Дисертації з теми "Petits bassins versants"
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Ravoniarimanana, Albertine. "Synthèse des crues des petits bassins versants lorrains." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10491.
Повний текст джерелаRavoniarimanana, Albertine. "Synthèse des crues des petits bassins versants lorrains." Grenoble : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37593862j.
Повний текст джерелаRibstein, Pierre. "Modèles de crues et petits bassins versants au Sahel." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20019.
Повний текст джерелаRocha, Nestor Raul. "Débits de crue et analyse hydrologique de petits bassins versants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30696/30696.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGraff, Benjamin. "Prédétermination des débits de crue des petits bassins versants torrentiels." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20201.
Повний текст джерелаRasolomanana, Santatriniaina Denise, and Santatriniaina Denise Rasolomanana. "Modélisation des petits bassins versants en milieu rural : problématique des modèles fortement paramétrés." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23660.
Повний текст джерелаPour lutter contre la pollution issue du milieu agricole, il importe de bien la connaître et quantifier, mais surtout d’aider les agriculteurs à adopter des techniques de gestion du territoire appropriées et de bonnes pratiques agricoles. L’utilisation d’un modèle permettant de simuler l’impact des pratiques de gestion sur la qualité des eaux des cours d’eau constituerait un outil d’aide à la décision très important, notamment avec la problématique spécifique aux petits bassins versants ruraux. En effet, les petits bassins sont difficiles à modéliser, faisant souvent l’objet de peu, voire d’aucun suivi au niveau des débits et de la qualité de l’eau. Le modèle utilisé dans cette étude, qui commence à être appliqué au Québec, s’appelle Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), un modèle fortement paramétré. Mais la modélisation à l’échelle de bassin versant est entravée par beaucoup d’incertitude comme des processus inconnus du modélisateur, des processus non pris en compte par le modèle et des simplifications de processus par le modèle. Le défi est d’autant plus grand dans le cas d’une évaluation journalière de la performance du modèle: les bonnes performances journalières de SWAT avec peu de données sont rares. Or, dans un petit bassin versant où la réponse aux événements est très rapide, un pas de temps plus petit, notamment journalier, est plus adéquat pour préserver le comportement hydrologique du bassin et la variance des données et observer les effets produits sur la qualité de l’eau. Par ailleurs, la méthode de conversion des données journalières en données mensuelles ou annuelles modifie énormément le caractère des données et par conséquent les résultats d’interprétation malgré l’obtention de bonnes performances. Pour relever ce défi, la présente étude se fixe pour but d’améliorer la performance journalière en modélisation de la qualité de l’eau dans les petits bassins agricoles avec peu de données avec un modèle fortement paramétré. Ainsi, nos objectifs sont articulés autour des deux points suivants : 1) proposer une nouvelle méthodologie de calage, optimisant à la fois les débits (Q) et les charges de Matières En Suspension (MES) et du Phosphore Total (PT), sur de petits bassins versants avec peu de données, afin d’obtenir une meilleure performance journalière et 2) appliquer notre méthodologie à un petit bassin agricole avec peu de données et proposer des scénarios agricoles réalistes. La nouvelle méthodologie de modélisation proposée est issue de l’évaluation des deux approches de calage avec SWAT, uni-objective et multi-objective, ainsi que de la résolution des problèmes tout au long des calages, dont une biomasse mal représentée, une absence d’eau dans les drains, un ruissellement de surface trop élevé, un bilan de masses déséquilibré et une perte de performance des débits. Même si la performance journalière de modélisation des MES et du P total obtenue n’est pas encore optimale, elle a pu être améliorée grâce à notre méthodologie. Les résultats produits sont aussi réalistes que possible et montrent que (i) la performance du modèle dépend non seulement du choix de l’approche de calage, mais essentiellement des paramètres influents; (ii) le calage multi-objectif en considérant tous les paramètres influant sur les variables considérées est la meilleure approche pour modéliser Q, MES et PT; (iii) le changement de poids affectés aux fonctions-objectif n’a pas amélioré la performance du modèle, (iv) avec une optimisation uni-objective, une excellente performance du modèle en qualité de l’eau peut cacher une grande détérioration de la performance des débits et des composantes hydrologiques internes déséquilibrées; (v) malgré un bon pré-ajustement du bilan hydrologique annuel, le bilan de masses à l’intérieur des URH peut être complètement débalancé; (vi) et les ajustements manuels après calage de certains paramètres et la modification de certaines routines dans l’exécutable du modèle ont pu rehausser énormément la performance en qualité de l’eau. Notre nouvelle méthodologie a été appliquée sur le bassin versant Ruisseau du Portage, 21.41 km2, Québec, Canada. Par la suite, de meilleures pratiques agricoles visant l’objectif de réduction du P total dans le site étudié ont été simulées (modalités d’épandage des engrais, travail du sol, conversion de cultures…).
