Статті в журналах: "Philippines population"

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Layos, John King N., Ronel B. Geromo, Dinah M. Espina, and Masahide Nishibori. "Insights on the historical biogeography of Philippine domestic pigs and its relationship with continental domestic pigs and wild boars." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): e0254299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254299.

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The Philippine archipelago was believed to have never been connected to the Asian continent even during the severe Quaternary sea-level drops. As a result, the history of domestic pig (Sus scrofa) dispersal in the Philippines remains controversial and must have some anthropogenic origin associated with human migration events. In this study, the context of origin, dispersal, and the level of genetic introgression in Philippine domestic pigs were deduced using mitochondrial DNA D-loop analysis altogether with domestic pigs and wild boar corresponding to their geographic origin. The results revealed considerable genetic diversity (0.900±0.016) and widespread Asian pig-ancestry (94.60%) in the phylogenetic analysis, with admixed European pig-origin (5.10%) harboring various fractions of ancestry from Berkshire and Landrace. The close genetic connection between the continental wild boars and domestic pigs present in the Philippine domestic pigs corroborates our hypothesis of a genetic signal that may be associated with the recently reported multiple waves of human migrations to the Philippines. The Haplogroup D7, reported to occur only in Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspots, included a high frequency of Philippine domestic pig haplotypes (54.08%), which poses an interesting challenge because its distribution is not consistent with the hypothesized migration route of Neolithic Austronesian-speaking populations. We detected the first Pacific Clade signature and ubiquitously distributed D2 haplotypes (Asian major) on several Philippine islands. The analyses of mismatch distribution and neutrality test were consistent with the Bayesian skyline plot which showed a long stationary period of effective population size. The population decline was consistent with the pronounced population bottleneck in Asian and European pigs during the interglacial periods of the Pleistocene. The results of this study will support the conservation strategies and improvements of economically important genetic resources in the Philippines.

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MATTHIESSEN, SVEN. "Re-Orienting the Philippines: The KALIBAPI party and the application of Japanese Pan-Asianism, 1942–45." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 560–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000294.

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AbstractDuring their occupation of the Philippines from 1942 to 1945, the Japanese invaders aimed at making the archipelago become part of the so-called Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS, Daitōa kyōeiken)—a self-sustaining economic bloc that should act as a bulwark against Western imperialism. The underlying philosophy of the GEACPS was pan-Asianism (Han Ajia-shugi)—an ideology that propagated the liberation and unity of all Asian peoples. In the Philippines, the Japanese administrators faced various problems with the implementation of this ideology. The strong impact of four centuries under Western colonial rule had created a mindset among many Filipinos that they themselves were Westerners and not Asians. Therefore, one of the main purposes of the new Japanese rulers was to change the attitude of the Philippine population and win the Filipinos over to the concept of the GEACPS. One means to this end was the dissolution of all political parties in the Philippines and replacing them with the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI: lit., ‘Association for Service to the New Philippines’). The Japanese wanted to turn this association into a mass organization with the ultimate goal to create a mass movement towards the establishment of the ‘New Philippines’ among the population. In this article, I will discuss how the Japanese administrators used the KALIBAPI to adopt their pan-Asianism to Philippine circumstances, but also how the organization exemplifies the ultimate failure of Japanese pan-Asianism in the Philippines.

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GUEVARRA, P. R., J. F. PARIL, R. R. GARDOCE, A. M. SALAZAR, and A. O. CANAMA-SALINAS. "GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG THE PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) POPULATIONS BASED ON SSR MARKERS." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.1.

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This paper reports the first genetic diversity analysis of Philippine traditional maize populations performed through a cost-effective DNA pooling strategy. The diversity among selected 100 traditional maize populations collected from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao was evaluated using twenty simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers at the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. A total of 138 bands ranging from two to 12 bands per primer were detected. The average number of polymorphic alleles, polymorphism rate, effective multiplex ratio, marker index, resolving power, and expected heterozygosity are 6.283, 87.17%, 5.798, 4.104, 15.897, and 0.658, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied between 0.141 to 0.848, with an average value of 0.620. A dendrogram was constructed with a dissimilarity coefficient ranging from 0.14 to 0.55 and a mean dissimilarity index of 0.425. Cluster analysis revealed 13 groups based on the result of Approximately Unbiased (AU) p-values from 10,000 bootstrap iterations. The cluster analysis enabled the classification of populations with ambiguous places of origin. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher within-population diversity (70%) than among-population diversity (30%) with PhiPT (pairwise genetic differentiation metric) of 0.298 (P = 0.001). These results revealed the significant diversity of traditional maize populations in the Philippines and the power of SSR markers in diversity and cluster analyses despite the age of this marker technology. These findings will aid plant breeders in developing approaches towards knowledgeable and efficient execution of breeding programs using traditional maize populations.

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Chen, I., S. Nishida, LS Chou, T. Isobe, AA Mignucci-Giannoni, and AR Hoelzel. "Population genetic diversity and historical dynamics of Fraser’s dolphins Lagenodelphis hosei." Marine Ecology Progress Series 643 (June 11, 2020): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13268.

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Marine organisms face relatively few barriers to gene flow, and yet even highly mobile species such as dolphins often show population structure over regional geographic scales. Understanding the processes that promote this pattern of differentiation helps us understand the evolutionary radiation of this group, and to promote more effective measures for conservation. Here we report the first population genetic study of Fraser’s dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei (Fraser, 1956), a species that was not recognized by the scientific communities until the early 1970s. We use 18 microsatellite DNA loci and 1 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) locus to compare 112 Fraser’s dolphins collected in various locations, mainly from the waters off Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines, but also including samples from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Our results indicate differentiation between populations in waters off Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines, and support the findings from earlier morphological assessments for differentiation between Japanese and Philippine waters. Small sample sets also show likely differentiation between other regions in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Moreover, neutrality tests and mismatch analysis based on mtDNA data indicate that the populations in the western North Pacific Ocean have expanded demographically and spatially, possibly since the latest global deglaciation, when sea levels and global temperatures started to rise.

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Nakagun, Shotaro, Laetitia I. Smoll, Takayuki Sato, Cynthia A. A. Layusa, and Jo Marie V. Acebes. "Interchange of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) between northern Philippines and Ogasawara, Japan, has implications for conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 4 (2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc19003.

