Статті в журналах: "Philosophical problems"

1

Kekes, John. "Perennial philosophical problems." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 67 (2014): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm201467110.

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2

Kekes, John. "Understanding philosophical problems." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 72 (2016): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20167235.

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3

MURAKAMI, Youichiro. "Philosophical Problems around Fuzziness." Journal of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Systems 1, no. 1 (1989): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3156/jfuzzy.1.1_42.

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4

Nakayama, Yasuo. "Philosophical Problems in Robotics:." Kagaku tetsugaku 44, no. 2 (2011): 2_1–2_16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4216/jpssj.44.2_1.

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5

Mardonov, Ravshan. "Philosophical problems of modern education." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 10, no. 12 (2020): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.01765.6.

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6

Smirnov, Igor N. "Socio-Philosophical Problems of Informatics." Soviet Studies in Philosophy 26, no. 2 (October 1987): 32–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsp1061-1967260232.

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7

Kosolapov, A. A. "INFORMATIZATION: PHILOSOPHICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PROBLEMS." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 4(58) (September 11, 2015): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2015/49291.

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8

Barz, Wolfgang. "Aporetic Structure of Philosophical Problems." Journal of Didactics of Philosophy 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/jdph.2019.9556.

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The central idea of this essay is that philosophical thinking revolves around aporetic clusters, i.e., sets of individually plausible, but collectively inconsistent propositions. The task of philosophy is to dissolve such clusters, either by showing that the propositions in question, contrary to first impression, are compatible with each other, or by showing that it is permissible to abandon at least one of the propositions involved. This view of philosophical problems not only provides a very good description of well-understood philosophizing, but is also better suited than others to explain some seemingly strange characteristics of philosophy, most notably its armchair character, the large variety of incommensurable doctrines by which it is characterized, and its concern with its own history.

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9

Vvedenskaya, Еlena V. "Neurohacking: Ethical and Philosophical Problems." Chelovek 33, no. 1 (2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070019074-8.

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Neurohacking is a form of biohacking that aims to interfere with the structure or function of neurons to restore or improve the functioning of the brain and the central nervous system. The author focuses on the problems of using neurohacking methods by healthy people and on the prospects of using neurohacking for purposes other than medicine, considering them from the point of view of neuroethics. It is noted that neurotechnologies can be "dual-purpose" tools, that is, they can be used not only to solve medical problems, but also for other purposes, including malicious ones. The article discusses two types of neurohacking technologies: invasive, based on surgical interventions to restore or improve the functions of the body, and non-invasive, modifying the body without such interventions. Both of these types, originally developed for medical use, have the potential to be used by healthy people to improve and expand cognitive and sensory abilities. However, by seeking to improve cognitive abilities through neurohacking, a person can make their brain vulnerable to manipulation, subject to external control and management. This threatens him with the loss of free will, privacy and personal dignity. Uncontrolled use of neurohacking is dangerous not only for the subject who uses it, but also for society. The increased use of these technologies can lead to unpredictable consequences, including a new stratification of society and social segregation. A deep intrusion into the subtle structures of the brain, affecting its cognitive and sensitive abilities, sharpens the search for answers to the question of the essence of consciousness, and the inevitable existential risks for both the individual and humanity with the uncontrolled introduction of neurohacking require its ethical and philosophical understanding, evaluation and regulation.

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10

Markov, Yu I., and S. V. Pustovit. "Philosophical problems of modern anesthesiology." EMERGENCY MEDICINE, no. 2.89 (April 18, 2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.2.89.2018.126601.

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11

Hintikka, Jaakko. "Philosophical Research: Problems and Prospects." Diogenes 61, no. 2 (May 2014): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0392192116640720.

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12

Turner, Stephen. "Philosophical Argument and Wicked Problems." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 48, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393117740842.

