Дисертації з теми "Phénomène de localisation"
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Ordonevic, Christophe. "Diffusion d'ondes électromagnétiques par des structures complexes. Phénomène de localisation." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11087.
Повний текст джерелаBieri, Jean-Baptiste. "Phénomène de localisation à trois dimensions dans les verres métalliques." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112132.
Повний текст джерелаOur aim has been to explore the field of weak localization at three dimensions in disordered metallic systems. We present resistivity and magnetoresistance measurements on series of metallic glasses prepared by sputtering. Localization effects show up very clearly in the magnetoresistance of all the investigated metallic glasses. The behaviour of the magnetoresistance depends on the strength of the spin-orbit coupling: the magnetoresistance is negative for weak spin-orbit couplings, positive at law fields and then negative at high fields for strong spin-orbit coupling. The results can be fitted with the theoretical expressions for weak localization, which gives the inelastic scattering rate. At very low temperature, a variation of this rate as √T is observed and cannot be explained by the present theories. The temperature dependance of the resistivity is more difficult to analyse as several mechanisms are in competition: electron-electron interactions, localization, thermal dependance of the structure factor. The localization term accounts for the major part of the negative temperature coefficient
Berger, Quentin. "Polymères en milieu aléatoire : influence d'un désordre corrélé sur le phénomène de localisation." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726494.
Повний текст джерелаFradet, David. "La dépersonnalisation : étude psychanalytique de la dimension contemporaine du phénomène." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20033/document.
Повний текст джерелаDepersonalization is a disorder within the self. Subjects suffering from this disorder feel that life is a dream or an illusion, whilst being aware of a time when they felt they were more grounded in reality. Their bodily sensations and perception of the outside world are severely altered (derealization). This loss of sense can cause depression and general apathy. As the subject no longer feels grounded in reality, they tend to become withdrawn. There is currently no agreement as to the symptoms of depersonalization, for which different authors have quite different tables, allowing extremely diverse theories to be put forward. Depersonalization is variously described as a symptom, a syndrome, or a defence mechanism in a large number of disorders, and it can be observed in all structures. Following foreclosure of the Name-of-the-Father or as a result of trauma, its transnosographic dimension suggests that it is closely linked to the structure of the subject itself. From the “uncanny” (unheimlich) described by Freud to Lacan’s “extimacy”, depersonalization emphasises the issue of identity and highlights its structural nature
Toussaint, Renaud. "Fracturation des roches en compression : le processus de localisation en tant que phénomène critique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012208.
Повний текст джерелаfortes pressions de confinement présente des traits communs avec une transition de phase thermodynamique: la déformation se localise rapidement à l'échelle des grains dès la sortie du régime élastique réversible, tout en restant d'abord homogène aux grandes échelles. Alors que les microfractures individuelles croissent encore de façon stable, apparaissent autour de la contrainte pic des structures de grande échelle (bandes de cisaillement) qui brisent spontanément les symétries translationnelle et rotationnelle du problème.
Analysant des données déformation/contrainte obtenues sur diverses
roches et conditions de charge, on montre que celles-ci présentent
un haut degré d'universalité, à savoir que la pente de charge est une loi de puissance de l'écart à la contrainte pic, avec un exposant identique dans les différentes experiences à la résolution expérimentale près. Cette loi est vérifiée pratiquement de la sortie du régime élastique, à la contrainte pic.
Le fait que cet exposant semble indépendant de la roche, conjoint aux brisures de symétries et à l'émergence d'une structuration macroscopique, est typique d'un point critique. En conséquence, on développe à partir d'un simple postulat de maximisation d'entropie un formalisme de physique statistique adapté à ce problème. On obtient ainsi une distribution de probabilité sur les configurations de microfractures, en fonction de l'énergie nécessaire à leur formation. partir d'un modèle pour ces énergies basé sur des interactions élastiques, on obtient un système présentant deux transitions de phase: la première correspond à l'initiation de l'activité des microfractures, la seconde à la localisation macroscopique.
Ce modèle prédit à l'approche de la seconde transition le comportement quadratique observé dans les données, alors que le module d'Young effectif du matériau reste fini.
Cormery, Fabrice. "Contribution à la modélisation de l'endommagement par mésofissuration et du phénomène de localisation associé." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2356.
Повний текст джерелаNicolas, Anne. "Etude par relaxation diélectrique des propriétés de surface des zéolites au cours du phénomène d'adsorption." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20183.
