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1
Saleh, A. O. M., M. A. Laughton, and G. T. Stone. "M - to N-phase transformer models in phase co-ordinates." IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution 132, no. 1 (1985): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-c.1985.0009.
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CHAKRABARTI, B., T. L. REMA DEVI, and A. BHATTACHARYA. "A STUDY OF QUARK-HADRON PHASE TRANSITION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 10, no. 29 (November 20, 1995): 4179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x95001935.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The anomalous behavior of the thermodynamic co-ordinates along with the hadronic critical temperature (Tc) is studied and the properties of the surrounding vacuum are investigated in the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity, with interesting conclusions.
3
Roberts, Dana Aaron, and Barbara Abraham-Shrauner. "Particle paths and phase plane for time-dependent similarity solutions of the one-dimensional Vlasov-Maxwell equations." Journal of Plasma Physics 38, no. 3 (December 1987): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800012642.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lie group point transformations applied to the one-dimensional Vlasov– Maxwell equations yield general similarity forms for the dependent and independent variables. One class of such solutions is seemingly like Bern-stein-Greene-Kruskal solutions in allowing a relatively free choice of electric field, but with a more complex time dependence. The phase trajectories of the particles are found here for both temporally damped and (possibly unphysical) growing electric fields in this class by numerical integration in the original and in transformed co-ordinates. The analysis, which includes an analytic consideration of phase-plane fixed (critical) points, shows the advantages of the new co-ordinates, and reveals qualitative features of the distribution function.
4
Jung, Y. G., Y. C. Lim, and S. R. Yang. "Single-phase active power filter based on three-dimensional current co-ordinates." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 147, no. 6 (2000): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20000720.
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5
El-Mansy, Ibraheem. "The Analysis of Sequential ground Faults on a Six Phase Generator in Phase Co-ordinates.(Dept.E)." MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 21, no. 2 (February 25, 1996): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.1996.151888.
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6
Leslie, C. E., J. R. Fryer, C. J. Gilmore, and W. Nicolson. "Use of direct phasing in determination of atomic co-ordinates of anthanthrene, C22H12." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100137148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Imaging of organic crystals in the electron microscope is limited by their sensitivity to the electron beam, with even the most stable molecules only giving a resolution of ~3Å. By contrast, electron diffraction requires a lower beam intensity, and so can give much better resolution, down to ~lÅ under favourable conditions. Intensities may be measured directly from the diffraction pattern, and the phase determination problem can be surmounted by applying the maximum entropy method, which chooses phases by likelihood estimation.It was decided to apply this method to the organic molecule anthanthrene, C22H12 (fig. 1), since x-ray studies found that the crystals were monoclinic with a = 12.10Å, b = 10.34Å, c = 10.74Å, β = 92.2°, space group P21/a and Z = 4, but no details of the atomic co-ordinates were given in the literature. A previous study of the molecule, using KC1 as the substrate, produced epitaxial layers showing the acprojection being most common at room temperature.
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YANG, BENHUI, and BILL POIRIER. "ROVIBRATIONAL BOUND STATES OF THE Ar2Ne COMPLEX." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 12, no. 01 (February 2013): 1250107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633612501076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We report exact quantum dynamics calculations of the eigenstate energy levels for the bound rovibrational states of the Ar2Ne complex, across the range of J values for which such states are observed (J = 0–35). All calculations have been carried out using the ScalIT suite of parallel codes. These codes employ a combination of highly efficient methods, including phase-space optimized discrete variable representation, optimal separable basis, and preconditioned inexact spectral transform (PIST) methods, together with an effective massive parallelization scheme. The Ar2Ne energy levels were computed using a pair-wise Aziz potential plus a three-body correction, in Jacobi co-ordinates. Effective potentials for the radial co-ordinates are constructed, which reveal important physical insight into the two distinct dissociation pathways, Ar2Ne → NeAr + Ar and Ar2Ne → Ar2 + Ne . A calculation of the bound vibrational (J = 0) levels, computed using the Tang–Toennies potential, is also performed for comparison with results from the previous literature.
8
Angeles-Camacho, C., and E. Acha. "Phase-domain power flows in the rectangular co-ordinates frame of reference including VSC-based FACTS controllers." Electric Power Systems Research 78, no. 3 (March 2008): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2007.04.004.
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Ishov, Alexander M., Aishwarya Gurumurthy, and Jörg Bungert. "Coordination of transcription, processing, and export of highly expressed RNAs by distinct biomolecular condensates." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190160.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Genes under control of super-enhancers are expressed at extremely high levels and are frequently associated with nuclear speckles. Recent data suggest that the high concentration of unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and Mediator recruited to super-enhancers create phase-separated condensates. Transcription initiates within or at the surface of these phase-separated droplets and the phosphorylation of Pol II, associated with transcription initiation and elongation, dissociates Pol II from these domains leading to engagement with nuclear speckles, which are enriched with RNA processing factors. The transitioning of Pol II from transcription initiation domains to RNA processing domains effectively co-ordinates transcription and processing of highly expressed RNAs which are then rapidly exported into the cytoplasm.
10
Schorderet, Alain, and Thomas Gmu¨r. "Structural Dynamics Optimization Based on a Hybrid Inverse Synthesis Method Using a Quadratic Approximation." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1688759.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper lies within the framework of the so-called redesign problem of structures subjected to dynamic constraints. A hybrid synthesis algorithm is developed, combining the truncated modal basis of the initial system and the spatial or material co-ordinates of an added component, which is modelled with shell-type finite elements parameterized with respect to a shape factor. Based upon a quadratic inverse formulation, the proposed technique shows several advantages in comparison to other synthesis methods, such as a refined sensitivity strategy, a powerful modal synthesis approach and a simplified optimization phase. Numerical examples are provided illustrating the capabilities of the novel procedure.
