Дисертації з теми "Phonon angular momentum"

In absence of external fields, vibrational modes of periodic systems are usually considered as linearly polarized and, as such, they do not carry angular momentum. Our work proves that non-adiabatic effects due to the electron-phonon coupling are time-reversal symmetry breaking interactions for the vibrational field in systems with non-collinear magnetism and large spin-orbit coupling. Since in these systems the deformation potential matrix elements are necessarily complex, a nonzero synthetic gauge field (Berry curvature) arises in the dynamic equations of the ionic motion. As a result, phonon modes are elliptically polarized in the non-adiabatic framework and intrinsic vibrational angular momenta occur even for non-degenerate modes and without external probes. These results are validated by performing fully relativistic ab-initio calculations on two insulating platinum clusters and a metallic manganese compound, with non-collinear magnetism. In both cases, non-adiabatic vibrational modes carry sizeable angular momenta comparable to the orbital electronic ones in itinerant ferromagnets.

Le moment angulaire est une quantité essentielle pour l'étude d'objets en interaction. Tout comme la matière, un rayonnement porte du moment angulaire. Il se décompose en deux composantes, moment angulaire de spin (MAS) et moment angulaire orbital (MAO). Chacune de ces composantes a des propriétés spécifiques et ont donné lieu à de nombreuses applications en utilisant de la lumière dans le domaine visible et infrarouge. Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons d'étudier le comportement des deux types de moment angulaire de la lumière dans un processus très non-linéaire appelé génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé (GHOE). Dans ce processus physique connu depuis 1987, un laser infrarouge intense est focalisé dans un jet d'atomes ou de molécules, ce qui dans le bon régime d'intensité permet de générer un rayonnement à courte longueur d'onde (domaine extrême ultraviolet) et extrêmement bref (attoseconde, 1 as = 10⁻¹⁸ s). Nous commençons par décrire théoriquement ce processus, ainsi que définir de manière approfondie la notion de moment angulaire de la lumière. Nous étudions ensuite la GHOE à partir d'un faisceau infrarouge portant du MAO, ce qui nous permet d'obtenir une source unique, générant des impulsions lumineuses ultrabrève de moment angulaire orbital contrôlé et de longueur d'onde de l'ordre de 10nm. Nous étudions étudions la GHOE à partir de faisceaux portant du MAS. En utilisant une résonance du gaz de génération, nous parvenons à transmettre ce moment angulaire au rayonnement extrême ultraviolet. Ce rayonnement est ensuite utilisé pour mesurer des dichroïsmes circulaires de photoionisation dans des molécules chirales, mesures auparavant réservées aux sources synchrotrons. Ceci ouvre la voie à des mesures chirotpiques résolues en temps à l'échelle femto/attoseconde
Angular momentum is an ubiquitous quantity in all areas of physics. Just like matter, radiation carries angular momentum. It can be decomposed in two parts, namely the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM). Each one of these components has very specific properties and lead to numerous applications using visible and infrared light. In this thesis, we study the behavior of these two types of light angular momentum in a very non-linear process called high harmonic generation (HHG). In this physical process known since 1987, an intense infrared laser is focused into an atomic or molecular gas jet, which in the right intensity regime allows to generate a radiation which has a short wavelength (extreme ultraviolet domain) and is extremely brief (attosecond, 1 as = 10⁻¹⁸ s).We begin by describing theoretically this process, as well as defining in depth the notion of light angular momentum. We then study HHG from an infrared laser carrying OAM. This allows to obtain an unique light source, generating ultrashort light pulses of controlled orbital angular momentum with a wavelength of the order of 10 nm. We then study GHOE from beams carrying MAS. Using a resonance from the generation gas, we manage to transfer this angular momentum to the emitted extreme ultraviolet radiation. This radiation is finally used to measure photoionisation circular dichroisms in chiral molecules, measurements previously restricted to synchrotron sources. This paves the way towards chiroptic time resolved measurement on a femto/attosecond timescale

