Дисертації з теми "Pharmaceutical water treatment plant"
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Dlugolecka, Maja. "Pharmaceutical compounds : a new challenge for wastewater treatment plants /." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4348.
Повний текст джерелаSöderbom, Olsson Tobias. "AN EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES AND BUSINESS MODEL STRATEGIES : FROM A WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SUPPLIER PERSPECTIVE." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78869.
Повний текст джерелаAktiva läkemdelssubstanser passerar idag våra reningsverk oförändrade och rinner ut i naturen. Dessa substanser är tillverkade för att påverka olika biologiska processer i våra kroppar, men de påverkar också andra arter och ökar risken för att utveckla antibiotikaresistenta bakterier som vi inte kan bota oss från. Dessa risker har gjort reningsverk intresserade av att investera i läkemedelsrening. Denna studie beskriver vilka kriterier som är viktiga att överväga vid val av teknik för läkemedelsrening och presenterar sedan en modell som reningsverk kan använda när de väljer teknik för läkemedelsrening. Ett resonemang förs också kring olika affärsmodellskoncept som kan nyttjas av leverantörer av teknik för läkemedelsrening, när de utvecklar sina affärsmodeller. Den valda metoden för studien är baserat på ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt med intervjuer och dokumentanalyser.
Ademoyegun, Olufemi Temitope. "Evaluation of some pharmaceutical and personal care products and pesticide residues in selected wastewater treatment plants and receiving watersheds in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2922.
Повний текст джерелаSoulier, Coralie. "Présence et devenir des alkylphénols, de leurs dérivés et des composés pharmaceutiques dans les effluents : intérêt des échantillonneurs passifs." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14638/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aquatic environment is the ultimate receptacle of environmental pollution. Many micro-pollutants are present and show toxic effects to aquatic systems (bioaccumulation in tissues, inhibition of growth, endocrine dysfunction, etc.). The Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to restore the good ecological and chemical quality of aquatic environments by 2015. For this, it imposes low Environmental quality standards (EQS) and increased monitoring of water bodies. Beyond regulated micro-pollutants, some "emerging" have been detected at low concentrations (ng L-1) in aquatic systems. Under this term are grouped pharmaceutical compounds, some pesticides, hormones, etc. All of these micro-pollutants are introduced into the environment through several sources: atmospheric deposition, soil leaching and industrial or domestic discharges.This work is specifically focused on alkylphenols, present on the list of priority hazardous compounds in the WFD, their ethoxylated derivatives, bisphenol A and pharmaceutical compounds. As a first step, particular attention was paid to the analysis of these compounds. Analytical methods of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC / MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for alkylphenols were optimized by improving quality controls and paying attention to the extraction of sensitive compounds toward contamination (manipulator, atmosphere, etc.). To overcome the problems associated with sample contamination by these compounds during the extraction, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and a method of analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. In a second step, the fate and behavior of alkylphenols, their ethoxylated derivatives and pharmaceutical compounds in sewage treatment plants (WWTPs), sources of introduction into aquatic systems proved, were studied. This study has allowed showing the decrease of concentrations during treatment in WWTPs for all compounds studied except for alkylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC) which is formed during secondary treatment, carbamazepine, and to a lesser extent diclofenac remain stable. Only tertiary treatments allow significant removal of these compounds. The presence of more than 50% of alkylphenols and ethoxylated derivatives in the particulate phase lead to significant adsorption of these compounds into sludges. In order to improve environmental monitoring, during experiments conducted in the laboratory POCISTM standard (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers), "pharmaceuticals" configuration, have been developed for sampling alkylphenols, their ethoxylated derivates, bisphenol A and pharmaceutical compounds. Alkylphenols and their ethoxylated derivatives are accumulated with a lag phase in standard POCISTM showing the influence of the membrane on the mass transfer of these compounds. The standard POCISTM were optimized by changing the nature of the membranes for sampling alkylphenols and their ethoxylated derivatives. These new tools are named POCISTM-like. The POCISTM-Nylon 0.1 µm and 30 µm are POCISTM-like showing a strong power concentrator for alkylphénols, their ethoxylated derivatives and BPA while eliminating the lag phase observed in standard POCISTM. These POCISTM-like were subsequently validated in mesocosms and in the environment in order to highlight their integrative nature, allowing to overcome the matrix effect and to detect some compounds at concentrations below the limits of quantification
Pouzol, Tanguy. "Monitoring and modelling of pharmaceuticals in wastewater : Daily and hourly loads in both hospital and urban wastewater." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI009/document.
Повний текст джерелаDaily and hourly loads of 15 pharmaceutical molecules at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant have been measured over 3 years and modelled for both an urban catchment of 16 000 inhabitants and a hospital of 450 beds. Some molecules are never or rarely quantified. Daily loads range from 0.6 to 564 g/day depending of the molecule and the 24 h measurement campaign. Seasonal or weekly patterns are not identified. Pharmaceuticals hourly loads dynamics are distinctive from one another and from wastewater flow. The measured hourly loads are severely impacted by the random behaviour of the patients when the daily mass consumed is low. Thus, the average dynamics is difficult to identify. The main hypothesis to model pharmaceuticals loads in wastewater is that they result from the following steps: pharmaceuticals sales or distributions, human consumption, metabolism and excretion. Pharmaceuticals sales for the urban catchment and distribution for the hospital have been collected at different space and timescales (respectively 1, 6 and 223 pharmacies and daily, weekly and monthly). Larger scales are more reliable for magnitude but the variability of the smaller ones is closer to the variability observed in the measurements. The quantities of pharmaceuticals sold or distributed range from 0.4 to 1 600 theoretical patients per day. Associating measured daily loads with sales or distributions, no linear correlation is found. A minute time step stochastic model is proposed and applied to both sites. It produces reliable and accurate results for both daily and hourly loads. However, results are difficult to interpret when only a few patients are consuming a pharmaceutical. Also, the model does not reproduce the inherent specificity of the hospital. In addition, the model is also able to predict the domestic wastewater flow of an urban catchment with great accuracy for both daily volumes and dynamics
Boucher, Alan Raymond. "Management strategies for a water treatment plant." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292247.
Повний текст джерелаOsorio, Torrens Victoria. "Fate, modeling, and risk of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants and Iberian rivers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/345227.
