Статті в журналах: "Pesticides sensing"

1

Kashem, Md Abul, Kazuki Kimoto, Yasunori Iribe, and Masayasu Suzuki. "Development of Microalgae Biosensor Chip by Incorporating Microarray Oxygen Sensor for Pesticides Sensing." Biosensors 9, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9040133.

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A microalgae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) biosensor chip for pesticide sensing has been developed by attaching the immobilized microalgae biofilm pon the microarray dye spots (size 100 μm and pitch 200 μm). The dye spots (ruthenium complex) were printed upon SO3-modified glass slides using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp and a microcontact printer (μCP). Emitted fluorescence intensity (FI) variance due to photosynthetic activity (O2 production) of microalgae was monitored by an inverted fluorescent microscope and inhibition of the oxygen generation rate was calculated based on the FI responses both before and after injection of pesticide sample. The calibration curves, as the inhibition of oxygen generation rate (%) due to photosynthetic activity inhibition by the pesticides, depicted that among the 6 tested pesticides, the biosensor showed good sensitivity for 4 pesticides (diuron, simetryn, simazine, and atrazine) but was insensitive for mefenacet and pendimethalin. The detection limits were 1 ppb for diuron and 10 ppb for simetryn, simazine, and atrazine. The simple and low-cost nature of sensing of the developed biosensor sensor chip has apparently created opportunities for regular water quality monitoring, where pesticides are an important concern.

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2

Nansen, Christian, Rachel Purington, and Machiko Murdock. "Using Advanced Optical Sensing to Quantify Phytotoxicity in Ornamental Plants." HortTechnology 31, no. 4 (August 2021): 532–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04866-21.

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Ornamental crop production systems face low tolerance of aesthetic crop damage by consumers and during exports by quarantine inspection entities. Consequently, development and testing of pesticide applications on ornamental crops involve two equally important assessments: 1) demonstrate the ability of pesticides to suppress target pest populations significantly and 2) minimize risks of applied pesticides causing phytotoxicity of leaves, shoots, and flowers. To maximize the accuracy and repeatability of phytotoxicity assessments, it is paramount that methods of detection and diagnosis that are rapid, repeatable, and quantitative be developed and promoted. We performed visual phytotoxicity inspection of three ornamental plants [zinnia (Zinnia elegans), marigold (Tagetes patula), and gerbera (Gerbera sp.)] to a numbered compound applied at three doses. The same plants were also subjected to optical (remote) sensing and classified as having either no or low phytotoxicity response. Although results from visual inspections suggested very low levels of phytotoxicity, 32 of 40 plants (80%) were classified correctly based on optical sensing. Importantly, classified plants showed no significant morphometric differences. We provide proof-of-concept results that optical sensing may be used to detect accurately even highly subtle stress responses by ornamental plants to high doses of foliar pesticides.

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3

Skotadis, Evangelos, Aris Kanaris, Evangelos Aslanidis, Nikos Kalatzis, Fotis Chatzipapadopoulos, Nikolaos Marianos, and Dimitris Tsoukalas. "Identification of Two Commercial Pesticides by a Nanoparticle Gas-Sensing Array." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 5803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175803.

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This study presents the experimental testing of a gas-sensing array, for the detection of two commercially available pesticides (i.e., Chloract 48 EC and Nimrod), towards its eventual use along a commercial smart-farming system. The array is comprised of four distinctive sensing devices based on nanoparticles, each functionalized with a different gas-absorbing polymeric layer. As discussed herein, the sensing array is able to identify as well as quantify three gas-analytes, two pesticide solutions, and relative humidity, which acts as a reference analyte. All of the evaluation experiments were conducted in close to real-life conditions; specifically, the sensors response towards the three analytes was tested in three relative humidity backgrounds while the effect of temperature was also considered. The unique response patterns generated after the exposure of the sensing-array to the two gas-analytes were analyzed using the common statistical analysis tool Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The sensing array, being compact, low-cost, and highly sensitive, can be easily integrated with pre-existing crop-monitoring solutions. Given that there are limited reports for effective pesticide gas-sensing solutions, the proposed gas-sensing technology would significantly upgrade the added-value of the integrated system, providing it with unique advantages.

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4

Zhu, Hengjia, Peng Liu, Lizhang Xu, Xin Li, Panwang Hu, Bangxiang Liu, Jianming Pan, Fu Yang, and Xiangheng Niu. "Nanozyme-Participated Biosensing of Pesticides and Cholinesterases: A Critical Review." Biosensors 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11100382.

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To improve the output and quality of agricultural products, pesticides are globally utilized as an efficient tool to protect crops from insects. However, given that most pesticides used are difficult to decompose, they inevitably remain in agricultural products and are further enriched into food chains and ecosystems, posing great threats to human health and the environment. Thus, developing efficient methods and tools to monitor pesticide residues and related biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase and butylcholinesterase) became quite significant. With the advantages of excellent stability, tailorable catalytic performance, low cost, and easy mass production, nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties (nanozymes) are extensively utilized in fields ranging from biomedicine to environmental remediation. Especially, with the catalytic nature to offer amplified signals for highly sensitive detection, nanozymes were finding potential applications in the sensing of various analytes, including pesticides and their biomarkers. To highlight the progress in this field, here the sensing principles of pesticides and cholinesterases based on nanozyme catalysis are definitively summarized, and emerging detection methods and technologies with the participation of nanozymes are critically discussed. Importantly, typical examples are introduced to reveal the promising use of nanozymes. Also, some challenges in the field and future trends are proposed, with the hope of inspiring more efforts to advance nanozyme-involved sensors for pesticides and cholinesterases.

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5

Erbahar, Dilek D., Mika Harbeck, Ilke Gürol, Gülay Gümüş, Emel Musluoǧlu, Zafer Z. Öztürk, and Vefa Ahsen. "Zinc phthalocyanines with fluorinated substituents for direct sensing of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides in water." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 17, no. 10 (September 9, 2013): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842461350065x.