It is important to know and quantify diffuse pollution, and especially to help farmers to adopt best management practices. In order to control river pollution, a model simulating the fate of pollutants and identifying the best management practices can be of a great help, especially for small rural watersheds, which are increasingly polluted but rarely or not monitored. The model in this study, which begins to be used in Quebec, is the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a highly parameterized model. Calibration of models at the watershed scale is challenging because of the possible uncertainties that may exist in the form of process simplification, processes not accounted for by the model, and processes in the watershed that are unknown to the modeller. The challenge is even greater in the case of a daily evaluation of model performance on small agricultural watersheds with limited data. With SWAT, only few case studies have been conducted on small agricultural watersheds with limited data. The time step in water quality modelling is usually monthly or annual and good fits are rarely obtained using a daily time step, given the scarcity of data. However, a daily time step better represents the dynamics of pollutants in the river especially for the fast reacting small watersheds and provides more realistic simulation results. So, to improve daily performance in modelling water quality in small agricultural basins with limited data with a highly parameterized model, our objective is twofold: 1) to propose a methodology to obtain better daily performance in modelling flow (Q), Suspended Solids (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) in small watersheds with little data and 2) to apply the methodology to a case study for a small agricultural catchment with limited data. The proposed modelling methodology is based on the evaluation of the two calibration approaches with SWAT, single-objective and multi-objective, and the resolution of the problems encountered (misrepresented biomass, absence of water in the drains, too high surface runoff, unbalanced internal model components and a loss of performance of predicting flows). Although the daily model performance in terms of suspended solids and total P is still not optimal, it has been improved thanks to the new methodology. The results showed that (i) the model performance depends not only on the choice of calibration approach, but essentially on the selection of influential parameters; (ii) the multi-objective calibration estimating all parameters related to all measured variables at once is the best approach to model Q, TSS and TP; (iii) changing weights does not improve model performance; (iv) with a single-objective optimization, an excellent water quality modelling performance may hide a loss of performance of predicting flows and unbalanced internal model components; and (v) manual adjustments after calibration of some parameters and modifications of some software routines can greatly enhance performance in water quality. After application of the new methodology on the study area, the watershed Ruisseau du Portage, 21.41 km2, Quebec, Canada, best management practices for the purpose of reduction of TP were simulated with SWAT (fertilizer application, tillage, crop conversion).
It is important to know and quantify diffuse pollution, and especially to help farmers to adopt best management practices. In order to control river pollution, a model simulating the fate of pollutants and identifying the best management practices can be of a great help, especially for small rural watersheds, which are increasingly polluted but rarely or not monitored. The model in this study, which begins to be used in Quebec, is the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a highly parameterized model. Calibration of models at the watershed scale is challenging because of the possible uncertainties that may exist in the form of process simplification, processes not accounted for by the model, and processes in the watershed that are unknown to the modeller. The challenge is even greater in the case of a daily evaluation of model performance on small agricultural watersheds with limited data. With SWAT, only few case studies have been conducted on small agricultural watersheds with limited data. The time step in water quality modelling is usually monthly or annual and good fits are rarely obtained using a daily time step, given the scarcity of data. However, a daily time step better represents the dynamics of pollutants in the river especially for the fast reacting small watersheds and provides more realistic simulation results. So, to improve daily performance in modelling water quality in small agricultural basins with limited data with a highly parameterized model, our objective is twofold: 1) to propose a methodology to obtain better daily performance in modelling flow (Q), Suspended Solids (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) in small watersheds with little data and 2) to apply the methodology to a case study for a small agricultural catchment with limited data. The proposed modelling methodology is based on the evaluation of the two calibration approaches with SWAT, single-objective and multi-objective, and the resolution of the problems encountered (misrepresented biomass, absence of water in the drains, too high surface runoff, unbalanced internal model components and a loss of performance of predicting flows). Although the daily model performance in terms of suspended solids and total P is still not optimal, it has been improved thanks to the new methodology. The results showed that (i) the model performance depends not only on the choice of calibration approach, but essentially on the selection of influential parameters; (ii) the multi-objective calibration estimating all parameters related to all measured variables at once is the best approach to model Q, TSS and TP; (iii) changing weights does not improve model performance; (iv) with a single-objective optimization, an excellent water quality modelling performance may hide a loss of performance of predicting flows and unbalanced internal model components; and (v) manual adjustments after calibration of some parameters and modifications of some software routines can greatly enhance performance in water quality. After application of the new methodology on the study area, the watershed Ruisseau du Portage, 21.41 km2, Quebec, Canada, best management practices for the purpose of reduction of TP were simulated with SWAT (fertilizer application, tillage, crop conversion).
PAYRAUDEAU, sylvain. "Modélisation distribuée des flux d'azote sur des petits bassins versants méditerranéens." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005633.
Повний текст джерелаLa sensibilité des réponses du modèle événementiel aux valeurs des paramètres est tout d'abord analysée sur un bassin élémentaire. Le modèle POL est ensuite appliqué sur 4 bassins versants d'une cinquantaine de km² situés dans l'Hérault (France).