Повний текст джерелаEn vista de las preocupaciones acerca de la presencia de productos farmacéuticos en el medio ambiente acuático, dentro de esta tesis se estudiaron y evaluaron: Su destino a lo largo de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y de las cuencas de los ríos Ibéricos. Los riesgos ecotoxicológicos que pueden representar para los organismos acuáticos no diana. Sobre esta base, las investigaciones más específicas en esta tesis fueron: I. Se estudió el destino y el comportamiento de los fármacos durante el tratamiento de lodos activados nitrificantes en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y después de su liberación en las aguas superficiales receptoras a través de los efluentes de aguas residuales. Con ese objetivo, se desarrolló y se validó un protocolo de análisis sensible para la determinación simultánea de diclofenaco sus metabolitos y sus productos de transformación en aguas residuales. Posteriormente, el método fue optimizado y validado para el análisis adicional de sulfametoxazol y sus productos de transformación en las aguas residuales y aguas superficiales. Además, se investigó la biotransformación, mediada por la comunidad microbiana del lodo activado nitrificante, de diclofenaco y otras estructuras farmacéuticas relacionadas a nitro y nitroso derivados. II. Se evaluó la presencia de fármacos en las aguas superficiales y sedimentos de cuatro cuencas hidrográficas Ibéricas caracterizadas por una elevada presión antropogénica. Para ese fin, se evaluó la distribución espacial y temporal de los fármacos. También se evaluaron los factores que influyen en su aparición (es decir, las condiciones hidrológicas y uso humano/animal) mediante la aplicación de métodos de modelización y herramientas estadísticas. III. Finalmente, se contribuyó al conocimiento del riesgo ecotoxicológico de los fármacos en los ecosistemas acuáticos. Para esto, se evaluó la toxicidad aguda individual y combinada de fármacos y otros microcontaminantes a Daphnia magna y Vibrio fischeri. Además, se realizó una evaluación del riesgo ecotoxicológico de los fármacos a D. magna, V. fischeri y peces en las cuencas hidrográficas ibéricas. A continuación, se estudió el impacto de los cambios en los niveles de los fármacos y las condiciones de caudal sobre la estructura y función de los biofilms fluviales.
Fornander, Erik. "Ozone Treatment Targeting Pharmaceutical Residues : Validation and Process Control in a Wastewater Treatment Plant." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Teknisk biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-154012.
Повний текст джерелаCumbie, William E. "Effects of storage on water treatment plant sludges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45542.
Повний текст джерелаThe effects of in-basin storage of sludge on the iron, manganese, and TOC removal of water treatment plant (WTP) clarifiers and on the dewatering characteristics of sludge were examined. The use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant to retard observed detrimental effects was also investigated.
Sludge samples that were stored over a period of 120 days were found to release up to ten times the original supernatant concentration of iron and manganese from the sludge into the overlying supernatant liquor when sludge redox potential values decreased below +100 mV. Organic carbon also increased in the supernatant but to a lesser extent. Sludge dewatering characteristics as measured by specific resistance and capillary suction time were found to improve when sludge redox potential readings remained over 100 mV but varied greatly when readings were below this level.
Field monitoring and sampling of the clarifiers at Lee Hall WTP and Harwood's Mill WTP from April to July showed that the removal efficiencies of the clarifiers was not related to in-basin sludge storage. This conflicted with a later portion of the study and was thought to be due to the lack of standardized sampling techniques.
The final phase of the investigation dealt with the use of chlorine dioxide to retard the negative effects of in-basin storage of sludge. Sludge accumulation in clarifiers resulted in decreased iron and manganese removal efficiencies when chlorine dioxide was not used. Addition of chlorine dioxide improved the iron and manganese removal efficiencies of the clarifiers. Sludge dewatering characteristics were found to improve with the use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant.
Master of Science
Litteken, Garrett Michael. "IMPACT OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT ALUM SLUDGE RESIDUALS ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES: A CASE STUDY." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2246.
Повний текст джерелаDong, Wei. "Photoelectrochemical catalysis of waste water in pharmaceutical industry." Магістерська робота, Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19552.
Повний текст джерелаBodlund, Ida. "Coagulant Protein from plant materials: Potential Water Treatment Agent." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107335.
Повний текст джерелаQC 20121214
Westöö, Oskar. "Characterization of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300164.
Повний текст джерелаThe term coliform bacteria describes a group of indicator organisms used to measure the cleanliness and integrity of drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems. Currently, the only legal requirement set by government agencies pertains to the detection and enumeration of these bacteria via cultivation-based methods. These methods distinguish coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli based on their growth and enzymatic activity on selective chromogenic and fluorogenic agar plates. However, the legislative definition concerning their metabolism and enzymatic production is insufficient to identify bacteria within this group taxonomically. Instead, a definition based on phylogenetics is required. This master’s thesis describes the exploration of methods for the characterization and identification of coliform bacteria via a combination of cultivation-based and molecular methods. Water samples from Lake Mälaren and the Lovö drinking water treatment plant in Stockholm were used to isolate coliform bacteria via membrane filtration and cultivation on a selective agar medium. The isolated colonies and filtered membranes were subjected to DNA extraction, followed by gene amplification of target genes associated with E. coli and coliform bacteria via PCR. This included the lacZ gene, the uidA gene, the yaiO gene, and the 16S rRNA gene. Successful gene amplicons were sent for sequencing to assign taxonomic values to the sequences and identify coliform bacteria. Two inlet water samples were also sent for metagenomic analysis of the microbiome. An incubation step was necessary to gather enough biomass to extract sufficient genomic DNA for gene amplifications and avoid the need to filtrate large volumes of water. The selected primer pairs exhibited various degrees of success in amplifying the targeted genes of coliform bacteria. The physical appearance of coliform colonies on the selective chromogenic agar plates and the results from the gene amplifications displayed no discernable pattern, indicating the need to further investigate and optimize the PCR procedures. However, the method indicated a potential for coliform bacteria identification. 16S rRNA gene sequences allowed for the distinction of potential contaminants on the selective agar media in gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus) and other non-coliform, gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas and Aeromonas). In conjunction with the physical appearance of bacterial colonies on selective media and successful gene amplicons of the targeted genes, this information could allow one to distinguish between false positive, false negative, true positive, and true negative results from current coliform detection and enumeration methods. Further optimization of various aspects of the coliform bacteria identification methods is necessary before introducing a similar approach to a water treatment plant context.
