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Статті в журналах з теми "Pharmaceutical processes"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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1

Lucena, Alex Leandro Andrade de, Daniella Carla Napoleão, Hélder Vinícius Carneiro da Silva, Rayany Magali da Rocha Santana, Beatriz Galdino Ribeiro, and Marta Maria Menezes Bezerra Duarte. "Degradation of the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine using advanced oxidation processes." Ciência e Natura 42 (September 3, 2020): e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40071.

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Анотація:

The existence of pharmaceuticals in nature is a growing environmental problem, turning necessary the use of efficient treatments for the degradation of these substances, as the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this work the AOPs UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton were applied to degrade the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine in an aqueous solution using a bench reactor, composed of three UV-C lamps. It was verified that the UV/H2O2 process presented a degradation of 97.33 ± 0.14% for lamivudine and 93.90 ± 0.33% for zidovudine, after 180 min of treatment and for an initial concentratin of each pharmaceutical of 5 mg.L-1 and [H2O2] of 600 mg.L-1. A methodology by artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to model the photocatalytic process, with the MLP 7-23-2 ANN representing it well, and determining the relative importance (%) of each of the input variables for the pharmaceutical’s degradation process. Kinetic studies for the pharmaceutical degradation and the conversion of organic matter showed good adjustments to the pseudo first-order models with R2 raging from 0.9705 to 0.9980. Toxicity assays for the before treatment solution indicated that the seeds Lactuca sativa and Portulaca grandiflora showed growth inhibition whereas the post-treatment solution inhibited only the growth of Lactuca sativa.

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2

Lucena, Alex Leandro Andrade de, Daniella Carla Napoleão, Hélder Vinícius Carneiro da Silva, Rayany Magali Da Rocha Santana, Beatriz Galdino Ribeiro, and Marta Maria Menezes Bezerra Duarte. "Degradation of the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine using advanced oxidation processes." Ciência e Natura 42 (September 3, 2020): e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40968.

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Анотація:

The existence of pharmaceuticals in nature is a growing environmental problem, turning necessary the use of efficient treatments for the degradation of these substances, as the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this work the AOPs UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton were applied to degrade the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine in an aqueous solution using a bench reactor, composed of three UV-C lamps. It was verified that the UV/H2O2 process presented a degradation of 97.33 ± 0.14% for lamivudine and 93.90 ± 0.33% for zidovudine, after 180 min of treatment and for an initial concentratin of each pharmaceutical of 5 mg.L-1 and [H2O2] of 600 mg.L-1. A methodology by artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to model the photocatalytic process, with the MLP 7-23-2 ANN representing it well, and determining the relative importance (%) of each of the input variables for the pharmaceutical’s degradation process. Kinetic studies for the pharmaceutical degradation and the conversion of organic matter showed good adjustments to the pseudo first-order models with R2 raging from 0.9705 to 0.9980. Toxicity assays for the before treatment solution indicated that the seeds Lactuca sativa and Portulaca grandiflora showed growth inhibition whereas the post-treatment solution inhibited only the growth of Lactuca sativa.

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3

Smyth, C. "Sounding Out Pharmaceutical Processes." Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-5535(04)00279-5.

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4

Smyth, Cormac, Evgeny Kudriashov, Breda O'Driscoll, and Vitaly Buckin. "Sounding Out Pharmaceutical Processes." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 8, no. 4 (August 2003): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-5535-04-00279-5.

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5

Mansouri, Fatma, Khawla Chouchene, Nicolas Roche, and Mohamed Ksibi. "Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water by Adsorption and Advanced Oxidation Processes: State of the Art and Trends." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 6659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146659.