Повний текст джерелаZeolites possess unique features as gas adsorbents, gas separators, and catalysts. Adsorption properties are closely related to the localisation of non-framework cations and to their accessibility to adsorbed molecules. Knowledge of the location of these cations and of their interaction between both the zeolite framework and the adsorbates is a crucial point for understanding the surface properties. In fact, the cation forms with the oxygen of the framework a dipole, which reorientation is illustrated by a cation hopping process between two neighbouring equilibrium positions, separated by an energy barrier. The experimental approach based on the Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS) gives information on both the distribution of the cation among the different crystallographic sites and their de-trapping energy ΔE. In this work, we use DRS to investigate the effect of methanol and water adsorption on the dynamics and the localisation of sodium ions in faujasites, Mordenites and ZSM-5 sodic zeolites. We clearly show that the cation de-trapping energy depends on the site geometry, the Si/Al zeolite ratio and the presence of adsorbed molecules. It is then possible to discriminate the structurally different cations equilibrium position as a function the adsorbate loading. Moreover, combining DRS data with Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculations is fruitful in view of explaining the microscopic mechanisms of cation migrations and of adsorption
Lacoin, Hubert. "Désordre et phénomènes de localisation." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077137.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis studies models of random directed polymers. We focus on the influence of disorder on localization of the trajectories for pinning model and directed polymers in random environment. In addition to the classical Zd models, we pay a particular attention to so-called hierarchical models, built on a sequence of self-similar lattices, that are frequently studied in the physics literature. The results we obtain concern mainly free energy and superdiffusivity properties. In particular we present the proof that: (1) disorder is relevant at arbitrary high temperature for pinning models in dimension 1+1, (2) very strong disorder holds at all temperature in dimension 1+2 for directed polymers in random environment
Torri, Niccolò. "Phénomènes de localisation et d’universalité pour des polymères aléatoires." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10114/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe pinning model describes the behavior of a Markov chain in interaction with a distinguished state. This interaction can attract or repel the Markov chain path with a force tuned by two parameters, h and β. If β = 0 we obtain the homogeneous pinning model, which is completely solvable. The disordered pinning model, i.e. when β > 0, is most challenging and mathematically interesting. In this case the interaction depends on an external source of randomness, independent of the Markov chain, called disorder. The interaction is realized by perturbing the original Markov chain law via a Gibbs measure, which defines the Pinning Model. Our main aim is to understand the structure of a typical Markov chain path under this new probability measure. The first research topic of this thesis is the pinning model in which the disorder is heavy-tailed and the return times of the Markov chain have a sub-exponential distribution. In our second result we consider a pinning model with a light-tailed disorder and the return times of the Markov chain with a polynomial tail distribution, with exponent α > 0. It is possible to show that there exists a critical point, h(β). Our goal is to understand the behavior of the critical point when β -> 0. The answer depends on the value of α and in the literature there are precise results only for the case α < ½ et α > 1. We show that for α ∈ (1/2, 1) the behavior of the pinning model in the weak disorder limit is universal and the critical point, suitably rescaled, converges to the related quantity of a continuum model
Sienkiewicz, Magdalena. "Méthodologie de localisation des défauts soft dans les circuits intégrés mixtes et analogiques par stimulation par faisceau laser : analyse de résultats des techniques dynamiques paramétriques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14028/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with Soft failure localization in the analog and mixed mode Integrated Circuits (ICs) by means of Dynamic Laser Stimulation techniques (DLS). The results obtained using these techniques are very complex to analyze in the case of analog and mixed ICs. In this work we develop a methodology which facilitates the analysis of the laser mapping. This methodology consists on combining the experimental results (laser mapping) with the electrical simulations of laser stimulation impact on the device. The influence of photoelectric and thermal phenomena on the IC (transistor level) has been modeled and simulated. The methodology has been validated primarily on test structures before being used on complex Freescale ICs existing in commerce
Wattrisse, Bertrand. "Etude cinématique des phénomènes de localisation dans des aciers par intercorrélation d'image." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20028.
Повний текст джерелаGiamarchi, Thierry. "Localisation et interactions dans les fluides quantiques unidimensionnels." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605448p.
Повний текст джерелаLanget, Nadège. "Détection et caractérisation massives de phénomènes sismologiques pour la surveillance d'événements traditionnels et la recherche systématique de phénomènes rares." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH017/document.