Topkaya, Pinar. "Computer Simulation Of A Complete Biological Treatment Plant." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609708/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSauter, Paul Kenneth. "A Public Utilities Internship at the Fairfield Water Treatment Plant." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1515672307065945.
Повний текст джерелаHoner, Badi M. Nazhat Dana. "Developing a water treatment system for Subsea Gas processing plant." Thesis, Curtin University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2532.
Повний текст джерелаHoner, Badi M. Nazhat Dana. "Developing a water treatment system for Subsea Gas processing plant." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16991.
Повний текст джерелаBöhme, Thomas Jürgen. "Algorithms and architectures for real-time control of water treatment plant." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312601.
Повний текст джерелаLim, Jong hyun M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Assessment of sludge management options in a waste water treatment plant." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74410.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).
This thesis is part of a larger project which began in response to a request by the Spanish water agengy, Cadagua, for advice on life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental impacts of Cadagua operated wastewater treatment plants. The project uses the LCA software GaBi and focuses on La Gavia Wastewater Treatment Plant in Madrid. This thesis analyzes three sludge management options that La Gavia could have implemented: (1) cogeneration and incineration, (2) cogeneration and land application, and (3) Composting. Life cycle impacts of global warming potential, eutrophication, acidification, ozone layer depletion potential were calibrated using GaBi.
by Jong hyun Lim.
M.Eng.
Oliver, Chantal. "Haemodialysis water pre-treatment plant wireless monitoring system Royal Perth Hospital." Thesis, Oliver, Chantal (2012) Haemodialysis water pre-treatment plant wireless monitoring system Royal Perth Hospital. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/10209/.
Повний текст джерелаYoung, Kevin Bradley. "Development of Operational Strategies to Minimize Bromate Formation in the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27277.
Повний текст джерелаMoorhead Public Service
American Water Works Association
Gang, Dianchen. "Modeling of THM and HAA formation in Missouri waters upon chlorination /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025619.
Повний текст джерелаSanchez, Morcote Nancy Pilar. "Fluorescence Based Approach to Drinking Water Treatment Plant Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Characterization, Treatment, and Management." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1366036528.
Повний текст джерелаBales, Dustin William. "Optimization of an Advanced Water Treatment Plant: Bromate Control and Biofiltration Improvement." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4286.
Повний текст джерелаBramstedt, Sofia. "Temperature optimization of anaerobic digestion at the Käppala Waste Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187989.
Повний текст джерелаEllenberger, Christine Spada. "Water Quality Impacts of Pure Chlorine Dioxide Pretreatment at the Roanoke County (Virginia) Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30807.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Green, Colleen H. "Water treatment residual and vegetative filter strip effects on phosphorus transport dynamics." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 7.55 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131673.
Повний текст джерелаRathore, Komal. "Dynamic Modeling of an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7354.
Повний текст джерелаMoloney, Shane Richard. "The design, build and preliminary testing of a ballast water treatment plant prototype." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580318.
Повний текст джерелаMAGALHAES, PEDRO FRANCA. "VIABILITY STUDY OF INCORPORATION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT MUD IN RED CERAMIC PRODUCTION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4339@1.
Повний текст джерелаThe Msc thesis, presents a viability study of incorporation the mud generated in the clarification step treatment plants (WTP), for the production of red ceramic. This residue that currently is disposed indiscriminately in the rivers, contributes to degradation of the quality of waters. In view of that, the search of a viable solution for the appropriate destination of this residue should bring environmental benefits with low operational costs, being this the main objective of this study. The relevance of the subject is in the implantation of a management system that provides the appropriate destination of the residue in subject and your viability as raw-material for industrial production. In order to pursue that, physical-chemical and mechanical characterization of the clay used for the manufacturing of red ceramic, as well as of the WTP mud and 40%, 50% and 60% mixtures of the mud into the clay - which resulted in ceramic test samples, were carried out. The results obtained indicated the possibility of incorporating of the residue into the clay, provided specific conditions for red ceramic production are implemented.
Scardina, Robert P. "Effects of Dissolved Gas Supersaturation and Bubble Formation on Water Treatment Plant Performance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26497.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Drew, Margaret Jane. "Optimisation of the Ion exchange juice treatment plant at Ashton Cellars." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52389.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently concern has been raised regarding effluent from wine cellars, as it often does not comply with environmental legislation. It was with this in mind that the effluent problem at Ashton Cellars was addressed. After carrying out a water audit of the plant, described in Chapter 3, it was concluded that the ion exchange plant is a significant contributor to the low pH and high conductivity of the effluent dam. Decreasing the effluent from the ion exchange plant should therefore help in improving the total effluent quality. During the water audit opportunities to improve the effluent by making small process changes in the cellar were identified. The primary objective of this study was to provide guidelines to improve the quality and decrease the volume of the effluent from the ion-exchange plant to more environmentally acceptable levels, whilst maintaining product specifications and production rates. This was achieved by studying the operation of the plant (Chapter 4) and testing the characteristics of the current and alternative resins (Chapter 5). Auditing of the ion exchanges plant included a detailed analysis of the regeneration and loading of the ion exchange columns. It was concluded that the operation of the plant can only be optimised once pH and/or conductivity meters, and preferably an automated control system, are installed on the plant. The results given in this thesis can be used as a guide when setting up such a control system. Laboratory testing of the resins revealed that the cation resin currently being used on the plant has been fouled and loads at a slow rate. When the resins are replaced, the use of Purolite CISO and Purolite A103S should be considered as these resins gave the most favourable results. Some alternative treatment methods for the processing of grape must, have been mentioned in Chapter 6.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Al meer kornrner word deesdae uitgespreek oor wynkelders se afvalwater, omdat dit meerendeels nie aan die vereistes van omgewingswetgewing voldoen nie. Dit was met hierdie probleem in die oog dat die afvalwater probleem by Ashton Kelders ondersoek IS. Nadat 'n wateroudit van die fabriek, soos beskryf in Hoofstuk 3, uitgevoer is, is daar tot die slotsom gekom dat die ioonuitruilsisteem 'n groot bydra tot die lae pH en hoe konduktiwiteit van die afvaldam lewer. Indien die ioonuitruilsisteem se uitvloeisel verminder kon word, sou dit tot 'n groot mate bydrae tot 'n verbetering van die totale uitvloei kwaliteit. Gedurende die wateroudit is verskeie moontlikhede vir die verbetering van die uitvloei deur klein prosesveranderinge aan te bring, geidentifiseer. Hierdie studie het as hoof oogmerk die daarstelling van riglyne vir die verbetering van die kwaliteit en grote van die afvalstrome van die ioonuitruilsisteem om sodeende aan omgewingswetgewing te voldoen, maar ter selfder tyd die produk spesifikasies en tempos te handhaaf. Dit is gedoen deur die huidige bedryf van die fabriek te bestudeer (Hoofstuk 4) en die eienskappe van die huidige en altematiewe ioonuitruilharse te toets (Hoofstuk 5). Die oudit van die ioonuitruilsisteem het 'n gedetaileerde anaIiese van die hergenerasie en lading van die ioonuitruilkolornrne ingesluit. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die bedryf van die sisteem alleenlik geoptirniseer kon word indien pH en/of konduktiwiteitsmeters, en verkieslik 'n automatiese kontrolesisteem geinstalleer word. Die resultate van hierdie tesis kan as basis vir so 'n kontrole sisteem gebruik word. Die laboratoriumtoetse op die harse het aan die lig gebring dat die katioonhars wat tans in gebruik is, baie vervuil is en net teen 'n lae tempo belaai kan word. Wanneer die harse vervang word, word die gebruik van Purolite el50 en Purolite A103S aangeraai, aangesien hierdie harse die beste resultate gelewer het. Altematiewe behandelingsmetodes van druifmos is in Hoofstuk 6 genoem.