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This comment on Frodeman and Briggle’s Socrates Tenured raises questions about the project of applying philosophy or philosophical skills to wicked problems such as terrorism. By definition, these problems cannot be solved by appeal to principles, but involve conflicting values and goals. The societal problems to which the book refers are of this kind. The argument of the book vacillates between recognizing this and asserting some sort of special disciplinary authority for philosophy in the face of these problems. Examples illustrate the dilemma.

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13

Bertoldi, Eugene F. "Collingwood and Eternal Philosophical Problems." Dialogue 24, no. 3 (1985): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300040270.

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In some of his last publications, R. G. Collingwood takes the position that problems in philosophy are not eternal. Such a denial, in the context of the controversies concerning the overall interpretation of Collingwood's work, is significant for at least two reasons: it seems to suggest an “atomistic” view of the history of philosophy on Collingwood's part, perhaps one that resembles that of the history of science as offered inThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Also, the denial seems to reverse Collingwood's earlier views which insisted on aphilosophia perennis, and this would support those who maintain that at some point Collingwood's thought underwent a “radical conversion”.

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14

Gruber, David F. "Philosophical Problems in the Law." Teaching Philosophy 15, no. 4 (1992): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil199215462.

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15

Musselman, John D. "Philosophical Problems in the Law." Teaching Philosophy 20, no. 3 (1997): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil199720343.

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16

HANSSON, SVEN OVE. "PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS IN COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS." Economics and Philosophy 23, no. 2 (July 2007): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267107001356.

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Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is much more philosophically interesting than has in general been recognized. Since it is the only well-developed form of applied consequentialism, it is a testing-ground for consequentialism and for the counterfactual analysis that it requires. Ten classes of philosophical problems that affect the practical performance of cost–benefit analysis are investigated: topic selection, dependence on the decision perspective, dangers of super synopticism and undue centralization, prediction problems, the indeterminateness of our control over future decisions, the need to exclude certain consequences for moral reasons, bias in the delimitation of consequences, incommensurability of consequences, difficulties in defending the essential requirement of transferability across contexts, and the normatively questionable but equally essential assumption of interpersonal compensability.

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17

Zolotuhina-Abolina, E. V. "IN SEARCH OF KNOWLEDGE IN PHILOSOPHY (Reflections on the book A. M. Starostin “Research Philosophy”. Rostov-on-Don: Rostov State University of Economics, 2019)." Economics of Contemporary Russia 86, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2019-3(86)-152-157.

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In the monograph of Professor A. M. Starostin the notions “philosophical novations” and “research philosophy” was introduced and approved. The author divides the whole array of philosophic research into fundamental and applied – the sphere of philosophical novations. Fundamental and philosophic investigations are directed to the study of the problems of objective reality, thinking, cognition, the truth, freedom and other basic categories. The sphere of fundamental research is slowly changing and it’s development is marked by the outstanding names (Platon, Descartes, Kant, Schopenhauer, Heidegger etc.). As to the sphere of the philosophic innovations, its emergence and development are connected with application of methods of philosophical reflection to the realization of interdisciplinary problems of science, development of political, religious, artistic, ethical trends, which can't be researched only with the help of their own methods. The sphere of philosophic novations develops dynamically and according to its own scales and is twice larger than the sphere of fundamental philosophy.In his monography the author, from the viewpoint of his treating of fundamental and innovative projection of the philosophic knowledge and philosophic methods, analyses contemporary problems of politics, education, culture, science.

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18

Álvarez Solís, Francisco Javier. "Dietética filosófica y literatura simposiáca." Miscelánea Filosófica αρχή Revista Electrónica 7, no. 19 (September 1, 2023): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31644/mfarchere_v.7;n.19/23-a02.