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Water pollution by pesticides as the result of intensive agriculture and horticulture has brought many negative consequences to humans and ecosystems. Among others, chemical sensor systems are under intense development for direct pesticide analysis in aqueous samples as a cost effective and simple alternative analytical method. In this work, a set of zinc phthalocyanines is studied in its liquid sensing properties using quartz crystal microbalances. Four different species selected from the two most common organophosphorus and carbamate classes of pesticides are used as test analytes. The phthalocyanines are chemically modified with different fluorinated substituents to increase sensor sensitivity and govern pesticide selectivity in order to create sensors with widely diverging analyte responses. By this means, sensors with a general high sensitivity and selectivity for the two pesticide classes were obtained and detection limits down to 0.03 mg.L-1 could be achieved. The response data of the sensors are analyzed in detail using exploratory multivariate data evaluation methods. The results show that phthalocyanine based sensors are a truly capable platform for chemical analysis systems of aqueous samples.

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6

Aragay, Gemma, Flavio Pino, and Arben Merkoçi. "Nanomaterials for Sensing and Destroying Pesticides." Chemical Reviews 112, no. 10 (August 16, 2012): 5317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr300020c.

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7

Swain, Nibedita, Isha Soni, Pankaj Kumar, and Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash. "Electrochemical Reduction and Voltammetric Sensing of Lindane at the Carbon (Glassy and Pencil) Electrodes." Electrochem 3, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020017.

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In the agricultural field, pesticides are used tremendously to shield our crops from insects, weeds, and diseases. Only a small percentage of pesticides employed reach their intended target, and the remainder passes through the soil, contaminating ground and surface-water supplies, damaging the crop fields, and ultimately harming the crop, including humans and other creatures. Alternative approaches for pesticide measurement have recently received a lot of attention, thanks to the growing interest in the on-site detection of analytes using electrochemical techniques that can replace standard chromatographic procedures. Among all organochlorine pesticides such as gamma-lindane are hazardous, toxic, and omnipresent contaminants in the environment. Here, in this review, we summarize the different ways of the gamma-lindane detection, performing the electrochemical techniques viz cyclic, differential, square wave voltammetry, and amperometry using various bare and surface-modified glassy carbon and pencil carbon electrodes. The analytical performances are reported as the limit of detection 18.8 nM (GCE–AONP–PANI–SWCNT), 37,000 nM (GCE), 38.1 nM (Bare HBPE), 21.3 nM (Nyl-MHBPE); percentage recovery is 103%.

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8

Pundir, C. S., Ashish Malik, and Preety. "Bio-sensing of organophosphorus pesticides: A review." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 140 (September 2019): 111348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111348.

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9

Yan, Zihan, Xiaoming Song, Yuhui Wu, Cuiping Gao, Yunlong Wang, and Yuesuo Yang. "Fingerprinting Organochlorine Groundwater Plumes Based on Non-Invasive ERT Technology at a Chemical Plant." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062816.

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The refined characterization of groundwater pollution is an important prerequisite for efficient and effective remediation. A high-resolution survey of a contaminated site in a chemical pesticide factory was carried out using non-invasive geophysical sensing technology. Modern electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technology can rapidly identify and characterize the groundwater pollution plumes of organochlorine pesticides, which was demonstrated in this study by the significantly abnormal resistivity sensing in stratums and aquifers under the raw material tanks, production, and loading areas. The results were found to be highly consistent with the ERT sensing results achieved via incorporating borehole sampling and hydrochemical analysis. With high abnormal resistivity, the range of contamination within the profile was characterized on the meter level. We also unexpectedly found new pollution and explained its source. This study confirmed that the modern refined ERT method has a high feasibility and accuracy in characterizing the spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticide plumes in groundwater.

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10

Poudyal, Durgasha, Vikram Narayanan Dhamu, Sriram Muthukumar, and Shalini Prasad. "Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection of Pesticides and GMO Protein in Food Matrices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 61 (October 9, 2022): 2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02612241mtgabs.

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The growing technology and development in the agriculture industry has led to the introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) crops having which have high resistance to insecticides, thus there is a tremendous rise in the use of the pesticides/insecticide worldwide. The underlying concern is about the possible health issue related to their residues in the daily dietary intake viz sources such as water, fruits, vegetables and grains. Therefore, various regulatory bodies have set the maximum residue limits for safe use of these pesticides or insecticides in agriculture land. Secondly, regardless of the rising debate or controversies about the GMO’s among society and producer, their cultivation is constantly increasing. As the impact of cultivating these crops on human health are under study, more than 50 countries have mandated the labelling of these GMO’s proteins to ensure the right to information to the consumers. Although these pesticides/insecticides and GMO’s can be detected precisely using gold standard analytical methods in the food matrix, but these methods require an expert to handle, and stringent sample pre-processing steps. Thus, there is a high demand for the portable, on-field device which can be used at the consumer levels requiring no pre-sample processing steps. In our work, we explore the use of the electrochemical assay method to detect the pesticides such as Chlorpyrifos, Glyphosate and GMO proteins in high fat and low-fat food matrices. The assay-based electrochemical multiplex sensor has been developed by modifying the screen-printed Au-electrode/carbon electrode substrate with the respective antibody at optimized concentrations. The real low-fat and high-fat sample matrices has been prepared by simply blending the mix using home blender. The real sample matrix spiked with the pesticides /GMO protein were tested for calibrated dose response from 0.3 ng/mL- 243 ng/mL, and the limit of detection of less than < 10 ng/mL were observed using this developed electrochemical portable device method. Such portable electrochemical device approach could be a promising on-field sensing tool for the pesticide and GMO protein detection. Figure 1

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Radogna, Antonio Vincenzo, Maria Elena Latino, Marta Menegoli, Carmela Tania Prontera, Gabriele Morgante, Diamantea Mongelli, Lucia Giampetruzzi, Angelo Corallo, Andrea Bondavalli, and Luca Francioso. "A Monitoring Framework with Integrated Sensing Technologies for Enhanced Food Safety and Traceability." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 6509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176509.

