Reducing Surface Roughness of Selective Laser Melting of 316 Stainless Steel Component by Electropolishing." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 7, no. 1 (September 26, 2023): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.7.1.615.2023.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is widely used in the fields of aerospace, automotive, and biomedical. Because it enables to fabricate and customize parts with complex geometrical features. However, due to the layer-by-layer deposition and the partially fused raw material, AM part suffers from the step and balling effects, which shows inadequate and poor surface quality. Conventional polishing methods such as grinding, milling, and sandblasting have been applied to meet the requirement of well surface quality. But these contact polishing techniques usually introduce extra residual stress and surface damage, which are unsuitable for workpieces with complex shapes. In this study, we propose an environmentally friendly electrochemical polishing method for AM 316L stainless steel parts based on a combination of positive and negative pulses. Unlike the traditional phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid electrochemical polishing liquid system, the sodium chloride electrolyte adopted in this study avoids the pollution problem of waste liquid. A negative pulse was introduced to avoid the impaction of Cl- ions to the passivation film generated during the electrochemical polishing process. The effects of voltage, polishing duration, temperature, and duty cycle were analyzed by orthogonal experiments. Under the optimum reaction conditions, a surface roughness Ra of 0.421μm without pitting corrosion is achieved and the balling effect was eliminated.
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Garbaya, Hela, Abderraouf Jraba, Mohamed Amine Khadimallah, and Elimame Elaloui. "The Development of a New Phosphogypsum-Based Construction Material: A Study of the Physicochemical, Mechanical and Thermal Characteristics." Materials 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 7369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237369.

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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a waste (or by-product) of the production of phosphoric acid, a basic constituent in the manufacturing of modern fertilizers. The annual production of phosphogypsum in Tunisia is currently estimated to be 10 million tons. Its storage in slag in close proximity to production plants generates pollution problems; however, valorization may be a solution. The present paper proposes a simple process for the valorization of this by-product into a construction material. Several physicochemical characterizations are used to prove the characteristics of samples. The chemical composition shows that PG is a gypsum compound with several impurities. The morphological analyses show that the powder materials are mesoporous with a lower specific area. The structural characterizations show that these solids play the role of a water pump as the degree of hydration changes from 2 to 0 and vice versa, depending on the temperature. Mechanical and thermal analyses show that the prepared formulation is brittle and insulating, which presents opportunities for it to be used as a decoration material.
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Indah, Dahlia Rosma, and Safnowandi Safnowandi. "Karakterisasi Karbon Baggase Teraktivasi dan Aplikasinya untuk Adsorpsi Logam Tembaga." Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia 7, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v7i2.1912.

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Bagasse is waste produced from the process of milking or extracting sugarcane stems. Baggase can be optimized in terms of use value and its function as an alternative technology, namely as an active carbon manufacturing material that can be used as a copper (Cu) adsorbent. This study discusses the functional baggase activated carbon group of phosphoric acid and nitric acid using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and its application as a copper metal adsorbent in silver craft waste in Ungga Village, Praya, Central Lombok. The production of activated bagasse carbon consists of three stages, namely first dehydration by burning bagasse until it turns into carbon, the second carbonation is heating at 500ºC, carbon results are 100-200 mesh and third, activation by soaking 50 grams of carbon in 500 mL of 20% phosphoric acid and 20% nitric acid for 12 hours. After that the carbon is dried at 110ºC and finally heated at 500ºC for 1 hour. The bagasse carbon that has been made is put into 25 mL of waste water sample with a mass of 2 grams of adsorbent. Samples were then stirred at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes contact time variations at a speed of 180 rpm using a batch system. The optimum contact time that is used to calculate the efficiency of copper metal content reduction is by calculating the difference in the metal content of copper metal before it is adsorbed and after it is adsorbed using activated carbon baggase. Concentrations of all copper metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Identification using FTIR spectrophotometer shows that carbon baggase in this study contains functional groups C = O, C = C, C-C, N = O, C = N, C-OH, CH2 and C-H. From the research it was found that the copper metal content in the sample was 14.5710 ppm. The optimum contact time on copper metal adsorption is at 120 minutes contact time which results in optimum adsorption efficiency on copper metal that is 84.88%. Activated carbon baggase is an effective adsorbent to reduce levels of copper metal in silver craft waste.
49

Sisman, Kubra Yaman, Ezgi Baltaci, and Neslihan Ozveren. "The effect of different deproteinization agents on microleakage and penetration depth of fissure sealants in permanent molars: An in vitro study." Contemporary Pediatric Dentistry 4, no. 3 (December 2023): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.51463/cpd.2023.176.

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Aim: Acid etching alone is insufficient to remove organic residues from enamel, which can compromise the microretention of fissure sealants and lead to microleakage and failure. This study evaluated the impact of four different deproteinization agents on the microleakage and penetration depth of fissure sealants in human molars. Methods: A total of 170 caries-free mandibular third molars were randomly assigned to five groups (n=34 per group): (1) The Control group (acid etching only), (2) The NaOCl group (sodium hypochlorite + acid etching), (3) The Papacarie Duo group, (4) The Brix 3000 group (both papain enzyme + acid etching), and (5) The Bromelain group (10% bromelain + acid etching). Fissure sealants were applied after etching and deproteinization. Microleakage and penetration depth were evaluated after an aging process involving 1000 thermal cycles between 5-55ºC, using a dye penetration method under a stereomicroscope. Results: Within the groups, the Brix 3000 group demonstrated the most favorable microleakage scores, while the Papacarie Duo group exhibited the least favorable scores. Specifically, a microleakage score of 0 was observed in 50%, 32.4%, 23.5%, 20.6%, and 17.6% of the teeth in the Brix 3000, NaOCl, Bromelain, Control, and Papacarie Duo groups, respectively. Furthermore, a penetration depth score of 3 was observed in 29.4%, 29.4%, 26.5%, 11.8%, and 8.8% of the teeth in the Brix, Papacarie Duo, Control, Bromelain, and NaOCl groups, respectively. Conclusions: Deproteinization with Brix 3000 gel prior to acid etching in fissure sealant applications resulted in lower microleakage and greater penetration depth compared to other deproteinization agents and acid-etching alone. Deproteinization agents can be a promising way to yield favorable results Keywords: Bromelains; Dental Enamel; Papain; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Phosphoric Acid
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Liu, Li. "Modeling of extraction chromium (III) using 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl in rotor stator spinning disc reactor." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 170 (January 2022): 108688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2021.108688.

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