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This article is part of the research project INICIO-2022-18. "Dietetics. Historical Phenomenology of Eating and Epistemology of Culinary Taste” funded by the Vice-Rector for Research of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Dietetics is a fertile philosophical field to investigate the material conditions of the contemporary subject. It is not limited to moral philosophy or the aesthetics of taste, since most contemporary moral debates separate dietetics from the ethics of care. This consideration prevents dietetics from being conceived as a critical reflection on food as a philosophical problem. If dietetics was historically a philosophical discipline that was dedicated to theoretical reflection between ethics, aesthetics and food, contemporary practical philosophy forgot these topics as it considered them "minor" problems, problems of technical solution ---not normative---, or problems with little philosophical performance. Therefore, the rehabilitation of dietetics as a philosophical discipline is based on the assumption that the question of the correct diet and the way of life have been philosophically associated with each other.

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19

Doronina, Svetlana. "Studying the phenomenon of childhood philosophically: problems and prospects." Socium i vlast 1 (2021): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2021-1-127-137.

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Introduction. The author analyzes the problems and prospects of studying the phenomenon of childhood, justifies the specific features and advantages of philosophical approaches, makes an attempt to explicate the optimal methods and strategies of scientific inquiry, correlating with epistemological, ontological, axiological goals and assumptions of the modern paradigm, within which this phenomenon is problematized and reflexively comprehended. The purpose of the work is to identify the specific features of studying the phenomenon of childhood in the context of the philosophical approach. Methods. The author makes use of general scientific research methods such as analysis and synthesis, serving as philosophical tools. Theoretical reconstruction and comparative analysis, as well as the hermeneutic method of reading texts were used to reveal the peculiarities of studying the phenomenon of childhood, its problems and prospects. Scientific novelty of the study. The study highlights the specific features of studying the phenomenon of childhood; the advantages of philosophical methods and approaches focused on understanding and describing the object under study, creating an integrative idea about it; the author determines development prospects associated with eliminating asymmetric methods of interaction in scientific discourse, and forming interdisciplinary ties. Results. During the research, the author identifies the current problems of studying the phenomenon of childhood philosophically, as well as the prospects for their solution related to the need to form an integrative idea of childhood in the context of interdisciplinary synthesis, using philosophical methods and approaches which make it possible to integrate children’s experience into research discourse, without going beyond the framework of scientific strategies. Conclusions. The philosophical study of the phenomenon of childhood covers a wide range of problems, the solution of which involves searching for answers related, first, to the epistemological and methodological aspects of learning childhood experience; secondly, with ontological, existential and axiological contexts of research. Strategies of philosophical research are aimed at systemic learning the phenomenon of childhood, at tracing the relations between methods, epistemological, ontological, axiological and other assumptions on which cognition is based, and the formation of conceptual ideas about childhood, participating in the constitution of the “adult – child” relations, educational practices in society and culture.

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20

Стоцкая, Татьяна Геннадьевна. "PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF THE PROBABILITY THEORY." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Философия, no. 4(54) (December 10, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtphilos/2020.4.031.

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В настоящее время для решения многих практических задач в различных сферах человеческой жизни мы используем разные математико-статические методы. Данные методы базируются на основных понятиях и положениях теории вероятности. Проблема теории вероятности кроется в самой природе вероятности, раскрыть которую способен исключительно философский подход. Традиционно принято считать, что именно математическая теория вероятностей формулирует самое строгое определение вероятности. Но применение данного подхода гораздо шире: понятие вероятности стало одной из фундаментальных категорий биологии, космологии, кибернетики, физики. Currently, to solve many practical problems in various fields of human life, we use different mathematical and static methods, these methods are based on the basic concepts and statements of probability theory. The problem of probability theory lies in the very nature of probability, which can be revealed by a philosophical approach. Traditionally, it is considered that mathematical probability theory formulates the strictest definition of probability. But the application of this approach is much broader: the concept of probability has become one of the fundamental categories of biology, cosmology, Cybernetics, and physics.

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21

Wilson, George M., and Noel Carroll. "Philosophical Problems of Classical Film Theory." Philosophical Review 100, no. 3 (July 1991): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2185084.