11
Hovmöller, Sven, Xiaodong Zou, and Thomas Weirich. "Inorganic Crystal Structures Solved from EM Images and Refined to 0.02 À Accuracy Against Electron Diffraction Data." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600012599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Single crystal X-ray diffraction is the traditional method for accurate crystal structure determination. A major difficulty in X-ray crystallography is the phase problem; diffracted intensities contain amplitude information but no phases. In order to solve a structure, the phases of at least the strongest reflections must be estimated by Patterson techniques, so-called direct methods or in any other way. Once the structure has been solved (i.e. the atoms found to within about 0.2 Ångström of their correct positions), then refinement is rather straight-forward for single crystal data. Typically, single crystals diffract to about 1 Â resolution. After refinement, the atomic co-ordinates are obtained with an accuracy of about 0.01 Â for organic molecules and down to 0.001 Â for inorganic structures. One limitation of single crystal X-ray diffraction is that the crystals need to be at least about 10μm in all dimensions in order to diffract, even if the radiation source is a synchrotron.
12
Venegas, T., and C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel. "Steady-state modeling of an advanced series compensator for power flow analysis of electric networks in phase co-ordinates." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 16, no. 4 (2001): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.956767.
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Čermák, Jiří, and Ivo Stloukal. "Tracer Diffusion of Molybdenum in Crystallized Fe79-yMo8Cu1B12+y Alloy." Defect and Diffusion Forum 263 (March 2007): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.263.159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
99Mo tracer diffusion in Fe79-yMo8Cu1B12+y (y = 0, 3, 5) alloys was studied using serial sectioning method in the temperature range 573 – 773 K. Sputtering by Ar+ ions was applied as a sectioning technique. The measurement was carried out with the ribbon-like samples prepared by planar flow casting technique and crystallized before the diffusion experiment by a thermal shock in vacuum. The structure was formed by areas of three distinct types differing in chemical composition r = at. % Mo / at. % Fe: (i) r = 0.02 (crystallites of Fe, mean size d ~ 150 nm), (ii) r = 0.09 (relaxed phase; d ~ 150 nm) and (iii) r = 0.83 (boride phase; d ~ 30 nm). The measured profiles were linear in co-ordinates ln cMo vs. x1.5 (cMo – concentration of Mo in depth x), indicating that the diffusion of 99Mo was controlled by „type A-B” kinetics.
14
Gupta, J. K., and L. Singh. "Long term ionospheric electron content variations over Delhi." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 12 (December 31, 2000): 1635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-001-1635-8.
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Abstract. Ionospheric electron content (IEC) observed at Delhi (geographic co-ordinates: 28.63°N, 77.22°E; geomagnetic co-ordinates: 19.08°N, 148.91°E; dip Latitude 24.8°N), India, for the period 1975–80 and 1986–89 belonging to an ascending phase of solar activity during first halves of solar cycles 21 and 22 respectively have been used to study the diurnal, seasonal, solar and magnetic activity variations. The diurnal variation of seasonal mean of IEC on quiet days shows a secondary peak comparable to the daytime peak in equinox and winter in high solar activity. IECmax (daytime maximum value of IEC, one per day) shows winter anomaly only during high solar activity at Delhi. Further, IECmax shows positive correlation with F10.7 up to about 200 flux units at equinox and 240 units both in winter and summer; for greater F10.7 values, IECmax is substantially constant in all the seasons. IECmax and magnetic activity (Ap) are found to be positively correlated in summer in high solar activity. Winter IECmax shows positive correlation with Ap in low solar activity and negative correlation in high solar activity in both the solar cycles. In equinox IECmax is independent of Ap in both solar cycles in low solar activity. A study of day-to-day variations in IECmax shows single day and alternate day abnormalities, semi-annual and annual variations controlled by the equatorial electrojet strength, and 27-day periodicity attributable to the solar rotation.Key words: Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere) · Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere · ionosphere interactions) · Radio science (ionospheric physics)
15
SINGH, DINESH, and NADER MOBED. "PATH INTEGRAL QUANTUM MECHANICS IN CURVED SPACE-TIME: A NEW PERSPECTIVE." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 14 (January 2012): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512007672.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new approach to path integral quantum mechanics in curved space-time for a scalar particle is presented in terms of local curvature involving Fermi or Riemann normal co-ordinates. This approach involves use of a local time translation operator with Lie transport that, while strictly non-unitary in form, nonetheless yields the correct expression for the curved space-time free-particle Lagrangian in the sum-over-histories, with additional terms corresponding to a curvature-dependent violation of probability. These terms simultaneously induce a breakdown of time-reversal symmetry at the quantum mechanical level, and also a violation of the weak equivalence principle at the particle's Compton wavelength scale. Furthermore, the scalar propagator generates a gravitational analogue of the Aharonov-Bohm effect and Berry's phase through the appearance of an overall gauge-invariant phase factor. Future directions to follow from this initial research are presented.
16
Weyssow, Boris. "Motion of a single charged particle in electromagnetic fields with cyclotron resonances." Journal of Plasma Physics 43, no. 1 (February 1990): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800014665.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The general Hamiltonian-averaging transformation developed to study the motion of a charged particle in a strong magnetic field and various electromagnetic perturbations permits a clear definition of the dynamics of the guiding centre. In the case of a high-frequency electromagnetic perturbation, the equations of evolution of the phase-space co-ordinates are sums of guiding-centre terms, resonant terms at any of the cyclotron resonance frequencies n(r‖k‖–ω)+lΩ≈0(l and n are integers) and ponderomotive terms. In this paper we consider the n = 1 resonances giving a contribution one order stronger than the ponderomotive terms to the equations of motion. The guiding-centre transformation therefore suffices to derive the leading terms of the averaged dynamics. A simple case of isolated resonance is then considered for which, depending on the value of the external parameters (initial particle energy, amplitude of the perturbation), the phase space may possess one or two trapping regions. Even in the latter situation, the particle trajectories can be described analytically by the set of 12 Jacobian elliptic functions.
17
Cammarata, Alessandro, Rosario Sinatra, Riccardo Rigato, and Pietro Davide Maddio. "Tie-System Calibration for the Experimental Setup of Large Deployable Reflectors." Machines 7, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7020023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The trade-off between the design phase and the experimental setup is crucial in satisfying the accuracy requirements of large deployable reflectors. Manufacturing errors and tolerances change the root mean square (RMS) of the reflecting surface and require careful calibration of the tie-rod system to be able to fit into the initial design specifications. To give a possible solution to this problem, two calibration methods—for rigid and flexible ring truss supports, respectively—are described in this study. Starting from the acquired experimental data on the net nodal co-ordinates, the initial problem of satisfying the static equilibrium with the measured configuration is described. Then, two constrained optimization problems (for rigid or flexible ring truss supports) are defined to meet the desired RMS accuracy of the reflecting surface by modifying the tie lengths. Finally, a case study to demonstrate the validity of the proposed methods is presented.
