Статті в журналах: "Pharmacists"

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Wibowo, Andy Eko, Rifki Febriansyah, Ingenida Hadning, Pinasti Utami, and Aji Winanta. "Odong-Odong Apoteker: Maskot Baru untuk Sosialisasi GEMACERMAT." Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement) 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.38569.

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Pharmacist Odong-Odong, Symbols, and Media Branding the Pharmacist's Existence in Indonesian Communities within the framework of the Drug Conscious Smart Society Movement (GEMACERMAT) is a movement based on the deterioration of the pharmacist's image in the last two years due to various cases in Indonesia. The goals of pharmacists odong-odong become symbols of the existence and role of pharmacists in society. The method used is making odong-odong in the form of a pharmacist holding a capsule, turning children's song lyrics into lyrics about basic knowledge of medicine that the public must know and introducing odong-odong as the new mascot of the pharmacists of IAI Bantul Branch members and pharmacists of IYPG members of the Yogyakarta Branch when they organizing community service activities. The result of this community service is that pharmacists odong-odong are created with various children's songs whose lyrics have been changed. The pharmacist odong-odong, was first used by the IAI when conducting antibiotic drug counseling at a healthy walk event in the framework of the 73rd Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia organized by Karang Taruna Tanuditan Bantul. Odong-odong pharmacists have also been placed in several pharmacies belonging to IYPG member pharmacists. Pharmacists odong-odong become a favorite place for children to play while enjoying a song that contains knowledge about medicine. The songs are expected to enter the subconscious of the community and indirectly educate the use of drugs.Keywords: pharmacist; odong-odong; IYPG; IAI; GEMACERMAT.

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KobliĹˇkovĂˇ, Zuzana, Zuzana HaramiovĂˇ, and TomĂˇĹˇ TesaĹ™. "ANALYSIS OF THE PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION OF PHARMACISTS IN BRATISLAVA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 23, 2017): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1003.

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: A pharmacist is an expert on medications. At the same time as the most accessible health care provider, the pharmacist fulfills an important social mission. For a pharmacist, work satisfaction plays an important role in several aspects of his practice in a pharmacy. Our primary goal was to conduct a local analysis with the purpose of testing the proposed questionnaire evaluating various dimensions of the professional satisfaction of pharmacists. Our secondary goals were as follows: to analyze individual dimensions of pharmacistsâ€™ professional satisfaction, to assess the quality of life in the context of the pharmacistsâ€™ professional satisfaction and to analyze the impact of selected characteristics (age, location of the pharmacy) on the pharmacistsâ€™ quality of life. The study is based on a questionnaire survey among pharmacists in Bratislava from July to September 2016. Data were collected in person. Respondents were randomly selected from community pharmacies., Equal number of respondents were selected from three different types of pharmacies: a) public pharmacy or its branch in a medical facility or a health centre b) public pharmacy or its branch in a shopping centre c) public pharmacy or its branch in a residential housing development. The results of the study show that the professional satisfaction of pharmacists in Bratislava is evaluated positively. Out of all 27 questions of the questionnaire, only three were evaluated negatively. The analysis points out that pharmacists are dissatisfied with the conditions in the workplace, regulation and legal responsibilities stemming from the profession of a pharmacist, healthcare system, and health insurance companies. The majority of the pharmacists characterized their state of mind on the job as concentrated. Older respondents were more tired and less energized. With regards to the location of a pharmacy, respondents that work in pharmacies located in residential housing developments feel the most concentrated. The knowledge of needs and problems of the profession is the essential precondition for its continued successful development, and its position in current as well as future European and Slovak healthcare systems. Until now, the quality of the professional life of pharmacists has not become a subject of systematic research and evaluation in Slovakia. Our study showed that the professional satisfaction of pharmacists in Bratislava is evaluated positively.

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Winslade, Nancy, and Robyn Tamblyn. "Determinants of community pharmacists’ quality of care: a population-based cohort study using pharmacy administrative claims data." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e015877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015877.

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ObjectiveTo determine if a prototype pharmacists’ services evaluation programme that uses linked community pharmacy claims and health administrative data to measure pharmacists’ performance can be used to identify characteristics of pharmacies providing higher quality of care.DesignPopulation-based cohort study using community pharmacy claims from 1 November 2009 to 30 June 2010.SettingAll community pharmacies in Quebec, Canada.Participants1742 pharmacies dispensing 8 655 348 antihypertensive prescriptions to 760 700 patients.Primary outcome measurePatient adherence to antihypertensive medications.PredictorsPharmacy level: dispensing workload, volume of pharmacist-provided professional services (eg, refusals to dispense, pharmacotherapy recommendations), pharmacy location, banner/chain, pharmacist overlap and within-pharmacy continuity of care. Patient level: sex, age, income, patient prescription cost, new/chronic therapy, single/multiple antihypertensive medications, single/multiple prescribers and single/multiple dispensing pharmacies. Dispensing level: prescription duration, time of day dispensed and antihypertensive class. Multivariate alternating logistic regression estimated predictors of the primary outcome, accounting for patient and pharmacy clustering.Results9.2% of dispensings of antihypertensive medications were provided to non-adherent patients. Male sex, decreasing age, new treatment, multiple prescribers and multiple dispensing pharmacies were risk factors for increased non-adherence. Pharmacies that provided more professional services were less likely to dispense to non-adherent hypertensive patients (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.62) as were those with better scores on the Within-Pharmacy Continuity of Care Index. Neither increased pharmacists’ services for improving antihypertensive adherence per se nor increased pharmacist overlap impacted the odds of non-adherence. However, pharmacist overlap was strongly correlated with dispensing workload. There was significant unexplained variability among pharmacies belonging to different banners and chains.ConclusionsPharmacy administrative claims data can be used to calculate pharmacy-level characteristics associated with improved quality of care. This study supports the importance of pharmacist’s professional services and continuity of pharmacist’s care.

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Zimmermann, Agnieszka, Jakub Płaczek, Natalia Wrzosek, and Artur Owczarek. "Assessment of Pharmacists Prescribing Practices in Poland—A Descriptive Study." Healthcare 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111505.

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Pharmacists play a beneficial role in supplying medicines to patients. Pharmacist prescribing practices were introduced into law in Poland in 2002, permitting pharmacists to prescribe medications in emergency situations and in 2020 the new law allowed to prescribe in all situation where it is needed because of the health risks reasons. Our aim was to analyze pharmacist prescribing practices in Poland and confirm the useful of pharmacists’ activity in this area. Additionally, pharmacists were also authorized to issue reimbursed prescriptions for themselves or their family members. Since January 2020, only e-prescriptions are allowed in Poland. A retrospective analysis of the inspection written reports from 842 community pharmacies in the representative region of Poland with a population of two million, carried out in the time period from 2002 to 2016 was performed (2189 prescriptions) to assess the emergency pharmacist prescribing practices in Poland. The second part of the research was based on digital data on pharmacists prescriptions (18,529) provided by the e-Health Centre (a governmental organization under the Ministry of Health responsible for the development of health care information systems in Poland), enabling to conduct the analysis of pharmacist’s prescribing from 1 of April 2020 to 31 of October 2020. The analysis gave the insight of the evolution of the pharmacy prescribing patterns. In general, pharmaceutical prescriptions were issued in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, in town- or city center pharmacies, and in pharmacies in residential areas. The most common reason for a pharmaceutical prescription was that the patient was running out of a medicine and was unable to contact their physician. Cardiovascular, respiratory, dermatological, and digestive medications were most frequently prescribed. An analysis of pharmacists’ prescribing data from 1 April 2020 to 31 October 2020 confirmed the rapid increase of pharmaceutical prescriptions following implementation of the new legislative act during the COVID-19 epidemic.

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Wojewoda, Eva, and Katherine J. Chou. "Factors Associated With Dispensing Dosage Delivery Devices." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-22.4.251.

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OBJECTIVES A potential cause of medication errors in children is imprecise measurements, particularly using household spoons. There are no regulations requiring dispensing dose delivery devices (DDDs) with liquid prescription medications. Local, regional, and national pharmacy practice patterns are largely unknown. This study sought to determine how frequently devices are provided with prescription pediatric liquid medications with instructions for their use at pharmacies in Bronx, New York, and to examine which pharmacy and pharmacist characteristics are associated with reported practices. METHODS All pharmacies in Bronx, New York, were identified using an online telephone directory. A telephone survey was administered to the senior-level pharmacist that elicited availability of DDDs, whether pharmacy policy regarding dispensing devices existed, the pharmacist's personal practice of dispensing devices, and years in practice. RESULTS In total, 268 pharmacies were contacted; 214 had free DDDs (79.9%) most of the time, 97.8% had them available to buy, and 160 (59.7%) had no policy regarding dispensing devices. Overall, 199 pharmacists (74.3%) routinely dispensed devices, and 195 (73.3%) demonstrated the use of devices. However, 94 pharmacists (35.3%) recommended using a household spoon to measure correct doses at least some of the time. Pharmacists were less likely to give devices as their years in practice increased. CONCLUSIONS In our study, many Bronx pharmacies had no policy regarding dispensing DDDs for prescription liquid medications, and dispensing practices varied among pharmacists based on years in practice. If similar trends are found in other areas, standardizing pharmacy policy and pharmacists' practices may decrease morbidity in children due to medication measurement errors.

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Widowati, I. Gusti Ayu Rai, and Mohammad Zamroni. "Indonesia Facing Challenges of Pharmaceutical Care Implementation in Community Pharmacies: A Legal Perspective." Jurnal Hukum Prasada 10, no. 2 (October 2, 2023): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jhp.10.2.2023.69-79.

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Pharmaceutical Care (PC) is a kind of interactive comprehensive service offered by the pharmacist to the patient, in which the pharmacist's physical presence is expected when providing pharmaceutical services to the patients at the pharmacy. However, pharmacists still prioritized internal management over interacting directly with patients. The objective of this research is to glance at the legal challenges of PC implementation in Indonesian community pharmacies. The normative juridical research method has been used, with a conceptual and legal approach. PC implementation in community pharmacies experiences major-level, mid-level, and minor-level challenges. PC standards in pharmacies are legally stated in Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 73 of 2016, but there are still conflicts between pharmaceutical management and PC implementation. In the incident of a medication error, the pharmacist as the person responsible for PC in the pharmacy, is legally responsible. Pharmacists who do not meet PC standards in community pharmacies encounter administrative, civil, and criminal consequences.