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22

Cameron, Evan William, and Noel Carroll. "Philosophical Problems of Classical Film Theory." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 47, no. 1 (1989): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/431997.

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23

Ivasiv, Sofiia, and Bohdan Rokhman. "Moral and philosophical problems of euthanasia." Good Parson: scientific bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk Academy of John Chrysostom. Theology. Philosophy. History, no. 15 (December 14, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52761/2522-1558.2020.15.6.

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The peculiarity of human existence are two fundamental categories - the meaning of life and attitude to death. Philosophers have studied this problem since antiquity and continue to do so to this day. And throughout the history of human existence, life has been and remains the basic value of man. Everyone has the right to it, but no one has the right to take it away, stop it, end it, while remaining unpunished.

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24

Petik, Jaroslav. "PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF THE MENTALISTIC LOGIC." Sophia. Human and Religious Studies Bulletin 14, no. 2 (2019): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/sophia.2019.14.9.

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Paper deals with philosophical problems of mentalistic logic. Mentalistic logic is a formal system that concentrates on underpinning processes of mental life instead of certain elements of extrinsic rational behavior as most of existing logics (like BDI calculi) do. The project is compared to the existing logics of actions. Mentalistic logic is patually a formal system and partually phenomenological study of human mind. We presume formal signs such as propositions and modal operators refer to mental states and can describe the general structure of mental activity. That is purely the approach of classical phenomenology – the study of experience and its structures. On the other hand the usage of formal logic is a classic analytic philosophy of mind. So the things are getting more complicated when taking in consideration that the initial framework of a study is analytic philosophy and not continental phenomenology. Phenomenology is of different intellectual and methodological tradition than any type of analytic philosophy including analytic philosophy of mind. From that stanpoint it may be said that paper is also interesting as a purely methodological project – it tries to find bridges between phenomenology and philosophy of mind. As for the action logics, mentalistic logic also studies rational behavior but does it on the other lever and often with a different purpose. The main problem in this case is philosophical interpretation of modality. Minor problems include shared content, many leveled self-referential structures and vagueness. The paper also studies brain in a vatt thought experiment as a methodological concept. The research will have implications for philosophy of logic, artificial intelligence and theory of reference.

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25

Lee, Alan, and Jonathan Westphal. "Colour: Some Philosophical Problems from Wittgenstein." Leonardo 21, no. 4 (1988): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1578717.

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26

Lee, Jaesoong. "Wittgenstein: Philosophical Problems and Grammatical Investigation." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 11, no. 4 (August 30, 2020): 1843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.11.4.130.

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27

Richter, Philipp. "Philosophical Problems - A Collective Book Review." Journal of Didactics of Philosophy 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/jdph.2021.9595.

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28

Kusly, Petr. "Philosophical Problems of the Binding Theory." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 47, no. 1 (2016): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps201647136.

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29

Watson, Richard A. "Some Philosophical Problems in Environmental Ethics." Philosophical Inquiry 11, no. 1 (1989): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philinquiry1989111/25.

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30

Karpenko, Alexander S. "Philosophical Problems of Foundations of Logic." Studia Humana 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2014-0002.

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Abstract In the paper the following questions are discussed: (i) What is logical consequence? (ii) What are logical constants (operations)? (iii) What is a logical system? (iv) What is logical pluralism? (v) What is logic? In the conclusion, the main tendencies of development of modern logic are pointed out.

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31

Park, Chang Kyun. "Metaphors for Mathematics and Philosophical Problems." Journal for History of Mathematics 30, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14477/jhm.2017.30.4.247.

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32

Hansson, S. O. "Ten Philosophical Problems in Belief Revision." Journal of Logic and Computation 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/13.1.37.

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33

Mustafaeva, M., P. Fedotova, and S. Khiyasova. "Philosophical and methodological problems of economics." HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC SCIENCES 111, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1997-2377-2020-111-2-143-145.

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34

Bedau, Mark A. "Introduction to philosophical problems about life." Synthese 185, no. 1 (January 26, 2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-011-9872-1.

