Статті в журналах: "Pesticides Safety measures"

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Koirala, P., S. Dhakal, and A. S. Tamrakar. "Pesticide Application and Food Safety Issue in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 10 (August 12, 2009): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v10i0.2137.

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It has been increasing pest population including weeds, invasive species, insects and insect vectors and plant diseases, which lead to increase pesticides on crop production. Some of the pesticides also contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer. Pesticides are the potential health hazards which have drawn attention to everyone. The current practice adopted in pesticides control in Nepal appears not enough in line with food safety. This has created a promising threat in food safety and human health. In turn, global warming is also likely to increase pesticide use and degrade food safety situation. Necessary measures should be adopted to curb upcoming alarming situation in food safety.Key words: Food safety; Global warming; Pesticides; NepalThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 128-132

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Nguemo, Charlie C., Margaret Tita, and Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab. "Pesticide knowledge and safety practices in farm workers from Tubah Sub-Division, North West Region, Cameroon." International Journal of Halal Research 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijhr.1.1.39-47.2019.

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This study aimed to evaluate the safety measures practiced by farmers with use of pesticides in Tubah Sub-Division. The data gathered would be useful for drafting policies related to use of pesticides to reduce its effects on human health and the environment. This survey was carried out in November 2016 in Tubah Sub-Division, Mezam Division of the North West region of Cameroon. A structured questionnaire was administered to 120 homesteads of the study area. The results revealed that 94.2% of the farmers were untrained in pesticide safety measures, 30.8% did not observe any safety interval before consuming freshly treated crops and 25.8% did not read instructions on pesticide labels before handling. Fifty five percent of the farmers did not use any protective equipment, 79.2% practiced careless pesticide disposal, 13.3% stored pesticides in stores and 7.5% stored pesticides inside their houses. Eighty percent of the families stored their crops via hanging in the house and smoking the crops, while 10.8% stored their crops in sealed bins. Water washing followed by removing the outer cover was applied as a crop cleaning procedure prior to cooking or consumption. Major symptoms such as headache, wheezing, dizziness and skin problems were observed in the homesteads. Some environmental changes observed after application of pesticides were damage of non-target plants and disappearance of insects. It could be concluded that in Bambili, farmers lacked proper knowledge regarding safe handling and use of pesticides and the adverse effects of improper pesticide use to human health and the environment.

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Shehu, Halima, F. A. Mohammed, and R. M. Mohammed. "Analysis of Cowpea Farmers’ Awareness on Pesticide Usage and Safety Measures in Magumeri Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 7, no. 2 (November 28, 2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56160/jaeess202172004.

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The study analysed the awareness of cowpea farmers on pesticide use and safety measures in Magumeri Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. A total of 86 cowpea farmers were selected for the study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that majority (74.4%) of the respondents do not read instructions on the pesticide label before applying to their cowpea farm. The least (27.3%) who read, do not comprehend the information on the label. About 34% of the respondents neither contact extension officers nor others for clarification and usage. The results further revealed that majority (81.4%) of the respondents were not aware of the negative impacts on human’s health, 90.7% of the respondents were also not aware of the effects of excessive usage on agricultural produce and 74.4% of the respondents were not aware either of the effect of the pesticides on land and the environment. About 49.0% of the respondents adopted no protective measures, 59.2% of respondents do not take bath after pesticide application. The findings further revealed that majority (82.6%) do not read the producer guide before pesticide application. The study deduced that majority of the cowpea farmers lack awareness on pesticides toxicity, application procedure and good management practice. The study therefore recommends that farmers should be educated and be encouraged to comply with precautions regarding pesticides usage and safety measures when handling pesticides for sustainable land use and productivity.

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Ngegba, Patrick Maada, Gaofeng Cui, Muhammad Zaryab Khalid, and Guohua Zhong. "Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600.

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Pest management is being confronted with immense economic and environmental issues worldwide because of massive utilization and over-reliance on pesticides. The non-target toxicity, residual consequence, and challenging biodegradability of these synthetic pesticides have become a serious concern, which urgently requires the alternative and prompt adoption of sustainable and cost-effective pest control measures. Increasing attention in environmental safety has triggered interest in pest control approaches through eco-friendly plant-based pesticides. Botanical pesticidal constituents are effective against myriads of destructive pests and diseases. More importantly, they are widely available, inexpensive, accessible, rapidly biodegradable, and have little toxicity to beneficiary agents. The phytochemical compositions in diverse plant species are responsible for their varying mechanisms of action against pests and diseases. However, difficulties in their formulation and insufficient appropriate chemical data have led to a low level of acceptance and adoption globally. Therefore, the review seeks to highlight the status, phytochemical compositions, insecticidal mechanisms, and challenges of plant-based pesticide usage in sustainable agricultural production.