Madikizela, Lawrence Mzukisi. "Determination of selected acidic pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater treatment plants." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22741.
Повний текст джерелаThis research was directed towards the environmental monitoring and assessment of the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which are naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac. The work involved the development and application of sensitive techniques for the quantification of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in the South African aquatic environment. Based on this information, a multi-templates molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized and applied alongside the commercial available sorbent (Oasis MAX) in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of target compounds from water samples. The extracted compounds were then quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MIP was synthesized by applying a bulk polymerization approach at 70 ͦ C where all target compounds were used as multi-templates. Other reagents used in synthesis were 2-vinyl pyridine, 1,1’-azobis-(cyclohexanecarbonitrile), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and toluene as functional monomer, initiator, cross-linker and porogenic solvent, respectively. Synthesis of a non-imprinted polymer (NIP) under similar reaction conditions as MIP was carried out with the omission of templates. Techniques employed in characterization of MIP and NIP were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method, CHNS analyzer, zeta potential, cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction. Monomer-template interactions were investigated using molecular dynamics. The performance of the MIP was evaluated based on its ability to selectively extract target compounds in organic (acetonitrile, acetone, chloroform and toluene) and aqueous media. The extraction capacity of the MIP in organic solvents for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac increased from high polarity to low polarity solvents. In a low polarity solvent (toluene), the extraction capacity achieved for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac were 14.4, 11.0 and 14.0 mg/g, respectively. In this case, the selectivity of the MIP where gemfibrozil was employed as the competing species was evident. Selectivity of the MIP collapsed during the adsorption of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac from water using gemfibrozil and fenoprofen as competitors. This resulted in high extraction efficiencies for target compounds and competitors, however, both gemfibrozil and fenoprofen were easily desorbed from the MIP using weak organic solvent due to lack of molecular recognition. During the binding sites characterization, the best fit of pseudo-second-order implied a chemisorption of all target compounds onto MIP sorbent. The data also fitted well in Langmuir isotherm which meant that the adsorption of target pharmaceuticals occurred on the homogeneous binding sites of the MIP. Optimized adsorption conditions in water such as MIP amount of 50 mg, extraction time of 10 min, sample pH of 2.5 and sample volume of 10 mL were applied for the selective adsorption of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in contaminated wastewater and river water. In WWTP influent, naproxen recovery was 38%, whereas ibuprofen and diclofenac were 69% and 87%, respectively. MIP was further used as a selective adsorbent in solid-phase extraction (SPE) of three drugs from environmental samples. The selectivity of the MIP in environmental samples was compared to that of the commercially available Oasis MAX sorbent. The application of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) reduced matrix effects and improved the sensitivity of the analytical method. In this case, the detection limits for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac were 0.2, 1 and 0.6 μg/L, respectively. When deionized water was spiked with 5 and 50 μg/L of target compounds, recoveries greater than 80% were obtained. Thereafter, the developed MISPE was applied for selected acidic drugs from environmental samples. Environmental samples were collected from urban (Durban) and semi-urban/rural areas (Ladysmith) of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. The most abundant compound in the environment was ibuprofen. In river water samples from Durban, the maximum concentrations found for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac were 6.8, 19 and 9.7 μg/L, respectively. The maximum amounts found for the same drugs in Ladysmith river samples were generally lower with naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac detected at 2.8, 6.7 and 2.6 μg/L, respectively. The same trend was observed in wastewater. Further work on the monitoring of acidic compounds in wastewater was conducted using Oasis MAX as the SPE sorbent prior to HPLC analysis. All target compounds were detected in Kingsburg and Umbilo WWTPs located in Durban surroundings. The influent and effluent concentrations detected were in the ranges of 6.4 to 69 μg/L and 0.6 to 4.2 μg/L, respectively. Further to this, the removal efficiency of the target compounds during the WWTP process in Kingsburg and Umbilo was in the range of 69 to 97%. The extent of pollution in the environment was further assessed by the monitoring of ketoprofen and triclosan in wastewater and river water using SPE with Oasis HLB sorbent and HPLC. Traces of both compounds ranging from 1.2 to 9.0 μg/L were detected in wastewater. The maximum concentrations found in river water were 2.0 and 0.9 μg/L for ketprofen and triclosan, respectively. Overall, the analytical methods implemented in this work were highly accurate, precise and sensitive. The synthesized MIP was highly selective and its application in environmental studies led to the development of a less expensive analytical method. This work also gives the overview of the extent of water pollution caused by acidic pharmaceuticals in various water matrices.
MT2017
Wang, Yu-Lin, and 王昱琳. "Nitrosamine formation-potential and pharmaceutical concentration variations and multivariate analysis in major drinking water treatment plants of southern Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7qrupx.