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35

Zolotukhina-Abolina, Elena. "PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF CREATIVITY: REVIEW ATTEMPT." HUMANITIES OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA 12, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2227-8656.2023.1.6.

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Amangeldiyev, A. "Problems of Artificial Intelligence: Philosophical Analysis." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 144, no. 3 (2023): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2023-144-3-167-177.

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Artificial intelligence can be understood as the pinnacle of development of the science of cybernetics. One of the key features of artificial intelligence is that, unlike simple computers, artificial intelligence has the ability to independently process information coming from outside and perform complex, extraordinary operations. That is, if a simple machine is loaded with specific algorithms and execute them, artificial intelligence can itself participate in the design of new tasks. Already today, such artificial intelligence capabilities are used in various spheres of society, for example, in such areas as economics and finance. In the light of such trends, classical philosophical questions acquire new guidelines. What kind of future is possible for humanity? Is artificial intelligence a force for advancing society or an initiative that poses a serious threat to humanity? The authors are close to the point of view that a complete rejection of the capabilities of artificial intelligence is impossible and there is no need for this. But deeper ethical reflection would help prevent threats to the future of humanity as a result of the widespread use of artificial intelligence. The article examines philosophical discourses regarding achievements in the field of artificial intelligence. Issues of a methodological, ethical epistemological nature are considered. The judgments and assumptions of researchers were analyzed within the framework of such issues as the improvement of artificial intelligence, its role and place in modern life, and its significance in the life of society. Of course, the risks associated with the development of artificial intelligence require serious philosophical reflection. Therefore, the main emphasis of the article is focused on the analyses of existing current discourses. The authors analyzed a number of scenarios related to the topic of artificial intelligence, its development, as well as the categorical apparatus in this area.

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Kuranbek, A. "Some problems of translating philosophical texts." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 145, no. 4 (2023): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2023-145-4-255-270.

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Despite the fact that there are many different nations and languages, it is possible to speak about the uniformity of human beginnings in the world since the beginning of time. Not just similar to each other, but common both in external form and content are the configurations of human cognition, understanding of the world and their place in it, their relationships with each other, universal values. Nevertheless, the people living in each continent or climatic zone have their own unique customs and traditions, ways of thinking and language, depending on their way of life, economy, religious beliefs, economy and culture. Translation work is the most unique form of creative activity of the human mind, aimed at gathering and uniting this seemingly unrelated diversity, establishing contact and the possibility of communication between cultures. Based on the established system of views and concepts in literary studies and linguistics, cultural studies and philosophy, the article presents a detailed analysis of the level of study of translation as an urgent problem of science, art and philosophy, as well as provides an overview of the history, theory and practice of translation, its place in world culture. The experience of translating scientific literature and philosophical texts from world languages into Russian and Kazakh languages is analyzed, its connection with actual problems of modern society is studied, including the influence of translation on the implementation of synthesis and intercultural dialogue, on the development of science and philosophy. The paper evaluates the originality of the philosophical approach to the phenomenon of translation.

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38

D’Oro, Giuseppina. "Collingwood on philosophical knowledge and the enduring nature of philosophical problems." British Journal for the History of Philosophy 12, no. 1 (February 2004): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0960878042000188874.

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39

Buda, Stanisław. "The frame problem and problem frame." Philosophical Discourses 2 (2020): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/pd.2020.02.03.

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In the first part, the author discusses the methodological status of interdisciplinary research. Some general issues may be problematized within various disciplines; each of them only examines a certain aspect of the issue. Philosophical categories represent some ideas par excellence, while the terms used by the specific sciences represent models of some of their aspects. The second part recalls the most important problems signaled by engineers and programmers of machines, which are to operate in an external, changing environment, realizing autonomously the objectives set for them. In parts three and four, the author attempts to specify the essential operations that the decision making machine performs. The nature of these operations should be adapted to the requirement that the machine should focus on what is important for the task it performs.