18
Antony Aroul Raj, V., C. Hariharan, R. Velraj, and R. V. Seeniraj. "Numerical Investigations of Outward Solidification in Cylindrical PCM Storage Unit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.177.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present work a transient numerical model is developed to investigate and predict the performance of a paraffin phase change material (PCM) in the annular portion of the cylindrical container during its solidification and melting processes. Enthalpy method of modeling is adopted and the discretised non-dimensional form of governing equations and boundary conditions are solved by implicit finite difference method by using MATLAB software. The temperature variation of PCM along two axes of the polar co-ordinates (r, z) and the time required for solidification are analyzed and presented. The effect of system variables on the performance of the Latent Heat Thermal Energy system ( LHTES) is studied. The model tested finds application in the concept of free cooling which is the process of storing the coldness of the night time ambient air in the LHTES in order to cool the building during the daytime by retrieving the stored cold energy.
19
CALVETE, Juan J., Michael JÜRGENS, Cezary MARCINKIEWICZ, Antonio ROMERO, Michael SCHRADER та Stefan NIEWIAROWSKI. "Disulphide-bond pattern and molecular modelling of the dimeric disintegrin EMF-10, a potent and selective integrin α5β1 antagonist from Eristocophis macmahoni venom". Biochemical Journal 345, № 3 (25 січня 2000): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3450573.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The disulphide-bond pattern of the heterodimeric disintegrin EMF-10, a potent and selective integrin α5β1 antagonist from Eristocophis macmahoni venom, was established by combination of amino-acid analysis, N-terminal sequencing and collision-induced dissociation by nanoelectrospray ionization quadrupole ion-trap MS of fragments isolated by reversed-phase HPLC after degradation of EMF-10 with oxalic acid. Each EMF-10 subunit contains four intrachain disulphide bonds. Two interchain cystine residues join the EMF-10 polypeptides. The intrachain linkages are conserved in monomeric disintegrins. A molecular model of EMF-10 was built using averaged NMR co-ordinates of flavoridin as a template. The active hairpin loops of the EMF-10 subunits occupy opposite locations at the ends of an elongated disulphide-bond ladder. In the EMF-10 model the N-terminal polypeptide of EMF-10B is close to the RGD-loop of the EMF-10A subunit, suggesting that the N-terminal region of the B-subunit could potentially influence the biological activity of the A-subunit.
20
Alexeev, D., S. M. Bury, M. A. Turner, O. M. Ogunjobi, T. W. Muir, R. Ramage, and L. Sawyer. "Synthetic, structural and biological studies of the ubiquitin system: chemically synthesized and native ubiquitin fold into identical three-dimensional structures." Biochemical Journal 299, no. 1 (April 1, 1994): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2990159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The solid-phase chemical synthesis of ubiquitin produced a molecule with physicochemical properties similar to those of the natural protein. We have grown crystals of this synthetic ubiquitin and performed an X-ray analysis at 1.8 A resolution in order to compare the synthetic protein with the known natural structure. The crystals were isomorphous with those of the natural protein, the R-factor between them being 7.1%. Difference Fourier analysis shows that the synthetic and natural structures are indistinguishable. The co-ordinates of the natural ubiquitin (1UBQ) were used as the starting point for restrained least-squares refinement (TNT program) against the synthetic X-ray data. The refinement converged to R = 16.5% and the resulting model did not change when refined against natural ubiquitin X-ray data (R = 18.7%). From both the refinement and featureless difference Fourier synthesis, we conclude that the synthetic and natural protein structures are identical. A short discussion about the uses of proteins with ‘non-standard’ amino acid residues is included.
21
Brombacher, Eva, Corinne Dorel, Alexander J. B. Zehnder, and Paolo Landini. "The curli biosynthesis regulator CsgD co-ordinates the expression of both positive and negative determinants for biofilm formation in Escherichia coli." Microbiology 149, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 2847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26306-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Production of curli, extracellular structures important for biofilm formation, is positively regulated by OmpR, which constitutes with the EnvZ protein an osmolarity-sensing two-component regulatory system. The expression of curli is cryptic in most Escherichia coli laboratory strains such as MG1655, due to the lack of csgD expression. The csgD gene encodes a transcription activator of the curli-subunit-encoding csgBA operon. The ompR234 up-mutation can restore csgD expression, resulting in curli production and increased biofilm formation. In this report, it is shown that ompR234-dependent csgD expression, in addition to csgBA activation during stationary phase of growth, stimulates expression of the yaiC gene and negatively regulates at least two other genes, pepD and yagS. The promoter regions of these four genes share a conserved 11 bp sequence (CGGGKGAKNKA), necessary for csgBA and yaiC regulation by CsgD. While at both the csgBA and yaiC promoters the sequence is located upstream of the promoter elements, in both yagS and pepD it overlaps either the putative −10 sequence or the transcription start point, suggesting that CsgD can function as both an activator and a repressor. Adhesion experiments show that csgD-independent expression of both yagS and pepD from a multicopy plasmid negatively affects biofilm formation, which, in contrast, is stimulated by yaiC expression. Thus it is proposed that CsgD stimulates biofilm formation in E. coli by contemporary activation of adhesion positive determinants (the curli-encoding csg operons and the product of the yaiC gene) and repression of negative effectors such as yagS and pepD.