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Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the western North Pacific breed in the Philippines and Japan, where there is relatively little scientific data available, leading to uncertainty about their population status and structure. This study investigates links between humpback whale populations in northern Philippines and Ogasawara, Japan, through a comparison of the most recent fluke identification catalogues. The Philippines catalogue (1999–2016) included 234 individuals, and the Ogasawara catalogue (1987–2014), 1389 individuals. The number of matched individuals was 86 (including 14 known females and 40 known males), corresponding to 36.8% of the Philippines and 6.2% of the Ogasawara catalogues. The findings included four within-season matches, with travel times as short as 25 days. The results suggest that a considerable portion of whales utilising Philippine waters pass through and also utilise the Ogasawara region, but the majority of whales found off Ogasawara either stay in that location, move to different breeding grounds, or remain out of the sampling area. Nevertheless, in light of the high site fidelity of individuals in the Philippines and Ogasawara area, as well as constant evidence of breeding activities, these regions are of importance to the lesser known western North Pacific subpopulation. Humpback whales migrating to this part of the world are estimated to be in relatively low abundance, therefore continued conservation attention is needed.

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Yuk-Wai, Li. "The Chinese Resistance Movement in the Philippines During the Japanese Occupation." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 2 (September 1992): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400006202.

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The Chinese community in the Philippines before the outbreak of the Pacific War was relatively small and homogeneous in comparison with those in other Southeast Asian countries. When the Japanese occupied the Philippine islands, they found a Chinese community of less than one per cent of the total population. This small alien group did not appear to be a serious threat to the Japanese authorities. However, during the three and a half years of Japanese occupation, the Chinese maintained several guerrilla groups, which formed part of the resistance movement in the Philippines.

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Vista, Alvin. "Equity in cross-cultural gifted screening from a Philippine perspective." Gifted Education International 31, no. 3 (March 19, 2014): 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261429414526657.

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This paper discusses issues on cross-cultural gifted screening from a Philippine perspective. Research on gifted education in the Philippines, and Southeast Asia in general, is still nascent. The main focus of this review of literature is on equity of the gifted education screening process across wide socioeconomic, cultural, and linguistic differences within the student population. On account of the relative lack of specific literature on Philippine gifted education, this review links the findings in gifted education research from Western-based countries and relates the findings to the Philippine context. For example, although the Philippines do not have as much of an issue of racial inequity in schools as the United States, the same inequity because of socioeconomic factors can be tackled similarly. The implication of alternative assessments, and their utility in cross-cultural gifted education, are also examined.

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Tolliver, Joyce. "Savage Madonnas: ’La mujer filipina’ in the Nineteenth-Century Colonialist Imaginary." Letras Femeninas 41, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44735027.

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Abstract The fiction of a national Spanish "family" that embraced the inhabitants of its "overseas provinces" was promulgated insistently in nineteenth-century colonial discourse. The fragility of this fiction was demonstrated dramatically in writings about the Philippines by peninsular Spaniards, as they tried to reconcile the profound cultural, linguistic, and ethnic heterogeneity of the archipelago with the notion of biological and cultural filiation. In his 1886 painting España y Filipinas, the Philippine reformist artist Juan Luna allegorically portrayed Spain and the Philippines as matron and racialized adolescent, suggesting that the Philippines’ future depended on its mestizo population. In the same year, Faustina Sáez de Melgar imagined both the Philippines and the Americas as "nuestras hijas" in her anthology of costumbrismo sketches, Las mujeres españolas, americanas y lusitanas pintadas por sí mismas. The volume’s title evoked a fantasy of feminine agency belied by the fact that virtually none of the sketches were written by a member of the "type" portrayed; and that the volume was illustrated not by a woman but by Eusebio Planas, known for his eroticized sketches of women. Josefa Estévez, a peninsular Spaniard, contributed the essay on "La filipina," in which she distinguished sharply between the Christianized populations of the archipelago and the non-Christianized "salvajes." Rather than contributing an ethnographic study of the "savage" tribes, Estévez represented this "tipo" through two narratives of sexual brutality and conquest. Both narratives suggested that the social structure of the non-Christianized colonial Philippine populations was not only untenable but unimaginable: the only moral compass available to these populations was to be found in female instincts of maternity and heterosexual love, which were ineffective against the uncontrolled instincts of lust and rage that guided both native and Spanish male characters. Estévez’s conventional invocation of the power of Christianization rings hollow in the face of her portrayal of the sexual opportunism, abuse and abandonment suffered by the native woman at the hands of the putative father of the colonial family. Ultimately, in both Estévez’s text and Planas’s illustrations, "civilization" through mestizaje in the Philippines is portrayed as impossible.

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Cruz, Wilfrido D., and Maria Concepcion J. Cruz. "Population Pressure and Deforestation in the Philippines." Asean Economic Bulletin 7, no. 2 (November 1990): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/ae7-2e.

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Gealogo, Francis A. "Bilibid and beyond: Race, body size, and the native in early American colonial Philippines." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (October 2018): 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463418000310.

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The United States’ occupation of the Philippines began with proclamations of a new era of development and the prospect of local political representation. In coming to grips with what they saw as America's civilising mission, colonial scholars and officials sought information about the peoples of the Philippines by conducting a census and various population studies, using an array of methodologies drawn from criminology and physical anthropology. This article traces and critiques representations of the Philippine population in the 1903 Philippine Census as well as in several related studies published in the early American period, which served to reduce the Filipinos to a state of ‘otherness’ which served to justify colonial projects. Several of these racialised studies used the inmates of Bilibid Prison, both alive and dead, as experimental and documentary subjects to create a record of Filipino ‘sample types’ for various administrative and other purposes, such as the exhibition at the St Louis World's Fair of 1904. Bilibid prisoners’ body size, brain weight, skin colour, facial features and other physical attributes were selectively correlated with other colonial constructions of Filipino individuals and groups, such as ‘wildness’ and political maturity.

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R. Cabauatan, Ronaldo, Ronaldo A. Manalo, and Chin Uy. "Analysing the effects of selected economic indicators on education and on the causality between education and economic growth of the Philippines." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i3.479.

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The study estimates the impact of inflation, unemployment and population on the education in the Philippines. This study determines the causality between the education expenditure and GDP. This study used the structural stability test to examine the stability of the coefficients of the model between different time periods despite the economic environment in previous years. Findings show that education expenditure granger causes economic growth as what introduced by the endogenous growth theory which emphasized the importance of education on economic growth, in estimating education on the economic growth of the Philippines as education conduit for accumulation of human capital that will have an effect to economic growth. This shows the value of the educated labor force in the Philippine economy, even though the study encountered difficulty in gathering data, specifically for education expenditure as a consequence of limited data published by the government. Findings also show that population and unemployment are statistically significant on education expenditure while inflation is statistically insignificant. This suggests that high demand in education due to an increase in population and unemployment will increase the education expenditure.