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Roja, Zenija, Henrijs Kalkis, and Agnese Melluma. "Work environment risk indicators for pharmacists in the preparation of extemporaneous medicines." SHS Web of Conferences 131 (2022): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213102006.

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The pharmaceutical sector is one of the leading sectors of the Latvian economy, but the extemporary prepared medicines still occupy a small market share. The study involved 44 pharmacists and pharmacist assistants preparing extemporal medicines, while the control group included pharmacists and pharmacist assistants who only attend customers in pharmacies. The aim of this study was to identify work environment risk indicators for pharmacists preparing extemporal medicines in open-type pharmacies. In the research, we used methods of observation and survey to identify the views of pharmacists and pharmacist assistants preparing medicines in open-type pharmacies. The study concluded that pharmacists and pharmacist assistants who prepare medicinal products in open type pharmacies are exposed to a wide range of work environment risks, especially to the chemical risks. During our investigation, we identified the main work environment risk indicators: occupational accidents, workload, lack of information, exposure to chemicals, length of service, work environment quality, and use of personal protective equipment.

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Yawuz, Mohammed Jamal, Samer Imad Mohammed, Iman Obaid Alshamari, Noor Mohammed, and Tabarak Qais. "Dispensing of Antimicrobial Agents Without a Prescription in Iraq: A Call for Upholding the Legislations to Change Long-Standing Practices." Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences ( ISSN 2789-3219 ) 6, no. 1 (March 13, 2024): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v6i1.617.

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Background: Antimicrobial prescribing patterns have an important role in the emergence of resistance, and community pharmacists have a substantial influence on this issue. Objective: To assess community pharmacists' behaviors and attitudes toward antimicrobial dispensing, determine their proportions and categories, and examine the underlying rationales for this practice. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists in Iraq was conducted from June to August 2023, using a self-administered validated questionnaire. The attitudes, practices, and motivations driving the distribution of antimicrobials without a prescription (AWP) were explored in three areas. Results: A sizable proportion (61.6%) of respondents rejected dispensing AWP at community pharmacies. Patients primarily seek antibacterials from community pharmacies owing to budget constraints, according to 82.7% of respondents, rather than for consultation and diagnostic services. The most powerful element in a pharmacist's decision to administer AWP is that patients will seek antimicrobials from another pharmacy if they are not dispensed by the pharmacist, owing to the pharmacist's experience in infection management. The study found that 50%–74% of patients who visited community pharmacies sought AWP. Antimicrobials are most commonly provided without a prescription for cold and flu and urinary tract infections (37.3% and 27.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The majority of pharmacists regularly dispense AWP. To guarantee compliance with Iraqi legislation and laws governing AWP distribution, ongoing training programs should be created to educate the public on the most effective methods.

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Melo, Angelita C., Guilherme M. Trindade, Alessandra R. Freitas, Karina A. Resende, and Tarcísio J. Palhano. "Community pharmacies and pharmacists in Brazil: A missed opportunity." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2467.

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The Brazilian National Health System (BR-NHS) is one of the largest public health systems in the world. In 2019 Brazil had 114,352 community pharmacies (76.8% private owned), that represent the first point of access to healthcare in Brazil due to their wide distribution. Unfortunately, from the government's point of view, the main expected activity of private and public community pharmacies is related to dispensing medicines and other health products. Public community pharmacies can be part of a healthcare center or be in a separate location, sometimes without the presence of a pharmacist. Pharmacists working in these separated locations do not have access to patients’ medical records, and they have difficulty in accessing other members of the patient care team. Pharmacists working in public pharmacies located in healthcare centers may have access to patients’ medical records, but pharmacy activities are frequently under other professional’s supervision (e.g., nurses). Private pharmacies are usually open 24/7 with the presence of a pharmacist for 8 hours on business days. Private community pharmacies have a very limited integration in the BR-NHS and pharmacists are the third largest healthcare workforce in Brazil with more than 221,000 registered in the Brazilian Federal Pharmacist Association [CFF - Conselho Federal de Farmácia]. A University degree in pharmacy is the only requirement to entry into the profession, without any proficiency exam for maintenance or career progression. The Brazilian pharmacist's annual income is ranked as the 2nd better-paid profession with an annual average income of € 5502.37 (in 2020). Description of clinical activities for pharmacies by the CFF increased in the recent years, however there is still a long way to effectively implement them into practice.

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Fritsch, Michelle A., and Kenneth C. Lamp. "Low Pharmacist Counseling Rates in the Kansas City, Missouri, Metropolitan Area." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 9 (September 1997): 984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100905.

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Objective To quantify the percentage of patients counseled by community-based pharmacists. Methods Phase I consisted of a 15-minute observational period of pharmacist counseling in 50 randomly selected pharmacies in the Kansas City, MO, area. In phase II, a survey was mailed to the same pharmacies to obtain policies, self-reported rates of counseling, baseline workload, and personnel information, as well as perceived communication barriers. Results Forty-six of 50 pharmacies were observed in phase I after excluding 10 ineligible pharmacies and adding 6 replacement pharmacies. Pharmacists provided counseling in only 14 of the 46 pharmacies (30%). Nineteen percent (20/106) of all patients received pharmacist-initiated counseling. Pharmacists in independent pharmacies were observed counseling a significantly higher percentage of patients than were pharmacists in chain pharmacies (44% vs. 11%; p = 0.014). Technicians were observed counseling 5 patients in chain pharmacies. Detailed verbal counseling, defined as four or more of a group of major counseling components, was provided to only 8 of the 20 patients who were counseled by a pharmacist (40%; 8% of all patients). In phase II, 31 of 51 surveys (61%) were returned. During the requested survey time period, pharmacies estimated that approximately five prescriptions were filled every 15 minutes, 51.5% of which were new. Pharmacists in chain pharmacies reported dispensing greater numbers of prescriptions than did pharmacists in independent pharmacies. These data and the reported counseling rates indicated that 50% of all patient prescriptions should be counseled. This is a higher rate than actually observed. All pharmacies reported that pharmacists completed the counseling; however, 10% of the respondents reported that technicians also counseled patients. Contrary to the findings in phase I, slightly more than 50% of the pharmacists reported using detailed verbal counseling. Conclusions The overall observed rate of counseling in community pharmacies is low. In the Kansas City area, independent pharmacists counsel a greater than average percentage of their patients. Even if the national counseling rate is double what was observed, millions of patients are leaving pharmacies without the benefit of pharmacotherapeutic guidance. If pharmacists are slow to meet these challenges, other service providers will relieve pharmacists of that responsibility.

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Gusminarti, Gusminarti, Khairani Khairani, and Fajri Kurniawan. "Pemenuhan Kewajiban Perpajakan Apoteker Pemilik Usaha Apotik Pasca Diundangkanya UU Cipta Kerja." Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik 4, no. 3 (April 24, 2024): 408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/jihhp.v4i3.1964.

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In 2021 the government issued Minister of Health Regulation Number 14 of 2021 concerning Standards for Business Activities and Products in the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing in the Health Sector (hereinafter abbreviated as Minister of Health Regulation No. 14 of 2021). In this regulation there are several changes, one of which is that the pharmacy must be owned by a pharmacist. If the pharmacy is not owned by a pharmacist, the capital owner may collaborate with the pharmacist by agreement before a notary. With this provision, there have been several changes for a pharmacist, one of which is regarding the fulfillment of tax obligations. Tax obligations for pharmacists who work only as pharmaceutical technical personnel, their tax obligations that must be fulfilled are only based on the KUP Law and Article 21 of the Income Tax Law Number 36 in 2008, which was most recently refined by Law Number 7 of 2021 concerning Harmonization of Tax Regulations. namely tax deductions by third parties, in this case by pharmacies. Meanwhile, with the Pharmacist's status as a Pharmacy owner, the fulfillment of his tax obligations will increase in accordance with Tax regulations, namely Business Entities. The problem is what if, during the course of the pharmacy business, the pharmacist who owns the pharmacy which was established based on the agreement resigns, what happens to fulfilling his tax obligations. In this regard, there are three problems that the researcher raises, first, what is the description of pharmacy ownership by pharmacists in West Sumatra, second, how to fulfill tax obligations for pharmacists as pharmaceutical workers and pharmacy owners in West Sumatra. third, problems encountered in fulfilling tax obligations by pharmacists who own pharmacies. In West Sumatra, the research uses research methods with an empirical juridical approach, descriptive research type, the data required is primary and secondary data as well as data collection techniques, interviews and document studies, data processing is carried out using qualitative analysis methods. The results of research on pharmacy ownership in West Sumatra are currently in various forms of business, namely Limited Liability Companies and Individual Businesses such as CVs and Firms so that ownership of Pharmacies is still owned by investors and currently there are 5 Pharmacies which are processing the extension of their Pharmacy Business Licenses and some have transferred their ownership to Children of financiers because they have completed their pharmacy studies, and there are also those who are currently processing business permits in the form of individual PT. Meanwhile, the tax obligations carried out by pharmacists as pharmacy business owners have not yet been implemented because currently pharmacies that use pharmacists as pharmacy owners with non-legal entity business forms are still in the process of processing their permits and legal entities. Problems encountered in fulfilling the tax obligations of pharmacists as business owners Pharmacies are still not visible, because the current status of Pharmacists still has the status of a Pharmaceutical Personnel, so their tax obligations are only limited to Income Tax Article 21.

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Berry, Melanie, Amy Gustafson, Maya Wai, and Alex J. Luli. "Evaluation of an Outpatient Pharmacist Consult Service at a Large Academic Medical Center." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 12, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i2.3238.