Повний текст джерела國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
106
Although disinfection for drinking water is considered as one major achievement for public health in the 20th century, the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts including the emerging nitrogenous nitrosamines is a concern. For example, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) classified in Group 2A by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has arisen a widespread concern in the recent decades. Three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in southern Taiwan that treat the same surface water source by using different but comparable treatment approaches (e.g., with pre-chlorination or pre-ozonation) were selected as sampling sites in this study. The objective was to investigate the fates of eight nitrosamine formation potentials (nitrosamine-FPs) among different technologies, with the assistance by analyses of typical water quality parameters and multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, two widely used pharmaceuticals in Taiwan including metformin and diclofenac were chosen as the possible precursors and studied for their potentials to form nitrosamines in these DWTPs. In the results, the occurrences of eight nitrosamine-FPs in three DWTPs mainly depended on the organic matter (OM) concentrtations in water, as the OM concentrations greatly varied among the sampling seasons. During the dry season (e.g., in winter), the average concentration of SUVA in the DWTPs was 3 L/m-mg and the nitrosamine-FPs were dominated by the compounds with small molecules that are more likely to form short-chain NDMA. During the wet season (e.g., in spring), the average concentration of SUVA in the DWTPs was 6.7 L/m-mg and the nitrosamine-FPs were dominated by unsaturated or aromatic compounds, which could form cycloalkane nitrosamines such as N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), or N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP). The concentrations of metformin and diclofenac ranged from non-detected (ND) to 800 ng/L. No significant correlation was observed between the pharmaceutical concentrations and nitrosamine-FPs, indicating the presences of other unknown precursors to form nitrosamines in the water. With the correlation analysis between the nitrosamine-FPs and typical water quality parameters, it was shown that the trends of nitrosamine formation in these DWTPs could be divided into: (a) short-chain aliphatic; (b) long-chain aliphatic; and (c) cyclic nitrosamines. With the decrease of the molecular weight, the nitrosamine-FPs such as NDMA-FP and NMEA-FP show similar trends of the correlations with typical water quality parameters. Additionally, the cyclic nitrosamine-FPs appeared to be predictable by certain parameters such as SUVA or UV254 (r = 0.45-0.67). The study aims to understand the environmental fates of eight nitrosamine-FPs and two pharmaceutical concentrations through four sampling seasons in a year. The findings are expected to provide insights into future management of these emerging pharmaceutical pollution and derivative byproducts.
"Occurrence, fate and effects of selected pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants." 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894636.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-161).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Table of contents --- p.vii
List of Figures --- p.X
List of Tables --- p.xiii
Abbreviations --- p.xiv
Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Source and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wastewater --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sewage sludge and soil --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.3 --- "Surface water, ground water and seawater" --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Drinking water --- p.9
Chapter 1.3 --- Effects on the Environment --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Antibiotic resistance --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Ecotoxicity on the aquatic organisms --- p.14
Chapter 1.4 --- Removal in the Environment --- p.19
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Adsorption --- p.20
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Photodegradation and hydrolysis --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.23
Chapter 1.5 --- Analytical Method of Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Samples --- p.25
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Solid-phase extraction --- p.25
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry --- p.30
Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives and Outline of Thesis --- p.33
Chapter 2 --- OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF SELECTED PHARMCEUTICALS IN STPS --- p.35
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.35
Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Choice of pharmaceuticals for study --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Description of sewage treatment plants (STPs) --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Experimental approach --- p.49
Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.55
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Occurrence of azithromycin --- p.55
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Fate of azithromycin --- p.59
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Occurrence of erythromycin --- p.63
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Fate of erythromycin --- p.67
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Occurrence of roxithromycin --- p.70
Chapter 2.3.6 --- Fate of roxithromycin --- p.74
Chapter 2.3.7 --- Occurrence of atenolol --- p.75
Chapter 2.3.8 --- Fate of atenolol --- p.79
Chapter 2.3.9 --- Occurrence of simvastatin --- p.81
Chapter 2.3.10 --- Fate of simvastatin --- p.84
Chapter 2.3.11 --- Fate of pharmaceuticals during different treatment process --- p.85
Chapter 2.3.12 --- Contribution of industrial (manufacturing) plants to STPs --- p.87
Chapter 2.3.13 --- Seasonal variation --- p.87
Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.90
Chapter 3 --- EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTICALS ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE BACTERIA --- p.91
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.91
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.92
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Growth inhibition test --- p.92
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Nitrification inhibition test --- p.94
Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.96
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Growth inhibition of activated sludge bacteria --- p.96
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Inhibition of nitrifying bacteria --- p.102
Chapter 4 --- BIODEGRADATION PATHWAYS OF FOUR PHARMACEUTICALS --- p.106
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.106
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.107
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Test procedures --- p.107
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Detection method --- p.108
Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.109
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Degradation of atenolol --- p.109
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Degradation of azithromycin --- p.117
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Degradation of erythromycin --- p.129
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Degradation of roxithromycin --- p.133
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.134
Chapter 5 --- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS --- p.136
References --- p.139
Lin, I.-Hsin, and 林怡欣. "Acidic pharmaceutical removal in drinking water treatment process." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58080391413484856761.
Повний текст джерела臺北醫學大學
公共衛生學研究所
97
In recent years, the contamination of PPCPs (Pharmaceutical and personal care products) in drinking water has become an important issue internationally. Many researchers have used different water treatment processes to remove residual drugs in drinking water. This research evaluated the outcomes of using coagulations, chlorination disinfection and pre-chlorination in the drinking water treatment on removing the four commonly used NSAIDs drugs (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen and Ketoprofen) in water. Also, this study discussed the relationship of turbidity and the effectiveness of adding Ca2+ in raw water on removing the four NSAIDs. The residual concentrations of drugs in this research were measured by HPLC and the chlorination disinfection by-products were observed with NMR. The results show that under the acidic condition, coagulations helped removing the four NSAIDs drugs better than the basic condition, and the performance of FeCl3 was slightly better than the AlCl3. Chlorination disinfection only can remove Diclofenac and Naproxen but no use for Ibuprofen and Ketoprofen; and the performance of drug removal improved as the chlorination dosage increased and with pH decreased. Pre-chlorination was more effective in removing Diclofenac than the other two methods, and it has about the same performance on eliminating Naproxen as chlorination disinfection; therefore Naproxen is mainly affected by chlorination disinfection and Diclofenac is mainly affected by both coagulation and chlorination. In the experiment of eliminating ketoprofen and Ibuprofen, pre-chlorination had better outcomes than only use coagulations or chlorination disinfection when the pH value was between 6 to 7. Therefore, Fe(OH)3 may be the catalytic agent of acidic medicine being oxidation by free chlorine. Also, after conducting Jar test with mixing coagulations in muddy water, it was found that under the condition that turbidity must be effectively removed; FeCl3 has no use for eliminating the acidic drugs in water even if Ca2+ was added. Therefore, it is strongly recommend that hospitals or pharmaceutical factory should design a treatment process before discharging waste water to prevent the situation where the targeted medicine can not be removed. After analyzing the by-product of chlorination disinfection with HPLC and NMR, the results show that disinfected by-products were produced in the process of chlorination disinfection of Diclofenac and Naproxen, and the by-products chemical structure will become more complex if the response time is longer. Chlorine may attack Naproxen chemical structure at the site around aromatic functional groups, and Diclofenac may be attacked at the NH functional group between the two aromatic functional groups. Whether the disinfected by-products are harmful to human health and environment can be a very important research direction in the future studies.