Повний текст джерелаFor some time now the quantity of available seismological data has kept increasing. Manually, their processing is long and tedious. Then, the automation of the detection, location and classification of seismic events has become necessary and aims to help the local observatories and to search and characterize some rarer or not well-known phenomena. The work is divided into 2 main directions : (1) the detection and location of seismic events with the Waveloc software (we improved the pre-existing tools, added some new functions for a more detailed analysis of the seimicity and applied the code to data from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano) ; (2) their classification (after computing the seismic attributes, we proved the efficiency and reliability of 2 supervised learning methods - logistic regression and SVM - for the Piton de la Fournaise volcano, underlined the difficulties for a more complex case - the Kawah Ijen volcano - and tried to apply new strategies)
Inal, A. Kaan. "Simulation numérique de la mise en forme des métaux et les phénomènes de localisation pour les polycristaux CFC." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2001. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1724.
Повний текст джерелаRichard, Jérémie. "Propagation d'atomes ultra-froids en milieu désordonné - Étude dans l'espace des impulsions de phénomènes de diffusion et de localisation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLO001/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe work presented in this thesis is linked to the observation in momentum space of diffusion and localization phenomena using matter waves in optical disorder. We start by a general introduction on disorder physics and propagation in complex media by describing diffusion and localization phenomena such as the coherent backscattering or the Anderson localization. Then, we develop the experimental aspect of our work which is related to ultra-cold atoms, manipulated and controlled in order to create a coherent matter-wave analogous to a plane wave. Optics is an essential aspect of our work, that is why we present a complete experimental study of the system of creation of our disorder, called speckle field. These preliminary steps allow us to describe the research done by our team. An elementary parameter of diffusion, the elastic scattering time has been experimentally measured for an attractive and a repulsive speckle field. A weak localization phenomenon visible in momentum space, the coherent backscattering, observed for the first time with ultra-cold atoms, is then presented. The consequent study of the resurgence of coherent backscattering, done by our team, is based on the manipulation of an essential property for coherent propagation in disorder: the time reversal symmetry. Finally, we present a preliminary study of a novel signature in momentum space of the Anderson localization called coherent forward-scattering
Nguyen, Hong-Minh. "Une stratégie d'identification robuste pour la localisation et la rupture." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140895.
Повний текст джерелаLes difficultés rencontrées dans ces cas résident dans la non-linéarité et le caractère instable du problème de minimisation sous contraintes non linéaires auquel la formulation nous amène. Une extension de la méthode LATIN aux problèmes mal posés a été proposée et développée afin de permettre la résolution itérative de ce type de problèmes d'optimisation. La résolution de ces derniers fait appel à une méthode de traitement robuste issue du contrôle optimal et basée sur l'équation de Riccati.
Une fois ces difficultés résolues et dans les cas simples unidimensionnels traités pour le moment, la stratégie d'identification proposée s'avère très robuste face aux perturbations des mesures même dans le cas très sévère de la localisation et de la rupture.
Altmeyer, Guillaume. "Modélisation théorique et numérique des critères d'instabilité plastique : application à la prédiction des phénomènes de striction et de localisation lors d'opérations d'emboutissage." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00695660.
Повний текст джерелаBobineau, Jean-Pierre. "Simulations numériques de phénomènes tectoniques : calculs de déformations tectoniques par la méthode des éléments finis : recherche de la localisation des grandes déformations créant les failles." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0209.
Повний текст джерелаHumbert, Jean-Baptiste. "Étude et détection des défauts d’arcs électriques dans un réseau électrique aéronautique 270V HVDC." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0187.
Повний текст джерелаTomorrow’s aircraft will have an all-electric topology. This mean, manufacturers boost power and voltage of the embedded energy network. Nevertheless, the lack of an electric arc is a risk that is often the cause of the crash or operated occurrences. This thesis contributions concerns identification issue and electric arc fault detection on an energy distribution smart grid of HVDC network dedicated to avionic. The first line of this manuscript is exploratory. It covers behavioural observation and arc phenomenology in the grounded sphere of aeronautic (in particular emulated altitude by pressure). The second line of research deals with analysis, clarification and development of reliable approach of electric arc default detection through a central energy distribution on resistive charges. Five methods have been initiated throughout this thesis paper. They are based on several characteristic (time, frequency and time-frequency) of the line current. An indicator is produced at the end of each method. Subsequently, the indicator is used by a logic of discrimination according to each criterion. The non-deterministic behaviour of arc notably testing conditions (current, voltage, electrode materials, etc. makes detection difficult by a simple threshold on result of criteria. In this work, a new approach of arc fault discrimination is proposed. This used a proportional and variable threshold according to the current, load or noise variations from the system. The combined outcome of method results to a decision providing protection. To confirm experimentally proposed algorithms, a wide range database has been established. That included equally resistive and inductive signals with both arcs and load variations without arc fault so as to ensure that any detection is not mistakenly occurring. The upshot of this research work has been implemented in real time protection device prototype for HVDC +-270V smart-grid
Buttefey, Séverine. "Modélisation et simulation moléculaire des cations extra-charpentes dans les zéolithes de type faujasite : effet du nombre et de la localisation des cations sur les phénomènes d'adsorption." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112104.