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Анотація:

Pharmaceutical products have become a necessary part of life. Several studies have demonstrated that indirect exposure of humans to pharmaceuticals through the water could cause negative effects. Raw sewage and wastewater effluents are the major sources of pharmaceuticals found in surface waters and drinking water. Therefore, it is important to consider and characterize the efficiency of pharmaceutical removal during wastewater and drinking-water treatment processes. Various treatment options have been investigated for the removal/reduction of drugs (e.g., antibiotics, NSAIDs, analgesics) using conventional or biological treatments, such as activated sludge processes or bio-filtration, respectively. The efficiency of these processes ranges from 20–90%. Comparatively, advanced wastewater treatment processes, such as reverse osmosis, ozonation and advanced oxidation technologies, can achieve higher removal rates for drugs. Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites undergo natural attenuation by adsorption and solar oxidation. Therefore, pharmaceuticals in water sources even at trace concentrations would have undergone removal through biological processes and, if applicable, combined adsorption and photocatalytic degradation wastewater treatment processes. This review provides an overview of the conventional and advanced technologies for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds from water sources. It also sheds light on the key points behind adsorption and photocatalysis.

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6

Kang, Bo Ram, Min Sung Kim, and Tae Kwon Lee. "Unveiling of Concealed Processes for the Degradation of Pharmaceutical Compounds by Neopestalotiopsis sp." Microorganisms 7, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7080264.

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The presence of pharmaceutical products has raised emerging biorisks in aquatic environments. Fungi have been considered in sustainable approaches for the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds from aquatic environments. Soft rot fungi of the Ascomycota phylum are the most widely distributed among fungi, but their ability to biodegrade pharmaceuticals has not been studied as much as that of white rot fungi of the Basidiomycota phylum. Herein, we evaluated the capacity of the soft rot fungus Neopestalotiopsis sp. B2B to degrade pharmaceuticals under treatment of woody and nonwoody lignocellulosic biomasses. Nonwoody rice straw induced laccase activity fivefold compared with that in YSM medium containing polysaccharide. But B2B preferentially degraded polysaccharide over lignin regions in woody sources, leading to high concentrations of sugar. Hence, intermediate products from saccharification may inhibit laccase activity and thereby halt the biodegradation of pharmaceutical compounds. These results provide fundamental insights into the unique characteristics of pharmaceutical degradation by soft rot fungus Neopestalotiopsis sp. in the presence of preferred substrates during delignification.

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7

Zhou, Lilong, Chen Ma, Jonathan Horlyck, Runjing Liu, and Jimmy Yun. "Development of Pharmaceutical VOCs Elimination by Catalytic Processes in China." Catalysts 10, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10060668.

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As a byproduct of emerging as one of the world’s key producers of pharmaceuticals, China is now challenged by the emission of harmful pharmaceutical VOCs. In this review, the catalogue and volume of VOCs emitted by the pharmaceutical industry in China was introduced. The commonly used VOC removal processes and technologies was recommended by some typical examples. The progress of catalytic combustion, photocatalytic oxidation, non-thermal plasma, and electron beam treatment were presented, especially the development of catalysts. The advantages and shortages of these technologies in recent years were discussed and analyzed. Lastly, the development of VOCs elimination technologies and the most promising technology were discussed.

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8

Fujiwara, Mitsuko, David L. Ma, Timokleia Togkalidou, Danesh K. Tafti, and Richard D. Braatz. "IDENTIFICATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.01351.

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9

Kellaway, Ian. "Transport Processes in Pharmaceutical Systems." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 228, no. 1-2 (October 2001): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00823-7.

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10

Peppas, Nicholas A. "Transport Processes in Pharmaceutical Systems." Journal of Controlled Release 71, no. 2 (April 2001): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00238-3.

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11

Guo, Jian-Hwa. "Aging processes in pharmaceutical polymers." Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today 2, no. 12 (December 1999): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1461-5347(99)00210-2.

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12

Antonopoulou, Maria. "Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for the Treatment of Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewaters: A Review." Toxics 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090539.