New dynamical applications of quantum beat spectroscopy (QBS) to molecular dynamics are employed to probe the angular momentum polarization effects in photodissociation and molecular collisions. The magnitude and the dynamical behaviour of angular momentum alignment and orientation, two types of polarization, can be measured via QBS technique on a shot-by-shot basis. The first part of this thesis describes the experimental studies of collisional angular momentum depolarization for the electronically excited state radicals in the presence of the collider partners. Depolarization accompanies both inelastic collisions, giving rise to rotational energy transfer (RET), and elastic collisions. Experimental results also have a fairly good agreement with the results of quasi-classical trajectory scattering calculations. Chapter 1 provides the brief theories about the application of the QBS technique and collisional depolarization. Chapter 2 describes the method and instrumentation employed in the experiments of this work. In Chapter 3, the QBS technique is used to measure the total elastic plus elastic depolarization rate constants under thermal conditions for NO(A,v=0) in the presence of He, Ar, N2, and O2. In the case of NO(A) with Ar, and particularly with He, collisional depolarization is significantly smaller than RET, reflecting the weak long-range forces in these systems. In the case of NO(A)+N2/O2, collisional depolarization and RET are comparable, reflecting the relatively strong long-range forces in these systems. In Chapter 4, the QBS technique is used to measure the elastic and inelastic depolarization and total RET rate constants for OH(A,v=0) under thermal conditions in the presence of He and Ar, as well as the total depolarization rate constants under superthermal conditions. In the case of OH(A)+He, elastic depolarization is sensitive to the N rotational state, and inelastic depolarization is strongly dependent on the collision energy. In the case of OH(A)+Ar, elastic depolarization is insensitive to N, and inelastic depolarization is less sensitive to the collision energy, reflecting that the relatively strong long-range force in OH(A)+Ar system. The second part of this thesis describes the experimental studies of photodissociation under thermal conditions. Chapter 5 provides a brief introduction about several polarization parameter formalisms used for photodissociation, and the incorporation of the QBS technique to measure these polarization parameters. In this thesis, most polarization parameters of the molecular photofragments are measured using the LIF method, and the QBS technique is used as a complementary tool to probe these polarization parameters. In Chapter 6, rotational orientation in the OH(X,v=0) photofragments from H2O2 photodissociation using circularly polarized light at 193 nm is observed. Although H2O2 can be excited to both the A and B electronic states by 193 nm, the observed orientation is only related to the A state dynamics. A proposed mechanism about the coupling between a polarized photon and the H2O2 parent rotation is simulated, and the good agreement between the experimental and simulation results further confirms the validity of this mechanism. In Chapter 7, rotational orientation in the NO(X,v) photofragments from NO2 photodissociation using circularly polarized light at 306 nm (v=0,1,2) and at 355 nm (v=0,1) is observed. Two possible mechanisms, the parent molecular rotation and the coherent effect between multiple electronic states, are discussed. NOCl is photodissociated using circularly polarized light at 306 nm, and NO(X,v) rotational distributions (v=0,1) and rotational orientation (v=0) are measured. For the case of NOCl, the generation of orientation is attributed to the coherent effect.

Photon and atom interaction is considered as resonance between angular momentum and photon's magnetic field. With the similar approach in classical oscillator, the same mathematical method is used to model the process of photon absorption and emission. In addition, Michelson-Morley experiment, Fizeau experiment and Sagnac effect has implications for properties of wave propagation in moving medium. It is proposed for interferometric methods that capable of either measuring angular velocity or measuring velocity.

Exploiter le degré de liberté angulaire de la lumière pour contrôler les forces optiques ouvre une nouvelle voie pour la manipulation optique de systèmes matériels. Dans ce contexte, notre travail porte sur l’interaction lumière-matière en présence de chiralité, qu’elle soit matérielle ou ondulatoire. Expérimentalement, nous avons utilisé des gouttes de cristaux liquides cholestériques interagissant avec un ou plusieurs champs lumineux polarisés circulairement et nous avons apporté une description quantitative de nos observations. Notre principal résultat correspond à la démonstration que la pression de radiation optique peut être contrôlée par l’hélicité du photon. Ce phénomène est ensuite utilisé, d’une part pour faire une démonstration de principe du tri de la chiralité matérielle via une approche optofluidique et d’autre part pour réaliser un piège optique tridimensionnel sensible à la chiralité de l’objet piégé
Exploiting the angular momentum degree of freedom of light to control the mechanical effects that result from light-matter exchanges of linear momentum is an intriguing challenge that may open new routes towards enhanced optical manipulation of material systems. In this context, our work addresses the interplay between the chirality of matter and the chirality of optical fields. Experimentally, this is done by using cholesteric liquid crystal droplets interacting with circularly polarized light and we provide with theoretical developments to quantitatively support our observations. Our main result is the demonstration of optical radiation force controlled by the photon helicity. This phenomenon is then used to demonstrate the optofluidic sorting of material chirality and the helicity-dependent three-dimensional optical trapping of chiral liquid crystal microspheres

It is well known that light can carry two different kind of angular momentum that together form the total angular momentum of photons. These two forms are the spin orbital angular momentum, associated with the circular polarisation of light, and the orbital angular momentum of light associated with a wavefront tilted with respect to the propagation axis. Any tilted wavefront generates an orbital component of the angular momentum but there are some special cases in which this property becomes particularly interesting. It is the case of optical vortices which form when the waveform is continuously and uniformly tilted to the propagation axis forming a spiral structure.