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Watson, Derek, and James Woodhouse. "The Kintampo Archaeological Research Project (KARP): academic collaboration and field research in Ghana." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (December 2001): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089389.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Kintampo Archaeological Research Project is the first venture conducted under the auspices of the academic collaboration established between the Department of Archaeology, University of Ghana (UG) and the Institute of Archaeology, University College London (UCL). KARP is a field-based project designed around two separate areas of research, encon~passingth e Late Stone Age (LSA) Punpun (hunter–gatherers) and Kintampo Cultures (agropastoralists) and development and change within iron metallurgical technology in the region. These studies aim to elucidate the social, economic and technological dynamics of prehistoric Ghana and to generate material that will be made available to researchers from both Universities. The direct responsibility for supervision of the project on the British side is Dr Kevin MacDonald (UCL), Dr Yaw Bredwa-Mensah (UG) supervises and co-ordinates the research collaboration, and overall responsibility for the project lies with Professor Peter Ucko (UCL). To date the project has undertaken three field seasons: an initial survey of the study area, followed by the excavation of several suitable sites during the second season and this year. An additional season will be conducted during summer 2002, completing the first phase of KARP. However, continuing joint collaborations are envisaged.
23
Payne, Thomas, Andrew Williams, Thomas Worfolk, and Samuel Rigby. "Numerical investigation into the influence of cubicle positioning in large-scale explosive arena trials." International Journal of Protective Structures 7, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419616676438.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In arena blast testing, a common and economical practice employed is to distribute several targets radially around a central charge. However, if these targets are positioned too proximally, reflections and diffractions of blast waves off neighbouring cubicles can affect the nature of expected blast loading. Computational fluid dynamics software has been used through an extensive series of simulations to identify the levels of interference in incident pressure–time histories with and without an obstructing target present. The data were post-processed to identify the Cartesian co-ordinates in which different levels of interference in peak incident overpressure and incident positive phase impulse were achieved. The results indicated that in all cases, there was a greater interference in peak incident overpressure than incident positive phase impulse values directly proximal to the target but, at greater separations, significant differences in incident positive phase impulse existed where peak incident overpressure had returned to free-field equivalent magnitudes. When compared with the established ‘rules of thumb’ for cubicle placement, for targets at different stand-off ranges, an angle of 45° to the rear cubicle still holds some practical relevance, although it is too acute to cover all interference effects. For targets positioned at the same stand-off range, a separation distance of two cubicle widths is generally too conservative and, in many cases, more cubicles can be positioned around the charge. A bespoke recommendation table has been presented for targets at stand-off ranges between 15 and 50 m to allow users to identify the minimum distance from a target at which obstructed-field peak incident overpressure and incident positive phase impulse values differ negligibly from free-field equivalents.
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Gibb, Andrew A., Pawel K. Lorkiewicz, Yu-Ting Zheng, Xiang Zhang, Aruni Bhatnagar, Steven P. Jones, and Bradford G. Hill. "Integration of flux measurements to resolve changes in anabolic and catabolic metabolism in cardiac myocytes." Biochemical Journal 474, no. 16 (August 7, 2017): 2785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20170474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although ancillary pathways of glucose metabolism are critical for synthesizing cellular building blocks and modulating stress responses, how they are regulated remains unclear. In the present study, we used radiometric glycolysis assays, [13C6]-glucose isotope tracing, and extracellular flux analysis to understand how phosphofructokinase (PFK)-mediated changes in glycolysis regulate glucose carbon partitioning into catabolic and anabolic pathways. Expression of kinase-deficient or phosphatase-deficient 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes co-ordinately regulated glycolytic rate and lactate production. Nevertheless, in all groups, >40% of glucose consumed by the cells was unaccounted for via catabolism to pyruvate, which suggests entry of glucose carbons into ancillary pathways branching from metabolites formed in the preparatory phase of glycolysis. Analysis of 13C fractional enrichment patterns suggests that PFK activity regulates glucose carbon incorporation directly into the ribose and the glycerol moieties of purines and phospholipids, respectively. Pyrimidines, UDP-N-acetylhexosamine, and the fatty acyl chains of phosphatidylinositol and triglycerides showed lower 13C incorporation under conditions of high PFK activity; the isotopologue 13C enrichment pattern of each metabolite indicated limitations in mitochondria-engendered aspartate, acetyl CoA and fatty acids. Consistent with this notion, high glycolytic rate diminished mitochondrial activity and the coupling of glycolysis to glucose oxidation. These findings suggest that a major portion of intracellular glucose in cardiac myocytes is apportioned for ancillary biosynthetic reactions and that PFK co-ordinates the activities of the pentose phosphate, hexosamine biosynthetic, and glycerolipid synthesis pathways by directly modulating glycolytic intermediate entry into auxiliary glucose metabolism pathways and by indirectly regulating mitochondrial cataplerosis.
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Majchrzak, Ewa, and Bohdan Mochnacki. "Numerical solutions of the second-order dual-phase-lag equation using the explicit and implicit schemes of the finite difference method." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 4 (May 20, 2019): 2099–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2018-0640.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is the application of the finite difference method (FDM) for numerical modeling of the microscale heat transfer processes occurring in the domain of thin metal film subjected to a laser pulse. The problem discussed is described by the different variants of the second-order dual-phase-lag equation (DPLE). The laser action is taken into account by the introduction of internal volumetric heat source to the governing equation. The capacity of the source is dependent on the geometrical co-ordinates and duration of the laser beam. The modified forms of DPLE presented in the paper, resulting from the certain substitutions introduced to the basic equation. Design/methodology/approach At the stage of numerical computations, the different variants of the FDM are applied. Both the explicit and implicit FDM schemes are used. The formula determining the capacity of the internal heat source suggests the formulation of the task discussed using the cylindrical co-ordinate system. The in-house programs realizing the numerical computations concern the axially-symmetrical tasks. In this paper, the metal films made of the nickel and gold are considered. Findings The algorithms presented make possible to analyze the heating/cooling processes occurring in the domain of metal film having a thickness Z for the different laser parameters (laser intensity, characteristic time of laser pulse and laser beam radius) and the different materials (optical penetration depth, reflectivity of irradiated surface, lag times, thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat). Research limitations/implications Not for all metals, one can find information on lag times. In the literature, analytical formulas can be found to calculate these values, but they are strongly approximated. It should be pointed out that there are some limitations concerning the delay times of material considered, which assure the physical correctness of the second-order DPLE. Originality/value The FDM algorithm concerns the three-dimensional cylindrical domain while a large majority of the second-order DPLE numerical solutions have been obtained for the one-dimensional tasks. Both the implicit and explicit numerical schemes are proposed and the testing computations confirm the correctness and effectiveness of the algorithms presented.