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Анотація:

Pharmaceuticals are biologically active compounds used for therapeutical purposes in humans and animals. Pharmaceuticals enter water bodies in various ways and are detected at concentrations of ng L−1–μg L−1. Their presence in the environment, and especially long-term pollution, can cause toxic effects on the aquatic ecosystems. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the main sources introducing these compounds in aquatic systems through the disposal of untreated or partially treated wastewaters produced during the different procedures in the manufacturing process. Pharmaceutical industry wastewaters contain numerous pharmaceutical compounds and other chemicals and are characterized by high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The toxic and recalcitrant nature of this type of wastewater hinders conventional biological processes, leading to its ineffective treatment. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for the development and application of more efficient methods for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewaters. In this context, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as promising technologies for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewaters through contaminant removal, toxicity reduction as well as biodegradability improvement. Therefore, a comprehensive literature study was conducted to review the recent published works dealing with the application of heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysis for pharmaceutical industry wastewater treatment as well as the advances in the field. The efficiency of the studied AOPs to treat the wastewaters is assessed. Special attention is also devoted to the coupling of these processes with other conventional methods. Simultaneously with their efficiency, the cost estimation of individual and integrated processes is discussed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of the processes, as well as their perspectives, are addressed.

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13

Saikh, Mahammed Athar Alli, and Prithwiraj Mohapatra. "Specialised Coating Processes Finding Pharmaceutical Applicability." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 6 (November 15, 2021): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6.5133.

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Анотація:

The manuscript aims at furnishing comprehensive information pertaining specialised coating technology/ processes. Solid dosage forms and solid particulates (SDFSP) are the major contributing group in the solid pharmaceuticals (SoPs). SDFSP exhibit peculiar physico-chemical properties and interaction behaviour which create problems/ issues during their handling, processing, storage, and use. Modifying and/or engineering surface attributes of SDFSP are advocated as powerful tool to modify their interaction behaviour and realise their worthy applications and functionalities. In this regard coating their surfaces with coating material (CM) is novel approach. Said approach involves wet and dry process for realising deposition of CM onto the surface of SDFSP substrates. Both the processes modify and/or alter innate properties of SDFSP substrates either physically or chemically. Basing on involved wet or dry process the coating method is either dry coating method (DCM) or wet coating method (WCM). Accordingly nowadays there available number of specialised devices, that bases on diverse technologies. Amongst them some involves state-of-art process/ technology like Supercell coating technology (SCT), Chemical vapour deposition (CVD), Atomic/molecular layer deposition (AMLD), Electrostatic deposition, Thermo-mechanical process, Resonant acoustic technology, Fluidised-bed process, Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology, and others. These foundational for commercially availability of specialised equipments like Magnetically Assisted Impaction Coater (MAIC), Resodyn acoustic mixer, Hybridizer®, Theta-composer®. Mechanofusion®, and others. Working and working principle, applicability, benefits, pros and limitations of specialised coating processes and technologies are herein discussed and presented. Contained information hoped to be beneficent for pharmaceutical professionals and technocrats and professionals of allied field. Keywords: Coating, composite product, modification, specialised, surface.

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14

Grieve, Malcolm J. "Pharmaceutical Policy Processes in Sierra Leone." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 19, no. 3 (1985): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/484517.

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15

Bose, Sagarika, and Robin H. Bogner. "Solventless Pharmaceutical Coating Processes: A Review." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 12, no. 2 (January 2007): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10837450701212479.

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16

Grieve, Malcolm J. "Pharmaceutical Policy Processes in Sierra Leone." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 19, no. 3 (January 1985): 589–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1985.10804133.

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17

Wu, George, and Mingsheng Huang. "Organolithium Reagents in Pharmaceutical Asymmetric Processes." Chemical Reviews 106, no. 7 (July 2006): 2596–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr040694k.

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18

Rasor, J. Peter, and Edgar Voss. "Enzyme-catalyzed processes in pharmaceutical industry." Applied Catalysis A: General 221, no. 1-2 (November 2001): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00804-3.

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19

Tong, Alfred, Rhiannon Braund, David Warren, and Barrie Peake. "TiO2-assisted photodegradation of pharmaceuticals — a review." Open Chemistry 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 989–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0049-7.