Les résultats obtenus après la phase de calage et de vérification montrent la capacité du modèle événementiel à reproduire les flux d'azote générés lors des épisodes de crue. Le modèle utilisé en continu fournit une estimation des exportations d'azote avec un degré d'incertitude acceptable pour un premier diagnostic des apports annuels des bassins.
Rasolomanana, Santatriniaina Denise. "Modélisation des petits bassins versants en milieu rural : problématique des modèles fortement paramétrés." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23660.
Повний текст джерелаIt is important to know and quantify diffuse pollution, and especially to help farmers to adopt best management practices. In order to control river pollution, a model simulating the fate of pollutants and identifying the best management practices can be of a great help, especially for small rural watersheds, which are increasingly polluted but rarely or not monitored. The model in this study, which begins to be used in Quebec, is the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a highly parameterized model. Calibration of models at the watershed scale is challenging because of the possible uncertainties that may exist in the form of process simplification, processes not accounted for by the model, and processes in the watershed that are unknown to the modeller. The challenge is even greater in the case of a daily evaluation of model performance on small agricultural watersheds with limited data. With SWAT, only few case studies have been conducted on small agricultural watersheds with limited data. The time step in water quality modelling is usually monthly or annual and good fits are rarely obtained using a daily time step, given the scarcity of data. However, a daily time step better represents the dynamics of pollutants in the river especially for the fast reacting small watersheds and provides more realistic simulation results. So, to improve daily performance in modelling water quality in small agricultural basins with limited data with a highly parameterized model, our objective is twofold: 1) to propose a methodology to obtain better daily performance in modelling flow (Q), Suspended Solids (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) in small watersheds with little data and 2) to apply the methodology to a case study for a small agricultural catchment with limited data. The proposed modelling methodology is based on the evaluation of the two calibration approaches with SWAT, single-objective and multi-objective, and the resolution of the problems encountered (misrepresented biomass, absence of water in the drains, too high surface runoff, unbalanced internal model components and a loss of performance of predicting flows). Although the daily model performance in terms of suspended solids and total P is still not optimal, it has been improved thanks to the new methodology. The results showed that (i) the model performance depends not only on the choice of calibration approach, but essentially on the selection of influential parameters; (ii) the multi-objective calibration estimating all parameters related to all measured variables at once is the best approach to model Q, TSS and TP; (iii) changing weights does not improve model performance; (iv) with a single-objective optimization, an excellent water quality modelling performance may hide a loss of performance of predicting flows and unbalanced internal model components; and (v) manual adjustments after calibration of some parameters and modifications of some software routines can greatly enhance performance in water quality. After application of the new methodology on the study area, the watershed Ruisseau du Portage, 21.41 km2, Quebec, Canada, best management practices for the purpose of reduction of TP were simulated with SWAT (fertilizer application, tillage, crop conversion).
Harader, Elizabeth. "L'impact du changement climatique sur les événements hydrologiques extrêmes des petits bassins versants méditerranéens : le cas du bassin versant du Lez." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30010/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Mediterranean region of southern France experiences extreme autumn rainfall, sometimes leading to violent flash floods. The evolution of these floods under the influence of climate change is a key question for the Mediterranean region, where a rapidly growing population puts human lives at stake. The difference in scale between the resolution of climate model outputs and hydrological impacts is a challenge for the study of flash floods in a future climate. The goal of this doctoral thesis is to propose a methodology adapted to the study of climate change impacts on flash floods in the small Mediterranean catchments of southern France. The Lez catchment near Montpellier was selected for a case study. Early results suggest that the intensity of flash floods may increase in the Lez catchment in a future climate. However these results are heavily dependent on the choice of the climate model used to simulate changes in precipitation and the evolution of future soil conditions, which were not taken into account in this study
Lloret, Emily. "Dynamique du carbone organique dans des petits bassins versants tropicaux : exemple de la Guadeloupe." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077068.
Повний текст джерелаThe main purposes of this work were to evaluate the carbon export of small mountainous rivers from tropical volcanic island (Guadeloupe, French West Indies), and to estimate the impact of extreme meteorological events on this export, and to identify the sources of organic carbon during the different hydrological stages of the rivers (low water level and floods). We carried out a detail study on stream waters, soils and soil solutions. We have analyzed the concentrations of carbon (DOC, POC, DIC) and the carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C), as well as the spectroscopic (UV-Vis) characteristics of dissolved organic matter. The results have shown that the specific annual fluxes of DOC, POC and DIC were respectively of 5. 4, 7. 8 and 12. 4 tC km⁻². An⁻¹. The organic carbon fluxes of Guadeloupean rivers are similar to the reported export from large rivers. The export of total organic carbon from Guadeloupean rivers is more important than the export of inorganic carbon, indicating the major implication of organic carbon to the global carbon cycle. The carbon export during extreme meteorological events (instantaneous discharge more than 30 m³ s⁻¹) represents 15%, 20% and 5% of the annual export of DOC, POC an DIC, respectively. The main sources of POC are litter and soil surface layers. The sources of DOC vary with the hydrological stages (low water level and floods). During low water level, the rivers are mainly fed by the groundwater (identified by soil solution collected by lysimeters). During floods, the DOC mainly comes from the quick flow and hypodermic flow of soil surface layers (identified by soil solution obtained by extraction in laboratory)
Cerdan, Olivier. "Analyse et modélisation du transfert de particules solides à l'échelle de petits bassins versants cultivés." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2017.