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Tuppal, Cyruz P., Marina Magnolia G. Ninobla, Mara Gerbabe D. Ruiz, Richard D. Loresco, Shanine Mae P. Tuppal, Iril I. Panes, Ryan Michael F. Oducado, et al. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice toward COVID-19 among Healthy Population in the Philippines." Nurse Media Journal of Nursing 11, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v11i1.36067.

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Background: COVID-19 pandemic has become a severe health threat to the Philippines and around the world. At the early onset of the pandemic, it is imperative to measure the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among healthy individuals to better understand the causes, transmission, and preventive measures. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 in a healthy Filipino population during the early onset of the pandemic outbreak.Methods: This cross-sectional rapid online and web-based survey was conducted among healthy Filipino population. A total of 1634 subjects participated via the Google survey link. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the respondents' profile characteristics and KAP scores. The One-Way ANOVA or independent sample t-test was used to measure KAP scores' differences when grouped according to respondents' profile characteristics. Pearson correlation was used to measure the relationship among the KAP scores. The data were all analyzed using the SPSS version 26.0. Results: The overall knowledge scores revealed 67.7%. Filipinos believed COVID-19 would finally be successfully controlled and confident that the Philippines can win the battle against the virus through preventive practices. KAP scores showed significant differences with age, sex (p<0.000), and place of residence (p<0.000), occupation (p<0.000), and marital status (p<0.000). A significant positive low correlation between knowledge and practice (r=0.076, p<0.01), attitude and practice (r=0.100, p<0.01).Conclusion: Albeit a low knowledge of COVID-19, healthy Filipino populations had a positive attitude and compliant with the preventive measures. This study hopes to contribute to the growing corpus of literature on COVID-19 to provide evidence-based information towards health promotion, illness prevention, and control of possible virus' spread.

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Parreño, Samuel John. "School dropouts in the Philippines: causes, changes and statistics." Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): e23002. http://dx.doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v4i1.552.

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School dropout is a major problem as it has negative impacts that result in high social costs. A learner can be called a dropout when the learner fails to enroll in school despite having reached the mandatory school age. This paper aims to identify the root causes of school dropouts in the Philippines, specifically in all regions for the years 2008 and 2013. The secondary data on the proportion of population 6 to 24 years old who are not attending school from the website of the Philippine Statistics Authority were used. The data were analyzed using R version 4.2.1. This paper employed descriptive statistics, namely frequency and percentage to identify the root causes of dropping out in the Philippines when grouped according to region and year. Percentage change (increase and decrease) were explored to track changes in the causes of school dropouts. The findings indicated that the high cost of education, and student employment or when the student is seeking employment were the root causes of dropouts in the Philippines for the years 2008 and 2013, respectively. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the Philippine government, through the Department of Education, should prioritize programs that will address the root causes of the school dropouts with the goal of decreasing the dropout rate in general.

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Opiniano, Jeremaiah M. "The ‘new’ Philippine future “beside” the exodus." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2019-0027.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the international migration-and-development story of the Philippines, amongst the leading migrant-origin countries.Design/methodology/approachMigration and socio-economic development data are used to depict the migration-and-development conditions of the Philippines.FindingsThe Philippines has mastered the management of overseas migration based on its bureaucracy and policies for the migrant sector. Migration also rose for decades given structural economic constraints. However, the past 10 years of macro-economic growth may have seen migration and remittances helping lift the Philippines' medium-to-long term acceleration. The new Philippine future beside the overseas exodus hinges on two trends: accelerating the economic empowerment of overseas Filipinos and their families to make them better equipped to handle the social costs of migration; and strategizing how to capture a “diasporic dividend” by pushing for more investments from overseas migrants' savings.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper may not cover the entirety of the Philippines' migration-and-development phenomenon.Practical implicationsImproving the financial capabilities of overseas Filipinos and their families will lead to their economic empowerment and to hopefully a more resilient handling of the (negative) social consequences of migration.Social implicationsIf overseas Filipinos and their families handle their economic resources better, they may be able to conquer the social costs of migration.Originality/valueThis paper employed a population-and-development (PopDev) framework to analyse the migration-and-development conditions of the Philippines.

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Watkins, John F., and Richard Ulack. "Migration and regional population aging in the Philippines." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 6, no. 4 (October 1991): 383–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00120068.

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Serrana, Joeselle M., Naoto Ishitani, Thaddeus M. Carvajal, Billy Joel M. Almarinez, Alberto T. Barrion, Divina M. Amalin, and Kozo Watanabe. "Unraveling the Genetic Structure of the Coconut Scale Insect Pest (Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne) Outbreak Populations in the Philippines." Insects 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110374.

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Despite the fact that massive outbreaks of the coconut scale insect pest, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are inflicting significant economic losses to the Philippines’ coconut industry, little is known about the population and dispersal history of this invasive pest in the country. Here, we examined the genetic diversity, structure and demographic history of A. rigidus sampled from localities with reported outbreaks from 2014 to 2017. We analyzed the genetic structure of the outbreak populations using mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF-1α markers. Both markers and all methods of population genetic structure analyses indicate clear differentiation among the A. rigidus populations separating the north from the southern regions of the Philippines. Very low or no genetic differentiation was observed within and amongst the populations per geographic region indicating two unrelated outbreak events of the pest originating from two genetically uniform populations isolated in each respective region. Historical data supports the resurgence of an established A. rigidus population in the south which could have been driven by sudden climatic changes or human-induced habitat imbalance. Our study provides valuable information on the genetic differentiation of the two A. rigidus groups that would be useful for developing and implementing biological control strategies against this pest in the Philippines.

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Almadin, Harold, Jose Miguel Q. Antiporda, and Kristine April S. Suin. "An Empirical Analysis on the Determinants of Public Education Expenditure in the Philippines." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 4, no. 1 (March 13, 2022): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.1.38.

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Using time-series data from 1989 to 2018, this study examines the determinants of public education expenditure in the Philippines. Following Wagner’s law, this paper investigated the relationship of gross domestic product per capita, unemployment rate, urban population growth, and lagged public education expenditure to public education expenditure. The ordinary least squares (OLS) method was used to determine the significance of the variables, and statistical tests were conducted to measure the overall significance of the model. The findings show that gross domestic product per capita and lagged public education expenditure were positively significant determinants contributing to the Philippines' growth of public education expenditure. On the other hand, the unemployment rate and urbanization growth were insignificant and did not contribute to the increase in expenditure. The results also provided strong evidence on the relationship between GDP per capita and public education expenditure, supporting Wagner’s law in the Philippine context. Finally, this study recommends that policymakers review budget allocation and utilization to achieve wider education accessibility and better quality of education in the Philippines.