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AbstractPharmaceutical compounds have been detected in the environment and potentially arise from the discharge of excreted and improperly disposed medication from sewage treatment facilities. In order to minimize environmental exposure of pharmaceutical residues, a potential technique to remove pharmaceuticals from water is the use of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) involving titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis. To evaluate the extent UV/TiO2 processes have been studied for pharmaceutical degradation, a literature search using the keywords ‘titanium dioxide’, ‘photocatalysis’, ‘advanced oxidation processes’, ‘pharmaceuticals’ and ‘degradation’ were used in the ISI Web of Knowledge TM, Scopus TM and ScienceDirect TM databases up to and including articles published on 23 November 2011. The degradation rates of pharmaceuticals under UV/TiO2 treatment were dependent on type and amount of TiO2 loading, pharmaceutical concentration, the presence of electron acceptors and pH. Complete mineralization under particular experimental conditions were reported for some pharmaceuticals; however, some experiments reported evolution of toxic intermediates during the photocatalytic process. It is concluded that the UV/TiO2 system is potentially a feasible wastewater treatment process, but careful consideration of the treatment time, the loading and the type of TiO2 (doped vs. undoped) used for a particular pharmaceutical is necessary for a successful application (198 words).

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20

Bykova, E. A. "INNOVATIVE PROCESSES IN THE RUSSIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 8 (September 24, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-8-57-64.

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Анотація:

The definitions the concepts of “innovations” and “innovation process” have been adduced, general assessment of the position of the Russian Federation in the world in terms of investment in scientific and technical research and developments (R & D) has been given, the most investment areas in terms of the volume of expenditures on scientific and technical research and development (R & D) have been highlighted . Key arguments that justify the need for innovative development of the pharmaceutical industry in Russia have been presented. The state and structure of the pharmaceutical market in Russia have been considered, the factors of transition of the pharmaceutical industry to an innovative course of development have been specified. Clear results of the implementation of the strategy for the development of the pharmaceutical industry until 2020 have been emphasized. Examples of implementation of the innovation management mechanism at the level of a separate domestic company Biocad have been given.

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21

Saikh, Mahammed Athar Alli. "Coating Processes of Pharmaceutical Applicability: A Glimpse." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2.5362.

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Анотація:

Presentation of manuscript is aiming to furnish glimpse on coating processes. Coating is process of snugly covering substrate surface with coating materials (CoM). In due course coating process has gradually developed from sugar-coating to non-aqueous film-coating to aqueous film-coating to specialised-coating processes. In second half of past century sugar-coating was first choice for pharmaceutical industry. Lengthy and tedious processing along with issues of skilled-operator inherited to sugar-coating compelled them to spring-up and improve film-coating. From past five decades, volatile organic solvent (VOS) are preferred over water in film-coating. Momentum for using aqueous solvent in film-coating gets accelerated from past few decades. Nowadays these replacing the VOS based film-coating processes as later inherit issues relating toxicity; safety; worker hygiene & safety; environmental pollution; etc. During process of finding novelty of coating another exploited sphere is coating of particulate substrate surfaces with CoM is to confer them worthy functionalities and applications. In this area both wet- & dry-coating process finds applicability thru modifying and/or altering innate properties of substrate, physically and/or chemically. Dry-coating process basically comprises specialised and novel process & technologies. Nowadays there available numerous conventional, specialised, and novel coating processes. Amongst them state-of-art process are hot-melt coating (HMC) process, aqueous film-coating process, aerosolized coating process, Supercell® coating process, gas-/ vapour-phase process, photo curable coating process, electrical-electrostatic deposition process, Resonant acoustic coating process, thermal and mechanical process, thermo-mechanical process, fluidised-bed processes, etc. Herein conventional, specialised, and novel coating processes are briefed, to update professionals. Keywords: Coating, film-coating, novel, process, specialised.

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22

Schenkendorf, René, Dimitrios Gerogiorgis, Seyed Mansouri, and Krist Gernaey. "Model-Based Tools for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes." Processes 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010049.

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Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are highly valuable, highly sensitive products resulting from production processes with strict quality control specifications and regulations that are required for the safety of patients [...]

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23

Swanson, D. Sevrin. "Documentation Processes Needed for Clinical Pharmaceutical Services." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 7, no. 5 (October 1994): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009400700505.