Повний текст джерелаA molecular simulation study of adsorption of water and xylene isomers in different cationic Faujasites has been undertaken in order to understand how the adsorption selectivity for one or the other isomer is modified by a small amount of preadsorbed water. In the first part of the work, a simple model is proposed for predicting the way cations are distributed among the known crystallographic sites I, I', II and III, in NaY and NaX faujasite zeolites. This model is based on the fact that the cation distribution is dominated by the repulsive cation-cation coulombic interactions. In the case of NaY the predicted distributions are in good agreement with the available experimental data. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed, using specific algorithms such as the parallel tempering technique and a site-to-site hopping procedure which were found necessary to ensure convergence of calculations. These simulations confirm the basic assumption of the cation-filling model. They also reveal a striking sensitivity of the configuration energy to a weak deviation from the most uniform local cation spatial distribution. The existence of the extra site III' experimentally reported in NaX is also observed in these simulations. In the second part of the work, xylene isomers and water adsorption has been studied through Grand Monte Carlo simulations for different Si:Al ratio. Biased particle insertions and deletions were implemented to allow the computation of equilibrium adsorption isotherms of such complex systems. This work is based on a new adsorbate-zeolite potential function named TrAZ potential (Transferable Adsorbate-Zeolite potential). The results reveal a strong sensitivity of the water adsorption isotherms to the cation number and specific location
Digulescu, Angela. "Caractérisation des phénomènes dynamiques à l’aide de l’analyse du signal dans les diagrammes des phases." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT011/document.
Повний текст джерелаSignals’ deformation along their propagation path is among the most important aspect which has to be taken into account at reception. These effects are caused by phenomena like attenuation, reflection, dispersion and noise. Whereas the first two are rather easy to monitor, because they affect the amplitude, respectively the delay, the latter two are more difficult to control, because they change signals’ parameters (amplitude, frequency and phase) in an environment-dependent manner.In this thesis, the main objective is to contribute to the analysis of signals related to different physical phenomena, aiming to better understand them as well as to estimate their parameters that are interesting from application point of view. Different applicative contexts have been investigated in active and passive sensing configurations. For the active part, we mention the monitoring of cavitation phenomena and its characterization for hydraulic system surveillance. The second application of the active sensing is the underwater object detection and tracking without synchronization between sensors. For the passive configuration, we focus on the pressure transient analysis in water pipes investigation with a non-intrusive method and on the surveillance of electrical power systems in the presence of transient phenomena such as electrical arcs.Despite the differences between the physical considerations, we propose a unique mathematical model of the signals issued from the active/passive sensing system used to analyze the considered phenomena. This model is based on the Recurrence Plot Analysis (RPA) method. With this concept, we propose the phase-space based waveform design. This waveform design technique presents the interest to conduct to a high speed sensing methods, very useful to monitor dynamic phenomena.Moreover, we propose new tools for the investigation of the signals characteristics. The first one is the TDR* measure (Time Distributed Recurrences) that quantifies the recurrence/ distance matrix and it is used for the detection of transient signals. The second one is the multi-lag phase analysis using multiple lags and it is successfully used to discriminate between signals with close parameters. Finally, the diagonal lines quantification of RPA matrix is proposed as an alternative for the analysis of modulated signals.Our work presents the experimental results using the proposed theoretical methods introduced by this thesis. The results are compared with classical techniques.The perspectives of this thesis are presented at the end of this paper
Cavalière, Camille. "Evaluer et valoriser les apports effectifs des tweets géolocalisés émis en réponse aux catastrophes naturelles. Application aux phénomènes hydrométéorologiques extrêmes du Texas." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALS002.