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Ben Khadda, Zineb, Mustapha Fagroud, Yahya El Karmoudi, Said Ezrari, Imane Berni, Marc De Broe, Tapan Behl, Simona Gabriela Bungau, and Tarik Sqalli Houssaini. "Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Regarding Carcinogenic Pesticides in Fez Meknes Region (Morocco)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 10879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010879.

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Pesticides play an important role in the improvement of agricultural production, but their use may result in adverse effects on the environment, consumers, and farmers’ health. As there are limited data focusing on the factors influencing safety behavior toward pesticide use in Morocco, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 15 rural communities of Morocco’s Fes Meknes region to assess the attitudes, knowledge, and practices regarding pesticide use. A structured questionnaire was completed, containing the data of the interviewed farmers, their behavior towards safety measures, the type of active ingredient used, as well as the perception of risks to their own health following exposure to pesticides by the existence of chronic, self-perceived symptoms. Non-probability (empirical) sampling with the quota method was carried out, which consists of constructing the sample. Results showed that most respondents have not been trained in the application of pesticides, with almost half of the farmers using a category of pesticides which are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probable human carcinogenic (i.e., Glyphosate, Malathion). In terms of pesticide storage, 40% of farmers said that they did not store pesticides in a separate room after purchasing or using them. The empty containers were buried or burnt by half of the responders, while the remainder were thrown at the edge of fields or in public dumps. Although the participants were aware of the negative effects on their own health and on the environment caused by the application of pesticides in use, the protection measures by individual equipment were insufficient. A canonical analysis indicates that these behaviors were influenced by the farming experience, the benefit of the agricultural council services, the follow-up of training, and the education level. These variables are important factors in explaining and understanding the dangers to both the environment and health caused by pesticides. The most recorded likely consequences of pesticide exposure were visual impairment (46%), followed by dizziness (44.3%), headache (39.4%), and excessive sweating (34.4%), and 30.2% of participants identified consequent respiratory problems. Extension services targeted at safety and protection measures should be developed and accompanied by educational programs to put farmers’ perceptions into practice and encourage them to adopt healthy and environmentally friendly behaviors.

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Afshari, Maryam, Jalal Poorolajal, Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai, Mohammad Javad Assari, and Akram Karimi-Shahanjarini. "Which Factors Influence Farmers’ Use of Protective Measures During Pesticides Exposure?" Workplace Health & Safety 67, no. 7 (March 3, 2019): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079919827042.

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Farmers in developing countries use harmful pesticides while taking few or no protective measures. There is limited evidence on factors affecting their safety measures. The objective of this study was to identify the underlying factors influencing farmers’ protective behaviors (PBs) and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the exposure to pesticides. From April to August 2017, a descriptive study was conducted in Twiserkan County in western Iran among 474 farmers from 104 villages. A questionnaire was developed to measure demographic characteristics and factors suggested in integrated agent-centered (IAC) framework. The questionnaire was validated in terms of content validity through expert reviews and tested for reliability in a group of farmers. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews with farmers. Physiological arousal (β = .154, p < .05), intention (β = .345, p < .05), habit (β = .188, p < .05), and contextual factors (β = .101, p < .05) had a significant and positive impact on farmers engaging in pesticide PBs. Among the assessed factors, only physiological arousal (β = .122, p < .05) and habit (β = .646, p < .05) were found to have a significant and positive effect on the use of PPE, but the intention (β = –.039, p > .05) and contextual factors (β = –.009, p > .05) had no significant relation with the use of PPE. The results of this study identified determinants of farmers’ safety measures. Our results suggest that the IAC framework could serve as a guide to developing a more effective intervention for safety measures of Iranian farmers.

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Tudi, Muyesaier, Hairong Li, Hongying Li, Li Wang, Jia Lyu, Linsheng Yang, Shuangmei Tong, et al. "Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application." Toxics 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2022): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060335.