To address key challenges for both quantum communication and quantum computing applications in a simultaneous manner, we propose to employ the photon angular momentum approach by invoking the well-known fact that photons carry both the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM). SAM is associated with polarization, while OAM is associated with azimuthal phase dependence of the complex electric field. Given that OAM eigenstates are mutually orthogonal, in principle, an arbitrary number of bits per single photon can be transmitted. The ability to generate/analyze states with different photon angular momentum, by using either holographic or interferometric methods, allows the realization of quantum states in multidimensional Hilbert space. Because OAM states provide an infinite basis state, while SAM states are 2-D only, the OAM can also be used to increase the security for quantum key distribution (QKD) applications and improve computational power for quantum computing applications. The goal of this paper is to describe photon angular momentum based deterministic universal quantum qudit gates, namely, {generalized-X, generalized-Z, generalized-CNOT} qudit gates, and different quantum modules of importance for various applications, including (fault-tolerant) quantum computing, teleportation, QKD, and quantum error correction. For instance, the basic quantum modules for quantum teleportation applications include the generalized-Bell-state generation module and the QFT-module. The basic quantum module for quantum error correction and fault-tolerant computing is the nonbinary syndrome calculator module. The basic module for entanglement assisted QKD is either the generalized-Bell-state generation module or the Weyl-operator-module. The possibility of implementing all these modules in integrated optics is discussed as well. Finally, we provide security analysis of entanglement assisted multidimensional QKD protocols, employing the proposed qudit modules, by taking into account the imperfect generation of OAM modes.

Le moment orbital angulaire (OAM) de la lumière est une grandeur quantifiée associée à la phase d’un vortex optique et est actuellement une des variables explorées pour les technologies quantiques.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse étudie expérimentalement la conversion de vortex optiques par une vapeur de rubidium, via la transition Raman stimulée à deux photons 5S₁/₂ − 5D₅/₂. Quand les atomes sont soumis à deux lasers respectivement à 780 nm et 776 nm, ils génèrent des rayonnements cohérents, infrarouge à 5,23 μm et bleu à 420 nm. On examine le rayonnement bleu lorsque l’un des lasers ou les deux sont des vortex, en particulier des modes de Laguerre-Gauss. Dans une première partie nous montrons que si l’OAM est porté par le laser à 776 nm, alors le rayonnement bleu émis porte un OAM qui respecte l’accord de phase azimutale et de phase de Gouy. Nous montrons aussi que la conversion est efficace sur une grande plage d’OAM allant de -50 à +50, que l’efficacité est gouvernée par le produit des intensités des lasers incidents et que le rayonnement bleu se comporte comme un mode de Laguerre-Gauss pur. Dans une deuxième partie nous montrons qu’il est possible de convertir une superposition de vortex ou une paire de vortex coaxiaux et que l’OAM du rayonnement bleu émis obéit à la règle de somme des OAM incidents. Pour les cas étudiés, nous proposons un modèle de mélange à quatre ondes qui établit les règles de sélection du processus de conversion d’OAM. Ce travail ouvre la voie vers la conversion d’OAM utilisant des transitions vers des niveaux atomiques plus élevés
The orbital angular momentum of light (OAM) is a quantized quantity arising from the azimuthal phase carried by optical vortices and is well-known for quantum technology applications. Its set of values is theoretically infinite.In this context this thesis experimentally study the conversion of optical vortices in a rubidium vapor through the 5S₁/₂ − 5D₅/₂ stimulated Raman transition. When the atoms are illuminated with laser beams at 780 nm and 776 nm they generate two coherent light beams at 5,23 μm and 420 nm. We investigate the blue light when one laser or both are optical vortices, in particular Laguerre-Gaussian modes. In a first part we show that if the laser at 776 nm carries an OAM the blue light is an optical vortex with an OAM which respects azimutal and Gouy phase matchings. We further show that the conversion is efficient on a large set of OAM from -50 to +50, that the efficiency is governed by the product of the input laser intensities and that the blue light behaves like a pure Laguerre-Gaussian mode. In a second part we demonstrate the conversion of a vortex superposition or a pair of coaxial vortices and that the OAM of the emitted light obeys the conservation rule of total OAM. For each studied case we propose a four wave mixing model establishing selection rules for the conversion process. This work opens possibilities towards OAM conversion using higher atomic levels