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40

Buechner, Jeff. "Two New Philosophical Problems for Robo-Ethics." Information 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9100256.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe two new philosophical problems for robo-ethics. When one considers the kinds of philosophical problems that arise in the emerging field of robo-ethics, one typically thinks of issues that concern agency, autonomy, rights, consciousness, warfare/military applications, employment and work, the impact for elder-care, and many others. All of these philosophical problems are well known. However, this paper describes two new philosophical problems for robo-ethics that have not been previously addressed in the literature. The author’s view is that if these philosophical problems are not solved, some aspects of robo-ethics research and development will be challenged.

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41

Harré, Rom. "Wittgenstein: Science and Religion." Philosophy 76, no. 2 (April 2001): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819101000249.

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Extra-philosophical influences were very important in shaping Wittgenstein's philosophical ruminations. The Tractatus-Logico Philosophicus is misunderstood unless it is seen as deriving from the pre-Machian physics of the German tradition, adapted to the problems Russell confronted Wittgenstein with. In like manner, particularly in relation to the discussions of meanings and rules, the philosophy of the Philosophical Investigations is shaped by the role played by a powerful religious sensibility in Wittgenstein's extraordinary and tormented life.

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42

Yao, Mingfa. "Analysis of Philosophical Problems in Translation Studies." Journal of English Language and Literature 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v10i1.385.

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Translation studies are closely related to philosophical theories. Each translation research theory or paradigm has its philosophical basis and each philosophical theoretical trend will have different degrees of influence on the theoretical development of translation studies. From the research paradigm of translation theories, this paper selects general philosophical issues, such as the relationship between subject and object in translation, relativism and general rationalism in the study of translation theory, constructivism and deconstruction, and elaborates their relationships.

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Koichumanova, G. "Philosophical Poetry Genesis: Problems and Development Trends." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/73/61.

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Research relevance in this article is aimed at philosophical poetry and on the need to overcome socio-ideological limitations in order to understand how problems of an existential, ontological plan can be motivated. Research objectives: to define the concept of “philosophical poetry”, to define its categories and intrinsic terms from the point of view of various scholars. Materials and research methods: author used a scientific and theoretical analysis of the categorical definition of philosophical poetry. Research results: in philosophical poetry, the practice of spirit is analyzed as a special form of thought and a way of thinking. Conclusions: philosophical poetry gave powerful motivation to the study and understanding the nature of consciousness in the discovery of several phenomena, both in human life and in the society spiritual and intellectual development.

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Ashdown, Lance. "Much Ado about a Point of View." Dialogue 43, no. 4 (2004): 685–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300003991.

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AbstractWhat did Wittgenstein mean when he remarked, “I am not a religious man but I cannot help but see every problem from a religious point of view”? Malcolm's thesis is that it points to analogies between Wittgenstein's philosophical outlook and a religious view of life. In opposition, Peter Winch argues that Wittgenstein's remark need not be understood as referring to exclusively philosophical problems; rather, Wittgenstein was expressing his own quasi-religious perspective on life and emphasizing the spiritual importance of philosophical clarity. In contrast to Malcolm and Winch, I argue that the remark is best taken to mean roughly: “I am not a religious person myself, but when I reflect philosophically on what it means for a person to face certain types of problems, for example, moral dilemmas or other difficult decisions in life, it is important to acknowledge the diversity of possible perspectives from which these problems can be seen; in so doing, I cannot help but imagine how such problems would appear from the perspective of a religious person.”

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Kabelka, Gintaras. "BALTIJOS ŠALIŲ FILOSOFINIO DISKURSO POSOVIETINĖ TRANSFORMACIJA I." Problemos 84 (January 1, 2013): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2013.0.1782.