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Objective: To evaluate a novel outpatient pharmacist consult service in a large academic medical center. Setting: Four outpatient pharmacies that are part of a large academic medical center Methods: An outpatient pharmacist consult order was created and embedded in the electronic medical record (EMR). Medical center providers utilized this consult order when identifying patients in need of specific services provided by outpatient pharmacists. Descriptive data about each individual consult was collected including number completed, type of service, and duration. Rate of accepted pharmacy recommendations and patient cost savings were also evaluated. A survey was administered at the completion of the study period to assess provider and pharmacist satisfaction with the service. Patient demographic information was collected for those who had a documented completed consult. Results: A total of 193 consults were completed: 137 immunizations, 37 care affordability, 15 education, 3 polypharmacy and 1 OTC recommendation. 89% of completed consults took pharmacists 20 minutes or less to complete. Of completed care affordability consults (n=31), 55% of patients saved between $100 - $500 per medication fill. Of providers who completed a survey and utilized the service (n=12), 83.3% were extremely satisfied and 16.7% were satisfied with it. The provider acceptance rate of pharmacist’s recommendations was 74%. Conclusion: Implementation of an outpatient pharmacist consult service provided an alternative method for the utilization of pharmacist provided MTM services in outpatient pharmacies at a large academic medical center. The service was well received by both providers and pharmacists.

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Larasanty, Luh Putu Febryana, Kadek Nadia Marta Dewi, and Made Ary Sarasmita. "PHARMACIST PROFESSION STUDENT PERCEPTION ABOUT PHARMACIST ROLE IN PHARMACY, COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER AND HOSPITAL." Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jpsa.2020.v02.i02.p06.

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Background: Pharmacists play a role as a part of health services both at pharmacies, hospitals and community health centers. Pharmaceutical care was regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. In the internship, students of the Pharmacists program Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University can see clearly how the implementation of the role of Pharmacists in the Pharmacy, Hospital and Community Health Center. Objective: This study aims to assess the perceptions (responses) of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in various pharmacy services. Methods: This study used a one-group posttest only design methods. The population of the study used all of the Pharmacist students who were internship at the Pharmacy, Community Health Center and Hospital. The research instrument used a closed-ended questionnaire about the perceptions of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in internship locations. Results: The results showed that the role of pharmacists in pharmacies and community health centers was greater in the field of clinical pharmacy services. While in hospitals, pharmacists have a greater role in the field of drug management. Conclusion: Students have a positive perception of the role of pharmacists. There were no significant differences in perceptions of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in the field of drug management and clinical pharmacy services (p> 0.05). Keywords: pharmacist, pharmaceutical care, perception, role, students

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Davydov, Liya, Gina C. Caliendo, Lawrence G. Smith, and Bernard Mehl. "Analysis of Clinical Intervention Documentation by Dispensing Pharmacists in a Teaching Hospital." Hospital Pharmacy 38, no. 4 (April 2003): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870303800407.

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Decentralized pharmacists have a valuable role in preventing medication errors. At Mount Sinai Hospital, each pharmacist's contact with a prescriber to correct or clarify a possible prescribing error is documented on the original order. Our pharmacists are also encouraged to document interventions as part of the pharmacist intervention program. The authors undertook a blinded observational study to determine the percentage of prescriber contacts documented as pharmacist clinical interventions. This 2-month study was conducted in two nursing units with computerized physician order entry. All orders from these units were collected and evaluated for possible prescribing errors and documentation of a pharmacist's contact with a prescriber. Additionally, all pharmacist interventions documented in these units during the study period were collected and entered into the pharmacist intervention database. The percentage of all pharmacist interventions vs the number of documented prescriber contacts on original orders was then calculated. A total of 14 pharmacists were involved in the provision of pharmaceutical care to patients in the study units. During the 2-month study period, a total of 221 orders required pharmacists to contact prescribers regarding potential prescribing errors. However, only 109 (49.3%) of these were documented as clinical interventions. The findings indicate a need for improved documentation of clinical services (eg, interventions) performed by pharmacists.

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Asiya, Asiya Saif, Maria Gul, Tangina Malik Tangina, and Mubashra Gul. "EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIST INTERVENTIONS IN DIABETES AND BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT." International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (October 24, 2022): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56536/ijpihs.v3i2.28.

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Background: The pharmacist community played a significant role in serving the nation for many years. The total number of registered pharmacists by the provincial pharmacy council is 23029. The role of pharmacists and their services is unrecognized by society. Aims: The intention of this clinical project is to create awareness among the population regarding the pharmacist's role in improving the health of the patients and disease management. The aim is to highlight the importance of pharmacists among patients regarding their medication therapy and lifestyle modification to provide clear evidence of health gain. Methodology: It is a non-experimental based questionnaire study which is performed in community pharmacy and medical stores of Lahore, Islamabad, Gujranwala and Sargodha. Most of the people in Pakistan visit medical stores for the grant of medication without pharmacist advice in rural areas of Punjab Pakistan. But in big cities such as Lahore, Islamabad people visit pharmacies for grant of their medication and in some pharmacies pharmacist counsel the patient regarding their medication and visit a pharmacist are more satisfied and feel improvement in their condition. Results: Patients were divided in two group, one who visited medical store and other who went to pharmacy. We are interested in patients who are visiting the pharmacy and getting the various type of benefits from the presence of pharmacist. Conclusion Diabetes and hypertension are two major chronic diseases and spread widely across the world including Pakistan. In the management of diabetes and hypertension pharmacist interventions are beneficial and literature study provide evidence of it. People who visit a pharmacy also get economic benefit as pharmacist also offer alternatives which costs lesser.

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Fakih, Souhiela, Jennifer L. Marriott, and Safeera Y. Hussainy. "A national mailed survey exploring weight management services across Australian community pharmacies." Australian Journal of Primary Health 21, no. 2 (2015): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py13118.

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This study investigated pharmacists’ and pharmacy assistants’ current weight management recommendations to consumers across Australian community pharmacies using a mailed questionnaire. Two questionnaires were developed, one for pharmacists and one for pharmacy assistants, each divided into five sections. One pharmacist and pharmacy assistant questionnaire were mailed in November 2011 to a systematic sample of 3000 pharmacies across Australia for one pharmacist and pharmacy assistant each to complete. A total of 537 pharmacist and 403 pharmacy assistant responses, from 880 different pharmacies, were received. Overall 94.5% (n = 832/880) of associated pharmacies stocked weight loss products and 48.2% (n = 424/880) offered a weight management program. Both pharmacists and pharmacy assistants felt that the development of pharmacy-specific educational resources and additional training would help improve their ability to provide weight management services. Australian pharmacists and pharmacy assistants currently appear to be providing weight management services to consumers; however, not all their recommendations are evidence based. The need for additional training for pharmacy staff in areas identified as lacking and the development of pharmacy weight management educational resources needs to be addressed.

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Lorensia, Amelia, Doddy De Queljoe, and Yessica Christina Wijaya Tandjung. "Profil Kelengkapan Informasi oleh Apoteker tentang Cara Penggunaan Sediaan Handihaler® yang Mengandung Tiotropium Bromida Di Apotek Wilayah Surabaya Timur." Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v2i1.102.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic disease that can be controlled with medication. Handihaler® may be an option in the control of COPD, but the use of techniques Handihaler® is lacking in patients can cause treatment to be not optimal, therefore, the role of pharmacists to explain how to use Handihaler®. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of how to use information given Handihaler® pharmacists in pharmacies in East Surabaya. This research is non-experimental research with cross sectional method, and using observation techniques in the form of a checklist. Sampling by non-random sampling method by using purposive. The data will be processed with descriptive statistical analysis. The research sample as many as 22 pharmacies. The results showed that the steps 1, 2, 3, and 4 can be explained properly, whereas no pharmacist to explain step 16. Therefore, community pharmacists need to increase knowledge to support the pharmacist's role in providing information on how to use inhalers to improve the effectiveness COPD therapy.

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Haylee Moser and Stephanie Tubb. "Do Future Physicians Know a Clinical Hospital Pharmacist's Capabilities?" INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 14, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v14i3.5595.

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Background: Physicians appear to positively perceive pharmacists, but the perception of future physicians on clinical hospital pharmacists is largely unknown. By identifying medical students’ perceptions, educational efforts could be developed to target areas for improvement and allow for optimal utilization of pharmacists. Objective: To identify medical students’ perception of clinical pharmacists in the hospital setting. Methods: A 27-item survey that analyzed medical students’ knowledge and attitudes toward clinical hospital pharmacists was sent via email to students at eight medical schools in Ohio. Survey items assessed participant’s past interactions with a pharmacist (5 items), understanding of clinical pharmacists’ roles and responsibilities (7 items), and current perceptions of clinical pharmacists (7 items). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data using thematic analysis. Results: There were 124 participants across 3 medical schools. Students expressed that clinical pharmacists are essential on the healthcare team to support and maintain a patient’s health (Mean ± SD = 4.47 ± 0.829). They were neutral or disagreed that clinical pharmacists are qualified to diagnose a variety of conditions (Mean ± SD = 2.62 ± 1.017) and were neutral or agreed that a clinical pharmacist’s role differs from a community pharmacist’s role (Mean ± SD = 3.95 ± 0.659). In the qualitative analysis, medical students reported that they perceive clinical pharmacists to be medication experts (N=28, 66.7%), important members of the healthcare team (N=23, 54.8%), and useful resources for answering drug-related questions (N=15, 35.7%). Conclusions: Medical students reflected a positive attitude toward clinical pharmacists and affirmed the need for pharmacists to provide medication expertise in the hospital setting. However, many medical students were not fully aware of the responsibilities that a clinical pharmacist provides and could benefit from education on the scope of a pharmacist’s practice.

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Holleran, Michael J. "Avoiding Civil Liability Under OBRA 1990: Documentation is the Key." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 8, no. 2 (April 1995): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009500800202.