Повний текст джерелаLefrançois, Julie. "Dynamiques et origines des matières en suspension sur de petits bassins versants agricoles sur schiste." Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178187.
Повний текст джерелаSuspended sediments (SS) are responsible for aquatic habitat degradation. The objectives of this work are to explain the SS dynamics on small agricultural catchments and to identify particle origin. This study focuses on three catchments that have different bank degradation. SS dynamics are studied using SS concentration-discharge relationship. SS origin is assessed by the interpretation of these relationships and by direct methods : 137Cs measures, SS-sources fingerprinting. SS dynamics depend on hydrological processes. But on two catchments, particles also comme from the degradation of the riparian areas by cattle trampling, without link with the hydrology. This conclusion was confirmed both by 137Cs measures on riparian areas and by fingerprinting SS sources. Territory management would suggest an arrangement that integrates cattle as a determining parameter in SS dynamics
Cerdan, Olivier. "Analyse et modélisation du transfert de particules solides à l'échelle de petits bassins versants cultivés /." Thèse, [s.l.] : INRA, 2001. http://www.inra.fr/internet/Departements/EA/sources/index.php?page=detail_these&id=28.
Повний текст джерелаLefrançois, Julie. "Dynamiques et origines des matières en suspension sur des petits bassins versants agricoles sur schiste /." Rennes : Géosciences Rennes, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb411087746.
Повний текст джерелаLévesque, Étienne. "Évaluation de la performance hydrologique du modèle SWAT pour de petits bassins versants agricoles du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24766/24766.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаChu, Yin. "Flux de polluants en crue sur des petits bassins versants côtiers méditerranéens : sources, estimation et modélisation." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20015.
Повний текст джерелаVongvixay, Amphone. "Mesure et analyse de la dynamique temporelle des flux solides dans les petits bassins versants : cas d'un bassin versant agricole en région d'élevage (basse-Normandie, France)." Phd thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688884.
Повний текст джерелаThe study was performed on the Moulinet and the Oir streams watershed, in Lower-Normandie region. The watershed area is 4,53 km2 and 87 km2 respectively. The main objectives are: 1) to measure and describe the temporal dynamics of the SSC, and 2) to relate these dynamics with the SS origins, the climatic determinants and the stream's order. The measuring of bed-load premises to determine the criterion for mobilizing particles from stream's bottom. The measurement of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) through the water turbidity was deepened. The SSC temporal dynamics was analyzed by different approaches: relationship SSC-discharge, statistic analysis and modeling with different time scale (year, month, season, day and flood scale). A first comparison of the hydrological response between the catchment of Moulinet and the Oir was presented
Cernesson, Flavie. "Modèle simple de prédétermination des crues de fréquences courante à rare sur de petits bassins versants méditerranéens." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20018.
Повний текст джерелаKLEINHANS, MARC. "L'eau dans l'environnement du massif du champ du feu. Etude geographique d'hydrologie de trois petits bassins-versants." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR10027.
Повний текст джерелаDroux, Jean-Philippe. "Hydrologie et flux de matieres solides particulaires et dissoutes sur petits bassins versants du bassin du fleuve niger au mali. (bassins du dounfing, de djitiko et de belekoniʿ". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR1GE01.
Повний текст джерелаGumiere, Silvio José. "Contribution à la modélisation déterministe spatialisée de l'érosion hydrique des sols à l'échelle des petits bassins versants cultivés." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0022.
Повний текст джерелаAnthropogenic activity associated with intensive agricultural production is often the origin of an acceleration in soil erosion processes, such that the rate of erosion will exceed the rate of soil formation. In Europe and the world, water erosion affects all types of landscapes to different degrees. Water erosion models may provide helpful information for the development and application of land management practices in catchments with soil and water conservation concerns. The objective of this work was to reflect on and then critically analyse the problem of water erosion modelling from different points of view: conceptually, model exploration and model parameterisation. From this reflection, and after a literature review, which focused on two of the main problems identified with present-day erosion models, namely model parameterisation and sedimentological connectivity, we have developed a physically based and distributed water erosion model, able to provide dynamic information about soil loss and sediment transport within small agricultural catchments during rainfall events. The model takes into account the effects of land management practices on sediment transport using a distributed GIS parameterisation. The model was calibrated and validated for a Mediterranean catchment, using an automatic and multi-scale calibration procedure. Another result from this work was the development of a sensitivity analysis framework to provide an exploratory analysis of distributed erosion models at different space and time scales. This framework has been applied to four water erosion models (MHYDAS-Erosion, STREAM, MESALES and PESERA). Results have shown a similarity in behaviour of the four erosion models with regards to input parameter variations
Fritsch, Jean-Marie. "Les effets du défrichement de la forêt amazonienne et de la mise en culture sur l'hydrologie de petits bassins versants : opération ECEREX [écoulements, érosion, expérimentation] en Guyane française /." Paris : Ed. de l'ORSTOM, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355320094.