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Oviedo Peñuela, L., M. Torrens, F. Fonseca, and P. Rossi. "Population characteristics of methamphetamine shabu users." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1753.

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IntroductionShabu is a crystal methamphetamine whose consumption is common among the community of Philippine immigrants in Spain.ObjectivesTo describe the sociodemographic, healthcare and clinical characteristics of patients using shabu who have been treated by the psychiatry and addiction department of a tertiary hospital.MethodsWe describe the cases of patients treated in the psychiatry and addiction department of the hospital del Mar in Barcelona, Spain with methamphetamine use disorder. We collected sociodemographic variables, monitoring features and psychiatric comorbidity from the review of medical records.ResultsTen cases of patients with severe use disorder of shabu were identified. Eight patients are from the Philippines. Nine are men (90%). At the beginning of the medical follow-up the average age was 30 years (21–41 years). All of them reported being unemployed. Four patients were referred urgently to the hospital from an ambulatory care center, two belonged to a specific program for children and adolescents, two were treated at the emergency department and two were assessed during their admissions in other departments. Regarding clinical characteristics, six had associated psychiatric disorders: two have paranoid schizophrenia, two had induced psychotic episode, one had unspecified psychosis and other had conduct disorder.ConclusionsShabu is a drug that the Philippine community in Spain consumes in their daily life in a social context. However, consumption of this drug could be linked to the onset of psychotic symptoms. Registration is necessary to standardize the consumption pattern in order to establish a relationship between consumption and the appearance of psychotic and organic symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Cabanlit, Kathleen Laum, Ralf Benjo Goder Morilla, Angel Mae Frias Luga, Jamerah Baniaga Sidic, Chin-chin Jimenea Demayo, and Cesar Guinanao Demayo. "Heart disease mortality in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019: a big data analysis." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v12i1.21957.

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Heart diseases remain one of the major health concerns worldwide, inflicting a tremendous financial burden, especially in low to middle-income countries like the Philippines. An exhaustive time-trend analysis, including recent data, is essential to measure the nation's progress in cardiac health, capturing the effect of national-scale changes over time. Thus, using stored data from the Philippine health statistics, this study analyzed trends and profiles of heart disease mortality in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019 and discussed relevant national policies for greater recognition and awareness. Ischaemic heart disease constituted the most significant proportion of mortality among all types. Steadily increasing trends by cause, gender, age group were observed, and with males and the elderly population having higher rates. Regional differences also existed, having the highest rates in Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao respectively. Like global patterns, heart disease remained one of the country's leading causes of mortality over decades. Differences between genderes, age groups, and regions are attributed to complex and interrelated factors making males, the elderly, and highly urbanized areas most vulnerable among the population.

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Cumagun, Christian Joseph Rili, Bruce Alan McDonald, Masao Arakawa, Vanina Lilian Castroagudín, Alexandre Magno Sebbenn, and Paulo Cezar Ceresini. "Population genetic structure of the sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA from rice fields in China, Japan and the Philippines." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 42 (November 20, 2019): e42457. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v42i1.42457.

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Sheath blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA is one of the most important rice diseases worldwide. The objetives of this study was to determine the predominant reproductive system and the genetic structure of 18 rice-infecting populations of R. solani sampled from China, Japan and the Philippines, the most important rice production countries in Asia. Knowledge about the population genetic structure of the pathogen in Asia is useful in identifying sources of infection and formulating sustainable management strategies for rice sheath blight. From a total of 717 isolates, 423 unique multilocus genotypes were detected based on nine microsatellite loci. The three country populations of R. solani AG-1 IA exhibited a mixed reproductive system, which included both sexual and asexual components. A moderate degree of clonality indicated that the asexual sclerotia represent important source of inoculum. Population subdivision varied within and among countries, fitting the isolation by distance model. While no subdivision was found among populations within Japan or within the Philippines, subdivision was detected among populations within China. Historic migration indicated high influx of immigrants from Japan into Northern, Central and Eastern China populations. Southern China contributed a high number of immigrants to the populations from the Philippines.

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Ginez, Eunica Kate, and Eden Joy Tabag. "Eco-efficiency and Sustainability: An Analysis for the Philippines." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2023.5.1.4.

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The aim of this paper was to explore the effect of energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and population growth on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Philippines. Economic growth reflects the increase in production, consumption, and use of resources which are often associated with poor environmental quality. Many studies show that energy consumption used in production and consumption drives GDP, however, the use of energy leads to environmental degradation and many have concluded that economic growth is unsustainable. It has been perceived that economic growth and environmental goals conflict with each other. Population growth is also often associated with economic growth which affects the environment and the Philippines is one of the fastest urbanizing countries and overcrowded cities. Therefore, there is an urgent need for economic models to be sustainable. The relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions, population growth, and GDP was assessed using regression analysis (the OLS regression and CLRM assumptions). Data from the Philippines between 1980–2019 were analyzed. The OLS showed that energy consumption and population growth are both statistically significant; however, the CO2 emissions are insignificant. Moreover, most assumptions of CLRM are met except for the autocorrelation. Based on the results it is recommended that the Philippines should adopt and promote renewable energy sources that are reusable which can reduce CO2 emissions and ensure sustainable economic development of the Philippines. Hence, this study supports the need for a global transition to a green economy in the Philippines.

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Padilla, Carmencita D., Bradford L. Therrell, Karen Asuncion R. Panol, Riza Concordia N. Suarez, Ma Elouisa L. Reyes, Charity M. Jomento, Ebner Bon G. Maceda, Jovy Ann C. Lising, Frederick David E. Beltran, and Lita L. Orbillo. "Philippine Performance Evaluation and Assessment Scheme (PPEAS): Experiences in Newborn Screening System Quality Improvement." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 6, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns6040095.