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Ingley, Evan, Jessica R. Schneider, David J. McCarthy, Kenneth W. Harder, Margaret L. Hibbs, Warren S. Alexander, Douglas J. Hilton, and Svend Peter Klinken. "Sequential Enzymatic Down-Regulation and Degradation of the Lyn Tyrosine Kinase in Erythropoietin-Stimulated Cells." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.2166.2166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Erythropoietin (Epo) is a key molecule in the development of red blood cells. We have shown previously that the tyrosine kinase Lyn is involved in differentiation signals emanating from an activated Epo-receptor. We have recently identified Cbp (Csk binding protein, a negative regulator of Src) as a novel interactor with Lyn. The proline-rich region of Cbp associates with the SH3 domain of Lyn, which then phosphorylates Cbp on multiple tyrosine residues forming additional binding sites for the Lyn SH2 domain. Phosphorylated Y314 of Cbp, in turn, recruits the negative regulators Csk/Ctk, which phosphorylate Lyn and down-regulate its kinase activity. A phosphotyrosine-specific yeast two-hybrid system we developed, confirmed that the SH2 domain of Csk associated with Y314 of Cbp. Significantly, another well characterized negative regulator, SOCS1, also bound this phosphorylated tyrosine residue, resulting in elevated ubiquitination and degradation of Lyn. Thus, Cbp co-ordinates a two step down-regulation of Lyn. In Epo-responsive J2E cells, Cbp is rapidly phosphorylated by Lyn and the enzymatic activity of Lyn is suppressed by Csk/Ctk after 10 minutes of Epo stimulation. Subsequently, SOCS1 is involved in the turn over of Lyn protein two hours post-Epo induction. These data demonstrate for the first time a two phase process regulated by Cbp for inactivating and degrading Lyn after Epo stimulation.
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Wang, Hao, Desiree Anthony, Selcuk Yatmaz, Odilia Wijburg, Catherine Satzke, Bruce Levy, Ross Vlahos, and Steven Bozinovski. "Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 reduces pneumococcal lung infection and inflammation in a viral and bacterial coinfection pneumonia model." Clinical Science 131, no. 18 (August 25, 2017): 2347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20171006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Formyl peptide receptor 2/lipoxin A4 (LXA4) receptor (Fpr2/ALX) co-ordinates the transition from inflammation to resolution during acute infection by binding to distinct ligands including serum amyloid A (SAA) and Resolvin D1 (RvD1). Here, we evaluated the proresolving actions of aspirin-triggered RvD1 (AT-RvD1) in an acute coinfection pneumonia model. Coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus (IAV) markedly increased pneumococcal lung load and neutrophilic inflammation during the resolution phase. Fpr2/ALX transcript levels were increased in the lungs of coinfected mice, and immunohistochemistry identified prominent Fpr2/ALX immunoreactivity in bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages. Levels of circulating and lung SAA were also highly increased in coinfected mice. Therapeutic treatment with exogenous AT-RvD1 during the acute phase of infection (day 4–6 post-pneumococcal inoculation) significantly reduced the pneumococcal load. AT-RvD1 also significantly reduced neutrophil elastase (NE) activity and restored total antimicrobial activity in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (BALF) of coinfected mice. Pneumonia severity, as measured by quantitating parenchymal inflammation or alveolitis was significantly reduced with AT-RvD1 treatment, which also reduced the number of infiltrating lung neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages as assessed by flow cytometry. The reduction in distal lung inflammation in AT-RvD1-treated mice was not associated with a significant reduction in inflammatory and chemokine mediators. In summary, we demonstrate that in the coinfection setting, SAA levels were persistently increased and exogenous AT-RvD1 facilitated more rapid clearance of pneumococci in the lungs, while concurrently reducing the severity of pneumonia by limiting excessive leukocyte chemotaxis from the infected bronchioles to distal areas of the lungs.
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Mochnacki, Bohdan, and Mariusz Ciesielski. "Numerical Model of Thermal Processes in Domain of Thin Film Subjected to a Cyclic External Heat Flux." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1460.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermal processes in a thin metal film subjected to a cyclic external short-pulse heating are considered (axially-symmetrical 3D problem). The heat transfer proceeding in domain analyzed is here described by the dual phase lag model (DPLM). According to the newest opinions the DPLM constitutes a very good description of real heat transfer processes proceeding in the micro-scale domains subjected to the strong external heat flux. The base of DPLM formulation is a generalized form of Fourier law (GFL) in which two times τq, τT appear (the relaxation time and thermalization one, respectively). The acceptation of GFL leads to DPLM equation [1, 2]. Thermal processes proceeding in a thin metal film subjected to a cyclic external short-pulse heating are considered (axially symmetrical 3D problem). In the paper the thermal interactions between cyclic external heat source qb and cylindrical micro-domain are analyzed. The external heat source is the function dependent on spatial co-ordinates and time. On the remaining parts of the boundary the no-flux conditions are assumed. It should be pointed out that the DPL model requires the adequate transformation of boundary conditions which appear in the typical macro heat conduction models. The initial conditions are also known (initial temperature of domain and initial heating rate). Numerical model of the process discussed bases on a certain variant of finite differences method and in the final part of the paper the examples of computations are shown.