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Straipsnis skirtas trijų Baltijos šalių filosofijos posovietinių pokyčių lyginamajai analizei, ypač pabrėžiant šių šalių filosofinių diskursų svarbesnius bruožus – augimo tempą, apimtį, dalykinę struktūrą, kokybinius pokyčius, produktyvumą. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje Lietuvos skaitytojai glaustai supažindinami su sovietinio ir nepriklausomybės laikotarpio (1955–2011 m.) Estijos ir Latvijos filosofijos raida: išskiriamos vyraujančios filosofijos kryptys, aptariamos pagrindinės nagrinėtos problemos ir atskiros šalies filosofijos specifika. Apžvelgiama Baltijos šalių filosofinių centrų istorija, filosofų grupių formavimasis, konceptualiniai ginčai, diskursų ryšiai, palyginami filosofų profesinių biografijų bruožai.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Lietuva, Latvija, Estija, filosofinis diskursas, posovietinė transformacija The Post-Soviet Transformation of the Philosophical Discourse in Baltic Countries IGintaras Kabelka Abstract The paper presents a comparative analysis of philosophical discourses (1955–2011) and their post-soviet changes in three Baltic countries – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Special attention is paid to the scope, growth rate, productivity and structural changes of these discourses. In the first part of this paper a general overview of philosophy in Latvia and Estonia is introduced to the Lithuanian readers. The main philosophical trends and problems are discussed, as well as particularity of each country. The paper surveys the history of philosophical centres, the formation of philosophical groups and disputes, and the ties among the discourses. The more characteristic tendencies in professional biographies of philosophers are explained and compared.Keywords: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, philosophical discourse, post-soviet transformation

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Nikiforov, Alexander L. "Problems of Metaphilosophy – a View from Aside." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 56, no. 2 (2019): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps201956233.

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The paper discusses several problems of metaphilosophy that were explored in the philosophical literature in Russia. Metaphilosophy tries to understand what is philosophy, what problems philosophers are dealing with, which methods they employ in their investigations, the nature of philosophical statements and so on. Philosophers in Russia tended to think of philosophy as a special type of worldview that exists together with the ordinary worldview and religious worldview. The author defines worldview as a collection of basic beliefs about the surrounding world, society, human being, the relations existing between individuals and society, about values and ideals. It is underscored that a worldview is always somebody’s worldview (it belongs either to an individual or a social group). The worldview problems explored by philosophers remain the same throughout thousands of years; what changes is how they are stated in different times. Every human being faces these problems if she has realized herself as an autonomous being and the reality splits for her into the I and the non-I. All philosophical problems revolve around three basic questions: what is the non-I (i.e. nature and society)? - this is the ontological question; what is I? (the anthropological question); what relations exist between the I and the non-I (the epistemological, axiological, ethical and other questions). The author also explores several stages of a philosophical investigation: an internal dissatisfaction with existing solutions, a search for a new perspective (meaning, idea, interpretation), development of the found solution. The author points at a number of characteristics that make philosophy different from science: philosophical statements and conceptions cannot be verified or refuted by experience, they are not universal. It is argued that the notion of truth in its classical interpretation cannot be applied to philosophical statements because the latter cannot be true or false. The author concludes that philosophical statements or conceptions express the subjective opinion of a given philosopher about the world and the human being. An obvious evidence for this is the existing pluralism of philosophical systems, schools, and trends.

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Shevel, A. O. "PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY." Scientific Knowledge: Methodology and Technology, no. 2 (2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/sk1561-1264/2020-2-1.

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Jaworska, Agnieszka, and Peter Byrne. "Philosophical and Ethical Problems in Mental Handicap." Philosophical Review 111, no. 2 (April 2002): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3182624.

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Philippy, David. "Stefan HEIDL, Philosophical Problems of Behavioural Economics." Revue européenne des sciences sociales, no. 56-1 (May 25, 2018): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ress.3878.

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Roy, Joaquín, and Susana Nuccetelli. "Latin American Thought: Philosophical Problems and Arguments." Hispania 88, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20140941.

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