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A novel and low-cost framework for food traceability, composed by commercial and proprietary sensing devices, for the remote monitoring of air, water, soil parameters and herbicide contamination during the farming process, has been developed and verified in real crop environments. It offers an integrated approach to food traceability with embedded systems supervision, approaching the problem to testify the quality of the food product. Moreover, it fills the gap of missing low-cost systems for monitoring cropping environments and pesticides contamination, satisfying the wide interest of regulatory agencies and final customers for a sustainable farming. The novelty of the proposed monitoring framework lies in the realization and the adoption of a fully automated prototype for in situ glyphosate detection. This device consists of a custom-made and automated fluidic system which, leveraging on the Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) sensing technology, permits to detect unwanted glyphosate contamination. The custom electronic mainboard, called ElectroSense, exhibits both the potentiostatic read-out of the sensor and the fluidic control to accomplish continuous unattended measurements. The complementary monitored parameters from commercial sensing devices are: temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, volumetric water content, electrical conductivity of the soil, pH of the irrigation water, total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and equivalent CO2. The framework has been validated during the olive farming activity in an Italian company, proving its efficacy for food traceability. Finally, the system has been adopted in a different crop field where pesticides treatments are practiced. This has been done in order to prove its capability to perform first level detection of pesticide treatments. Good correlation results between chemical sensors signals and pesticides treatments are highlighted.

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12

Tang, Jing, Xuehui Ma, Jie Yang, Dou-Dou Feng, and Xiao-Qing Wang. "Recent advances in metal–organic frameworks for pesticide detection and adsorption." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 41 (2020): 14361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02623a.

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13

İpek, Yeliz, M. Kasım Şener, and Atıf Koca. "Electrochemical pesticide sensor based on Langmuir–Blodgett film of cobalt phthalocyanine-anthraquinone hybrid." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 05 (May 2015): 708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424615500182.

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A cathode active and selective pesticide electrochemical sensor based on Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of cobalt phthalocyanine-anthraquinone hybrid (CoPc-AQ) was constructed for the first time in this study. Cobalt-based, Pc ring-based, and anthraquinone-based reduction processes of CoPc-AQ indicated suitability of the complex as a possible electrochemical catalyst and sensor for detection of target species. LB film of CoPc-AQ on ITO (ITO/CoPc-AQ electrode) was titrated with eserine and carbofuran pesticides and interaction of the electrode with these pesticides was tested with square wave voltammetry (SWV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and double potential step chronocoulometry (DPSCC) techniques. ITO/CoPc-AQ electrode selectively sensed carbofuran and eserine pesticides. While ITO/CoPc-AQ electrode senses carbofuran with the voltammetric responses recorded at anodic potentials (1.20 V), eserine sensing affected antraquinone based reduction peaks recorded at cathodic potentials (-0.80 V). Modification of ITO/CoPc-AQ electrode with nano-platinum and nano-gold particles (ITO/CoPc-AQ-n Pt and ITO/CoPc-AQ-n Au ) increased the sensitivity of the electrode. All basic sensor parameters of modified electrodes were derived with different measurement techniques and compared with each other. The lowest detection limit (2.30 × 10-9 M) was recorded with EIS techniques on ITO/CoPc-AQ-n Pt electrode for sensing of eserine.

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14

Capoferri, Denise, Flavio Della Pelle, Michele Del Carlo, and Dario Compagnone. "Affinity Sensing Strategies for the Detection of Pesticides in Food." Foods 7, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods7090148.

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This is a review of recent affinity-based approaches that detect pesticides in food. The importance of the quantification and monitoring of pesticides is firstly discussed, followed by a description of the different approaches reported in the literature. The different sensing approaches are reported according to the different recognition element used: antibodies, aptamers, or molecularly imprinted polymers. Schemes of detection and the main features of the assays are reported and commented upon. The large number of affinity sensors recently developed and tested on real samples demonstrate that this approach is ready to be validated to monitor the amount of pesticides used in food commodities.

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15

He, Jia-Rong, Jia-Wen Wei, Shi-Yi Chen, Na Li, Xiu-Di Zhong, and Yao-Qun Li. "Machine Learning-Assisted Synchronous Fluorescence Sensing Approach for Rapid and Simultaneous Quantification of Thiabendazole and Fuberidazole in Red Wine." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 9979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249979.

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Rapid analysis of components in complex matrices has always been a major challenge in constructing sensing methods, especially concerning time and cost. The detection of pesticide residues is an important task in food safety monitoring, which needs efficient methods. Here, we constructed a machine learning-assisted synchronous fluorescence sensing approach for the rapid and simultaneous quantitative detection of two important benzimidazole pesticides, thiabendazole (TBZ) and fuberidazole (FBZ), in red wine. First, fluorescence spectra data were collected using a second derivative constant-energy synchronous fluorescence sensor. Next, we established a prediction model through the machine learning approach. With this approach, the recovery rate of TBZ and FBZ detection of pesticide residues in red wine was 101% ± 5% and 101% ± 15%, respectively, without resorting complicated pretreatment procedures. This work provides a new way for the combination of machine learning and fluorescence techniques to solve the complexity in multi-component analysis in practical applications.

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16

Cui, Zijian, Yue Wang, Xiang Zhang, Yongqiang Zhu, and Dachi Zhang. "All-silicon terahertz metamaterials absorber and pesticides sensing." Terahertz Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (June 2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tst/2021142031.

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Perfect absorption based on metamaterials at terahertz frequencies range has attracted a great deal of interest in the field of sensing, imaging, bolometers and stealth technology. This review is focused on presenting several recently developed absorbers based on all-silicon metamaterials, such as single-band, dual-band, multi-band and broadband absorbers. The partial physical mechanisms and optical tunability corresponding to the absorption are also reported. Furthermore, the presented absorbers can be used to detect the concentration of trace pesticides, and a good linear regression coefficient was obtained between the absorption amplitude and the concentration. Notably, the presented all-silicon metamaterials perfect absorbers are compatible with COMS processing which is beneficial to promote the development of terahertz functional devices.

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17

Viswanathan, S., and P. Manisankar. "Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sensing and Decontamination of Pesticides." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 6914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.10724.

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18

Lazarević-Pašti, Tamara. "Carbon Materials for Organophosphate Pesticide Sensing." Chemosensors 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020093.