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Анотація:

The practice of pharmacy in hospital settings has undergone a tremendous transformation in the last decade. With this change in practice came the need to overhaul the systems used for documenting the role of pharmacists. This documentation is essential if pharmacists are to justify continued and expanded clinical services. Though a consensus has not yet been reached which typifies the ideal documentation system, several elements are deemed necessary. The three pharmacy programs that have typically focused on reduction in costs and therefore offer an opportunity for expanded involvement by pharmacists are: closed formularies, the use of drug utilization evaluations, and educational cost containment reviews. The documentation of these programs poses one of the greatest challenge to pharmacy management teams.

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24

Boukouvala, F., F. J. Muzzio, and Marianthi G. Ierapetritou. "Dynamic Data-Driven Modeling of Pharmaceutical Processes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, no. 11 (June 2011): 6743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102305a.

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25

Tao, Junhua, and Jian-He Xu. "Biocatalysis in development of green pharmaceutical processes." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 13, no. 1 (February 2009): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.01.018.

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26

Kontoravdi, Cleo, Nouri J. Samsatli, and Nilay Shah. "Development and design of bio-pharmaceutical processes." Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 2, no. 4 (November 2013): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2013.09.007.

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27

Schöneich. "Thiyl Radical Reactions in the Chemical Degradation of Pharmaceutical Proteins." Molecules 24, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 4357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234357.

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Анотація:

Free radical pathways play a major role in the degradation of protein pharmaceuticals. Inspired by biochemical reactions carried out by thiyl radicals in various enzymatic processes, this review focuses on the role of thiyl radicals in pharmaceutical protein degradation through hydrogen atom transfer, electron transfer, and addition reactions. These processes can lead to the epimerization of amino acids, as well as the formation of various cleavage products and cross-links. Examples are presented for human insulin, human and mouse growth hormone, and monoclonal antibodies.

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28

Savitha, S., and K. Devi. "Quality By Design: A Review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2-S (April 20, 2022): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2-s.5451.

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Анотація:

Quality by Design is the most recent quality-related trend in pharmaceutical manufacturing (QbD). This paper discusses Pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) as a way to guarantee high-quality pharmaceuticals. Details about Quality by Design are given in addition to a list of its components. The quality parameters and attributes of each unit operation are unique. Pharmaceutical products can benefit from Quality by Design and the steps that can be taken to implement it. High-quality pharmaceuticals and their manufacturing processes form the core of pharmaceutical R&D. It is impossible to verify the quality of a product because this document includes a breakdown of the product's quality profile and the most important aspects of Quality by Design. Comparing the quality of various products can be done in two ways: through Quality by Design and end-product testing (QbD). Quality by Design is based on the ICH Guidelines. ICH guidelines govern the development of pharmaceuticals and the implementation of quality assurance systems. Pharmaceutical development and production can benefit from Quality by Design (QbD). Keywords: Concept & background of QbD, Traditional vs QbD Approach, Key elements, PAT, Challenges, Current & Future perspective.

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29

Savitha, S., and K. Devi. "Quality By Design: A Review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2-S (April 20, 2022): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2-s.5451.

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Анотація:

Quality by Design is the most recent quality-related trend in pharmaceutical manufacturing (QbD). This paper discusses Pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) as a way to guarantee high-quality pharmaceuticals. Details about Quality by Design are given in addition to a list of its components. The quality parameters and attributes of each unit operation are unique. Pharmaceutical products can benefit from Quality by Design and the steps that can be taken to implement it. High-quality pharmaceuticals and their manufacturing processes form the core of pharmaceutical R&D. It is impossible to verify the quality of a product because this document includes a breakdown of the product's quality profile and the most important aspects of Quality by Design. Comparing the quality of various products can be done in two ways: through Quality by Design and end-product testing (QbD). Quality by Design is based on the ICH Guidelines. ICH guidelines govern the development of pharmaceuticals and the implementation of quality assurance systems. Pharmaceutical development and production can benefit from Quality by Design (QbD). Keywords: Concept & background of QbD, Traditional vs QbD Approach, Key elements, PAT, Challenges, Current & Future perspective.