Повний текст джерелаDigital footprints have invaded our daily lives: captured in real time by various media on Web 2.0 platforms and mainly by smartphones, they offer the advantage of being frequently geolocated. These footprints thus constitute virtual markers attesting to the physical presence of an individual in a given space at a given time. That is why they were quickly integrated into the research and considered as the opportunity to build a knowledge of social phenomena using a bottom-up approach. The doctoral research focuses on a particular digital footprint, geolocated tweets, in the context of hydrometeorological risks. Due to the many violent phenomena that occurred in the early 2010s, natural disaster and risk management was one of the first topics considered to explore the potential of geolocated tweets as a new source of field information. However, the geographical study of these footprints encounters difficulties that remain marginal in the approach of data analysts: seeing as the variability of access and use of new mobile digital technologies, what is the social and spatial representativeness of these footprints? How to consider the tools of the spatial analysis and the cartography regarding these new types of heterogeneous data that are acquired outside any conventional norm? In this research, we explore these questions from the extreme phenomena of hydrometeorological origin, which occurred in Texas in the spring of 2016 and in August 2017. We explore semantic and spatial extraction methods to build a corpus of tweets relating to the phenomena studied (named crisis tweets). In a second step, the analysis of crisis tweets is focused on three axes: we explore the spatial and statistical behaviors of places of virtual activity and look for socio-spatial factors that explain its spatial distribution. We test the relevance of the geolocated crisis tweet as a marker of the various parameters of the phenomenon (localization at a fine scale, intensity, etc.) by crossing the tweets with official ground-truth data. Finally, we seek to enhance the textual component of crisis tweets by mapping, notably by combining semantic analysis by grammatical category and social vulnerability of populations
Grandmaison, Nicolas. "Modélisation de l’endommagement et de la rupture de microcapsules en écoulement." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2657.
Повний текст джерелаCapsules, composed of a droplet surrounded by a thin elastic membrane, have a high potential of applications to control the release of a substance. One limitation is the absence of models of the rupture of capsules in flow. During the thesis, a fluid-structure interaction numerical model was developed for a capsule under Stokes flow, taking into account the damage of the membrane until the initiation of a crack. It couples the boundary integral method, to solve for the fluid flows, and the finite element method, to solve for the membrane deformation. The framework of continuum damage mechanics was chosen to model the membrane. Damage was studied for a spherical capsule in a simple shear flow with a quasi-brittle damage model of the membrane. The influence of the force of the flow and the conditions of initiation of rupture were studied, and the parameters of the model identified from experimental results. A second damage model was proposed to describe another mode of rupture observed experimentally in this flow. In the last section, the model was extended to have a better description of the ultimate phase of damage preceding the emergence of a crack, when damage concentrates in bands of small thickness (localization zones). We placed ourselves in the framework of the strong discontinuity approach, and we considered the localization zones as cohesive interfaces. This work is a decisive first step to model the rupture of capsules in flow
Boudier, Dimitri. "Etude des phénomènes de transport de porteurs et du bruit basse fréquence en fonction de la température dans les transistors FinFET et GAA NWFET sub-10 nm." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC220/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe work led within this thesis focuses on the study of advanced MOSFET technologies, more precisely of triple-gate FinFETs and Gate-All-Around nanowire FETs. They were fabricated for the 10-nm technological node, following the same recipe except for the build of a fourth gate in nanowire devices.The devices have been studied in static regime in order to determine the main parameters of their electrical model. Low temperature (<10 K) and low drain voltage (1mV) studies highlighted the existence of quantum transport that is due to discrete energy levels within the conduction and valence bands. The study of the 1/f noise testifies the good control of the gate oxidation process and evidences a change in the noise mecanism under quantum transport.Numerous low frequency noise spectroscopies (i.e. study of the generation-recombination noise as a function of the temperature) let us identify silicon film traps, thus giving indication of the critical process steps that are responsible for the generation-recombination noise
Chemin, Alexandre. "Analyse isogéométrique multiéchelle à précision contrôlée en mécanique des structures." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0098/document.
Повний текст джерелаIsogeometric analysis applied to structural mechanics problems is a topic of intense concerns for a decade. Indeed, an exact description of geometries studied is allowed by this discretization method suppressing errors due to a bad description of the spatial domain considered. However, a theoretical problem of refinement propagation appears during mesh localization. Local refinement methods for isogeometric analysis has been developed and implied a complexification of the implementation of such a resolution strategy. This PhD thesis expose a space adaptative refinement strategy for linear elastic problems and a space-time one for transient dynamic using isogeometric analysis. For this purpose, a localization method for isogeometric analysis based on a multigrid resolution is developed for 2D linear elastic problems. This method allow to circumvent mesh refinement propagation inherent to isogeometric analysis, and is easier to implement than existing methods. Moreover, the use of isogeometric analysis simplifies refinement procedures occuring during mesh adaptation and which can be really complex using classical finite element analysis. Then, a space-time adaptative refinement based on a multigrid resolution is developed for one dimensional in space problems. A study on operators structure is exposed in order to choose a well suited time integrator. This strategy's performances are highlighted, then an evolution of this method is set up in order to lower computational costs. The space-time adaptaptive refinement is applied to some academical examples to show it good behavior during localization