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Newborn Bloodspot Screening (NBS) has existed for over 60 years, having been initiated by Guthrie in the U.S. In the Philippines, NBS was introduced in 1996 and later was supported by legislation. The NBS program now includes 29 conditions, covering 91.6% of the newborn population in 2019. Program growth and expansion necessitated development of a formal performance evaluation and assessment scheme (PEAS) for monitoring performance and for continuously improving quality. This study’s objective was to present the development, implementation, and results to date of the Philippine Performance PEAS (PPEAS). Using the comprehensive listing of laboratory and non-laboratory elements in the model PEAS system in the U.S., PPEAS tools were developed for critical Philippine NBS system components: regional Department of Health (national health agency, Philippines) (DOH) offices (CHDs), NBS laboratories (NSCs), NBS specimen submitters (NSFs), and long-term case management centers (NBSCCs). Data generated from the various PPEAS have been periodically reviewed and analyzed for NBS system impact. PPEAS were developed to facilitate quality improvement at various levels of the Philippine NBS system. PPEAS identified successes, gaps, and challenges to be addressed by NSCs, NSFs, CHDs, and NBSCCs with the assistance of the Newborn Screening Reference Center and the Department of Health.

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Salonga, Pamela Kim N., Victoria May P. Mendoza, Renier G. Mendoza, and Vicente Y. Belizario. "A mathematical model of the dynamics of lymphatic filariasis in Caraga Region, the Philippines." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 201965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201965.

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Despite being one of the first countries to implement mass drug administration (MDA) for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in 2001 after a pilot study in 2000, the Philippines is yet to eliminate the disease as a public health problem with 6 out of the 46 endemic provinces still implementing MDA for LF as of 2018. In this work, we propose a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of LF in the Philippines and a control strategy for its elimination using MDA. Sensitivity analysis using the Latin hypercube sampling and partial rank correlation coefficient methods suggests that the infected human population is most sensitive to the treatment parameters. Using the available LF data in Caraga Region from the Philippine Department of Health, we estimate the treatment rates r 1 and r 2 using the least-squares parameter estimation technique. Parameter bootstrapping showed small variability in the parameter estimates. Finally, we apply optimal control theory with the objective of minimizing the infected human population and the corresponding implementation cost of MDA, using the treatment coverage γ as the control parameter. Simulation results highlight the importance of maintaining a high MDA coverage per year to effectively minimize the infected population by the year 2030.

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Ramos, Sixtus Dane Asuncion. "The recovery-oriented therapeutic community for addictions (ROTC): a response to contemporary substance use disorder treatments in the Philippines." Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 40, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tc-12-2017-0037.

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Purpose The Philippines’ nationwide campaign on drugs has been under the limelight due to its controversial approaches in dealing with the problem of addiction. Despite the government’s current efforts, substance use disorders continue to persist within the population. The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations for addressing the issue of substance use disorder treatment through a modification of the therapeutic community (TC) in the Philippine context. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper reviews the existing facts about the Philippines’ campaign against drugs, the approaches implemented by the government, current state and research developments of TCs, and its resulting impact on contemporary evidence-based treatment for addiction in the country. Findings A treatment framework outlining a recovery-oriented therapeutic community (ROTC) is presented. The ROTC aims to address addiction as a chronic, relapsing disease. This alternative approach for addiction treatment in the Philippines is based on the concept of recovery, principles of effective substance use disorder treatment, and recent developments in TC best practices from the international community. Originality/value This paper discusses different recommendations for policy development, interventions and research, aimed at improving the odds of securing recovery for people suffering from addiction.

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25

Hawes, Gary, Gareth Porter, and Delfin J. Ganapin. "Resources, Population, and the Philippines' Future: A Case Study." Pacific Affairs 62, no. 3 (1989): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760663.

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26

Delfin, Frederick C. "The Population History of the Philippines: A Genetic Overview." Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints 63, no. 4 (2015): 449–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phs.2015.0044.

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27

Sakamuri, R. M., M. Kimura, W. Li, H. C. Kim, H. Lee, M. D. Kiran, W. C. Black, et al. "Population-Based Molecular Epidemiology of Leprosy in Cebu, Philippines." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47, no. 9 (July 1, 2009): 2844–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02021-08.

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28

Burguillos, Je-Al, and Danny Cassimon. "Determinants of Inter-Regional Financial Inclusion Heterogeneities in the Philippines." Asian Development Policy Review 9, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2021.92.83.94.

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This study tries to contribute to the vast literature on promoting financial inclusion in Asia by exploring the key factors that affect the deepening of financial inclusion across the 17 regions of the Philippines for the period between 2013 and 2017. Using the regional multidimensional financial inclusion index (FII) that is developed by the Philippine central bank, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the study finds out that significant heterogeneities exist among regions, and that they persist over the period analyzed, suggesting most importantly that the least financially inclusive regions do not show rapid significant progress. Moreover, using different panel estimation techniques, we try to determine the possible factors that affect this inter-regional financial inclusion heterogeneities. Overall, we show that regional GDP per capita, population, a proxy for the availability of physical infrastructure, and the degree of mobile penetration are among the robust factors explaining the financial inclusion variations across these regions in the Philippines for the observed period.

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de Castro, A. B., Anna K. Hing, Nanette R. Lee, Maria Midea M. Kabamalan, Karen Llave, Catherine M. Crespi, May Wang, and Gilbert Gee. "Cohort profile: the Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES) to examine the health impacts of international migration from the Philippines to the USA." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e032966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032966.

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PurposeThe Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES) longitudinally investigates over 3 years whether migrating from the Philippines to the USA results in increased risk for obesity relative to non-migrants in the Philippines. The study is designed to test the healthy immigrant hypothesis by collecting health measures from migrants starting from a pre-migration baseline and enrolling a non-migrant cohort matched on age, gender and education for comparison.ParticipantsA migrant cohort (n=832; 36.5% of eligible individuals) was recruited from clients of the Commission on Filipinos Overseas prior to exiting the Philippines. A non-migrant cohort (n=805; 68.6% eligible individuals) was recruited from community households in municipalities throughout the cities of Manila and Cebu. By intention, these two cohorts are comparable demographically, including urban/rural status of residency in the Philippines at baseline.Findings to dateAt baseline, compared with non-migrants, migrants report significantly better self-rated health and less depression, and have significantly larger hip circumference and lower waist-to-hip ratio, as well as significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure and higher mean level of apolipoprotein B. Baseline results can offer insight into the health status of both migrant and non-migrant populations and may be useful for obesity prevention efforts.Future plansLongitudinal data collection is scheduled to be completed in December 2020 when the final data collection wave (36 months after baseline) will conclude. Both migrant and non-migrant cohorts will be maintained beyond the current prospective study, so long as research funding allows and emerges for new study questions. Findings from future longitudinal analyses can inform the need and design of health-related/relevant interventions, whether clinical, behavioural, educational, or policy, that can be implemented at the individual or population level.