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Organophosphates are mainly used as pesticides to protect crops from pests. Because organophosphate pesticides’ use has expanded dramatically worldwide, accurate monitoring of their concentrations in the environment and food has become of utmost importance. Once considered acutely toxic due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition, nowadays organophosphates are classified as extremely dangerous compounds, with a broad spectrum of toxicity types, by the World Health Organization. Having in mind their extensive use and diverse harmful effects, it is necessary to develop easy, rapid, and highly sensitive methods for organophosphate detection. Regardless of numerous conventional techniques for organophosphate detection, the construction of portable sensors is required to make routine analysis possible. Extensive literature on the different sensors for organophosphate detection is available. Many of them rely on the use of various carbon materials. There are many classes of carbon materials used in sensing element construction, as well as supporting materials. This review focuses on electrochemical and optical sensors based on carbon materials. Special attention is paid to the selectivity, sensitivity, stability, and reusability of reviewed sensors.

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19

Liu, Zishan, Liang Dong, Feifeng Li, Changjun Hou, Kun He, and Danqun Huo. "Determination of the binding mechanism of cobalt(II) meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin with plant-esterase." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2021-0004.

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Abstract Plant-esterase (EC 3.1.1.X) has received much attention because plant esterase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) share a similar sensitivity towards organophosphorus (OP) pesticides detection with the same inhibition mechanism. To improve the analytical performance, tetraphenyl metal porphyrin, as an indicator was introduced to combine with plant-esterase. The time of reach equilibrium in PBS solution was shortened after adding plant-esterase by assaying the intensify change of the porphyrin spectrum. Meanwhile, intensify of porphyrin spectrum with plant-esterase was increased compared with that of only the porphyrin spectrum in solution. Tetraphenyl metal porphyrin, such as cobalt(II) meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin, is a mixed reversible inhibitor of plant-esterase from kinetic parameters. The combination ratio of plant-esterase and porphyrin is 2:1. On the other hand, the interaction between CoTPPCl and plant-esterase is the strongest among all tested tetraphenyl metal porphyrin. And the mixed system (CoTPPCl-plant-esterase) showed the best sensitivity towards the tested pesticide. All these results indicated that a complex system composed of tetraphenyl metal porphyrin and plant-esterase was fit for detecting pesticides. They make meaningful guidance on the further design of sensing material in monitoring pesticides.

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20

Shandika, Rafli. "RANCANG BANGUN PENYEMPROT PESTISIDA UNTUK PERTANIAN PADI BERBASIS QUADCOPTER." RODA: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Teknologi Otomotif 2, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/roda.v2i1.30812.

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Quadcopter is the development of the helicopter it simply using the rotor. Quadcopter has more used the research objective which is into the agriculture field. Quadcopter can be used to conduct the land surveys, the remote sensing and other that present to be easly the agricultural activities for pest and fertilizer spraying. In the future, quadcopter will be feasible to utilize and develop efciently the technologies it can assisting the paddies farming. Hazardous pesticides do not expose into the skin directly, inhaled or the eyes. Accidents from the pesticides effect it by doing the farmers, and those used manual spray pumps. To minimize dissemination risks then this study designed the quadcopter remote control for spraying the pesticide liquids to the rice plants. the quadcopter type X with the dimension of 650 mm made by Tarot it used in this research. The quadcopter has moving with four propeller and the size of 13x5.5 inch that mounted on the brush motor of 700KV. The quadcopter has two stages for take off position it by flight mode of GPS hold to spray the pesticide liquid and automatic flight mode using the mission planning software. The pesticide dissemination using the quadcopter has produced the better spraying when conducted in three meter of elevation by nozzle holder rate of 75%.

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Badawy, Mohamed E. I., and Ahmed F. El-Aswad. "Bioactive Paper Sensor Based on the Acetylcholinesterase for the Rapid Detection of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/536823.

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In many countries, people are becoming more concerned about pesticide residues which are present in or on food and feed products. For this reason, several methods have been developed to monitor the pesticide residue levels in food samples. In this study, a bioactive paper-based sensor was developed for detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors including organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Based on the Ellman colorimetric assay, the assay strip is composed of a paper support (1×10 cm), onto which a biopolymer chitosan gel immobilized in crosslinking by glutaraldehyde with AChE and 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) and uses acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI) as an outside reagent. The assay protocol involves introducing the sample to sensing zone via dipping of a pesticide-containing solution. Following an incubation period, the paper is placed into ATChI solution to initiate enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of the substrate, causing a yellow color change. The absence or decrease of the yellow color indicates the levels of the AChE inhibitors. The biosensor is able to detect organophosphate and carbamate pesticides with good detection limits (methomyl=6.16×10-4 mM andprofenofos=0.27 mM) and rapid response times (~5 min). The results show that the paper-based biosensor is rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, portable, disposable, and easy-to-use.

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Tseng, Wei-Bin, Ming-Mu Hsieh, Che-Hsie Chen, Tai-Chia Chiu, and Wei-Lung Tseng. "Functionalized gold nanoparticles for sensing of pesticides: A review." Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 28, no. 4 (December 2, 2020): 522–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.1092.

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Khatun, Mst Afroza, Md Anarul Hoque, Yong Zhang, Ting Lu, Li Cui, Ning-Yi Zhou, and Yan Feng. "Bacterial Consortium-Based Sensing System for Detecting Organophosphorus Pesticides." Analytical Chemistry 90, no. 17 (July 31, 2018): 10577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02709.

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Zhu, Jingyang, Xinru Yin, Weiyi Zhang, Meilian Chen, Dongsheng Feng, Yong Zhao, and Yongheng Zhu. "Simultaneous and Sensitive Detection of Three Pesticides Using a Functional Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-Coated Paper-Based Colorimetric Sensor." Biosensors 13, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030309.