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The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA 90) and the various state regulations enacted in response to that act have already required a substantial change in the daily activities of pharmacists while performing their professional duties. OBRA 90 requires pharmacists to engage in patient counseling efforts and sets forth specific topics that pharmacists must discuss with the patient or primary caregiver. From a civil liability perspective, however, OBRA 90 requires pharmacists to do far more than counsel patients with regard to those patients' pharmaceutical care. It is anticipated that the requirements of OBRA 90 will establish minimum standards of care which must be met by all pharmacists. Courts will likely view a pharmacist's failure to adhere to the requirements of OBRA 90 as a failure to meet the standard of care applicable to pharmacists. Such failure to meet the applicable standard of care may lead to civil liability under the tort theories of ordinary negligence and negligence per se. Although OBRA 90 mandates that certain records be created and maintained, the prudent pharmacist in today's litigious world must develop a more comprehensive, accurate, and detailed system for documentation of the various counseling activities in which he or she engages. Because most pharmacies employ more than one pharmacist, and because memories of both patients and pharmacists can fail, creating and maintaining accurate records that exceed the documentation requirements of OBRA 90 and are admissible in court may well be the key to avoiding civil liability for an alleged failure to comply with the requirements of OBRA 90. Copyright © 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company

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Brown, Sara W., Lauren M. Oliveri, Kirsten H. Ohler, and Leslie Briars. "Identification of Errors in Pediatric Prescriptions and Interventions to Prevent Errors: A Survey of Community Pharmacists." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-24.4.304.

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OBJECTIVES Assess the competency of community pharmacists in identifying errors in pediatric prescriptions and to determine how often pharmacists perform interventions known to mitigate the likelihood of error. The study sought to recognize factors that may impact the pharmacist's ability to identify and mediate these errors, and to detect barriers that limit the role of the pharmacist pediatric patient care. METHODS A survey was distributed through the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy Alumni Network and the Illinois Pharmacists Association email listservs. Pharmacists practicing in a retail setting within the last 5 years were included. Three prescription scenarios for commonly used pediatric medications with corresponding questions were created to assess a pharmacist's ability to identify errors. Demographics pertaining to the pharmacist and the practice site, as well as information about dispensing practices, were collected. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that might impact the pharmacists' ability to identify errors. RESULTS One hundred sixty-one respondents began the survey and 138 met inclusion criteria. In 15% to 59% of scenario-based questions, pharmacists did not appropriately identify errors or interventions that would decrease the likelihood of error. Correct identification of doses was associated with total prescription volume in one scenario and with pediatric prescription volume in another scenario. Pharmacists did not consistently label prescriptions for oral liquids in milliliters or dispense oral syringes. Barriers to pharmacist involvement included availability and interest of the caregiver, ability to contact prescriber, and pharmacy staffing. CONCLUSION Community pharmacists did not consistently identify medication errors or use interventions known to mitigate error risk.

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Ajabnoor, Alyaa M., and Richard J. Cooper. "Pharmacists’ Prescribing in Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study Describing Current Practices and Future Perspectives." Pharmacy 8, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8030160.

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Pharmacist prescribing is being increasingly undertaken to better use their skills and reduce the workload of existing prescribers such as doctors, often using formal processes to legitimate these activities. In developing countries like Saudi Arabia, however, pharmacists’ prescribing remains informal with no legislation or formal training and there is a lack of research and understanding into such practices. Therefore, we aimed to describe current pharmacist prescribing practices in Saudi Arabia and explore pharmacists’ views about pharmacists’ prescribing. This is a cross-sectional survey study using an online questionnaire of hospital pharmacists in Saudi Arabia about pharmacists’ prescribing, and associated views about prescribing legislation and barriers to implementing pharmacist prescribing. Over a quarter (28.5%) of pharmacists reported themselves as prescribers, 49% were following a collaborative prescribing model, 18% independent prescribing, and 33% were doing both. Ninety percent of prescribers reported confidence in prescribing the appropriate treatment and 92.3% perceived they will benefit from more prescribing training. Healthcare practice culture and pharmacist’s competency were identified as barriers. There is an overall support for pharmacists’ prescribing in Saudi Arabia among this sample of hospital pharmacists, with limitations in resources and the absence of standardized prescribing training being perceived as key barriers to pharmacists’ prescribing.

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Lorensia, Amelia, Rifaatul Laila Mahmudah, and Leonardo Immanuel. "TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN APOTEKER KOMUNITAS MENGENAI PENGOBATAN ASMA." Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS) Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 5, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v5i2.495.

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Optimal asthma therapy requires collaboration between patients and pharmacists as health workers. Through pharmacy services, pharmacists have the role of providing education and monitoring asthma therapy. But the level of pharmacist's knowledge will be important in its implementation. This study studies the level of medical knowledge from the community in the city of East Surabaya. The research design used in this study was cross sectional and data collection was carried out through questionnaires from previous studies. The level of knowledge includes 6 domains, namely the domain of pharmacological therapy, etiology and pathophysiology, risk factors, resolution, symptoms, and non-pharmacological therapy. The subject is a pharmacist who practices at a pharmacy in East Surabaya. Data is collected by visiting pharmacies one by one to invite pharmacists from each pharmacy. Interviews were conducted directly with research subjects. In this study descriptive data analysis was performed. The study was conducted from April to June 2019 with 108 people. The results of the study concluded: Most subjects had moderate / standard asthma knowledge (37.96%) and only a small proportion had a high level of knowledge (27.77%). From the questionnaire questions, the lowest domain was in non-pharmacological therapy (94.00) and the lowest value was in the question domain (43.00). Therefore, pharmacists need to increase their knowledge in order to help asthma patients achieve optimal treatment. Keywords: asthma, pharmacist, pharmacy, knowledge

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Rakib, Abdur, Md Shahid Sarwar, Shaheda Zannah, Sayema Khanum, and Mamunur Rashid. "A Survey of the Role of Community Pharmacists in Dhaka city, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18, no. 2 (July 26, 2015): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v18i2.24312.

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Community pharmacists play a vital role in improving medication safety and better healthcare facility to the community. Unfortunately, the field of community pharmacy in Bangladesh is still to be developed and there is scarcity of data regarding current role of community pharmacists in Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to find out the role of community pharmacists in Bangladesh. For the study purpose, we visited 42 retail pharmacies in Banani, Khilkhet and Uttra areas of Dhaka city and interviewed the community pharmacists working there. We found that there were total 50 community pharmacists in 42 retail pharmacy and also observed that most of the pharmacists (64%) worked alone. Interestingly, we didnt find a single A-grade pharmacist working as community pharmacist. B-grade pharmacists who completed a 3 year diploma in pharmacy were only 4 in number and 92% of them were C-grade pharmacists with 3-4 months training. The average age of the participants was 29.6 ± 1.2 years. The average length of service for the community pharmacists was 7.6 ± 1.3 years. The top issues that patients consulted with the pharmacists were on medication use (76%), which physician they should visit (54%) and therapy (26%). There was not a significant effect of work experience of community pharmacists on their attitudes toward community-based clinical services. In this study, we observed that 95% community pharmacies provide blood pressure measurement facility, 90% provide diabetes screening, 76% provide dressing services, and only 47% provide nebulization. No community pharmacist was found to be involved with adverse drug reaction reporting. In conclusion, we recommend that the government and the pharmacy regulatory authority should take sufficient initiatives to develop the community pharmacy sector in Bangladesh for the welfare of mankind.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 137-141, 2015

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Lewek, Pawel, Janusz Śmigielski, Izabela Banaś, and Przemyslaw Kardas. "Pharmacist’s age affect information provided for pharmacy clients about generic substitution." Journal of Medical Science 86, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/jms.2016.197.

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Introduction. According to WHO, increase in usage of generic drugs may be one of the ways to reduce costs of healthcare systems around the world. However, according to scientific data, physicians and pharmacists doubt in their effectiveness – the reason for that is not well known. Due to this fact an evidence of factors affecting their opinion is being searched for. Aim. The aim of this study was to assess whether correlation exist between the age of pharmacist and the way information about generic drugs is provided.Material and Methods. This was a questionnaire‑based study. Especially prepared questionnaire was made available to pharmacists of Lodzkie province. Survey was conducted in Lodz (81.8%) and other towns of lodzkie province.Results. One hundred and forty eight pharmacists working in Lodzkie province have answered the questionnaire (84.5% women and 13.5% men, aged 23–59, working mainly in private pharmacies – 89.1%). Most of pharmacists (47; 31.8%) younger than 35 years provided information about generic drugs, after being asked about it. Most of pharmacists older than 35 years had given information before patients asked them about it. Correlation analysis revealed that strong statistically significant correlation between pharmacist’s age and the moment when he provides an information about generic drugs exist (P < 0.05).Conclusions. Age of pharmacists affect their commitment to provide information about generic drugs for pharmacy clients.

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Wrześniewska - Wal, Iwona, Jarosław Pinkas, and Mateusz Jankowski. "Current State of Community Pharmacist-Physician Collaboration — A Cross-sectional Survey Among Pharmacists in Poland." Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research 81, no. 1 (April 9, 2024): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/appdr/183708.

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A patient-centered partnership between different healthcare professionals is critical to improving the quality of health services. While the cooperation of physicians, nurses, midwives, and paramedics is well documented, more and more attention is paid to the role of pharmacists in interdisciplinary care. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacist’s perception of the current state of community pharmacist-physician collaborative working as well as to identify barriers to the implementation of the community pharmacist-physician collaborative working model in Poland. This cross-sectional survey was carried out between October and December 2022 among community pharmacists in Poland. A total number of 1327 pharmacists from one of the largest franchise chain pharmacy networks in Poland were invited to take part in this study. The study questionnaire included 23 questions on the current state of pharmacist-physician collaborative working, the scope of cooperation, barriers to cooperation, and educational and organizational needs. Completed questionnaires were received from 635 pharmacists (response rate of 47.9%). Formal correction of the prescription (91.3%) was the most common cause of pharmacist-physician collaborative working. Moreover, 62.7% of pharmacists indicated that modification of ordered drugs was the reason for pharmacist-physician collaborative working. Only 3.3% of community pharmacists indicated that they collaborate with physicians during the drug review. Lack of IT systems enabling pharmacist-physician collaborative working (67.6%) and lack of recommendations on pharmacist-physician collaborative working (57.3%) were the most common barriers to collaboration with the physician. Pharmacists declare their readiness to cooperate with physicians, but there is a need to strengthen trust between both groups.