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30

Piccirillo, Giusi, Rafael T. Aroso, Fábio M. S. Rodrigues, Rui M. B. Carrilho, Sara M. A. Pinto, Mário J. F. Calvete, and Mariette M. Pereira. "Oxidative Degradation of Pharmaceuticals: The Role of Tetrapyrrole-Based Catalysts." Catalysts 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11111335.

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Анотація:

Nowadays, society’s widespread consumption of pharmaceutical drugs and the consequent accumulation of such compounds or their metabolites in effluents requires the development of efficient strategies and systems that lead to their effective degradation. This can be done through oxidative processes, in which tetrapyrrolic macrocycles (porphyrins, phthalocyanines) deserve special attention since they are among the most promising degradation catalysts. This paper presents a review of the literature over the past ten years on the major advances made in the development of oxidation processes of pharmaceuticals in aqueous solutions using tetrapyrrole-based catalysts. The review presents a brief discussion of the mechanisms involved in these oxidative processes and is organized by the degradation of families of pharmaceutical compounds, namely antibiotics, analgesics and neurological drugs, among others. For each family, a critical analysis and discussion of the fundamental roles of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles are presented, regarding both photochemical degradative processes and direct oxidative chemical degradation.

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31

Rahman, Habibur. "Analytical Applications of Permanganate as an Oxidant in the Determination of Pharmaceuticals Using Chemiluminescence and Spectrophotometry: A Review." Current Analytical Chemistry 16, no. 6 (August 13, 2020): 670–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411015666190617103833.

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Background: Potassium permanganate is a green and versatile industrial oxidizing agent. Due to its high oxidizing ability, it has received considerable attention and has been extensively used for many years for the synthesis, identification, and determination of inorganic and organic compounds. Objective: Potassium permanganate is one of the most applicable oxidants, which has been applied in a number of processes in several industries. Furthermore, it has been widely used in analytical pharmacy to develop analytical methods for pharmaceutically active compounds using chemiluminescence and spectrophotometric techniques. Results: This review covers the importance of potassium permanganate over other common oxidants used in pharmaceuticals and reported its extensive use and analytical applications using direct, indirect and kinetic spectrophotometric methods in different pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Chemiluminescent applications of potassium permanganate in the analyses of pharmaceuticals using flow and sequential injection techniques are also discussed. Conclusion: This review summarizes the extensive use of potassium permanganate as a chromogenic and chemiluminescent reagent in the analyses of pharmaceutically active compounds to develop spectrophotometric and chemiluminescence methods since 2000.

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32

Andreozzi, R., L. Campanella, B. Fraysse, J. Garric, A. Gonnella, R. Lo Giudice, R. Marotta, G. Pinto, and A. Pollio. "Effects of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on the toxicity of a mixture of pharmaceuticals." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0304.

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The possibility of applying main AOP techniques, namely ozonation, H2O2/UV photolysis and TiO2 photocatalysis to provide a significant reduction of toxicity of pharmaceutical mixtures has been evaluated. For the preparation of the mixture six pharmaceuticals were chosen among those found at highest concentrations in Sewage Treatment Plant effluents, namely carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin and propranolol. The blue-green alga Synechococcus leopoliensis and the rotifer Brachyonus calyciflorus were utilised to assess the toxicity of the mixtures after AOP treatments. All the toxicity tests were performed using chronic standardized bioassays. The best results were obtained with ozonation. With this type of treatment a complete removal of mixture toxicity on S. leopolensis was obtained even after the shortest time of application (1 min). The ozonation treatment leads also to removal of all the pharmaceutical mixture toxicity on B. calyciflorus, by applying the oxidizing agent for at least for 2 minutes.

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33

Choi, Miyoung, Dong Whan Choi, Jung Yeol Lee, Young Suk Kim, Bun Su Kim, and Byoung Ho Lee. "Removal of pharmaceutical residue in municipal wastewater by DAF (dissolved air flotation)–MBR (membrane bioreactor) and ozone oxidation." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 2546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.429.