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Chlorpyrifos (CHL), profenofos (PRO) and cypermethrin (CYP) are widely used in combination to increase crop yields. However, these three pesticides can cause serious harm to human health and do not easily degrade. In this study, a novel visible paper sensor has been prepared successfully and different colorimetric reactions were utilized to detect the three pesticides simultaneously. The sensor was constructed by grafting a zwitterionic polymer onto a cellulose filter (CF) and placing it on a glass surface modified with PDMS. The branch shape was designed to form multiple detection areas, which were modified with specific pesticides and corresponding chromogenic reagents. The as-prepared colorimetric platform exhibited high sensitivity, a short detection time, a good linear response and a low detection limit (LOD) for the three pesticides (chlorpyrifos: y = 46.801 − 1.939x, R2 = 0.983, LOD = 0.235 mg/L; profenofos: y = 40.068 + 42.5x, R2 = 0.988, LOD = 4.891 mg/L; cypermethrin: y = 51.993 + 1.474x, R2 = 0.993, LOD = 4.053 mg/L). The comparison of the results obtained by the proposed paper sensor and those obtained by spectrophotometry further revealed the stability and reliability of the paper sensor. In particular, the color intensity of the interaction between the pesticides and coloring agents could be directly observed by the human eye. The consistency of the colorimetric/optical assay was proven in real target pesticide samples. Thus, this sensing strategy provides a portable, cost-effective, accurate and visualized paper platform, which could be suitable for application in the fruit and vegetable industry for monitoring CHL, PRO and CYP in parallel.

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Llorent-Martínez, Eulogio J., Juan F. García-Reyes, Pilar Ortega-Barrales, and Antonio Molina-Díaz. "Flow-Through Fluorescence-Based Optosensor with On-Line Solid-Phase Separation for the Simultaneous Determination of a Ternary Pesticide Mixture." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 88, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.3.860.

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Abstract A rapid and selective method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 3 widely used pesticides, carbendazim (CBZ), carbofuran (CF), and benomyl (BNM). The method utilized a single continuous-flow, solid surface fluorometric multioptosensor implemented with a previous separation of the analytes on a minicolumn, placed just before the sensor, that was packed with the same solid support (C18 silica gel) as the flow-through cell. The separation was achieved because of the different kinetics of retention/elution of the pesticides on the solid support in the minicolumn, enabling the sequential arrival of the analytes at the sensing zone. With a single injection of the mixture, 2 of them were more strongly retained in the minicolumn (CF and BNM) while the other (CBZ) passed through the system towards the sensing material where it developed its fluorescence transitory signal. Then, CF and BNM were successively eluted from the solid support using 2 different eluting solutions, and they sequentially reached the sensing zone and developed their respective signals. A multiwavelength fluorescence detection mode was used, recording the signals of each pesticide at its maximum excitation/emission wavelength; therefore, the sensitivity was increased. The system was calibrated using a sample volume of 2000 μL. The linear dynamic range was 80–1400, 250–2400, and 150–2000 ng/mL with detection limits of 15, 68, and 35 ng/mL and relative standard deviation values of 3.5, 3.2, and 2.4% for CBZ, CF, and BNM, respectively. A recovery study was applied to spiked environmental water samples, and recoveries ranged from 96 to 104%.

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Chansi, Pragadeeshwara Rao R., Irani Mukherjee, Tinku Basu, and Lalit M. Bharadwaj. "Metal Organic Framework steered electrosynthesis of anisotropic gold nanorods for specific sensing of organophosphate pesticides in vegetables collected from the field." Nanoscale 12, no. 42 (2020): 21719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr04480f.

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27

Wang, Miao, Minmin Li, Jia Lu, Bei Fan, Yan He, Yatao Huang, and Fengzhong Wang. "“Off–On” fluorescent sensing of organophosphate pesticides using a carbon dot–Au(iii) complex." RSC Advances 8, no. 21 (2018): 11551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra13404e.

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28

Huang, Hui, Jiao Li, Mengxian Liu, Zizhun Wang, Bingdi Wang, Meini Li, and Yongxin Li. "pH-controlled fluorescence changes in a novel semiconducting polymer dot/pyrogallic acid system and a multifunctional sensing strategy for urea, urease, and pesticides." Analytical Methods 9, no. 47 (2017): 6669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay02284k.

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29

Mahmud, Md Sultan, Azlan Zahid, Long He, and Phillip Martin. "Opportunities and Possibilities of Developing an Advanced Precision Spraying System for Tree Fruits." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 8, 2021): 3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093262.

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Reducing risk from pesticide applications has been gaining serious attention in the last few decades due to the significant damage to human health, environment, and ecosystems. Pesticide applications are an essential part of current agriculture, enhancing cultivated crop productivity and quality and preventing losses of up to 45% of the world food supply. However, inappropriate and excessive use of pesticides is a major rising concern. Precision spraying addresses these concerns by precisely and efficiently applying pesticides to the target area and substantially reducing pesticide usage while maintaining efficacy at preventing crop losses. This review provides a systematic summary of current technologies used for precision spraying in tree fruits and highlights their potential, briefly discusses factors affecting spraying parameters, and concludes with possible solutions to reduce excessive agrochemical uses. We conclude there is a critical need for appropriate sensing techniques that can accurately detect the target. In addition, air jet velocity, travel speed, wind speed and direction, droplet size, and canopy characteristics need to be considered for successful droplet deposition by the spraying system. Assessment of terrain is important when field elevation has significant variability. Control of airflow during spraying is another important parameter that needs to be considered. Incorporation of these variables in precision spraying systems will optimize spray decisions and help reduce excessive agrochemical applications.

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30

Wen, Long, Ning Wang, Zhuoliang Liu, Cheng-an Tao, Xiaorong Zou, Fang Wang, and Jianfang Wang. "Acetylcholinesterase Immobilization on ZIF-8/Graphene Composite Engenders High Sensitivity Electrochemical Sensing for Organophosphorus Pesticides." Chemosensors 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100418.

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A sensitive and flexible detection method for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) detection is a crucial request to avoid their further expanded pollution. Herein, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) electrochemical sensor, based on the co-modification of ZIF-8 and graphene (GR), was constructed for the detection of OPs. ZIF-8/GR composite can provide a stable and biocompatible environment for the loading of AChE and can accelerate the chemical reaction on the electrode surface. After optimization, the linear detection range of the constructed AChE-CS/GR/ZIF-8/GCE sensor for ICP was 0.5–100 ng/mL (1.73–345.7 nM), and the limit of detection was 0.18 ng/mL (0.62 nM). Moreover, high sensitivity and high specificity of the sensor were also achieved in actual cabbage and tap water samples. Therefore, it has great potential for the application of organophosphorus pesticide residue analysis.