Повний текст джерелаEmmanuel, Isabelle. "Evaluation de l'apport de la mesure de pluie par radar météorologique pour la modélisation pluie-débit de petits bassins versants." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709754.
Повний текст джерелаPuech, Christian. "Détermination des états de surface par télédétection pour caractériser les écoulements des petits bassins versants : application à des bassins en zone méditerranéenne et en zone tropicale sèche." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10175.
Повний текст джерелаChartrand, Jonathan. "Comparaison de méthodes d'estimation pour le calcul de la charge en nitrate à l'exutoire de petits bassins versants en milieu agricole." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25860/25860.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаFaure, Dominique. "Application à l'hydrologie du radar métérologique : comparaisons d'estimations radar et pluviométriques pour des lames d'eau horaires sur de petits bassins versants cévenols." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10024.
Повний текст джерелаBorrell, Valérie. "Vers une modélisation hydrologique adaptée à la prévision opérationnelle des crues éclair : application à de petits bassins versants du sud de la France." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000215/.
Повний текст джерелаEstupina, Valérie Dartus Denis. "Vers une modélisation hydrologique adaptée à la prévision opérationnelle des crues éclair application à de petits bassins versants du sud de la France /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000215.
Повний текст джерелаBriand, Geneviève. "Etude de la matiere organique transferee des sols aux suspensions fluviales. Application a de petits bassins versants de la region de manaus (amazonie, bresil)." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066551.
Повний текст джерелаBeaujouan, Véronique. "Modélisation des transferts d'eau et d'azote dans les sols et les nappes. Développement d'un modèle conceptuel distribué. Applications à de petits bassins versants agricoles." Rennes, ENSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NSARD035.
Повний текст джерелаFritsch, Jean-Marie. "Les effets du défrichement de la forêt amazonienne et de la mise en culture sur l'hydrologie de petits bassins versants : opération ECEREX en Guyane française." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20242.
Повний текст джерелаPayrastre, Olivier Renaud. "Faisabilité et utilité du recueil de données historiques pour l'étude des crues extrêmes de petits cours d'eau : étude du cas de quatre bassins versants affluents de l'Aude." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENPC0033.
Повний текст джерелаPayrastre, Olivier. "Faisabilité et utilité du recueil de données historiques pour l'étude des crues extrêmes de petits cours d'eau - Etude du cas de quatre bassins versants affluents de l'Aude." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001792.
Повний текст джерелаPophillat, William. "Conséquences d’une systématisation des pratiques d’infiltration à la parcelle des pluies courantes à l’échelle de petits bassins versants urbains et péri-urbains – Apports de la modélisation intégrée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022GRALU012.
Повний текст джерелаSource-control infiltration practices are widely promoted by public authorities. However, the consequences of a systematization of these methods at the neighborhood or city scale remain poorly known, especially with regard to the underground compartment. In addition to the question of the possible pollution of groundwater by urban runoff, various studies demonstrate the risk of introducing an excessive recharge of aquifers or highlight the strong uncertainties regarding the proportion of infiltrated volumes that actually contributes to groundwater recharge and to base flows or that finally returns to the sewerage system by groundwater seepage into the pipes. However, the small number of studies and the site-specific nature of the applications limit the understanding of the mechanisms involved and of the influence of the natural and urban context.This thesis aims at specifying the potential effects of a systematization of stormwater source-control practices on the hydrological functioning of small urbanized watersheds and the factors governing these effects (characteristics of the climatic, hydrogeological and land use context and of the implemented infiltration strategy). It also aims to provide insights into the contributions and limitations of distributed hydrological models for the evaluation of infiltration strategies at the neighborhood or small watershed scale.The response to these objectives is based on the use of the URBS model which allows continuous and distributed simulation of the hydrological functioning of urbanized areas. The underground compartment depiction has been enriched and consolidated to more finely simulate unsaturated and saturated flows and to model a wider variety of soils, aquifers and underground structures.The hydrological functioning of a set of hypothetical watersheds is modeled varying the characteristics of the climatic and hydrogeological context, the land use and the infiltration strategy. Results confirm the benefits of infiltration systems for runoff control and highlight their limitations in restoring the other components of the water balance, especially the evapotranspiration flow. As a consequence, infiltration devices increase groundwater recharge, which can lead to a rise in the water table, generating complex interactions between infiltrated volumes, water table, vegetation and underground structures, especially in the presence of a shallow water table and a low-transmissive aquifer. Besides the hydrogeological context, the climate (e.g. distribution of precipitation and evaporative demand) and the characteristics of the land use (e.g. density) and subsoil (e.g. type and distribution of subsurface structures) are determinant in the ability to recover a pre-development hydrological functioning. Results suggest that source-control infiltration strategies should be locally defined according to the specificities of the context and considered in combination with a control of imperviousness and/or other types of devices (e.g. green roofs).The simulation of the hydrological functioning of a partially urbanized watershed located in the Paris region highlights the relevance of such a tool to study the hydrological functioning of urbanized environments, but also its limitations for operational purposes. This application illustrates the high uncertainty linked to the lack of knowledge of the subsurface compartment composition and to identify ways to improve the model, especially regarding the description of transpiration
Temple-Boyer, Elise. "Aménagement et ménagement du paysage dans la Dorsale Tunisienne : Évolution, représentation et gestion de la conservation des eaux et des sols à l'échelle de trois petits bassins-versants." Phd thesis, Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00174543/en/.