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Growing attention is given to pharmaceutical residue in the water environment. It is known that pharmaceuticals are able to survive from a series of wastewater treatment processes. Concerns regarding pharmaceutical residues are attributed to the fact that they are being detected in water and sediment environment ubiquitously. Pharmaceutical treatment using a series of wastewater treatment processes of the DAF (dissolved air flotation)–MBR (membrane bioreactor)–ozone oxidation was conducted in the study. DAF, without addition of coagulant, could remove CODcr (chemical oxygen demand by Cr) up to over 70%, BOD 73%, SS 83%, T-N 55%, NH4+ 23%, and T-P 65% in influent of municipal wastewater. Average removal rates of water quality parameters by the DAF–MBR system were very high, e.g. CODcr 95.88%, BOD5 99.66%, CODmn (chemical oxygen demand by Mn) 93.63%, T-N 69.75%, NH4-N 98.46%, T-P 78.23%, and SS 99.51%, which satisfy effluent water quality standards. Despite the high removal rate of the wastewater treatment system, pharmaceuticals were eliminated to be about 50–99% by the MBR system, depending on specific pharmaceuticals. Ibuprofen was well removed by MBR system up to over 95%, while removal rate of bezafibrate ranged between 50 and 90%. With over 5 mg/l of ozone oxidation, most pharmaceuticals which survived the DAF–MBR process were removed completely or resulted in very low survival rate within the range of few micrograms per litre. However, some pharmaceuticals such as bezafibrate and naproxen tended to be resistant to ozone oxidation.

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34

Jimenez, L. "Molecular Applications to Pharmaceutical Processes and Cleanroom Environments." PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 65, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5731/pdajpst.2011.00730.

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35

N. Politis, Stavros, and Dimitrios M. Rekkas. "Pelletization Processes for Pharmaceutical Applications: A Patent Review." Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221111794109493.

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36

Ilic-Stojanovic, Snezana, and Sinisa Djordjevic. "Intellectual property protection of pharmaceutical products and processes." Chemical Industry 57, no. 3 (2003): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0303126i.

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The role of intellectual property is significantly increasing within new international economic and commercial relationships. Intellectual capital is being increasingly recognised as one of the most important domains belonging to the greatest and the most powerful world companies. Intellectual property protection is a complex category and it comprises legal, technical and economical-financial aspects.

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37

Livansky, S. M., A. S. Utyomova, and M. N. Denisova. "Inflationary processes in the pharmaceutical market: development forecasting." Remedium Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment, no. 3 (2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/1561-5936-2019-3-48-52.

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38

Henzler, Hans-Jürgen, and Klaus Kaiser. "Avoiding viral contamination in biotechnological and pharmaceutical processes." Nature Biotechnology 16, no. 11 (November 1998): 1077–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/3538.

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39

Woodley, John M. "New opportunities for biocatalysis: making pharmaceutical processes greener." Trends in Biotechnology 26, no. 6 (June 2008): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.03.004.

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40

Meikrantz, D. H., L. L. Macaluso, W. D. Flim, C. J. Heald, G. Mendoza, and S. B. Meikrantz. "A New Annular Centrifugal Contactor for Pharmaceutical Processes." Chemical Engineering Communications 189, no. 12 (December 2002): 1629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440214582.

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41

Acevedo, David, Xiaochuan Yang, Yiqing C. Liu, Thomas F. O’Connor, Andy Koswara, Zoltan K. Nagy, Rapti Madurawe, and Celia N. Cruz. "Encrustation in Continuous Pharmaceutical Crystallization Processes—A Review." Organic Process Research & Development 23, no. 6 (May 8, 2019): 1134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00072.

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42

Papadakis, Emmanouil, Anjan K. Tula, and Rafiqul Gani. "Solvent selection methodology for pharmaceutical processes: Solvent swap." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 115 (November 2016): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.09.004.

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43

Dehghani, F., and N. R. Foster. "Dense gas anti-solvent processes for pharmaceutical formulation." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 7, no. 4-5 (August 2003): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2003.11.001.

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44

Rogers, Amanda, and Marianthi Ierapetritou. "Challenges and opportunities in modeling pharmaceutical manufacturing processes." Computers & Chemical Engineering 81 (October 2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.03.018.