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31

Fan, Liming, Zhangjie Liu, Yujuan Zhang, Feng Wang, Dongsheng Zhao, Jiandong Yang, and Xiutang Zhang. "Luminescence sensing, electrochemical, and magenetic properties of 2D coordination polymers based on the mixed ligands p-terphenyl-2,2′′,5′′,5′′′-tetracarboxylate acid and 1,10-phenanthroline." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 34 (2019): 13349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03530c.

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32

Gan, Tian, Jiebin Li, Hanxiao Li, Yangxiao Liu, and Zhihong Xu. "Synthesis of Au nanorod-embedded and graphene oxide-wrapped microporous ZIF-8 with high electrocatalytic activity for the sensing of pesticides." Nanoscale 11, no. 16 (2019): 7839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01101c.

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33

Sitjar, Jaya, Ying-Chen Hou, Jiunn-Der Liao, Han Lee, Hong-Zheng Xu, Wei-En Fu, and Guo Dung Chen. "Surface Imprinted Layer of Cypermethrin upon Au Nanoparticle as a Specific and Selective Coating for the Detection of Template Pesticide Molecules." Coatings 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080751.

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The detection of specific pesticides on food products is essential as these substances pose health risks due to their toxicity. The use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) takes advantage of the straightforward technique to obtain fingerprint spectra of target analytes. In this study, SERS-active substrates are made using Au nanoparticles (NPs) coated with a layer of polymer and followed by imprinting with a pesticide–Cypermethrin, as a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). Cypermethrin was eventually removed and formed as template cavities, then denoted as Au NP/MIP, to capture the analogous molecules. The captured molecules situated in-between the areas of high electromagnetic field formed by plasmonic Au NPs result in an effect of SERS. The formation of Au NP/MIP was, respectively, studied through morphological analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and compositional analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Two relatively similar pesticides, Cypermethrin and Permethrin, were used as analytes. The results showed that Au NP/MIP was competent to detect both similar molecules despite the imprint being made only by Cypermethrin. Nevertheless, Au NP/MIP has a limited number of imprinted cavities that result in sensing only low concentrations of a pesticide solution. Au NP/MIP is thus a specific design for detecting analogous molecules similar to its template structure.

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34

Lü, Yanchao, Qingqing Sun, Baolong Hu, Xiangli Chen, Rong Miao, and Yu Fang. "Synthesis and sensing applications of a new fluorescent derivative of cholesterol." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 2 (2016): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02601f.

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35

Asimakis, Elias, Awad A. Shehata, Wolfgang Eisenreich, Fatma Acheuk, Salma Lasram, Shereen Basiouni, Mevlüt Emekci, et al. "Algae and Their Metabolites as Potential Bio-Pesticides." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020307.

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An increasing human population necessitates more food production, yet current techniques in agriculture, such as chemical pesticide use, have negative impacts on the ecosystems and strong public opposition. Alternatives to synthetic pesticides should be safe for humans, the environment, and be sustainable. Extremely diverse ecological niches and millions of years of competition have shaped the genomes of algae to produce a myriad of substances that may serve humans in various biotechnological areas. Among the thousands of described algal species, only a small number have been investigated for valuable metabolites, yet these revealed the potential of algal metabolites as bio-pesticides. This review focuses on macroalgae and microalgae (including cyanobacteria) and their extracts or purified compounds, that have proven to be effective antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, nematocides, insecticides, herbicides, and plant growth stimulants. Moreover, the mechanisms of action of the majority of these metabolites against plant pests are thoroughly discussed. The available information demonstrated herbicidal activities via inhibition of photosynthesis, antimicrobial activities via induction of plant defense responses, inhibition of quorum sensing and blocking virus entry, and insecticidal activities via neurotoxicity. The discovery of antimetabolites also seems to hold great potential as one recent example showed antimicrobial and herbicidal properties. Algae, especially microalgae, represent a vast untapped resource for discovering novel and safe biopesticide compounds.

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36

Wang, Du, Jianguo Zhu, Zhaowei Zhang, Qi Zhang, Wen Zhang, Li Yu, Jun Jiang, Xiaomei Chen, Xuefang Wang, and Peiwu Li. "Simultaneous Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Multi-Class Chemical Contaminants in Maize and Peanut with One-Stop Sample Preparation." Toxins 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010056.

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Multi-class chemical contaminants, such as pesticides and mycotoxins, are recognized as the major risk factors in agro products. It is thus necessary to develop rapid and simple sensing methods to fulfill the on-site monitoring of multi-class chemical contaminants with different physicochemical properties. Herein, a lateral flow immunoassay via time-resolved fluorescence was developed for the rapid, on-site, simultaneous, and quantitative sensing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), and chlorothalonil (CTN) in maize and peanut. The sample preparation was optimized to a single step, combining the grinding and extraction. Under optimal conditions, the sensing method lowered the limits of detection (LOD) to 0.16, 0.52, and 1.21 µg/kg in maize and 0.18, 0.57, and 1.47 µg/kg in peanut with an analytical range of 0.48–20, 1.56–200, and 3.63–300 µg/kg for AFB1, ZEA and CTN, respectively. The protocol could be completed within 15 min, including sample preparation and lateral flow immunoassay. The recovery range was 83.24–110.80%. An excellent correlation was observed between this approach and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for mycotoxins and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for pesticide in maize and peanut. This work could be applied in on-site multi-class sensing for food safety.

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37

Rawtani, Deepak, Nitasha Khatri, Sanjiv Tyagi, and Gaurav Pandey. "Nanotechnology-based recent approaches for sensing and remediation of pesticides." Journal of Environmental Management 206 (January 2018): 749–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.037.

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38

Nagabooshanam, Shalini, Souradeep Roy, Shikha Wadhwa, Ashish Mathur, Satheesh Krishnamurthy, and Lalit Mohan Bharadwaj. "Ultra-Sensitive Immuno-Sensing Platform Based on Gold-Coated Interdigitated Electrodes for the Detection of Parathion." Surfaces 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2022): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces5010009.