Lee, Jiunn-Shing, and 李俊星. "Preliminary Evalution on Water Treatment Plant Performance." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98015427665152286893.
Повний текст джерела淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
84
The major process units of water treatment in Taiwan are prechlorination,coagulation/floculation, clarification, filteration and post-chlorination. Inorder to maintain the quality of finished water, every country of the worldset up criterions or quides for the design standard of the water treatmentplant.The study is to assess the engineering designs of the Ban-Sin watertreatment plant by the removal efficiency of turbidity and organic matter. Theaverage used coagulant dosage(PAC) is 30 mg/L in the tre atment process,andthe average used chloride dosage(Cl2) is 3.24 mg/L. The results show that theturbidity of raw water changed from 5.0 to 79.9 NTU,and the average is 27.7NTU. The total removal efficiency of turbidity is 97% when each process unitsis in normal treatment quantity, and the total removal efficiency of turbidityis 95% when it is in largest treatment quantity.The finished water turibiditymore than 1 NTU is about 14%. The removal of the organic matter in thistreatment process is limited. Th e average of DOC, TOC, KMnO4 Comsumption andUV254 in raw water is 1.09, 1.38, 4.1 mg/L and 0.023 1/cm. After treatment,the removal efficiency of DOC, TOC, KMnO4 Comsuption, UV254 is 5.5%, 23.2%,47.9%, 39.1%. As the result, we know that the design retention time(0.75-1.11 hr) of solid-contact sedimentation in the treatment processes is short and thesurface loading rate(107.5-161.2 m/d) is too high to make the sludge blanketflow out. So the turbidity of finished water is higher( >10 NTU, 30%).Theefficie nt diameter of fitered media(0.9mm) in filter tank is too big to makethe finish water Turbidity higher than 1.0 NTU(14%) sometimes, although thefiltered layer is more thick(90cm). Because the setting tank can't equip withinclined-plate, we suggest that the efficient diameter of the filtered mediachange to smaller one to improve the finished water turbidity.
Liang, Shan-Ming, and 梁善茗. "A Study on Monitoring Water Treatment Operation in Water Plant." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d92zzc.
Повний текст джерела國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
107
With the rapid development of the high technology industry, more and more population migrates from countryside to the city. As a result, the water consumption for the livelihood as well as for the industry is increasing in the city. Therefore, it is necessary to provide sufficient and sanitation water for the city. How to improve operation and monitoring efficiency of the water treatment is a big challenge in the water plant. In this thesis, a remote monitor and control system is proposed. The remote monitoring technology is used to analyze the water treatment data. Thus the water level of the rapid filter pool can be known. Besides, the electric control valve is used to execute the remote operation. Thus the inverse washing procedure of the rapid filter pool can be monitor and control. It ensures the rapid filter pool operation normally and speed-up the filter efficiency of the rapid filters pool. The proposed water treatment remote monitor and control system decrease the time of transportation intercourse of the operator. Moreover, it decreases the probability of traffic accident while on duty. After experiment, it can found that, the proposed system is cost-effective. It makes the operation and management of the water treatment plant become fast and convenience. It deserves to be promotion. Keywords: remote monitor and control system, remote monitoring technology, water treatment data, electric control valve.
Chen, Wei-Jen, and 陳偉仁. "The Risk on Influencing Water Supply Safety of Water Treatment Plant-An Example of One Large-Scale Water Treatment Plant on South Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5n93m9.
Повний текст джерела崑山科技大學
環境工程研究所
96
The major influence factors of water security in Taiwan are unclean raw water in water treatment plant, feckless purifying water and the polluted cycle of supplying water. According to the investigation into aggravating water source of twenty-one fundamental reservoirs in Taiwan in recent years, forty percentages of them are eutrophic. Besides, due to the unaverage distribution of annual rainfall, the pollutants (such as Fe and Mn) and nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are bathed into water source by rain and increase the concentration of nutrients in the reservoirs. So, these will debase the efficiency of purifying in water treatment plant. Although the normal solutions to increase the efficiency of purifying water are building new water treatment plant, extending original one or improving inner facilities, there are some risks of them. In fact, the operation of water treatment plant risked itself because the results of operation are not usually equal to the original functional design. The bad efficiency of purifying water may increase the loading of filtration, decrease the ability of purifying heavily and even more supply unsafety or nonqualified water. Therefore, how to strengthen the security of supplying water is worthy to study. The paper is focus on the security of supplying water and uncertain factors of one large-scale water treatment plant in south Taiwan. Our target is to providing some statistics to prove if supplying water after the operation of water treatment plant is safe or not. A special statistic characteristic of water after deluges is turbidity. Usually the turbidity will lower to 100NTU below after one or two days, but it will take around forty days to lower to 10NTU below. Sometimes the removal rate of turbidity is under zero, especially for low rainfall days. Additionally, when the alga exists in water, the operation of water treatment plant will have influence on the security of supplying water. Another characteristic is the measurement of residual chlorine. The decay of residual chlorine in summer and fall is usually higher than in spring and winter. The interesting thing is the highest average turbidity (40.39NTU), the lowest removal rate of turbidity (83.06%) in fast filtration and the highest decay of residual chlorine (0.1mg/L) in supplying water are all measured in fall. So, the three measurements can be the indicators of the security of supplying water in water treatment plant.
Lawrence, Sikhitha Ntuweleni. "Treatment of waste water from nitrates explosive plant." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/27055.