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45

Casola, Gioele, Satoshi Yoshikawa, Hayao Nakanishi, Masahiko Hirao, and Hirokazu Sugiyama. "Systematic retrofitting methodology for pharmaceutical drug purification processes." Computers & Chemical Engineering 80 (September 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.05.024.

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46

Hörmann, Thomas, Daniele Suzzi, Siegfried Adam, and Johannes G. Khinast. "DOE-Based CFD Optimization of Pharmaceutical Mixing Processes." Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation 7, no. 3-4 (November 18, 2012): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12247-012-9142-x.

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47

Berthold, Wolf, and Joachim Walter. "Protein Purification: Aspects of Processes for Pharmaceutical Products." Biologicals 22, no. 2 (June 1994): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/biol.1994.1020.

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48

Shaw, Lawton, Chuyen Phung, and Michael Grace. "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products alter growth and function in lentic biofilms." Environmental Chemistry 12, no. 3 (2015): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14141.

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Environmental context Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are routinely found in waters discharged from treatment plants and in surrounding aquatic ecosystems. Despite the widespread occurrence of these biologically active agents, there is limited understanding of their potential effects on key ecosystem processes such as primary production, ecosystem respiration and algal growth. This paper examines the effects of five common pharmaceuticals on the rates of these fundamental processes. Abstract Pharmaceutical diffusing substrates were used to study in situ responses of aquatic biofilms in an urbanised lentic ecosystem to five pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs; caffeine, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, diphenhydramine and metformin). The pharmaceutical diffusing substrates consisted of porous biofilm substrates placed atop a mass of agar amended with 2.5mM of the PPCP compound of interest. Over 21 days, biofilms growing on the substrata were exposed to slow diffusion of the PPCP through the agar and porous substrate. Algal biomass was suppressed by exposure to diphenhydramine (–81%) and ciprofloxacin (–50%). Gross primary production was completely suppressed by diphenhydramine exposure but stimulated by caffeine (+39%) and cimetidine (+46%). For heterotroph biofilms, community respiration was suppressed by exposure to diphenhydramine (–24%). To characterise PPCP exposure, rates of diffusion from the pharmaceutical diffusing substrates were measured at 10, 20 and 30°C. Diffusion was Fickian for all compounds and all temperatures. Diffusion coefficients, D, were in the range 1.5×10–10 to 1.1×10–9m2s–1. From diffusion data, average release rates over 21 days were typically 30–50ngmin–1cm–2 at 20°C. The results show that PPCPs can dramatically affect rates of key ecological processes, and the relationship between release rate and ambient concentration of PPCPs is discussed.

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Finke, Jan Henrik, and Arno Kwade. "Powder Processing in Pharmaceutical Applications—In-Depth Understanding and Modelling." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020128.

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50

Gonzaga, Isabelle M. D., Caio V. S. Almeida, and Lucia H. Mascaro. "A Critical Review of Photo-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes to Pharmaceutical Degradation." Catalysts 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13020221.

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Currently, the production and consumption of pharmaceuticals is growing exponentially, making them emerging contaminants that cause hazards to the ecological environment and human health. These drugs have been detected in surface water and drinking water around the world. This indicates that the conventional treatments used are ineffective for the removal of these compounds from the water, since they are very complex, with high stability and have high persistence in aquatic environments. Considering this problem, several types of alternative treatments, such as advanced oxidative processes, have been studied. Of these, AOPs using irradiation have received increasing interest due to their fast reaction rate and the ability to generate oxidizing species, which leads to an efficient degradation and mineralization of organic compounds, thus improving the quality of water and allowing its reuse. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the advances made in the last five years of irradiated AOPs in the degradation of different classes of pharmaceutical compounds. The articles address different study parameters, such as the method of the synthesis of materials, oxidants used, treatment time, type of light used and toxicity of effluents. This review highlights the success of irradiated AOPs in the removal of pharmaceuticals and hopes to help the readers to better understand these processes and their limitations for removing drugs from the environment. It also sheds light on some paths that future research must follow so that the technology can be fully applied.

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