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Smith, David P., Tom W. Knapman, Iain Campuzano, Richard W. Malham, Joshua T. Berryman, Sheena E. Radford, and Alison E. Ashcroft. "Deciphering Drift Time Measurements from Travelling Wave Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry Studies." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 15, no. 2 (April 2009): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Detailed knowledge of the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins and protein complexes is of immense importance in understanding their functionality. Similarly, variations in the conformational states of proteins form the underlying mechanisms behind many biomolecular processes, numerous of which are disease-related. Thus, the availability of reliable and accurate biophysical techniques that can provide detailed information concerning these issues is of paramount importance. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) offers a unique opportunity to separate multi-component biomolecular entities and to measure the molecular mass and collision cross-section of individual components in a single, rapid (≤ 2 min) experiment, providing 3D-architectural information directly. Here we report a method of calibrating a commercially available electrospray ionisation (ESI)-travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS)–mass spectrometer using known cross-sectional areas determined for a range of biomolecules by conventional IMS-MS. Using this method of calibration, we have analysed a range of proteins of differing mass and 3D architecture in their native conformations by ESI-TWIMS-MS and found that the cross-sectional areas measured in this way compare extremely favourably with cross-sectional areas calculated using an in-house computing method based on Protein Data Bank NMR-derived co-ordinates. This not only provides a high degree of confidence in the calibration method, but also suggests that the gas phase ESI-TWIMS-MS measurements relate well to solution-based measurements derived from other biophysical techniques. In order to determine which instrumental parameters affect the ESI-TWIMS-MS cross-sectional area calibration, a systematic study of the parameters used to optimise TWIMS drift time separations has been carried out, observing the effect each parameter has on drift times and IMS resolution. Finally, the ESI-TWIMS-MS cross-sectional area calibration has been applied to the analysis of the amyloidogenic protein β2-microglobulin and measurements for three co-populated conformational families, present under denaturing conditions, have been made: the folded, partially unfolded and unfolded states.
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Shippey, G., and T. Nordkvist. "Phased array acoustic imaging in ground co-ordinates, with extension to synthetic aperture processing." IEE Proceedings - Radar, Sonar and Navigation 143, no. 3 (1996): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-rsn:19960521.
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Stickley, D. C. "An Enviromental Code of Practice for the New Zealand Petroleum Industry: Is One Needed?" Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 2-3 (May 1995): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-310.
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All phases of the New Zealand petroleum industry (exploration, production, transportation, storage and distribution) are governed by various overlapping, if not conflicting, pieces of legislation. The separate treatment of petroleum under the Crown Minerals Act 1991 was a recognition that ownership and grants of right to mineral resources was a function of government that is distinct from protection of the environment. Nevertheless, the Resource Management Act 1991 is the central statute which co-ordinates conditions for prevention of marine pollution under the Marine Safety Authorities Act, Dangerous Goods Act, and the proposed Hazardous Substances and New Organisms legislation. On-the-ground compliance has largely been delegated to local authorities. The adoption of regional and district plans recognising petroleum exploration and production as a permitted activity subject to resource consent requirements presents the opportunity for the New Zealand petroleum industry to put forward a code of practice that integrates a system of compliance to meet many, if not all, statutory requirements and ease the administration of this legislation by local authorities.
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Kuhn, Andreas, and Julie A. Thomas. "The Beauty of Bacteriophage T4 Research: Lindsay W. Black and the T4 Head Assembly." Viruses 14, no. 4 (March 28, 2022): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040700.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Viruses are biochemically complex structures and mainly consist of folded proteins that contain nucleic acids. Bacteriophage T4 is one of most prominent examples, having a tail structure that contracts during the infection process. Intracellular phage multiplication leads to separate self-directed assembly reactions of proheads, tails and tail fibers. The proheads are packaged with concatemeric DNA produced by tandem replication reactions of the parental DNA molecule. Once DNA packaging is completed, the head is joined with the tail and six long fibers are attached. The mature particles are then released from the cell via lysis, another tightly regulated process. These processes have been studied in molecular detail leading to a fascinating view of the protein-folding dynamics that direct the structural interplay of assembled complexes. Lindsay W. Black dedicated his career to identifying and defining the molecular events required to form the T4 virion. He leaves us with rich insights into the astonishingly precise molecular clockwork that co-ordinates all of the players in T4 assembly, both viral and cellular. Here, we summarize Lindsay’s key research contributions that are certain to stimulate our future science for many years to come.
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Ustimenko, Valery Nikolayevich, and Gennadiy Vasilyevich Khodakov. "RESEARCHING THE CONNATURAL MONOTERPENIC HYDROCARBONS BIOSYNTHESIS DYNAMICS APPLYING THE KINETIC MODEL AND THE STATE SPACE MODEL." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 151 (December 30, 2019): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2019-2-151-94-108.
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To investigate in succession the dynamics of monoterpenic hydrocarbons biosynthesis in plants of genus Artemisia the algorithm, which connects the intermediates analysis of results after each stage processes and the comparison of theoretical conclusions with new experimental data is developed in this article. It is proved that the uniform kinetic model of chemical essential compounds transformations in a stream from the glucose, mevalonate and isoprene to monoterpenes developed by authors is universal kinetics model in order to explain the connatural biosynthesis of monoterpenes in any ethereous carrier plants. There are founded some kinetic (by specific velocities of biochemical stages of metamorphosis) and a balance sheet (by rations between ring closure degrees) relations during the monoterpenes connatural biosynthesis corresponding to the vegetative phases. The state space model (SSM) for open nonlinear biochemical system is compounded. In this model macroscopic metamorphosis of essential substances is introduced as the sequence of vector's micro-alterations (or a velocity of the modification of a system's biochemical composition) in a orthogonal system of co-ordinates. At the application of the model to substantiate with the theory of a kinetic chemo-systematics, which becomes clear correlations between plants-producers is offered. The biochemical substantiation of individual distinctive indications between plants of genus Artemisia for seven types is introduced, such as: A.abrotanum, A.annua, A.dracunculus, A.glauca, A.scoparia (two c hemostrains) and A.taurica. The mathematical model of molecular-and-phylogenetic exposition of the relationship in a flora based on the example of genus Artemisia is compounded. The influence of environmental factors on kinetic parameters of monoterpenes biosynthesis in plants of the genus A.scoparia from different regions of their growth by means of comparative graph-analytic and matrix analyses of their accumulation dynamics in plants by own results of the experiment and the literary data with the made by authors modeling calculations is proved. The possibility to combine the systematization of plants based on morph-anatomic principles and chemo-regular principles based on the kinetic particularities of monoterpenes biosynthesis during the chemo-phases in vegetative taxons is shown.
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Wallace, Lee. "Fag Men: Mad Men, Homosexuality and Televisual Style." Cultural Studies Review 18, no. 2 (September 17, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v18i2.2765.