Повний текст джерелаL'intérêt n'est pas d'étudier l'érosion en tant que telle, mais les populations face à ces phénomènes. Or, si l'érosion se pose bien à l'échelle régionale, et si les politiques d'aménagement de conservation se conçoivent effectivement à cette échelle, les solutions, elles, ne peuvent être recherchées qu'à l'échelle du paysage, cadre de vie des populations. Est alors analysé le lien entre les perceptions qu'ont les scientifiques et les paysans de ces paysages et de ces milieux, afin de voir si les actions d'aménagements proposées sont susceptibles d'être comprises et reproduites par les habitants.
A travers un réseau de petits bassins-versants, suivi par l'IRD et la DG/ACTA, a été développée une approche paysagère fondée sur la segmentation du paysage. A cette analyse du paysage, s'ajoute une recherche sur la représentation et la perception des milieux par les acteurs locaux et étatiques afin de mieux cerner l'intégration ou non des aménagements dans leur cadre de vie.
Mathys, Nicolle. "Analyse et modélisation à différentes échelles des mécanismes d'érosion et de transport de matériaux solides : cas des petits bassins versants de montagne sur marne (Draix, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0151.
Повний текст джерелаThe research aims at the determination of the hydrological and erosional response of a small mountain catch ment to a rainfall event. It leans on the data and observations from the Draix field laboratory. The work analyse the processes and factors that control the response and discuss their relative importance. Several spatial scales are investigated : the plot scale, the slope gully scale, the small basin scale. Through the statistical analysis of the data (1985-2003), the high non-linearity of the responses is pointed out. Specifie field work (rainfall simulations, measurements under natural rainfall events, field surveys of the channel network) allows the interpretation of the response in term of erosion and sediment transport processes. A first attempt of modelling with the ETC model (Erosion des torrents en crue) developed by Cemagref, is conducted to test the model ability to reproduce the spatial and temporal patterns of the erosion response observed in the field work
Party, Jean-Paul. "Acidification des sols et des eaux de surface des ecosystemes forestiers francais : facteurs, mecanismes et tendances taux d'alteration sur petits bassins-versants silicates : application au calcul des charges critiques d'acidite." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR13121.
Повний текст джерелаAcou, Anthony. "Bases biologiques d'un modèle pour estimer la biomasse féconde de l'anguille européenne en fonction des recrues fluviales et du contexte de croissance : approche comparative à l'échelle de petits bassins versants." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S078.
Повний текст джерелаCrest, Yannick. "Quantification de la dénudation glaciaire et postglaciaire dans l'orogène pyrénéen : bilans comparés parmi des cirques et des petits bassins versants en contexte climatique océanique et méditerranéen à l'aide des nucléides cosmogéniques produits in-situ et de mesures topométriques sous SIG." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0028/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Pyrenees form a mid-latitude, intermediate altitude mountain range displaying weak tectonic activity and a westward gradient of increasing topographic inheritance from the work of Pleistocene glaciers. This thesis aims to characterize and to quantify the influence of the glacial and non-glacial erosive processes on the most elevated areas of the mountain range, during the last climatic cycle (~100 ka), according to an E-W transect from the Carlit to the Maladeta, via the Ariège. The Holocene tills volumes (Maladeta) were quantified from DEM- and GIS-derived measurements, while the lowering of the glaciated and unglaciated surfaces was determined from cosmogenic nuclides (CN). Denudation was measured through TCN concentrations in alluvial sediment in elevated catchments. Würmian denudation on supraglacial ridges (10–25 mm/ka) was slower than on cirque floors (30–40 mm/ka), thereby resulting in an increase in topographic relief. Denudation of the cirques floor increases during post-Würm spatially limited glaciations (20-400 mm/ka). Small Holocene glaciers erosion in the Maladeta is 180-700 mm/ka even > 1 m/ka. These rates are noteworthy higher than bedrock and regolith plateau weathering (2.60 mm/ka and 20-40 mm/ka, respectively). Postglacial catchments denudation (25-450 mm/ka) linearly increases with mean slope (r = 0.83) and then with the Pleistocene glacial inheritance of the landscape. Results confirm the atonic tectonic activity of the Pyrenees and show the influence of the glaciers and fragile meta-sedimentary lithologies on the Holocene denudation
Maloku, Kaltrina. "Génération de séries temporelles infra-journalières de précipitations surfaciques moyennes partout en Suisse en combinant un générateur stochastique de précipitations journalières et une cascade aléatoire multiplicative." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU023.