Повний текст джерелаNitrate waste water usually contains high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), which is known to hinder nitrification during biological treatment processes. In this study, removal of ammonium nitrogen from nitrate waste water was studied. Various purification processes such as using coagulation/flocculation and precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate was tested. Optimum parameters such as optimum pH, precipitation by pH adjustment and molar ratio were studied and precipitated crystals that formed were characterized. Sequential flocculation with two cationic flocculants reduced the turbidity of the nitrate waste water from 163 Neupholetric Turbidity units to 15 NTU. An optimum pH of 9 could remove ammonium nitrogen in nitrate waste water, as pointed out by evidence. Mg2+: NH4+-N: PO43--P with a 1:1:1.1 molar ratio was found to be the most effective ratio for maximum ammonium nitrogen removal, with quite a low residual concentration of PO43--P. MgCl2.6H2O + 85% H3PO4 combination was found to be more efficient combination for ammonium Nitrogen removal from nitrate waste water, with a low residual concentration of PO43--P. Precipitate crystals formed were found to be pure struvite crystals. Approximately 69.9% of ammonium nitrogen was recovered as struvite. Struvite precipitation is deemed to be an efficient for the treatment of ammonium nitrogen removal from nitrate waste water.
XL2019
Lin, Yi-Heng, and 林義衡. "The optimal treatment method of water turbiditypurification in tap-water plant." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39461272985093064148.
Повний текст джерела國立中山大學
應用數學系研究所
98
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the water turbidity purification result with raw water turbidity, raw water pH value and PAC dosage, and find the optimal treatment dosage level. A regression model between the response and treatment variables has been built with a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, the regression model treats a given raw water turbidity as the explanatory variable and the best treatment effect dosage level, among the six experimental dosage levels as the response. Later the model is used to find the second stage regression model where the water turbidity purification result is treated as the response, and the other three variables mentioned above as explanatory variables. According to the results of the second stage regression model about the best dosage level with a given raw water turbidity, the optimal PAC dosage is estimated for the optimization in water turbidity purification, which may be used as a way for future purification of water turbidity.
Clements, Michele. "Granular activated carbon management at a water treatment plant." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2155.
Повний текст джерелаThe Rietvlei Water Treatment Plant was extended with a granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration system after an exhaustive series of tests, which were started in 1994. Upon commissioning towards the middle of 1999, a year of close monitoring followed to measure the GAC performance at full-scale. After verification that the GAC does indeed ensure a high quality product under all conditions, the emphasis shifted to the optimisation of the GAC handling and regeneration system. Frequently moving the entire GAC inventory from the filters to an off-site regeneration plant and back requires significant operational effort and contributes a major part of the total cost of the GAC system. A number of systematic investigations were carried out in response to a number of practical questions that arose at Rietvlei. The first part of the study was directed towards tracking and quantifying the GAC on and off site. The main findings were that 10.0% of the GAC is lost from the filter during backwashing (0.3%) and removal of GAC from the filter for regeneration (9.7%). The sump traps not all this GAC and 2.3% of the total inventory is lost to the river. Inserting a sieve at the outlet of the sump can eliminate this loss. A further 80.3% of the GAC in a filter is removed for regeneration, of which 18.7% is lost during the regeneration process. The minimising off this loss can only be achieved through the optimisation of the regeneration process, which falls within the domain of the regeneration contractor. The second part of the study was directed at the behaviour of the GAC whilst within the filter bed. The porosity and sphericity was determined by laboratory tests and calculations. The porosity was found to be 0.69 for the 12 x 40 size carbon and 0.66 for the 8 x 30 size carbon and the sphericity was found to be 0.67 for the 12 x 40 size carbon and 0.66 for the 8 x 30 size carbon. By using a calibrated bed expansion model, the bed expansion could be calculated at 9°C and 23°C for the two carbons gradings; the maximum temperature range experienced at Rietvlei. The main finding of this part of the study was that the average available freeboard is 650 mm for the 12 x 40 grading and 430 mm for the 8 x 30 grading, and therefore no GAC should wash over the weir at all during backwashing. The third part of the study measured the physical changes of the GAC found at different points in the GAC cycle. The main findings were that the small fraction of GAC washed out of the bed during backwashing and removal has a finer grading, higher apparent density and lower adsorption capacity than the GAC in the filter bed. There seems to be no marked attrition of the carbon or generation of fines during the removal and transport of the GAC to the regeneration plant. After regeneration, there was a 7% decrease in apparent density and a 30% increase in adsorption capacity. The final part of the study correlated the adsorption capacity of the GAC with its time in use as well as UV254 removal. After regeneration, UV254 removal begins at approximately 20% and declines to 14% after 400 days of operation, and to 10% after 600 days. After regeneration, the iodine number begins at approximately 800, declines to 600 after 400 days of operation, and to 500 after 600 days.
Liu, Yin-Chuan, and 劉穎川. "Biological Nutrient Removal and Sludge Biological Reduction in Waste Water Treatment Plant for Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fxfwtm.