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Lidral, Andrew C., Jeffrey C. Murray, Kenneth H. Buetow, Ann M. Basart, Heidi Schearer, Rita Shiang, Avelina Naval, Eriberto Layda, Kathy Magee, and William Magee. "Studies of the Candidate Genes TGFB2, MSX1,TGFA, and TGFB3 in the Etiology of Cleft Lip and Palate in the Philippines." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 34, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0001_sotcgt_2.3.co_2.

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Population-based candidate-gene studies can be an effective strategy for identifying genes involved in the etiology of disorders where family-based linkage studies are compromised by lack of access to affected members, low penetrance, and/or genetic heterogeneity. We evaluated association data for four candidate genes using a population from the Philippines that Is genetically separate from previously studied Caucasian populations. Case ascertainment was made possible by collaboration with Operation Smile, a volunteer medical organization, which facilitated Identification of a large number of cases for study. A new allelic variant of transforming growth factor-beta3 was identified to use in these studies. After exclusion of syndromic cases of cleft lip and palate, no evidence for association with previously reported allelic variants of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGFB2), homeobox 7 (MSX1), or transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFA), or with the new TGFB3 variant was detected. Previous association studies using Caucasian populations of nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CUP) and cleft palate only (CPO) have strongly suggested a role for TGFA in the susceptibility of clefting in humans. Exclusion of significant association in a non-Caucasian population for TGFA suggests that TGFA plays less of a role than it does in Caucasians. This may be due to multiple or different genetic and/or environmental factors contributing to the etiology of this most common craniofacial anomaly in the Philippine population.

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Ortega, Arth David Sol, Malam Abulbashar Mujitaba, Somsy Xayalath, Winson Gutierrez, Ana Celina Soriano, and Csaba Szabó. "Perspectives of the livestock sector in the Philippines: A review." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/9101.

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The Philippine livestock industry is a vital component in the country's agricultural sector. It contributes around 18.23 percent of the gross output value in agriculture and provides livelihood to many people living in rural areas, signifying its importance with regard to the country’s economy. The constantly increasing demand for animal protein associated with the increase of the world’s population led to the intensification of livestock production, realized through the various initiatives implemented by the government, such as the import of high producing purebreds of various species. This strategy greatly influenced the country's animal genetic resource's diversity and increased food animals' population; however, it impacted the native breeds of food animals. Understanding the characteristics, performance and value of native and exotic breeds is essential to prioritize their livestock industry existence. Thus, this paper aims to characterize various native and exotic breeds of livestock in the Philippines and assess the current conservation of native animals.

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Chaudhari, Amit, Tamara Kartal, George Brill, Kazami Joanne Amano, Maria Glofezita Lagayan, and Daphne Jorca. "Dog Ecology and Demographics in Several Areas in the Philippines and Its Application to Anti-Rabies Vaccination Programs." Animals 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010105.

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Understanding dog population dynamics plays a vital role in planning both rabies and dog management interventions. Establishing a human to dog ratio and an understanding how the urban/rural nature of the community might affect the overall dog population estimate provides an easy-to-use reference to estimate approximate dog populations in a range of communities. A total of 10,664 households were interviewed in 10 locations in the Philippines (2017 and 2018) to understand the dog population variations among the urban, semi-urban and rural areas. Epicollect5 and OSM tracker applications were used to conduct household interviews using a predesigned fixed set of questions. All answers were recorded directly using mobile phone applications. The survey results showed that for every 1000 humans, there are 256.3 dogs in rural areas, 213.8 dogs in semi-rural areas, 208.7 dogs in urban areas and 170.0 dogs on small islands of the Philippines. We estimate a total dog population in the Philippines of 23.29 million dogs (CI 95%, 22.51–24.07 million). Based on the survey findings from Quezon City and Cebu City, targets, resources allocations and vaccination approach were adjusted for the anti-rabies vaccination program at two locations in 2018, which lead to a 3- to 4-fold increase in the total number of dogs vaccinated in each city compared to previous years.

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Yamasaki, Junko, Kayako Sakisaka, Parolita A. Mission, Nasudi G. Soluta, Norre Jean V. delos Santos, Julie Vannie Palaca, and Retz Pol O. Pacalioga. "Factors Associated with Regular Zumba Practice as Preliminary Results: A Population-Based Approach in Cebu Province, the Philippines." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105339.

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The prevalence of overweight/obesity in the adult population in the Philippines has doubled in the past 20 years. Zumba exercise has recently been implemented throughout the Philippines. However, there is scarce information on the effects of Zumba on obesity and Zumba participants’ characteristics in the Philippines. This study described the current practice of Zumba in the Philippines, along with the practitioners’ characteristics, and identified factors associated with Zumba participation. In this observational, cross-sectional study, a structured questionnaire was used to survey 10 Zumba locations in September 2019. Anthropometric measurements of participants were assessed. Respondents included 171 women (88.6%) and 22 men (11.4%), with a mean (±standard deviation [SD]) age of 44.1 (±8.9) years. All respondents answered that Zumba was enjoyable, and some answered “very enjoyable”. Determinants of frequent participation were as follows: being older than the mean age of participants, starting Zumba to enjoy dancing, starting Zumba not to lose weight, shopping mall location, and participation fee required. “To enjoy dance” being a motivation for Zumba practice was identified as a determinant of frequent participation rather than “to lose weight.” The element of “enjoyable” may strongly influence the continuation and frequent participation of Zumba exercise in the Philippines.

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Baldoz, Rick. "THE RACIAL VECTORS OF EMPIRE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 5, no. 1 (2008): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x08080089.

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AbstractThis paper examines the role of racial ideology in shaping U.S. colonial policy in the Philippines during the early years of American rule in the islands c. 1898–1905. The first section of the essay focuses on congressional debates between pro- and anti-imperialist lawmakers regarding the annexation and governance of the Philippines. The imperialist lobby advocated a paternalistic racial ideology to advance their case for American annexation, citing “the White man's burden” to civilize Filipinos as their rationale for colonizing the islands. The anti-imperialists, on the other hand, employed an ideology of aversive racism to oppose the incorporation of the Philippines, suggesting that annexation would unleash a flood of Filipino immigrants into the United States, thus creating a “race problem” for White citizens. Frequent unfavorable comparisons with Blacks, Chinese, and “Indians” were employed to produce racial knowledge about Filipinos who were unfamiliar to most Americans. This knowledge served as the basis for excluding Filipinos from American citizenship on racial grounds. The second section of the article traces the implementation of an institutionalized racial order in the Philippines, examining a series of population surveys conducted by colonial officials during the first years of American rule. These surveys employed American-style racial classifications that ranked and evaluated the various races and “tribes” that were identified in the islands. This project culminated in the first official census of the islands in 1905, which formally institutionalized racial categories as an organizing principle of Philippine society.