We investigate two medium-facilitated interactions between properties of light upon propagation through optical fiber. The first is interaction between the spin and intrinsic orbital angular momentum in a linear optical medium. This interaction gives rise to fine structure in the longitudinal momenta of fiber modes and manifests in rotational beating effects. We probe those beating effects experimentally in cutback experiments, where small segments are cut from the output of a fiber to probe the evolution of both output polarization and spatial orientation, and find agreement between theoretical predictions and measured behavior. The second is nonlinear optical interaction due to cross- and self-phase modulation between the complex-valued temporal amplitude profile of pump pulses and the amplitude profiles of generated signal and idler pulses in optical fiber photon-pair sources utilizing the four-wave mixing process named modulation instability. We develop a model including the effects of these nonlinear phase modulations (NPM) describing the time-domain wave function of the output biphoton in the low-gain regime. Assuming Gaussian temporal amplitude profiles for the pump pulse, we numerically simulate the structure of the biphoton wave function, in symmetric and asymmetric group velocity matching configurations. Comparing the overlap of the joint temporal amplitudes with and without NPM indicates how good of an approximation neglecting NPM is, and we investigate the effects of NPM on the Schmidt modes. We find that effects of NPM are small on temporally separable sources utilizing symmetric group velocity matching, but appreciably change the state of temporally entangled sources with the same group velocity matching scheme. For sources designed to produce entangled biphotons, our simulations suggest that NPM increases the Schmidt number, which may increase entanglement resource availability with utilization of a phase-sensitive detection scheme. We find that NPM effects on temporally separable sources designed with asymmetric group velocity matching produce non-negligible changes in the state structure. The purity is unaffected at perfect asymmetric group velocity matching, but if the pump is detuned from the correct wavelength, the purity degrades. The largest changes to the state due to NPM occur in long fibers with long pulse durations and low repetition rates.

In this doctoral thesis we investigate several experiments exploring the light orbital angular momentum and the Fraunhofer diffraction of light. Our investigations goes from coherent propagation, continue through incoherent propagation, arriving at semiclassical states used to explore one fundamental problem in quantum mechanics, i. e., the Born’s rule. Therefore, concerning coherent propagation of light with orbital angular momentum, we were first involved with studies about Fraunhofer diffraction of this type of light, by a single slit and by a square aperture. In the former work we studied the Fraunhofer diffraction when the slit center is aligned with the vortex center and when it is out of the vortex center. Concerning the work related to the square aperture, we show that the diffraction by such aperture is not sufficient to characterize the topological charge. Continuing the works, we also investigate the Fraunhofer diffraction of light with orbital angular momentum of fractional topological charge in the real space. An interesting phenomenon, the birth of a vortex, was studied at Fraunhofer plane, showing new conclusions in the study of fractional topological charges. Our studies continued with the Fraunhofer propagation of vortices in incoherent light, unveiling strong correlations between incoherent vortices. Finally, we explored semiclassical aspects of light with orbital angular momentum. Firstly, the topological charge determination via the spatial probability distribution of detection of photons diffracted by a triangular aperture. After, the validation of the Born’s rule using diffraction, by three slits disposed in a triangular configuration, of photons with an extra phase, i. e., the azimuthal phase added to the path phase.
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Nesta tese de doutorado investigamos diversos experimentos que exploram o momento angular orbital da luz e a difração de Fraunhofer. Nossas investigações abrangeram desde propagação coerente, passando por propagação incoerente, chegando a estados semiclássicos usados para explorar uma questão fundamental da mecânica quântica, a saber, a regra de Born. Portanto, no que concerne à propagação de luz coerente com momento angular orbital, estivemos envolvidos primeiramente com estudos da difração de Fraunhofer deste tipo de luz, por uma fenda simples e por uma abertura quadrada. No primeiro trabalho estudamos a difração de Fraunhofer quando o centro da fenda está alinhado com o centro do vórtice e quando está deslocado do centro do vórtice. Quanto ao trabalho relacionado à abertura quadrada, mostramos que a difração de Fraunhofer por tal abertura não permite caracterizar a carga topológica. Prosseguindo os trabalhos, investigamos também a difração no plano de Fraunhofer de luz com momento angular de carga fracionária no plano real. Um interessante fenômeno, o nascimento de um vórtice, foi estudado no plano de Fraunhofer, mostrando novas conclusões nos estudos relacionados à carga fracionária. Nossos estudos continuaram com a propagação de Fraunhofer de vórtices em luz incoerente, revelando fortes correlações entre vórtices incoerentes. Por fim, exploramos aspectos semiclássicos da luz com momento angular orbital. Primeiramente, a determinação da carga topológica via distribuição de probabilidade espacial de detecção de fótons difratados por uma abertura triangular. Posteriormente, a validação da regra de Born utilizando difração, por três fendas simples dispostas na forma triangular, de fótons com uma fase extra, ou seja, a fase azimutal, adicionada à fase de caminho.