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Pesticides are unavoidable in agriculture to protect crops from pests and insects. Organophosphates (OPs) are a class of pesticides that are more harmful because of the irreversible inhibition reaction with acetylcholinesterase enzyme, thereby posing serious health hazards in human beings. In the present work, a sensitive and selective immuno-sensing platform is developed using gold inter-digitized electrodes (Au-IDEs) as substrates, integrated with a microfluidic platform having the microfluidic well capacity of 10 µL. Au-IDE having digit width of 10 µm and gap length of 5 µm was used in this study. The surface morphological analysis by field-effect scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the direct information regarding the modification of Au-IDEs with anti-parathion (Anti-PT) antibodies. In SEM analysis, it was seen that the Au-IDE surface was smooth in contrast to the Anti-PT modified surface, which is supported by the AFM studies showing the surface roughness of ~2.02 nm for Au-IDE surface and ~15.86 nm for Anti-PT modified surface. Further, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis confirms the immobilization of Anti-PT by the bond vibrations upon the successive modification of Au-IDE with -OH groups, amine groups after modifying with APTES, and the amide bond formation after incubation in Anti-PT antibody. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out for the electrochemical characterization and for testing the sensing performances of the fabricated electrode. The developed immuno-sensor provided a linear range of detection from 0.5 pg/L–1 µg/L, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.66 ng/L and sensitivity of 4.1 MΩ/ngL−1/cm2. The sensor response was also examined with real samples (pomegranate juice) with good accuracy, exhibiting a shelf life of 25 days. The miniaturized sensing platform, along with its better sensing performance, has huge potential to be integrated into portable electronics, leading to suitable field applications of pesticide screening devices.

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39

Truong, Phuoc Long, Vo Thi Cam Duyen, and Vo Van Toi. "Rapid Detection of Tebuconazole Based on Aptasensor and Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (June 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5532477.

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Tebuconazole is a triazole fungicide used in agriculture to treat pathogenic fungi. It is listed as a possible carcinogen and it shows a potential risk for the environment at very low concentration. Therefore, the detection and monitoring of tebuconazole in food and environment play an important role. The current methods for the analysis of tebuconazole employ gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after sample extraction with organic solvents and column cleaning. Besides the advantages of these methods such as efficiency, repeatability, and accuracy, they are still time-consuming and costly. Herein, we report a simple, sensitive platform for the fast detection of pesticides with a low cost. The detection technique exploits a pesticide-specific DNA aptamer as the bioreceptor of an optical biosensor. Instead of trying to capture the pesticide on the sensor surface, our method allows the DNA aptamers, which are adsorbed on the nanoparticle’s surface, to detach from the nanoparticles when interacting with the pesticide. This leads to the pesticide-induced aggregation and the change of the absorption spectrum of metallic nanoparticles upon high-salt concentrations, which can be monitored with unaided eye or absorbance measurement. Using tebuconazole as a model analyte for detection of pesticide, the designed aptasensor showed a high sensitivity and selectivity with a detection limit of ~10 nM and reaction time within ~20 min. In the case of tebuconazole detection in spiked rice samples, the average recoveries were in the range of 89.90–110.86% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 3.11–4.32%. These results indicate that our sensing platform can be exploited for the rapid detection of pesticides in real samples.

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40

Ramachandran, Rasu, Tse-Wei Chen, Shen-Ming Chen, Thangaraj Baskar, Ramanjam Kannan, Perumal Elumalai, Paulsamy Raja, Tharini Jeyapragasam, Kannaiyan Dinakaran, and George peter Gnana kumar. "A review of the advanced developments of electrochemical sensors for the detection of toxic and bioactive molecules." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 6, no. 12 (2019): 3418–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qi00602h.

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The recent developments made regarding the novel, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly nanocatalysts for the electrochemical sensing of biomolecules, pesticides, nitro compounds and heavy metal ions are discussed in this review article.

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41

Costa, Elena, Estela Climent, Sandra Ast, Michael G. Weller, John Canning, and Knut Rurack. "Development of a lateral flow test for rapid pyrethroid detection using antibody-gated indicator-releasing hybrid materials." Analyst 145, no. 10 (2020): 3490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an00319k.

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The employment of type-I pyrethroids for airplane disinfection in recent years underlines the necessity to develop sensing schemes for the rapid detection of these pesticides directly at the point-of-use.

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42

Koh, Eun Hye, Ji-Young Moon, Sung-Youn Kim, Won-Chul Lee, Sung-Gyu Park, Dong-Ho Kim, and Ho Sang Jung. "A cyclodextrin-decorated plasmonic gold nanosatellite substrate for selective detection of bipyridylium pesticides." Analyst 146, no. 1 (2021): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an01703e.

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A cyclodextrin-decorated gold nanosatellite (AuNSL) substrate was developed as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor for the selective sensing of bipyridylium pesticides such as paraquat (PQ), diquat (DQ), and difenzoquat (DIF).

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43

Antherjanam, Santhy, Beena Saraswathyamma, A. Parvathi, Lekshmi Priya Ramachandran, Arya Govind, Vishnu Priya, M. Nirupama, and K. Unnimaya. "Insights into the Recent Advances in Nanomaterial Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticides in Food." ITM Web of Conferences 50 (2022): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20225003005.

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Food safety is one of the rising concerns challenging all over the world and the analysis and determination of food contaminants to ensure the quality of food is highly inevitable. Electroanalytical sensors are a versatile tool for the accurate monitoring of food samples from the pollutants. Pesticides are one of the major sources of food pollutants and their impacts on human health is also very dangerous. This will trigger the researchers to develop more and more sensitive devices to monitor the level of various pesticides in various food samples, especially in agricultural products. Electrochemical sensors fabricated using nanocomposites offers more sensitive electrochemical response in the detection of these pesticides than traditional unmodified electrodes. This prompted us to write a mini review on the electrochemical sensors for pesticides in food using nanomaterials as modifiers from some of the previous reports. This review will motivate the experts working in this area to develop highly efficient sensing devices for pesticides, beneficial to the society as well.

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44

Ramírez-Sánchez, Karla, Fernando Alvarado-Hidalgo, Inés Ardao, and Ricardo Starbird-Pérez. "Enzymatic Inhibition Constant of Acetylcholinesterase for the Electrochemical Detection and Sensing of Chlorpyrifos." Journal of Natural Resources and Development 8 (February 20, 2018): 09–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v8i0.02.