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Billote, William Jo Se, and Ryan Ponce. "Issues and Challenges on the Mental Health Services of a Selected Municipality in Metro Manila: A Case Study." JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research 39, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v39i1.761.

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Mental health problem is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. It makes up one-third of the world population. With the increasing number of individuals with mental health problems and difficulties worldwide, countries such as the Philippines are still in the process of addressing the issue of providing quality mental health care services. This study aimed to identify and evaluate the existing mental health services offered in a selected Municipality in Metro Manila, Philippines. Moreover, this sought to increase knowledge and awareness about mental health services to help solve the issues and challenges identified in this study. The study employed an initial semi-structured interview that can lead to a case study, which is a qualitative research design. The study was conducted in one of the City Health Offices in Metro Manila. Insufficient budget, lack of trained professionals and mental health workers, lack of mental health system framework, not fully implemented mental health law and lack of collaboration and integration were the problems identified in providing quality mental health services. Although the Philippine government exerts effort on filling the gaps in providing treatment and care to those individuals with mental health difficulties, access to mental health institutions in the Philippines favors those near the National Capital Region.

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Collado, Zaldy C., and Noella May-i. G. Orozco. "From displacement to resettlement: how current policies shape eviction narratives among urban poor in the Philippines." Housing, Care and Support 23, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hcs-01-2019-0001.

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Purpose This study aims to examine the experiences of urban poor relocatees in their resettlement communities, specifically those who were relocated from the Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela and Quezon City areas to the province of Bulacan, Philippines. This study hopes to convey the importance of revisiting the law on socialized housing in the Philippines. Design/methodology/approach This study gathered qualitative data through 2 focus group discussions among 28 participants who came from 3 resettlement sites in San Jose del Monte City, Bulacan Province, Philippines. The resettlement areas are owned and managed by the National Housing Authority of the Philippine Government. Findings Results show that resettlement experiences are stories of survival under impoverished conditions. Lack of housing facilities or poorly built units characterize their relocation experience aside from having no immediate access to basic utilities such as electricity and water, despite a law that supposedly secures these rights to relocatees. The expensive cost of transportation and the lack of livelihood also heavily strain the lives of the relocated population. Originality/value This study illustrates that involuntary displacement predicts poor living conditions upon resettlement. This study is an inquiry not only of existing conditions of socialized housing in resettlement areas but also past realities of these housing communities at the onset of the displacees’ relocation.

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de los Reyes, Maria Theresa, Gracetine Magpantay, Aimee Cagalawan, Aida Lapis, and Nenita Calinawan. "Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) Populations From Various Seed Sources in the Philippines Using RAPD." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 19, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2016_2/06.

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Pterocarpus indicus Willd. (narra), a critically endangered group, is one of the priority species for conservation and reforestation in the Philippines due to its economic, industrial, and ecological importance. A range of 29 to 40 individual samples from each of six seed sources from the Philippines were tested for genetic diversity using 11 RAPD markers. A total of 134 loci were detected, 129 of which were polymorphic. The mean genetic diversity within population was found to be moderate at 0.3183, which could be attributed to the deciduous and outcrossing nature of narra. The genetic differentiation among populations (0.0575) and Wright’s Fixation Index (0.1528) suggests nearness of the populations to each other and distance from fixation of alternative alleles in the populations. The genetic distance and cluster analysis did not conform to geographical distribution, but revealed the relationships and the possible origin/s of the individuals of the populations. The results of the study is useful in the selection of sources of good planting materials for the improvement of narra tree in the Philippines.

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LEGARA, ERIKA, CHRISTOPHER MONTEROLA, CLARISSA DAVID, and JENNA MAE ATUN. "NEWS FRAMING OF POPULATION AND FAMILY PLANNING ISSUES VIA SYNTACTIC NETWORK ANALYSIS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 21, no. 01 (January 2010): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183110014987.

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Contentious political debates regarding the issues on population and family planning have been perennial over the past four decades especially in developing countries. While its prominence in the public agenda varies depending on other national issues vying for public attention, its presence in policy and political agendas is constant. Here, a computational approach to framing analysis is developed that examines the pattern of media coverage on the population issue in the Philippines. The content of 146 articles sampled from 1988 to 2007 in Manila Bulletin (one of the leading newspapers in the Philippines) is analyzed by creating a syntactic network of concept co-occurrences. The topological properties of the network indicates that the discussion of an article revolves around few central ideas. Moreover, cluster analysis of the network suggests three well-defined frame themes, namely: (1) Development Frame; (2) Maternal Health Frame; and (3) Framing by the Catholic Church. Our results support the thesis that the inability to fruitfully discuss points of contention to reach agreement about suitable population policies in the Philippines is due to the mismatched frames within which it is discussed.

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VAN ROOIJEN, JOHAN, and GERNOT VOGEL. "A revision of the taxonomy of Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray, 1834) (Serpentes: Colubridae)." Zootaxa 3272, no. 1 (April 19, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3272.1.1.

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The systematics of the wide-ranging southeast Asian colubrid snake Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray, 1834) wasinvestigated on the basis of multivariate analyses of morphological and coloration data for 131 museum specimensrepresenting 28 geographically isolated populations. The results demonstrate that the current taxonomy of D.caudolineatus underestimates species diversity in the Philippines. The following revisions are implemented. 1)Populations from the Philippine island Palawan and adjacent islands currently referred to D. c. caudolineatus (Gray, 1834)are described as a new species, D. levitoni sp. nov. 2) Populations from the Philippine islands Negros, Panay, Mindoroand Masbate, currently assigned to D. c. terrificus (Peters, 1872) and D. c. luzonensis Leviton, 1961 are referred to D.fuliginosus Griffin 1909, which is revalidated. 3) Populations from the southern Philippine islands Basilan, Mindanao,Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Polillo, Kalotkot, Catanduanes as well as Southeast Luzon currently referred to D. c. terrificus(Peters, 1872) are referred to D. philippinensis Günther, 1879 which is revalidated. 4) The population from Sulawesi isreferred to D. terrificus (Peters, 1872). Currently regarded as a polytypic species composed of five subspecies, D.caudolineatus is here considered to be a monophyletic group comprising eight species. The distributions of these eightspecies correspond largely with aggregate island complexes formed during periods of reduced sea level during the Pleistocene. However, some deviations indicate post-Pleistocene dispersals across sea barriers.