Повний текст джерела國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
96
The most common method of biological nitrogen removal is by combining the nitrification of the autotrophic nitrobacter and nitrosomonas with the denitrification of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria. Autotrophic bacteria nitrify the organic nitrogen and ammonia, which are hydrolyzed amino acids or dead cells of microorganisms, into nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Subsequently, heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria are utilized in turn to reduce the total nitrate nitrogen to generate nitrite nitrogen and nitrogen gas. The latter evaporates out of water, thus completes the nitrogen removal process. However, due to the lack of carbon source after nitrification in the aeration tank, carbon source must be added during denitrification. The volatile materials in the sewage sludge make up approximately 60 ~ 80 % of total solids; the principal volatile composition consists of C, H. N and P. The water content and organic content of the resulted sewage sludge are very high; hence, they have features of large volume and are difficult to combust. In the process of reduction of sewage sludge, the process of converting sewage sludge to soluble state or ultra fine solids is called sewage sludge hydrolysis. The hydrolyzed products would then undergo further biological degradation, which would convert organic carbon to inorganic carbon, such as carbon dioxide and methane, to achieve the effect of reduction of sewage sludge. This study combined the two abovementioned principles of biological degradation. The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant, for example, elevates the carbon source required by denitrification using reverse flow of anaerobically digested sewage sludge into bioreactor to achieve the purpose of reduction of sewage sludge. The bio-reactive systems of the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant do not have nitrified fluid reverse flow design, but has the anaerobic sludge digestive system. Upon digestive process, the anaerobically digested sewage sludge is transformed into soluble or ultra fine materials; however, they are still in form of organic carbon, which is a favorable carbon source required by heterotrophic microorganisms in denitrification. In addition, it can further undergo a second bio-reaction to reduce the sludge amount, and the cost of subsequent sludge treatment and disposition in the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant. However, the present actual operation in the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant is to treat approximately 500 thousand tons of sewage daily, the water quality of which must meet the actual release criteria in order to reduce the total pollution load of the receiving water body (Tamshui River), and therefore, the experiment on reverse flow of nitrified sewage sludge to the bio-reactor can not be easily conducted. Accordingly, a simulation is conducted in this study using Bio Win Sewage Program Analysis Software developed by Canadian EnvironSim Corporation. Moreover, this study suggests utilizing the reference operation parameters under which the dual goals of optimal denitrification effect and sludge reduction are achieved by the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant. The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant have low influent concentration and do not have nitrified fluid reverse flow design. So those pH、dissolved oxygen、carbon source in anaerobic area can not do going denitrification. Presently the best parameter of The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant biological treatmwnt is MLSS:1,500mg/L、dissolved oxygen:2.0mg/L、influent percentage:0.8:0.1:0.1、hydraulic residence time:4.7hr. The effluent quality is BOD:3.34 mg/L、COD:14.5 mg/L、SS:6.31 mg/L、TN:20.75 mg/L、Filtered TKN: 3.10 mg/L、 NH3-N:1.32 mg/L、NO3--N:2.65 mg/L、NO2--N:14.6 mg/L 、TP:1.56 mg/L. When the reverse percentage of anaerobically digested sludge is 0.2%, The effluent chemical oxygen demand be raised 0.6mg/L, sludge cake be decreased 4,634.1 kg/day. If influent percentage use 1.0:0.0:0.0, The effluent anmonia attenuate percentage from 91.32% be raised 94.46%.
Lee, Tsung-Hao, and 李宗浩. "Modeling of the Blanket Clarifier of Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75300899346208443457.
Повний текст джерела淡江大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
93
In this thesis, the geometry of the blanket clarifier was established, the meshes were constructed, and the boundary conditions were set, then the velocity field of the clarifier was calculated. Three models were computed individually: 1. the flow filed of the whole clarifier is pure water; 2. the flow filed contains a homogeneous blanket of permeability k and pure water; 3. multiphase flow of pure water and solid particles with different sizes and densities. The results showed that when the inlet velocity decreased from υx=0.3 m/s to 0.1 m/s, the effect of channel flow or break-through of blanket decreased. And decreasing of the rotation velocity of the impeller could decrease the effect of the reversed flow in the secondary reactor. In the case of a uniform blanket on the bottom of the clarifier, the high permeability of the blanket indicates the similar velocity filed with those of pure water. While the clarifier with a low permeability blanket, the break-through of the blanket is seriously. In the multiphase flow modeling, the effect of density of the solid particle on the distribution of the particles is more obviously than particle size.
Sharifi-Nistanak, Mehdi. "Reuse of Biosolids from a Waste Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2014. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978509/4/Sharifi%2DNistanak_MSc_S2014.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаNdlovu, Vuyani. "Waste water treatment of effluents from corn processing plant." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11095.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
薛志宏. "Study of dewatering characteristics of water treatment plant sludge." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09437329934162090575.
Повний текст джерелаWen, Jheng-Yan, and 溫鉦晏. "Modeling of a Reaction Clarifier of Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40131212200786752312.
Повний текст джерела淡江大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
97
This study uses the software FLUENT(used for computational fluid dynamics) to simulate reaction clarifier blanket inside Bansin water treatment plant. We first establish the geometric structure and mesh of the clarifier blanket, then provide feed velocity, concentration, impeller rotation, and operation conditions for the sludge blanket. Then we use the Eulerian multiphased turbulent model to calculate and analyze the flow field inside the water treatment plant. Next we explore flow field alterations and compare it with the clarifier researches in the past. 1.the compare in different feed concentration 2.the compare in different impeller rotational velocity 3.the compare in sludge blanket height, 4 simulate particle’s path by DPM 5.the compare in clarifier blanket structure 6.simulate the flow field in the clarifier by the viscosity function defined myself. Using the above calculations and analysis, we hope to obtain better water quality. This study shows that turbulent model isn’t easy agitate than laminar model. High impeller rotational velocity causes the sludge blanket easily to agitate. With high concentration feed, the sludge blanket to agitate fast.; The height blanket the sludge blanket to agitate fast.; Regarding changes in the geometric structure, we find the longer the solid particles stay in the reaction well. A parameter called particle dissipation energy control the viscosity calculation that the defined viscosity function.
Swarts, R. J. (Raymond Joseph). "An investigation into a treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei water treatment plant." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27308.
Повний текст джерела- pre-treatment with ferric sulphate and lime
- pre-treatment with ferric sulphate and lime in conjunction with MIEX® resin
- pre-treatment with MIEX® resin only
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Chemical Engineering
unrestricted
Hsu, Wu-Shih, and 吳世旭. "Study of Optimal Residual aluminum Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment Plant–Case Study of Nan-Yu Water Plant." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98334592158509159115.
Повний текст джерела嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系
101
Taiwan's drinking water quality standards are not currently set given aluminum content limits, EPA is one of the objectives have been included in the quality of drinking water contaminants for screening, According to the research results, part of the water purification plant in the water distribution mainsthe network included in the total aluminum concentrations exceeding 0.2 mg / L. Nan jade water purification plant, the research for the study, conduct on-site investigations to operating technical documents and the establishment of the assessment tasks on the field with major unit operations assessment, the main unit of this field, the project contains the raw water quality characteristics, coagulation / gelling unit specifications, coagulant type and usage, coagulation / gelation unit operating conditions. Draw new dosing bottle cup test results according to the turbidity of the research carried out under the curve updated the dosing curve to reduce the total residual aluminum content. Add another two ferric chloride in a sink of water purification water treatment and water unit unit only in the submerged unit of more than 0.2 mg / L, two other water treatment and water unit residual aluminum volume of less than 0.05 mg / L. Via Nan jade water purification plant ferric chloride dosing trial results found that the switch to ferric chloride coagulant can reduce the amount of residual aluminum in the water.