Le noyau atomique peut adopter, a haut moment angulaire, une forme tres allongee de rapport d’axes 2 :1 : c’est le phenomene de superdeformation. Si aujourd’hui plus de 300 bandes superdeformees ont ete identifiees, l’assignation des energies, spins et parites des etats associes n’a pu etre effectuee que pour un dixieme de ces bandes. Cette assignation ne peut se faire que par la mesure de transitions gamma discretes reliant les etats superdeformes (sd) aux etats normalement deformes (nd). Dans le cadre de ce travail de these, nous nous sommes interesses au noyau 192hg, predit doublement magique dans son etat sd et donc noyau de reference de la region de masse a~190. Une experience a ete menee aupres du multidetecteur euroball iv a strasbourg dans le but de mesurer les observables e*, i, pi des etats sd de ce noyau. La recherche des transitions de lien direct s’est averee a la limite des capacites d’observation des multidetecteurs actuels, utilisant des boucliers anti-compton. La prochaine generation de multidetecteur gamma abandonnera ces boucliers et utilisera des algorithmes de tracking gamma pour reconstruire les trajectoires des photons. La seconde partie de cette these a ete axee sur un travail de r&d pour le projet europeen agata. Nous avons en particulier effectue des simulations au moyen du code geant4 et essaye d’ameliorer les algorithmes de tracking existants par la mise au point de methodes de reconstruction des evenements « creation de paire ». Agata devrait voir le jour a l’horizon 2015-2020, et permettra ainsi de repousser les limites d’observation de deux ordres de grandeur environ
The atomic nucleus can adopt a very elongated shape with an axis ratio 2:1 : this is the superdeformation phenomenon. Nowadays more than 300 superdeformed bands have been identified at high spin, but the determination of excitation energies, spins and parities of the associated states have been established for only one tenth of these bands. The former quantities (e*, i, p) can only be determined via the linking g-transitions between the superdeformed (sd) and the normally deformed (nd) states. Within the framework of this thesis, we have investigated the 192hg nucleus in order to establish e*, i and p. This nucleus is predicted to be doubly magic at superdeformation and hence is taken as a reference in the mass a~190 region. The experiment was carried out at strasbourg using the euroball iv array and the vivitron accelerator. The obtained results are not convincing and seem to be at the limit of the performances of euroball. Next generation of arrays will abandon the compton-shields and use tracking concept to reconstruct the trajectories of incident photons, and therefore we expect a huge increase of efficiency. The second part of this ph. D. Was focused on the r&d work for the agata project. We have performed simulations with the geant4 code and developped tracking methods to reconstruct pair-creation events. The full agata will be operationnal around 2015 and will enhance by around two orders of magnitude the observational limits

碩士
國立臺灣大學
物理研究所
95
To measure the arbitrary spectrum of orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons, an apparatus combined a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a pair of rotated Dove prisms to measure the arbitrary spectrum of orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons was established. The validity of the set up is verified by comparing the measurement result with a theoretical calculation of the OAM spectrum of an elliptical beam produced by a pair of cylindrical lenses.

Standard quantum computation proceeds via the unitary evolution of physical qubits (two-level systems) that carry the information. A remarkably different model is one-way quantum computing where a quantum algorithm is implemented by a set of irreversible measurements on a large array of entangled qubits,, known as the cluster state. The order and sequence of these measurements allow for different algorithms to be implemented. With a large enough cluster state and a method in which to perform single-qubit measurements the desired computation can be realised. We propose a potential implementation of one-way quantum computing using qubits encoded in the orbital angular momentum degree of freedom of single photons. Photons are good carriers of quantum information because of their weak interaction with the environment and the orbital angular momentum of single photons offers access to an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space for encoding information. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion is combined with a series of optical elements to generate a four-photon orbital angular momentum entangled cluster state and single-qubit measurements are carried out by means of digital holography. The proposed set-up, which is based on an experiment that utilised polarised photons, can be used to realise Grover’s search algorithm which performs a search through an unstructured database of four elements. Our application is restricted to a two-dimensional subspace of a multi-dimensional system, but this research facilitates the use of orbital angular momentum qubits for quantum information processing and points towards the usage of photonic qudits (multi-level systems). We also review the application of Dirac notation to paraxial light beams on a classical and quantum level. This formalism is generally employed in quantum mechanics but the analogy with paraxial optics allows us to represent the classical states of light by means of Dirac kets. An analysis of the analogy between the classical and quantum states of light using this formalism, is presented.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.