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Among the many retro-fittings achieved by Mad Men—Matthew Weinerʼs still unfurling television series set in the advertising world of the early 1960s—is the representation of the homosexual closet as a thing of the past. This essay approaches Mad Men’s account of the homophobic past in order to think about sexuality and televisual style. A landmark programme coterminous with American television transferring from analogue to digital signal, Mad Men allegorizes another moment in television history when the medium was defined not by convergence and time-shifting but by liveness, scheduling flow, mass-market demographics and synchronous viewing. Though it confines its gay content to minor characters and narrative arcs that phase in and out in relation to open-ended long-form needs, the programme’s representation of homophobia as a thing of the past provides a useful lens on the complex temporal co-ordinates of contemporary television.
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Gupta, Meenu, Reena Kamboj, and Rinku Dhiman. "Performance & Analysis of Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Induction Motor Drive System Using Simulink." International Journal of Computer and Communication Technology, April 2014, 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47893/ijcct.2014.1235.
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Variable speed drives are growing and varying. Drives expanse depend on progress in different part of science like power system, microelectronic, control methods and so on. In this paper, the motor drive system comprises a voltage source inverter-fed induction motor (VSIM): namely a three-phase voltage source inverter and the induction motor. The squirrel-cage induction motor voltage equations are based on an orthogonal d-q reference-rotating frame where the co-ordinates rotate with the controlled source frequency. The paper presents a novel fuzzy logic controller for high performance induction motor drive system. The inputs to the fuzzy logic controller are the linguistic variables of speed error and change of speed error, while the output is change in switching control frequency of the voltage source inverter. In this paper a comparison between fuzzy logic controller and traditional PI controllers are presented. The results validate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy logic controller for high performance of induction motor drive. Simulink software that comes along with MATLAB was used to simulate the proposed model.
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Ahmad, Aftab, and Ali Murad. "Color-flavor dependence of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model and QCD phase diagram." Chinese Physics C, May 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ac6cd8.
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Abstract We study the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking/restoration for the various numbers of light quarks flavors $N_f$ and colors $N_c$, using the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model of quarks, dressed with a color-flavor dependence of effective coupling. Initially, we set $N_f = 2$, and varying the number of colors $N_c$, we find that the dynamical chiral symmetry is broken when $N_c$ exceeds to its critical value $N^{c}_{c}\approx2.2$. Secondly, we take $N_c = 3$, and varying $N_f$, we observed that the dynamical chiral symmetry is restored when $N_f$ reaches to its critical value $N^{c}_{f}\approx8$. The strong interplay observed between $N_c$ and $N_f$, i.e., $N_c$ anti-screens the strong interactions by strengthening the dynamical mass and quark-antiquark condensate, while $N_f$ screens the strong interaction by suppressing both the parameters. We further sketch the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram at finite temperature $T$ and quark chemical potential $\mu$ for various $N_c$ and $N_f$. At finite $T$ and $\mu$, we observed that the critical number of colors $N^{c}_c$ enhances while the critical number of flavors $N^{c}_f$ suppresses as $T$ and $\mu$ increases. Of course, the parameters $T$ and $\mu$ produce the screening effect. Consequently, the critical temperature $T_c$, $\mu_c$ and co-ordinates of the critical endpoint $(T^{E}_c,\mu^{E}_c)$ in the QCD phase diagram enhances as $N_c$ increases while suppresses when $N_f$ increases. Our findings agree with the Lattice QCD and Schwinger-Dyson equations predictions. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.
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Anand, Lakshay, and Carlos M. Rodriguez Lopez. "ChromoMap: an R package for interactive visualization of multi-omics data and annotation of chromosomes." BMC Bioinformatics 23, no. 1 (January 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-021-04556-z.
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Abstract Background The recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing have resulted in the availability of annotated genomes, as well as of multi-omics data for many living organisms. This has increased the need for graphic tools that allow the concurrent visualization of genomes and feature-associated multi-omics data on single publication-ready plots. Results We present chromoMap, an R package, developed for the construction of interactive visualizations of chromosomes/chromosomal regions, mapping of any chromosomal feature with known coordinates (i.e., protein coding genes, transposable elements, non-coding RNAs, microsatellites, etc.), and chromosomal regional characteristics (i.e. genomic feature density, gene expression, DNA methylation, chromatin modifications, etc.) of organisms with a genome assembly. ChromoMap can also integrate multi-omics data (genomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics) in relation to their occurrence across chromosomes. ChromoMap takes tab-delimited files (BED like) or alternatively R objects to specify the genomic co-ordinates of the chromosomes and elements to annotate. Rendered chromosomes are composed of continuous windows of a given range, which, on hover, display detailed information about the elements annotated within that range. By adjusting parameters of a single function, users can generate a variety of plots that can either be saved as static image or as HTML documents. Conclusions ChromoMap’s flexibility allows for concurrent visualization of genomic data in each strand of a given chromosome, or of more than one homologous chromosome; allowing the comparison of multi-omic data between genotypes (e.g. species, varieties, etc.) or between homologous chromosomes of phased diploid/polyploid genomes. chromoMap is an extensive tool that can be potentially used in various bioinformatics analysis pipelines for genomic visualization of multi-omics data.