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Raisch, Dennis W. "Patient Counseling in Community Pharmacy and its Relationship with Prescription Payment Methods and Practice Settings." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 10 (October 1993): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302701002.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patient counseling activities in community pharmacies are related to payment method and practice setting. DESIGN: Randomly selected pharmacists voluntarily performed self-data collection (39 percent participation rate) of counseling activities for 40 hours. Observational data were also collected by trained observers. SETTING: Community pharmacies. RESULTS: Forty-seven pharmacists in national chain pharmacies and 26 in independent pharmacies collected data on 3766 counseling events. Patient counseling rates, defined as percentage of patients counseled per prescription per pharmacist, were significantly higher (p<0.05) for self-pay (median 12.9 percent) and Medicaid (median 13.0 percent) than for capitation patients (median 7.9 percent). Rates were somewhat higher (p=0.06) for chain (median 17.7 percent) than for independent pharmacists (10.7 percent). Although there was no difference in terms of pharmacist-initiated counseling, chain pharmacists had higher rates of patient-initiated counseling per prescription (median 4.3 percent) than independent pharmacists (median 2.7 percent) (p<0.01). Counseling information was related to payment method and practice setting. A significantly higher percentage (p<0.01) of counseling events for capitation patients pertained to chronic therapies (33.6 percent) compared with counseling events involving patients using other payment methods (21.8–24.8 percent). A strong correlation between observational data and self-reported data was found (Pearson r=0.696, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The finding that pharmacists counsel capitation patients less frequently may be attributable to financial incentives or to pharmacists' perception that these patients do not need to be counseled. Independent pharmacists' higher number of capitation patients and increased workloads may have affected their counseling activities. These findings have implications for pharmacy service reimbursement programs, practice conditions, and continuing education programs.

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Lusek, Joanna. "Wytyczne dla aptekarzy wojskowych na czas wojny w oparciu o Wojenny Regulamin Sanitarny z 1908 roku." Medycyna Nowożytna 30, no. 1 (June 2024): 133–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12311960mn.24.005.19693.

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Military pharmacists in the German Empire belonged to the sanitary service corps subordinated to the Ministry of War (Kriegsministerium). In the army, the highest rank was the senior staff pharmacist, other military pharmacists were divided into: pharmacists - one-year volunteers, staff pharmacists and corps staff pharmacists. The subject of this study are “Guidelines for military pharmacists. 100 important questions [prepared] on the basis of the War Sanitary Regulations” (Für Militär- Apotheker. 100 wichtige Fragen und Antworten aus der Kriegs-Sanitäts-Ordnung) collected by staff pharmacist Robert Droste. They were a hundred-point extract from the War Sanitary Regulations (1907), which were in force during World War I. The compendium was intended to make it easier for the addressees of the study – military pharmacists on the battlefield and in the rear of military operations – to quickly understand the regulations in the field of, among others: 1. administering and managing the military sanitary service during the war (including military pharmacists), 2. creating and equipping field pharmacies, or 3. preparing current documentation. Although the guidelines were prepared by a military pharmacist, they did not have the status of an official document because they were not issued by the military authorities.

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Chua, S. S., and T. Paraidathathu. "Utilisation of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) through Community Pharmacies in Malaysia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 17, no. 2 (July 2005): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950501700210.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by consumers who obtained these drugs from community pharmacies. Factors that influenced community pharmacists in their choice of NSAIDs were also determined. Personal interviews were conducted on consumers who visited the 25 participating community pharmacies throughout Malaysia. Of the 389 respondents, 49% requested for an NSAID by name, 42% asked the pharmacist to recommend a medication and 9% had a doctor's prescription. NSAIDs were mainly purchased for joint/shoulder pain and the most commonly dispensed was diclofenac. Elderly respondents were more likely to be dispensed a selective COX-2 inhibitor than those below 60. NSAIDs were recommended based mainly on the pharmacist's perception of their efficacy, cost and safety. Community pharmacists play an important role in assisting patients in choosing the most appropriate NSAID for their health problems. Asia Pac J Public Health 2005; 17(2): 117-123.

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Lorensia, Amalia, Doddy De Queljoe, and Yessica Valensia. "KARAKTERISTIK INFORMASI TERKAIT CARA PENGGUNAAN METERED-DOSE INHALER DENGAN SPACER YANG MENGANDUNG KOMBINASI BETA-2 AGONIS DAN KORTIKOSTEROID OLEH APOTEKER DI APOTEK WILAYAH SURABAYA TIMUR." Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung 4, no. 1 (May 27, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51352/jim.v4i1.156.

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ABSTRACT Treatment of respiratory disorders using a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with spacer becomes one of the important points. Pharmacists at pharmacies are the final key in therapy to ascertain how the use of inhalation tools is correct. This study aims to determine the completeness of each step of information on how to use MDI with spacer given by pharmacists at pharmacies in East Surabaya. The research design used is cross-sectional study with the subject of research is pharmacist in pharmacy. The research variable is the explanation of how to use MDI inhaler with spacer. An assessment method of 8 steps on how to use MDI with spacer and each number gets a value. Research subjects were 22 pharmacists. Most pharmacists describe each step orally by using the tool directly, ie at step: 1a (77.27%), 1b (77.27%), 2 (81.81%), 3 (31.81%) , 4a (59.09%), 4b (13.63%), 5a (100%), 5b (63.63%), 6a (90.90%), 6b (40.90%), 8a (9 , 09%), and 8b (9.09%). Most of the pharmacists explain verbally with a demonstration tool but only one pharmacist can explain all the steps completely. Therefore, pharmacists need to improve IEC services related to the use of MDI with a spacer for respiratory treatment. Keywords : information on how to use inhaler, Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI), spacer, pharmacist, pharmacy

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Mikhael, Ehab Mudher, and Haydar F. Al-Tukmagi. "The compliance of Iraqi pharmacists with ethical principles in applying the pharmaceutical care for diabetic patients." Clinical Ethics 11, no. 4 (July 18, 2016): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750916657659.

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Pharmacists play a central role in caring of diabetic patients. During patient-centered care, important ethical issues and conflicts may arise, which makes ethical skills for pharmacist important toward conflict-resolution so this study aimed to assess compliance of Iraqi pharmacists with ethical principles while providing their care to diabetic patients. A cross sectional study by a validated questionnaire format was given to a convenient sample of 95 community pharmacists in Baghdad—Iraq. The questionnaire assesses the ethical practices of each pharmacist by using indirect questions through a simulated case which is commonly encountered in private pharmacies in Iraq. Most participated pharmacists failed to respect patient autonomy and they are not encouraging their patients to participate in decision making about their treatment. Participated pharmacists also failed in applying ethical principle of veracity during educating the patient about serious drug side effects. Furthermore most pharmacists had financial conflict of interests that undermine the pharmacist ability to fulfill the primary professional and ethical obligation to ensure patient's beneficence, justice and autonomy. Meanwhile most participated pharmacist may be good in maintaining their professional competence, yet the majority failed to develop their competence by keeping their knowledge up to-dated. In conclusion pharmacists failed to apply ethical principles during their usual care for diabetic patients.

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Alhazmi, Mohammad, Abdulmajeed Bajuayfir, Ejaz Cheema, Mahmoud Elrggal, and Majid Ali. "Evaluation of Current Community Pharmacist Practice in Saudi Arabia—A Cross-Sectional Study from Pharmacists’ Perspective (Part II)." Pharmacy 10, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10020038.

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This study aimed to evaluate the current practice of community pharmacists from patients’ and pharmacists’ perspectives in Saudi Arabia. This paper presents the pharmacist’s perspective. A cross-sectional self-administered online survey was designed to collect responses from community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia from February to April 2021. The questionnaire consisted of several statements related to best practice in community pharmacy. Pharmacists’ responses to each statement were scored using a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores represented a greater extent to which they adhered to best practice in the community pharmacy setting and vice versa. Data of 164 participants were included in the analysis. The minimum median score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains the main side effects. The maximum median score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains dosage regimen. Pharmacists aged 30 years or above and non-Saudi pharmacists had significantly higher median scores compared with pharmacists less than 30 years of age (p = 0.016) and Saudi pharmacists, respectively (p = 0.001). A gap between best practice and current practice of community pharmacists was observed. Policymakers can utilize these findings to provide targeted professional development opportunities for the practicing community pharmacists in order to improve the overall service and care for patients.

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Mikhael, Ehab Mudher, Fadya Yaqoob Al-Hamadani, and Ali Mohammed Hadi. "Evaluating the Benefits of Using Mobile Application (diarrhea management step by step) in the Management of Diarrhea by Community Pharmacists." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512) 32, no. 1 (June 27, 2023): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp245-256.

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Diarrhea is one of the most commonly encountered minor ailments in the community pharmacies. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the majority of pharmacists in Iraq did not manage diarrheal cases in a proper way. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the benefit of a new mobile application (diarrhea management step by step) to improve the pharmacist's role in the management of diarrhea. The study was conducted from 21th September to 21th October 2021 using a pre-post design via a simulated patient (SP) technique. A validated diarrhea scenario was presented to each pharmacist by the SP twice, once before and the other after giving the mobile application to the pharmacist. Furthermore, pharmacists were asked to rate the application in regard to its ease of use, reducing the time needed for management of diarrhea cases, reducing diagnostic errors, reducing medication errors, and applicability in daily clinical practice. The study sample involved 50 community pharmacists. However, only 47 completed the study. After using the application, all questions necessary to assess diarrhea were significantly improved. Moreover, the average number of questions asked to the SP was significantly increased. On the other hand, providing the SP with an appropriate non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment was also significantly improved. Additionally, counseling the SP with the necessary information about dispensed medication was improved; however, significant improvement was detected only in regard to information about the drug dose and dosing frequency. Most participated pharmacists strongly agreed with the application ease of use, its ability to reduce diagnosis and medication errors, and its applicability for use in daily clinical practice. In conclusion the tested application is an effective method to improve the pharmacist's role in the assessment and management of diarrhea.

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Meier, Megan, Reshmi Singh, and Baskaran Thyagarajan. "Consumer's Opinion on a Pharmacist's Role in Nutritional Counseling." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 12, no. 2 (April 7, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i2.3634.