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Soderberg, Craig, Seymour A. Ashley, and Kenneth S. Olson. "Tausug (Suluk)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42, no. 3 (November 23, 2012): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100312000230.

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Tausug (ISO code tsg) is an Austronesian language spoken on the island of Jolo in the southwestern Philippines. It is also found on other nearby islands in the southwestern part of the Philippines and in parts of Sabah, Malaysia, where it is called Suluk. The population of the Tausug in the Philippines is estimated at 900,000 (Gordon 2005) and the year 2000 population estimate of the Suluk in Sabah, Malaysia, is 150,000. The following description is based on the variety spoken on Jolo. ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ text was translated from English into Tausug by Irene Hassan. Previous studies of Tausug phonology include Asmah (1978, 1983) and Hassan, Ashley & Ashley (1994). David Lao, age 62 at the time of the recording, born in Jolo, Philippines, was the reader for the Tausug words in this article. Due to difficult access into the language area, all audio recordings were obtained by Skype transmission.

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Santos, Bianca Mari, Kiana Siena Serrano, and Kevin Jamir Pigao. "An Assessment: The Philippine Outstanding Debt and other Economic Determinants towards its Implication on Economic Growth." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 4, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 126–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.2.11.

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The ability to generate funds is crucial to a country's economic progress. Following the government's monetary and fiscal policies, an adequate quantity of money must be made accessible. The Philippines is no exception to borrowing. The Philippine government borrows money to pay for public goods and services, fostering economic security. The Philippine debt would increase over time due to the need to satisfy economic needs, especially now that economic development has slowed to the point of negative GDP growth and financial markets have been badly damaged by the pandemic. The goal of this study is to look at the Philippines' present condition in terms of public debt and other economic factors and see how public debt and other economic drivers affect the country's real GDP growth rate. Data from the Philippine Bureau of Treasury and the Philippine Statistics Authority were used to calculate the corresponding public debt and real GDP growth rates from 1986 to 2020. The impact of public debt and other economic variables on economic growth, as represented by the variable real GDP growth rate, was estimated using multiple regression. Furthermore, the results show that the relationship between public debt and real GDP growth is insignificant in the short run. The inflation rate, population growth, openness, and gross capital formation have no significant relationship with real GDP growth. In contrast, government consumption has a significant relationship with the real GDP growth rate. The findings might aid the National Economic Development Authority, and the government analyze the state of our economy and, as a result, strengthen the country's economic policies.

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Barbieri, Magali, Daniel F. Doeppers, and Peter Xenos. "Population and History: The Demographic Origins of the Modern Philippines." Population (French Edition) 57, no. 1 (January 2002): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1534792.

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Larkin, John A., Daniel F. Doeppers, and Peter Xenos. "Population and History: The Demographic Origins of the Modern Philippines." Pacific Affairs 73, no. 1 (2000): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2672320.

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Zander, Kerstin K., Jake Rom Cadag, Jacquelyn Escarcha, and Stephen T. Garnett. "Perceived heat stress increases with population density in urban Philippines." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 084009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aad2e5.

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45

Chen, Dahu. "Population Structure ofPyricularia griseaat Two Screening Sites in the Philippines." Phytopathology 85, no. 9 (1995): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-85-1011.

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46

Youngblood, Robert L. "President Ramos, the Church, and Population Policy in the Philippines." Asian Affairs: An American Review 25, no. 1 (March 1998): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927678.1998.10771180.

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47

Sotto, Lara Patricia A., Arthur H. W. Beusen, Cesar L. Villanoy, Lex F. Bouwman, and Gil S. Jacinto. "Nutrient load estimates for Manila Bay, Philippines using population data." Ocean Science Journal 50, no. 2 (June 2015): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12601-015-0042-0.

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Ambrosio Raul R. Alfiler. "INCREASED ATTRACTION OF ORYCTES RHINOCEROS AGGREGATION PHEROMONE, ETHYL 4-METHYLOCTANOATE, WITH COCONUT WOOD." CORD 15, no. 02 (June 1, 1999): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v15i02.331.

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Trapping experiments at the Zamboanga Research Center of the Philippine Coconut Authority provided evidence of the resultant synergistic activity of the combination of the Oryctes rhinoceros aggregation pheromone, Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate, and old coconut wood in pheromone traps. Traps containing both old coconut wood and aggregation pheromone caught significantly more rhinoceros beetles than traps containing the pheromone or old coconut wood alone. The use of selective trapping using the aggregation pheromone presents a new option for the reduction of the beetle population in the field and control of this important pest of coconut palm in the Philippines.

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Garcia, Robert Dennis. "Scenarios After Enhanced Community Quarantine for COVID 19 Pandemic in the Philippines…What Can We Do as Filipinos." Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.56964/pidspj20202101002.

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To date, the Philippine lockdown has been successful. The country had a cumulative total of 9,223 cases, with 295 new ones, on May 3, 20201 while the U.S.A. had 1,133,069 cases and 30,000 new cases/day on May 1, 2020.2 As the American lockdown was not uniformly done across the 50 states, the U.S. has done disproportionately much worse than the Philippines, considering that the former’s population is only three times that of ours. Indeed, our 200-300 new cases per day, for a country of 110 million, is low; we cannot realistically achieve an actual figure of zero.

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50

Otero, Liliana, Luis Bermudez, Karina Lizarraga, Irene Tangco, Rocelyn Gannaban, and Daniel Meles. "A Comparative Study of Facial Asymmetry in Philippine, Colombian, and Ethiopian Families with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip Palate." Plastic Surgery International 2012 (October 24, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/580769.

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Objective. To compare the asymmetry displayed by Philippine, Colombian, and Ethiopian unaffected parents of patients with nonsyndromic cleft palate (NSCLP) and a control population. Methods. Facial measurements were compared between unaffected parents of NSCLP patients and those in the control group for three populations from South America, Asia, and Africa by anthropometric and photographic measurements. Fluctuating and directional asymmetries, height and width proportions, were analyzed and compared. Results. Fluctuating asymmetries (ear length, middle line to Zigion perpendicular for left and right sides) and variations in the facial thirds demonstrated statistical significance in the study group of unaffected parents from Colombia and Philippines, while increased interorbital distance was evident in the unaffected Ethiopian parents of NSCLP patients. Conclusions. The facial differences in unaffected parents could indicate an underlying genetic liability. Identification of these differences has relevance in the understanding of the etiology of NSCLP.

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