Повний текст джерелаContinuous hydro-meteorological simulation is a powerful approach for generating the long-time series of river discharge required for flood risk analysis. This approach requires long precipitation time series as inputs, which can be generated by a stochastic weather generator (WGEN). For small catchments (10 - 1,000 km²), where a lumped hydrological model is relevant and the hydrological response can be rapid, sub-daily mean areal precipitation (MAP) scenarios are required.To answer these objectives, this PhD thesis investigates the potential of a hybrid sub-daily WGEN consisting of two stochastic models for that purpose. The first model, GWEX, is dedicated to generating daily time series. It models precipitation occurrences with a Markov chain and precipitation amounts with a heavy-tailed distribution adapted to extreme events. The second model disaggregates the daily scenarios to hourly resolution.In this PhD, we propose a new disaggregation model based on the microcanonical multiplicative random cascade (MRC) approach, where the properties of the cascade generator depend continuously on the temporal scale, the precipitation intensity, and a so-called precipitation asymmetry index, introduced to account for the temporal pattern of the local precipitation sequence. We compare this MRC model with previous versions based on a similar approach. The performance of the models is assessed by disaggregating daily observations from 81 rain gauge stations across Switzerland. The overall performance of this MRC model is very satisfactory at different temporal resolutions. Accounting for precipitation asymmetry significantly improves the reproduction of autocorrelation, which previous models based on this approach have struggled with.We evaluate the performance of the hybrid WGEN to generate mean areal precipitation (MAP) time series for different spatial scales ranging from 10 to 1,000 km². The parameters of GWEX and MRC are estimated on the observed MAP time series extracted from CombiPrecip, an hourly gridded precipitation product of MeteoSwiss based on radar and rain gauge measurements with a spatial resolution of 1 km². The performance of the model is tested for an ensemble of locations and spatial scales in Switzerland by generating long precipitation scenarios and comparing their statistics with the observed ones. The results show a satisfactory performance of the model for different spatial and temporal scales.Finally, we compare different approaches for obtaining the parameters of the sub-daily WGEN over Switzerland. Initially, different mapping models based on kriging and thin plate splines are considered for interpolation of the at-site parameter estimates obtained from the rain gauge data. The mapping models give very accurate results. Then, the possibility of estimating parameters from CombiPrecip data is investigated. Multiple and long scenarios are generated for an ensemble of locations and different precipitation characteristics are estimated on the scenarios to compare both approaches. Both approaches are generally equivalent, although some differences can be observed with marked seasonal and regional variations.The hybrid model shows satisfactory performance in different evaluation contexts. It is parsimonious and parameters can be robustly estimated, leading to a strong spatial and seasonal coherence. The model is easy to implement with fast estimation and simulation procedures, facilitating end-user applications
Chevallier, Pierre Rodier Jean André. "Complexité hydrologique du petit bassin versant : exemple en savane humide, Booro-Borotou, Côte-d'Ivoire /." Bondy : Ed. de l'ORSTOM, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35076030w.
Повний текст джерелаBéhaegel, Mickaël. "Hydrogéophysique à l'échelle du petit bassin versant de La Soutte." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/BEHAEGEL_Mickael_2006.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis concerns the hydrogeophysical study of a small water catchment called La Soutte through different geophysical prospecting methods and methodological developments concerning hydrogeophysical monitoring (i. E. , the time monitoring of physical parameters and properties related to underground flows). Streaming potential monitoring over a period of two years shows strong potential variations which are however difficult to interpret in term of flows dynamic. The continuous measurement of underground temperature variations allowed to characterize variations of soil water content and to characterize the maximal vadose zone thickness equal to 15 cm. Finally, resistivity tomography was used to characterize the transport of a salt plume in the ground (20 cm/day) in a saturated zone of the site. An Archie's law calibrated by in situ measurements allows to calculate salt concentrations that are comparable to those obtained by hydraulic (diffusive-advective) modelling of salt migration
Béhaegel, Mickaël Marquis Guy. "Hydrogéophysique à l'échelle du petit bassin versant de La Soutte." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/769/01/BEHAEGEL2006.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMansour, Rana. "Anthropisation d'un petit bassin versant sahélien : influence sur l'infiltration et le ruissellement." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20185.
Повний текст джерелаCharlier, Jean-Baptiste. "Fonctionnement et modélisation hydrologique d'un petit bassin versant cultivé en milieu volcanique tropical." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00279097.
Повний текст джерелаL'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser le fonctionnement hydrologique d'un petit bassin versant volcanique en climat tropical, dans un contexte cultivé principalement en banane. Le site d'étude est le bassin de Féfé (17,8 ha), sur l'île de la Basse-Terre en Guadeloupe, qui a été instrumenté entre 2003 et 2006. Deux approches complémentaires ont été utilisées.