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Background: Nutrition has become an increasing health concern. From fad diets to exercise programs, the consumer seems to be consulting multiple resources that all provide a different answer in the process of obtaining optimal health. Easily accessible pharmacists may be the sources to answer crucial nutritional issues facing society today. Methods: Using the results of a previous study about food perceptions among lean and non-lean populations, interview questions were created to determine the populations’ nutrition and pharmacist’s role knowledge. Nutrition knowledge among lean vs. non-lean consumers was assessed by determining experience with pharmacist nutritional counseling, how experience perceptions differed, and how these perceptions can shape a pharmacist’s role. Audio recorded interviews were conducted in a rural setting. Seventy-two English speaking, ambulatory, lean (BMI ≤ 24) and non-lean (BMI ≥ 25) residents between the ages 25-71 years participated in the study in a small western United States town. Results: 26.3% of consumers obtained nutrition information from the internet; however, the internet and healthcare providers were considered the most trustworthy. When asked about the pharmacist’s role in nutrition counseling, 32.7% believed that pharmacists were not a reliable source based on education background. Another 10.2% thought pharmacists were too busy for counseling. Discussion: This study indicates the consumers’ knowledge on pharmacists’ education, willingness to seek out nutrition knowledge, and a pharmacist’s ability to provide nutrition counseling can differ between lean and non-lean consumers. Lean consumers tend to have more interaction with a pharmacist whereas non-lean consumers do not. Conclusion: As a profession, pharmacists should educate consumers on reliable nutrition resources, a pharmacist’s education, and how they use their role to provide consumers with nutrition knowledge.

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Hadning, Ingenida, Bangunawati Rahajeng, Pinasti Utami, Siti Martini Khairiati, Noviya Wardhani, Nuariska Laila Ramadhani, and Nanang Munif Yasin. "Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Peraturan Penetapan Standar Jasa Profesi Apoteker di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.61125.

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The small salary received by pharmacists is one of the reasons for the low attendance of pharmacists in pharmacies. The regional management of the Yogyakarta Special Region of Indonesian Pharmacist Association (PD IAI DIY) has issued a Decree (SK) on Professional Service Standards for Pharmacists in DIY in 2017 so that it can be used as a reference for pharmacists in Yogyakarta who practice in pharmacies. This study aims to determine the implementation of the decree on pharmacists in DIY. Research variables are basic services, additional income and other facilities. The research instrument is a questionnaire. The sampling method used is accidental sampling. To calculate the number of samples used the Slovin formula. With a confidence level of 90%, the minimum sample size is 222 respondents. However, in this study, 268 pharmacists who practice in pharmacies finally obtained respondents. Respondents came from five districts/cities in DIY. Data were collected from August 2019 to February 2020. The research instrument used an e-questionnaire on a google form which was distributed through social media for members of IAI DIY and also distributed directly to several pharmacies in DIY. The data obtained were analyzed through descriptive statistical tests. The results showed that only 11 respondents met all the criteria in the SK. In the category of pharmacists who hold SIA, only seven respondents met all the criteria in the SK, namely three respondents from Sleman, two respondents from Yogyakarta City, and two respondents from Bantul. In the non-SIA pharmacist category, only four respondents met all the criteria in the SK, namely one respondent from Sleman, two respondents from Yogyakarta City, and one respondent from Gunung Kidul. It can be concluded that the SK PD IAI DIY regarding professional service standards has not been fully implemented by DIY pharmacists.

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Olden, F., and K. Dalton. "Determining the cause and frequency of prescription reworks in community pharmacies." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i8—i9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac021.012.

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Abstract Introduction When prescriptions are being processed in pharmacies and an activity occurs that requires the return to a previous procedural step to correct the process, this is known as ‘rework’ (1). This may include labelling errors or the incorrect dispensing of medications, and ultimately adds to pharmacists’ workload. Given that increasing community pharmacists’ workload negatively affects their job satisfaction, well-being, and patient care, it is vital that rework is minimised in everyday practice. To date, little is known regarding the prevalence of this rework phenomenon in community pharmacies or how this might be prevented. Aim To evaluate the cause and frequency of prescription rework in community pharmacies. Methods A data collection form was created for community pharmacists to self-record the instances and causes of prescription rework occurring in their workplace across a two-week period. After piloting the form with two pharmacists in different pharmacies, community pharmacists in Ireland were invited to participate in the study using convenience sampling and snowballing. Only participating pharmacists were aware of when data collection was occurring in their pharmacy to minimise the Hawthorne effect with other staff (2). Descriptive statistics were used to describe rework frequency according to the different causes, as well as the pharmacist and pharmacy characteristics. Results Eight participating pharmacists were recruited (four male and four female; median 4 years’ post-qualification experience) from five independent pharmacies and three chain pharmacies. In total, 325 reworks were recorded across 65 days between June 2021 and August 2021. Rework was recorded on 92.9% of the study days, with an average of 5 reworks/day – whereby the average per pharmacist ranged from 1.82 to 15 reworks/day. The data collection form’s pre-specified rework categories captured 91.7% of reworks, with the remainder assigned as ‘other’. The three most frequent rework categories were those due to labelling errors (22.8%), prepared prescriptions which required opening and repackaging (15.1%), and medication owed to patients (13.9%). The people involved in reworks included: pharmacists alone (33.5%), technicians alone (20.3%), pharmacists and technicians (14.8%), pharmacists and patients (10.2%), and pharmacists and prescribers (4%). Conclusion This study shows that rework happens regularly in community pharmacies and has provided an insight into the causes of rework in this setting. While individual pharmacist and pharmacy characteristics may have influenced rework frequency, it was not possible to conclusively establish these associations with the small sample size, due to the difficulty of recruiting pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings are valuable as they highlight areas where pharmacy staff can reduce rework and will help inform strategies to minimise this in future – thus reducing workload and facilitating more time for staff to focus on providing care to patients in community pharmacies. References (1) Nickman NA, Drews FA, Tyler LS, Kelly MP, Ragsdale RJ, Rim M. Use of multiple methods to measure impact of a centralized call center on academic health system community pharmacies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019 Feb 21;76(6):353–9. (2) Sedgwick P, Greenwood N. Understanding the Hawthorne effect. BMJ. 2015 Sep 4;351:h4672.

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Hartung, Daniel M., Jennifer Hall, Sarah N. Haverly, David Cameron, Lindsey Alley, Christi Hildebran, Nicole O’Kane, and Deborah Cohen. "Pharmacists’ Role in Opioid Safety: A Focus Group Investigation." Pain Medicine 19, no. 9 (June 17, 2017): 1799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx139.

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Abstract Objective The pharmacist’s role and responsibilities in addressing the opioid epidemic have yet to be clearly defined, particularly from the patient’s point of view. This qualitative study explores the pharmacist’s role in promoting opioid safety from the perspective of pharmacists and patients. Design Focus groups. Setting Patient groups were held in person, and pharmacist groups were held online. Subjects Oregon pharmacists (N = 19, Mage = 39.0 years, range = 26–57 years, 58% female) and patients (N = 18, Mage = 60.1 years, range = 30–77 years, 71% female) with current experience dispensing or receiving opioid medications. Methods Pharmacists were asked about the challenges and opportunities for opioid safety monitoring and prescription dispensing. Patients were asked about their experiences accessing care, medications, and safety information. Focus group data were analyzed by a multidisciplinary team using an immersion-crystallization approach. Results Pharmacists and patients agreed that pharmacists are responsible for medication safety. Pharmacists expressed discomfort filling potentially high-risk opioid prescriptions and noted barriers such as lack of clinical information and discomfort policing high-risk prescribing. Patients were concerned about pharmacists potentially overstepping their professional responsibilities by interfering with prescribers’ clinical decisions. Conclusions Feedback from both pharmacists and patient participants suggests that there is uncertainty in the degree to which pharmacists can and should confront the prescription opioid epidemic directly. Ambiguities in the pharmacist’s role may be best clarified through structured training promoting enhanced between-party communication.

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Merks, Piotr, Urszula Religioni, Krzysztof Bilmin, Jedrzej Lewicki, Marta Jakubowska, Anna Waksmundzka-Walczuk, Aleksandra Czerw, et al. "Readiness and Willingness to Provide Immunization Services after Pilot Vaccination Training: A Survey among Community Pharmacists Trained and Not Trained in Immunization during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020599.

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Background: Immunization rates among the adult population in Poland are below desired targets, urging the need to expand this service in the community. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the ultimate goals for limiting the spread of the infection are vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Pharmaceutical companies are in a race for the fastest possible way to deliver vaccines. Community pharmacists in Poland are recognised as an accessible yet underutilised group of medical professionals. Therefore, involving pharmacists in vaccinations may have beneficial results for the healthcare system. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the readiness and willingness of community pharmacists following the Pharmacist Without Borders project who had either been trained or not in providing immunization services, and to identify the factors that may support the implementation of such services in Poland. Methods: This study was conducted among pharmacists between February and August 2020 in Poland. A survey was developed to determine their readiness to provide vaccination services in their pharmacies, to recognise any barriers to vaccinations, as well as the factors necessary to implement vaccination services in Polish pharmacies. Results: A total of 1777 pharmacists participated in the study, comprising 127 (7.1%) pharmacists trained in vaccinations during the Pharmacists Without Borders project and 1650 (92.9%) pharmacists not participating in the workshops. Pharmacists participating in the workshops more often indicated that providing vaccinations in community pharmacies would improve the overall vaccination rate (p = 0.0001), and that pharmacists could play an important role in advertising and promoting vaccinations (p = 0.0001). For the pharmacists not participating in the workshops, they indicated to a much greater extent possible barriers affecting the readiness to provide vaccinations in pharmacies. They most often pointed out that vaccination services would result in a significant workload increase (p = 0.0001), that pharmacies were not adapted to immunization, and that there were not enough training courses for pharmacists (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: The pharmacists working in community pharmacies indicated many advantages of vaccinations in pharmacies. This study identified barriers to the introduction of vaccinations and factors necessary to implement these services in pharmacies. The pharmacists trained during the immunization programme of the Pharmacists Without Borders project showed a greater readiness to provide immunization services.