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Drozdz, Maya. "Waiting for Instantaneity." M/C Journal 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1848.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In "Speed and Information: Cyberspace Alarm!", Paul Virilio claims that telecommunications are ushering in the "invention of a perspective of real time" which results in "some kind of choking of the senses, a loss of control over reason". As users of this new technology, as the receptors of the stream of computer-mediated information, we need to figure out the terms and conditions of our acceptance of cyberspace as a space and realtime as a form of time, to understand the implications of this new mode of communication, for "no information exists without dis-information". In "Speed and Information: Cyberspace Alarm!", Paul Virilio claims that telecommunications are ushering in the "invention of a perspective of real time" which results in "some kind of choking of the senses, a loss of control over reason". As users of this new technology, as the receptors of the stream of computer-mediated information, we need to figure out the terms and conditions of our acceptance of cyberspace as a space and realtime as a form of time, to understand the implications of this new mode of communication, for "no information exists without dis-information". Even Virilio proclaims apocalyptically that "our history will happen in universal time, itself the outcome of instantaneity -- and there only". In fact, time also governs narrative choices: their availability, viability, desirability, relevance. Despite the hype surrounding the instantaneity of virtual travel, narrative in cyberspace is inherently subordinate to connection speed and loadtime. This is why the "loading screen" has become the standard welcome on Shockwave-heavy sites, developing into a kind of mini-genre of low-bandwidth animation. The possiblity of using temporality as a narrative catalyst has been exploited in cinema, as in classic Hollywood dissolves and fades. Metaphors of the passing of time are a familiar cliche: the pages of a daily calendar fluttering away, the changing of the seasons. Stanley Kubrick's bold cut from a spinning bone to a space station in orbit in 2001: A Space Odyssey is an extreme and unusual example of this sort of metaphor. These all function as temporal ellipses. The passage of time can also function as plot, as in Warhol's Blow Job and Richard Linklater's Slacker, both of which are ostensibly about merely the passage of time. Slacker lacks a traditional narrative and instead progresses through a series of vignettes, each one following seemingly random characters through seemingly random events (an idea developed further by the recent Magnolia). The change from one vignette to the next is motivated simply by the camera's movement from one character or event to another. The camera is like a nosy passerby, a voyeur, showing noncommittal interest in one thing, then another, and the viewer must give up interest in each vignette without the satisfaction of narrative closure. As the filmmaker tells the cabdriver in the beginning, each turn of events, each decision made, results in all possibilities going on to live out their potential realities. We, the viewers, in turn, follow the camera's gaze with the frustrating knowledge that other, unresolved realities are continuing without that gaze. The recent Timecode uses the same hypertext-type approach with four simultaneous screens, each a single shot capturing one part of an interlocked world. These are all extreme, overt examples of Deleuze's time-image. Online, similar moves have been made in Mark Napier's Shredder and Maciej Wisniewski's Netomat interfaces. Both function as alternatives to conventional browsing, Netomat even labelled an "anti-browser" that engages "an Internet that is an intelligent application and not simply a large database of static files". The above-mentioned devices for manipulating the perception and understanding of time as represented in film (fade, dissolve, et al.) exploited an inherently filmic problem: simply put, that there is a serious discrepancy between time as it happens and its perception, much like the time it takes to enjoy a Website's multimedia content and the length of its download. In the case of the fade, for instance, an inherent problem of the medium has been internalised in a non-transparent way and used overtly to further the narrative meaning. Likewise, the "loading screen" offers a morsel of content typically focussed on its function ("loading... 5 seconds to go..."). The existence of these filmic conventions makes us aware of when they are broken, as in the "realtime" films Nick of Time, Blow Job, and Timecode, and also in instances of extended time, as in the classic shower scene in Hitchcock's Psycho. Think, too, of the last time you had to wait before you saw any of a Website's content. Just as filmic time is typically compressed for the sake of appearing real, navigational movement on the Web is in fact constrained while seeming free, and delayed while seeming instantaneous. The promise of instant access has instead been fulfilled by erratic connection speeds and server problems. Because Web time ostensibly passes almost in an instant (this is, after all, the industry in which a product might become passé while still at the beta phase), information ages just as quickly: "404 File not found" is a familiar sight, telling us that the link we followed may have been coded, not last year, but maybe even last week, or yesterday. Information loses relevance, even disappears, often in no time at all. These problems have been exploited by JODI, whose experimental online work foregrounds the nuts and bolts (and kinks) of the Web, instead of hiding it beneath a clean "other" design. The desirability of information over time is also the focus of Rhizome's Starry Night interface which, utilizing Java, shifts over time to emphasise popular links, eventually eradicating unpopular ones. In The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Walter Benjamin writes that "even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be" (220). But what of the Web art project, whose existence on a server somewhere does not need to be known for the work to be understood, whose duplication yields a copy that is indistinguishable from the original? What of the work that is both static and temporal, which is inherently mediated through time, including time (as in server and connection speed) which cannot be completely accounted for by the author? He goes on to say that technical reproduction "enables the original to meet the beholder halfway" (220), but what is the Website's point of departure? Its creator's computer? The server on which it lives? The end user's computer? How can we map the path from the "original" to its "reproduction" when the two are indistinguishable, when, in fact, there is no confirmable original? As if in response to Benjamin, Paul Virilio writes in "Speed and Information: Cyberspace Alarm!" that "the specific negative aspect of these information superhighways is precisely this loss of orientation regarding alterity (the other), this disturbance in the relationship with the other and with the world". Virilio is concerned with the problem of orientation, that is, of the lack of geographical, historical, and temporal specificity and point of reference when experiencing a Web-based narrative. Compare that to Deleuze's claim that, in the time-image, "the brain has lost its Euclidean co-ordinates, and now emits other signs" (278), a notion similar to the "loading screen", a bit of content which exists merely to inform that content is forthcoming. Virilio sees this as a crucial problem facing us today and adds that "there is talk of substituting the term 'global' by 'glocal,' a concatenation of the words local and global". The Internet yields both seeming temporal instantaneity and spatial compression. We can be everywhere all at once, all the time; but what of the inevitable slippage of time involved? The World Wide Web has created a life of dead moments, of moments spent waiting for the instantaneous to happen. References Baudrillard, Jean. "Radical Thought." Trans. Francois Debrix in CTheory. Collection Morsure. Eds. Sens and Tonka. Paris: 1994. Benjamin, Walter. Illuminations. New York: Shocken Books, 1968. Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. London: Rebel Press, 1992. Deleuze, Gilles. Cinema 2: The Time-Image. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1989. Napier, Mark. Shredder. 27 June 2000 <http://www.potatoland.org/shredder/>. Rhizome. 27. June 2000 <http://www.rhizome.org/>. Virilio, Paul. "Speed and Information: Cyberspace Alarm!" Le Monde Diplomatique Aug. 1995. Trans. Patrice Riemens in CTheory. Wisniewski, Maciej. Netomat. 27 June 2000 <http://www.netomat.net/>. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Maya Drozdz. "Waiting for Instantaneity." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.3 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/instantaneity.php>. Chicago style: Maya Drozdz, "Waiting for Instantaneity," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 3 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/instantaneity.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Maya Drozdz. (2000) Waiting for instantaneity. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(3). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/instantaneity.php> ([your date of access]).