Premièrement, l'approche expérimentale combinant géologie, hydrologie, hydrogéologie et traçage (pesticide) a permis de caractériser la structure, le bilan et les processus hydrologiques d'un petit bassin versant. Un schéma de fonctionnement global a été établi avec comme caractéristiques principales des flux hydriques élevés (pluie annuelle > 4 000 mm), une importante recharge des nappes (60 % de la pluie efficace annuelle), et une prédominance du ruissellement hortonien. Un modèle global à réservoirs basé sur ce schéma conceptuel a permis de reproduire correctement les flux de surface et souterrains. Ces études nous ont permis d'identifier les principaux mécanismes de contamination des sols et des eaux de surface et de nappes par un nématicide utilisé en bananeraies (le cadusafos).
Deuxièmement, l'approche de modélisation à l'aide du modèle distribué MHYDAS, a permis de rendre compte de l'incidence de l'occupation du sol et du réseau de fossés sur la genèse des crues. Cette approche intègre les spécificités du milieu cultivé tropical que sont la redistribution de la pluie par la plante (stemflow du bananier) et les échanges nappe-fossé. L'application du modèle aux échelles de la parcelle, du sous-bassin et du bassin versant, a permis de mieux caractériser les variabilités spatiale et temporelle des processus hydrologiques.
Ces deux approches constituent une voie pertinente pour évaluer l'impact environnemental des épandages agricoles, caractériser les changements d'échelle, et tester l'impact de l'occupation du sol.
Charlier, Jean-Baptiste. "Fonctionnement et modélisation hydrologique d’un petit bassin versant cultivé en milieu volcanique tropical." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20220.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study was to characterize the hydrological behaviour of a small cultivated catchment in a tropical volcanic region. The Féfé catchment (17. 8 ha), mainly planted with banana in the island of Basse-Terre in Guadeloupe (FWI), was studied between 2003 and 2006. An integrated experimental approach including geological, hydrological, hydrogeological and tracer experiments allowed the establishment of a behaviour scheme. A spatial modelling approach at the plot and catchment scales that takes into account specific features of cultivated areas as rainfall redistribution by plant (stemflow of the banana tree) and stream-groundwater interactions, allowed the characterization of the hydrological processes variability. The results indicate that despite the abundant rainfall volume and the high rainfall intensities, the heterogeneous and permeable volcanic framework promote underground flow paths. Land-use and ditch networks are key features for runoff generation
Jordan-Meille, Lionel. "Modes de transfert du phosphore d'origine diffuse dans un petit bassin versant rural lémanique /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1998. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=1775.
Повний текст джерелаChevallier, Pierre. "Complexité hydrologique du petit bassin versant : exemple en savane humide, Booro-Borotou (Côte-d'Ivoire)." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20221.
Повний текст джерелаChevallier, Pierre. "Complexité hydrologique du petit bassin versant exemple en savane humide : Booro-Borotou, Côte d'Ivoire /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612719d.
Повний текст джерелаFerrant, Sylvain. "Modélisation agro-hydrologique des transferts de nitrates à l'échelle des bassins versants agricoles gascons." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/779/.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work aimed to assess nitrogen trasfer and transformation in stream of agricultural catchment of Gascogne region, in order to evaluate agricultural practices change to decrease nitrate river contamination. A continuous in situ sampling protocol was used at the outlet of the small agricultural catchment in Auradé (3. 3 km2 in Gers district, South-West of France) to measure the fine temporal variation of nitrate concentration. Infra-daily high variations of concentrations have been observed during flood events, the high concentrations explain a significative part of annual nitrogen loads during these hydrological events. The spatially, physically based modelling approach of the Auradé catchment has then been used to evaluate water and nitrogen balance at the small catchment scale. Two catchment models have been chosen : TNT2, whitch is fully distributed and developped for small catchment with shallow groundwater, and SWAT, semi-distributed and developped for larger catchment. The use of both models permits to : - show that both of them failed to simulate accurately the daily nitrogen losses intensity in river observed during flood events, even if modelling approach of SWAT is more adapted to simulate processes involved - simulate a same global water and nitrogen balance with opposing simulated processes - show the main influence of mineralisation and denitrification dynamic simulated to conclued on ability of models to represent reality. TNT2 has been evaluated to be more adapted to simulate agricultural changes designed or already implemented in Auradé catchment. Results of this virtual experimentation show that agricultural changes already implemented would have decresed for 16% the annual nitrogen losses, and that if catch crop had been implemented, nitrogen losses would have decrease of 18% more. SWAT has after been calibrated at the larger scale of the Save catchment of 1110km2 whitch include Auradé catchment. The global parametrisation has been modified for the agro-pedological context of Auradé catchment, context area whitch represent 25% of the total Save catchment area. Major hydrological parameters calibrated on Auradé catchment has been used for calibrating this area. The increase of discharge prediction quality is significative and show the contribution of these areas to daily discharge at the Save catchment outletduring some rainy events. Predictions of water and nitrogen concentration may be improved in taking land cover spatialisation into account