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Radeef, Mohanad Yasir, and Khalid Saud Saleh. "Drug Information Resources in Iraqi Community Pharmacies (Conference Paper) #." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512) 31, Suppl. (February 16, 2023): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol31isssuppl.pp25-31.

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Abstract Drug information resources are the information that is used in medications discovery, utilization, and management. Little information about different types of resources used by Iraqi community pharmacists is known. Therefore, the objectives were to determine drug information resources' type do the pharmacists used and the common drug information questions they faced during their work in community pharmacy. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in different Iraqi provinces and online self-reported survey was introduced through Google Form Software to an appropriate sample of graduated pharmacists who were working in a private community pharmacy and having at least one year of experience between February 27 and May 15, 2021. The researchers received 201 usable surveys. British National Formulary was used by 47% of the surveyed pharmacists to find specific information, followed by "Pharmacotherapy(s) and Applied Therapeutics" (16.9% for both). On the other hand, internet was used by 93% of the surveyed pharmacists and Google search engine (65%) and Medscape application (62%) were frequently surfed to find specific drug information and 81% of pharmacists trusted in this information and passed them to consumers. Safety of drugs during pregnancy and lactation periods was the most frequently question received from the patients (60.7%). In conclusion pharmacists prefer to surf specific internet websites to collect specific information about medicines and they referred to pharmaceutical textbooks if available at their pharmacies to get such information. The pharmacist is the person who is more often accessed by patients and the patients follow pharmacist's instruction for specific drug related questions.

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Setiawan, Vreza Budi, and Ratna Dwi Wulandari. "Beban Kerja Subyektif dan Obyektif Tenaga Farmasi Rawat Jalan di Rumah Sakit." Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v4i1.2016.28-36.

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In 2014 patient visits to pharmacy services increased 75% from the previous year. Man power in the pharmacy unit was not comparable with the number of pharmacy service.The availability of human resources isinadequate when being compared to the number of outpatient pharmacy visits, therefore it influenced the respon time up to 43,91% for non paten drugs which as not in accordance with the standart services minimum pharmacy services. This data indicate that there was overload capacity on man power in outpatient pharmacy unit. The purpose of this study was to show wordload category on man power in outpatient pharmacy unit, particularly to pharmacists and assistants pharmacists. This was quantitative descriptive study. There were 26 samples consisting of 1 pharmacist, 16 asisstants pharmacists in depo 1 and 9 asisstants pharmacists in depo 5 outpatient pharmacy unit. Data collected by observation for 2 week in working hours. Result of the study was pharmacicts and assitants pharmacists in depo 1 had subjective and objective workload in overload category while depo 5 inmoderate category.Keywords: subjective and objective workload, pharmacicts and assitants pharmacists, work sampling

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Kröger, Edeltraut, Jocelyne Moisan, and Jean-Pierre Grégoire. "Billing for Cognitive Services: Understanding Québec Pharmacists' Behavior." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 34, no. 3 (March 2000): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.19133.

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BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that pharmacists' interventions to solve drug-related problems are effective and cost-saving. Since 1978, under the Québec provincial drug plan, payment for two cognitive services, the pharmaceutical opinion and the refusal to dispense a prescription, has been disbursed to community pharmacists. However, the number of claims for these services lags far behind expectations. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors influencing Québec community pharmacists in the billing for a pharmaceutical opinion or for a refusal to dispense. METHODS: Questions on predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors potentially related to pharmacists' behavior were included in a self-administered questionnaire sent to all 3517 community pharmacists practicing in the province of Québec during 1996. Using multivariate logistic regression, models were built to explain billing for an opinion and billing for a refusal. RESULTS: According to our models, the typical pharmacist who billed for opinions or refusals in Québec is <45 years of age, has attended a continuing education program on this topic, and believes that billing for interventions is important. This typical pharmacist handles a mean daily volume of 100–250 prescriptions, uses a decision-support computer program, and has sufficient technical staff assistance. This pharmacist believes that interventions can be billed rapidly and are consistently paid by the province's drug plan. CONCLUSIONS: In order to increase the billing of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies, tailored educational programs should be offered to pharmacists. There is also a need to improve working conditions in pharmacies.

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Pristianty, Liza, Ibrahim Abdullah, Pradana Z. Rhamadan, and Andi Hermansyah. "Assessment of doctor-pharmacist collaboration in the treatment of diabetes mellitus patients at Airlangga University Hospital Surabaya from the pharmacist's perspective." Pharmacy Education 22, no. 1 (December 17, 2022): 974–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46542/pe.2022.221.974979.

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Background: Collaboration between doctors and pharmacists is needed in treating Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients to optimise treatment regimens. Collaboration between healthcare professionals illustrates teamwork in solving the problem of DM patients. Methods: This study is observational with a cross-sectional design. Respondents were all Internal Medicine doctors and pharmacists of the Universitas Airlangga Hospital. The observed variables were individual, context, and exchange characteristics that affect collaborative practice in dealing with DM patients from the pharmacist's perspective. Results: The results showed that the communication pharmacists-doctors rarely occurred. The pharmacist-doctor collaborative practice was quite effective, according to the pharmacist's perspective. The multiple linear regression test of the exchange characteristics and practice collaboration showed that the trust domain was significant. Conclusion: The communication between pharmacists and doctors is rare. The collaborative practice is in sufficient category. Trust significantly affects this practice.

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Lorensia, Amelia, Ananda Yudiarso, and Nurul Safina. "Persepsi Apoteker terhadap Hambatan dalam Pelayanan Kefarmasian Penyakit Asma Di Apotek." Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v2i4.127.

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One to improve the services of asthma pharmacy at pharmacies is to know the barrier (pharmacy) pharmacists in the pharmacy services of asthma itself. However, there is still a pharmacist barrier in providing pharmaceutical services of asthma namely Perceived barrier on self-efficacy pharmacist, Perceived barrier on counseling, Perceived barrier on knowledge of the patient, and Perceived barrier on the role of pharmacist. The aim of this research is to know deksriptif and to explore perception of pharmacist to barrier of pharmacy service of pharmacy at pharmacy in Surabaya. This research is a research of mixed methods with sequential explanatory research design. Instruments in this study using questionnaires and interviews. Sampling with non-random sampling method with purposive sampling technique, then the data will be processed descriptively. The sample of research were 53 pharmacists representing 1 pharmacist, 41 pharmacists willing to fill out questionnaires but not willing to interview and 12 pharmacists willing to fill out questionnaires and interviews. Barrier data based on Kritikos et al. (2010), was examined with the most commonly used approach, HBM (Health Believe Model), which is a model of individual health trust in determining the attitude of doing or not doing health behavior. The results of the study show that pharmacists still have barriers in pharmacy services from 4 dimensions, including: self-efficacy, pharmaceutical counseling, perceived knowledge of patients, and the role of pharmacists..

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Sakhnatska, Nataliia, Nataliia Aliekperova, Kostyantyn Kosyachenko, and Alexander Kostenko. "The application of digital tools in Ukrainian pharmacies within holistic marketing." Pharmacia 70, no. 3 (August 18, 2023): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e108555.

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The paper aimed to analyze the attitude and awareness of pharmacists to the application of digital tools in the activities of Ukrainian pharmacies within holistic marketing. A survey of 745 pharmacists from different regions of Ukraine was conducted. Many pharmacists are wary of the legalization of virtual pharmacies in Ukraine. At the same time, they have a positive attitude regarding such digital tools as free online doctor’s and pharmacist’s consultations and the availability of mobile applications. Almost half of the respondents rate online platforms’ role in pharmacists’ continuous professional development as “very important.” The most popular activities are online testing (70.9%), online training exercised by mentors (51.9%), and corporate webinars (34.6%). Based on the research results, a structured model was developed to improve the customer-centricity of pharmacies within holistic marketing and the process of digitalization.

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Schommer, Jon C., Anthony W. Olson, SuHak Lee, Caroline A. Gaither, and Stephen W. Schondelmeyer. "A 15-Year Ecological Comparison for the Hiring Dynamics of Minnesota Pharmacies between 2006 and 2020." Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020100.

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Labor market forces in pharmacy are affected by frictional unemployment (job turnover), structural employment forces that require new skill sets for employees, and hiring practices that integrate technology or less costly labor such as pharmacy technicians. The objectives of this study were to describe hiring trends for both the pharmacist and technician workforces in licensed pharmacies on a biennial basis from 2006 through 2020 using data collected in Minnesota. Ecological comparisons were made between the survey years using descriptive statistics. For open-ended questions added to the 2020 survey, content analysis was applied. Demand for technicians increased which might be due to the expansion of their roles into activities that had been reserved for the pharmacist. Pharmacies reportedly would like to hire pharmacists to meet the demand for new services that pharmacists can provide. However, respondents articulated that this is not feasible under current economic pressures. This represents a lost opportunity for transformation in pharmacy that would establish pharmacists’ roles in the rapidly transforming health care value chain. We conclude that hiring dynamics in pharmacies are being driven more by economic and organizational shifts than meeting the demand for services that pharmacists can provide.

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Mizranita, Vinci, Tin F. Sim, Bruce Sunderland, Richard Parsons, and Jeffery D. Hughes. "The Pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ scopes of practice in the management of minor ailments at community pharmacies in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2295.