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Infiltration into soils of pesticides used during agricultural production has led to the contamination of aquatic ecosystems due to their long persistence in the environment. Some pesticides (e.g. Chlorpyrifos) are inhibitors of cholinesterase enzyme activity and their presence in water samples can be indirectly detected by a decrease in enzymatic activity. Biosensors based on cholinesterase enzymes are an alternative for the sensitive detection of important contaminants in the environmental sector. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) to produce thiocholine (TCh). This feature can be employed to measure the decrease in AChE activity. The inhibitory characteristics of the AChE-Chlorpyrifos system have been studied through cyclic voltammetry, by evaluation of the oxidation of the thiol group, which corresponds to TCh production on platinum electrodes in the presence of an inhibitor. In the present study, enzymatic curves were obtained at different concentrations of substrate and inhibitor, which were then used to determine the enzymatic kinetics corresponding to a mixed inhibition type, with an inhibition constant (Ki) of (18.26 ± 0.01) μM. TCh electrochemical detection appears to be a promising option for the development of biosensors to identify and quantify pesticides present in the ecosystem.

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45

Xu, Yan, Tao Yu, Xiao-Qiong Wu, Jiang-Shan Shen, and Hong-Wu Zhang. "A highly sensitive multi-catalytic sensing system for organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides based on the peroxidase-like activity of ferric ions." RSC Advances 5, no. 123 (2015): 101879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra19721j.

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A novel and highly sensitive multi-catalytic sensing system was successfully developed for OPs and organochlorine pesticides, on the basis of the color reaction of TMB catalyzed by Fe³⁺ ions.

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46

Ma, Guicen, Jianrong Cao, Gaohua Hu, Li Zhu, Hongping Chen, Xiangchun Zhang, Jiahao Liu, Jingjing Ji, Xin Liu, and Chengyin Lu. "Porous chitosan/partially reduced graphene oxide/diatomite composite as an efficient adsorbent for quantitative colorimetric detection of pesticides in a complex matrix." Analyst 146, no. 14 (2021): 4576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1an00621e.

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An efficient adsorbent (CS/prGO/DM composites) was successfully synthesized. It exhibited high removal ability towards tea interferents. A colorimetric sensing platform based on Au NPs for quantitative detection of pesticides in tea was developed.

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47

Di, Ling, Zhengqiang Xia, Jian Li, Zhongxing Geng, Chun Li, Yang Xing, and Zhanxu Yang. "Selective sensing and visualization of pesticides by ABW-type metal–organic framework based luminescent sensors." RSC Advances 9, no. 66 (2019): 38469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08940c.

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48

Nie, Pengcheng, Fangfang Qu, Lei Lin, Yong He, Xuping Feng, Liang Yang, Huaqi Gao, Lihua Zhao, and Lingxia Huang. "Trace Identification and Visualization of Multiple Benzimidazole Pesticide Residues on Toona sinensis Leaves Using Terahertz Imaging Combined with Deep Learning." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073425.

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Molecular spectroscopy has been widely used to identify pesticides. The main limitation of this approach is the difficulty of identifying pesticides with similar molecular structures. When these pesticide residues are in trace and mixed states in plants, it poses great challenges for practical identification. This study proposed a state-of-the-art method for the rapid identification of trace (10 mg·L−1) and multiple similar benzimidazole pesticide residues on the surface of Toona sinensis leaves, mainly including benzoyl (BNL), carbendazim (BCM), thiabendazole (TBZ), and their mixtures. The new method combines high-throughput terahertz (THz) imaging technology with a deep learning framework. To further improve the model reliability beyond the THz fingerprint peaks (BNL: 0.70, 1.07, 2.20 THz; BCM: 1.16, 1.35, 2.32 THz; TBZ: 0.92, 1.24, 1.66, 1.95, 2.58 THz), we extracted the absorption spectra in frequencies of 0.2–2.2 THz from images as the input to the deep convolution neural network (DCNN). Compared with fuzzy Sammon clustering and four back-propagation neural network (BPNN) models (TrainCGB, TrainCGF, TrainCGP, and TrainRP), DCNN achieved the highest prediction accuracies of 100%, 94.51%, 96.26%, 94.64%, 98.81%, 94.90%, 96.17%, and 96.99% for the control check group, BNL, BCM, TBZ, BNL + BCM, BNL + TBZ, BCM + TBZ, and BNL + BCM + TBZ, respectively. Taking advantage of THz imaging and DCNN, the image visualization of pesticide distribution and residue types on leaves was realized simultaneously. The results demonstrated that THz imaging and deep learning can be potentially adopted for rapid-sensing detection of trace multi-residues on leaf surfaces, which is of great significance for agriculture and food safety.

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49

Lee, Chien-Lin, and Chia Ming Chang. "Quantum Chemical Approach to the Adsorption of Chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion on the Carbon-Doped Boron Nitride Nanotube Decorated with Tetrapeptide." Crystals 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091285.

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In the present study, four materials based on boron nitride nanotubes—namely pristine BNNT, C-doped BNNT, tetrapeptide/BNNT, and tetrapeptide/C-doped BNNT—were examined to evaluate adsorption of the organophosphorus pesticides chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion. Through a quantum chemical approach to the molecular and electronic structures, the impacts of C doping and tetrapeptide modification on boron nitride nanotubes are clarified. The results reveal that the tetrapeptide decoration does have the potential for differential sensing of chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion, but the improvement in the adsorption characteristics is slightly inferior to that of the C doping method. Nanosensors, such as C-doped BNNT and tetrapeptide/C-doped BNNT, are used to monitor chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion in solution phase, respectively. This quantum chemistry investigation has paved the way for the design of differential sensing devices for organophosphorus pesticides.

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50

Parisi, Joseph, Qiuchen Dong, and Yu Lei. "In situ microfluidic fabrication of SERS nanostructures for highly sensitive fingerprint microfluidic-SERS sensing." RSC Advances 5, no. 19 (2015): 14081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra15174g.

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