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Background: Managing minor ailments in community pharmacy is an evolving pharmacy service in developing countries. Defined scopes of practice for pharmacy staff are essential for the safe management of minor ailments. Limited research exists regarding the perceptions of Indonesian pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ scopes of practice in providing minor ailments management services. Objective: To evaluate pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ understanding of their scopes of practice, perceived competency and factors influencing the delivery of minor ailments services in Indonesian community pharmacies. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted during January-February 2020 of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians attending seminars conducted by relevant Indonesian Associations in Central Java, Indonesia. Percentage of common responses (PCR) described similarity of perceived scopes of practice for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified associations of scopes of practice with pharmacy characteristics. Results: A total of 185 pharmacists and 142 pharmacy technicians participated. Pharmacy technicians performed minor ailment consultations, however, if considered beyond their scope of practice, they referred the patient to the pharmacist (T=120/142, 84.5%). Vaginal thrush, bacterial conjunctivitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and acute pain were minor ailments perceived only within a pharmacist’s scope (PCR above 60%). Of 34 minor ailments, 11 showed PCR values between 40-60% overlapping pharmacists and pharmacy technicians perceived scopes of practice (allergy/rash, back pain, cold sores, dermatitis, diarrhoea, eczema, hayfever, haemorrhoids, rheumatism, sore throat, and superficial wounds). Back pain, cold sores, dermatitis, and sore throat associated pharmacists’ scope of practice with years of practice experience (p-value<0.05). Pharmacy technicians perceived their scopes of practice to be wider than perceived by pharmacists. Conclusions: Discordance between pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ perceived scopes of minor ailments management highlights the need for clearly defined scopes of practice for each professional group. Each professional group must practise within their competence to ensure safe pharmacy practices.

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Dwi Monika Ningrum. "Dwi Monika Ningrum THE ROLE OF A PHARMACIST IN APPLYING THE STANDARD OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE IN PHARMACY AT WEST LOMBOK." Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Ilmiah Kesehatan Politeknik Medica Farma Husada Mataram 7, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33651/jpkik.v7i1.220.

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Pharmaceutical care is a direct and responsible service to patients related to pharmaceutical preparations with the aim of achieving definite results to improve the quality of life. The standards of Pharmaceutical care in pharmacies are designed to serve as guidelines for pharmacist practice in carrying out the profession, to protect the public from unprofessional services and to protect the profession in carrying out pharmaceutical practices. This study aims to describe the implementation of pharmaceutical service standards in pharmacies in West Lombok Regency. This research is a non-experimental qualitative descriptive research with cross sectional data collection with a total of 40 pharmacies in Lombok Barat. The collection data was carried out using questionnaire sheets to respondents who were willing. The results obtained in this study include the management standards of pharmaceutical supplies by pharmacists together with pharmacist assistant with a percentage of 35.4%, clinical pharmacy service standards carried out by pharmacists with a percentage of 38%, and quality evaluation implementation. service in the pharmacy is carried out by pharmacists by 80%. The conclusion obtained in this study is that the role of pharmacists is very influential on the success of services, especially in clinical pharmacy services, namely in drug information services, monitoring drug therapy, and monitoring drug side effects which really require the role of a pharmacist.

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Ogunbeku, A., S. J. Showande, R. Adisa, and T. O. Fakeye. "Tailored intervention to implement the management of hypertensive and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in community pharmacies – a pilot study." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 29, Supplement_1 (March 26, 2021): i47—i48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riab015.058.

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Abstract Introduction Uncontrolled blood pressure and poor glycaemic control may lead to increased morbidity and mortality (1). A systematic review of 40 studies reported beneficial effects of interventions conducted in community pharmacies in the management of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (2). Aim To evaluate the impact of a tailored intervention on clinical outcomes in the management of hypertensive and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in community pharmacies in a pilot implementation study. Methods The study (April to July 2019) utilized a mixed-method design. This included a cross-sectional survey among 133 consented community pharmacists and 390 T2DM and/or hypertensive patients at the pharmacies. Thirty-one item (pharmacists) and 29-item (patients) semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information on their perception of pharmacists’ roles in the management of T2DM and/or hypertension. Barriers to implement identified roles by the pharmacists were documented. Thereafter, a prospective before- and after-intervention study was conducted in four consented pharmacies to address the barriers. Two pharmacists per pharmacy and 34 consented T2DM and/or hypertensive adult patients who had been on medications for ≥3 months participated. Pharmacists were provided with 2-hr one-on-one training on the management of T2DM and hypertension based on standard guidelines pre-intervention and at 4 weeks. Components of the pharmacist’s intervention included patient’s education, medication counselling , lifestyle modifications and self-care use of point of care devices. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body mass index (BMI) of all patients were measured at baseline, 4- and 8-week post-intervention. Weekly patient follow-up visits to the pharmacies were mandatory. Telephone calls and referral were incorporated, when necessary. Failure to show up for two consecutive visits disqualified patients from completing the study. Descriptive statistics (to summarise data), and paired t-test to compare mean differences in the measured parameters at α=0.05. Results Hypertensive and/or T2DM patients (374) and 71 pharmacists participated in the survey. The patients expected pharmacists to provide medication counselling (81;27.1%), education (47;12.6%), follow-up (18;4.8%), health outcomes monitoring (17;4.5%), and collaboration with physicians (12;3.2%). Sixty-nine (97.2%) pharmacists agreed that patients’ follow-up, patient counselling (71;100.0%), therapeutic plan design to achieve goals (67;94.4%) and collaboration with physicians (61;85.9%) were important. Barriers to providing adequate counsel to these patients were time constraints (23;32.4%), unconducive environment (7;9.9%) and patient’s impatience (33;46.5%). For the intervention component, 16 of the 34 patients enrolled were lost to follow-up (one hospitalized, seven failed two consecutive visits, and eight lost to referral). Effects of the tailored intervention on the parameters are in Table 1. Conclusion The patients’ and pharmacists’ perceived roles of the pharmacist in the management of hypertension and T2DM were in tandem. The 8-week tailored pharmacists’ intervention resulted in better control of blood pressure but increased FBG. This pilot study is limited by the small sample size of patients and pharmacists, as well as the lack of appropriate comparator. Future large-scale multi-site study with relevant comparator is required for a far-reaching conclusion on the impact of the tailored pharmacist intervention in the management of diabetes and hypertension. References 1. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–72. 2. Evans CD, Watson E, Eurich DT, Taylor JG, Yakiwchuk EM, Shevchuk YM, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease interventions by community pharmacists: a systematic review. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(5):615–28.

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Min, Amy C., Jennifer L. Andres, Anisha B. Grover, and Oxana Megherea. "Pharmacist Comfort and Awareness of HIV and HCV Point-of-Care Testing in Community Settings." Health Promotion Practice 21, no. 5 (July 1, 2019): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839919857969.

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Objective. To address the public health concern of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission, various intrapersonal and organizational factors were identified to explore opportunities for pharmacists as part of a HIV/HCV prevention strategy. The awareness and comfort of pharmacists practicing in independent pharmacies and student pharmacists on providing HIV and HCV point-of-care (POC) tests in an urban setting were investigated. Method. Surveys were anonymously completed by pharmacists practicing in independent pharmacies within a 2-mile radius of our institution and student pharmacists attending our institution. Surveys were administered over a period of 10 weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results. A total of 119 pharmacy students and 23 practicing licensed pharmacists completed the survey. Only 21.7% of pharmacists were aware that HIV and HCV screenings are available as POC tests. Pharmacists were more likely to feel comfortable administering other POC tests and not HIV or HCV POC tests. Student pharmacists felt more comfortable than pharmacists in administering HIV and HCV POC tests and had a higher perceived level of comfort of their ability to administer these tests as licensed pharmacists. Conclusions. In this urban setting, awareness and comfort in pharmacist-provided HIV and HCV POC testing is low, however, with proper training and education, pharmacists in these community pharmacy practice settings can expand HIV and HCV screening opportunities for the community.

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Lee, Yuman, and Nicole Bradley. "Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices in a Subset of Community Pharmacies across the United States." Pharmacy 11, no. 1 (February 2, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11010026.

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Background: Antimicrobial stewardship in the community is essential as most antibiotic prescribing occurs in the outpatient setting. Pharmacists are recognized as co-leaders for implementing efforts to improve antimicrobial use. Objectives: the purpose of this study is to evaluate current antimicrobial stewardship practices in community pharmacies across the United States and identify perceptions and challenges faced by community pharmacists. Methods: a survey based on the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship was created and distributed. Results: Sixty-one community pharmacists participated in the survey. The majority of pharmacists practiced in chain pharmacies. Based on the responses, a minority of pharmacies met the requirements of the CDC core elements: commitment (27.9%), action (24.6%), tracking and reporting (14.8%), and education and expertise (23% for providing pharmacist resources and 9.8% for providing patient resources). Regarding perception, 67.9% felt antimicrobial stewardship is important in the community and would participate in antimicrobial stewardship activities if the opportunity was provided (88.5%). Challenges faced by community pharmacists include the lack of time, staff, training, and technology support; pushback from prescribers and patients; and the lack of leadership, financial incentives, funding, and legal requirements. Conclusions: many challenges exist in community pharmacies inhibiting the full potential of pharmacists in implementing antimicrobial stewardship.

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Huston, Sally A., David R. Ha, Lindsey A. Hohmann, Tessa J. Hastings, Kimberly B. Garza, and Salisa C. Westrick. "Qualitative Investigation of Community Pharmacy Immunization Enhancement Program Implementation." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 35, no. 5 (June 14, 2019): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122519852584.

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Background: Despite widely available nonseasonal immunization services in community pharmacies, actual pharmacist-administered vaccines are not yet optimal. A flexible choice multicomponent intervention, the “We Immunize” program, was implemented in Alabama and California community pharmacies, with the goal to enhance pneumococcal and zoster immunization delivery. Limited research has been done to qualitatively understand factors influencing immunization service expansion. Objective: Explore pharmacist perceptions of the We Immunize program in terms of its acceptability, impact, and real-world feasibility, and pharmacist-perceived facilitators and barriers influencing success in immunization delivery enhancement. Methods: This practice-focused qualitative research used semistructured telephone interviews with 14 pharmacists at the completion of the 6-month intervention. Results: Major program implementation facilitators were technician inclusion, workflow changes, training and feedback, goal setting, and enhanced personal selling and marketing activities. Multiple pharmacies increased the number of delivered pneumococcal and zoster immunizations, and increased revenue. Many pharmacists felt professional image, knowledge, skills, roles, and personal satisfaction were enhanced, as were technician knowledge, skills, and roles. Program flexibility, along with multiple perceived benefits, increases the potential for success. Conclusions: The We Immunize program appears to have been viewed positively by participating pharmacists and was seen as having a beneficial impact on immunization delivery in the community pharmacies in which it was implemented.

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