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Pesticides play an important role in agricultural development. However, pesticide application can result in both acute and chronic human toxicities, and the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and human health remain a serious problem. There is therefore a need to discuss the application methods for pesticides, the routes of pesticide exposure, and the health risks posed by pesticide application. The health problems related to pesticide application and exposure in developing countries are of particular concern. The purpose of this paper is to provide scientific information for policymakers in order to allow the development of proper pesticide application technics and methods to minimize pesticide exposure and the adverse health effects on both applicators and communities. Studies indicate that there are four main pesticide application methods, including hydraulic spraying, backpack spraying, basal trunk spraying, and aerial spraying. Pesticide application methods are mainly selected by considering the habits of target pests, the characteristics of target sites, and the properties of pesticides. Humans are directly exposed to pesticides in occupational, agricultural, and household activities and are indirectly exposed to pesticides via environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. Human exposure to pesticides occurs mainly through dermal, oral, and respiratory routes. People who are directly and/or indirectly exposed to pesticides may contract acute toxicity effects and chronic diseases. Although no segment of the general population is completely protected against exposure to pesticides and their potentially serious health effects, a disproportionate burden is shouldered by people in developing countries. Both deterministic and probabilistic human health risk assessments have their advantages and disadvantages and both types of methods should be comprehensively implemented in research on exposure and human health risk assessment. Equipment for appropriate pesticide application is important for application efficiency to minimize the loss of spray solution as well as reduce pesticide residuals in the environment and adverse human health effects due to over-spraying and residues. Policymakers should implement various useful measures, such as integrated pest management (IPM) laws that prohibit the use of pesticides with high risks and the development of a national implementation plan (NIP) to reduce the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and on human health.

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Mazlan, Norida, Mohammed Ahmed, Farrah Melissa Muharam, and Md Amirul Alam. "Status of persistent organic pesticide residues in water and food and their effects on environment and farmers: a comprehensive review in Nigeria." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4 (August 4, 2017): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4p2221.

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Pesticide helps to enhance agricultural production, however, it significantly affect both socio and environmental entities of a country. In Nigeria, pesticide is widely used, thus its traces have been detected in water, soil and air. Several studies have already indicated that most of the environmental ecology (air, water, and soil) in Nigeria has been contaminated by persistent organic pesticides like organochlorine and organophosphate. Other reasons of high pesticide residues present in Nigeria environment is due to inappropriate dosage applied of pesticides that leaves behind excess. However, its residues are found above safety levels in the air, water, and soil across the nation. Based on previous analysis, it is indicated that 125,000-130,000 metric ton pesticides are being applied annually in Nigeria. Despite banned of some pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane- and -Hexachlorocyclohexane, they are still being used by farmers in their agricultural production. Many of the Class 1 (high extremely toxic) pesticides are still being used in developing countries like Nigeria. Hence, there is need to sensitize and educate the general public especially the end-users (farmers) particularly on management practices of pesticides. Considering these entire hazardous situations, in this article the history of pesticide used in Nigeria has been reviewed in detail. The article also discussed the effects of pesticide use in Nigerian waters, soil and on crops. The risk of residual pesticide on agricultural workers, pesticide residue risk preventive measures by the Federal Government of Nigeria, banned and restricted pesticides in Nigeria, Nigerian Government and its efforts to eliminate persistent organic pesticides in use are also reviewed in details.

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Ali, Intezar, Syed Ziaur Rahman, Ayesha Qamar, and Mohd Shahzaib Khan. "Survey-Based Study on Farmers’ Knowledge and Pattern of Using Insecticide on Different Crops in Aligarh District of Uttar Pradesh, India." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 6, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v6i2.445.

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Background: Agrochemicals can play a significant role in enhancing post-harvest crop productivity and protection. But over the years, there’s growing concern about the inaccurate use of pesticides in agriculture.Objective: To assess knowledge of farmers about pest management, perceptions of the kind and frequencies as well as severity of pests and disease, sources of information, awareness of farmers and safety measures followed during pesticide application.Methods: A random survey was conducted employing a standard structured questionnaire among 100 farmers in Wheat, Mustard and Paddy cultivating areas across the ten villages of Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh, India.Results: Most ordinarily used pesticides applied by the farmers on different crops were Malathion, Cypermethrin and Chlorpyriphos. It was also observed during the survey that most of the farmers stored the pesticide bottles at safe places and the remaining in unsafe areas with no safety measures. It was found that no farmer was familiar even with Government Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC)’s roles and guidelines about the use of labeled and unlabelled pesticide application. However, most of the farmers were mainly dependent by the recommendation of pesticide dealers.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 06 No. 02 April’22 Page: 193-199

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Santaweesuk, Sapsatree, Paisit Boonyakawee, and Wattasit Siriwong. "Knowledge, attitude and practice of pesticide use and serum cholinesterase levels among rice farmers in Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand." Journal of Health Research 34, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-09-2019-0204.

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PurposeThe study purposes were to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of pesticide use and to determine the levels of serum cholinesterase among rice farmers in Nakhon Nayok province, Thailand.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was carried out in communities in Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand. Multistage random sampling was employed, selecting one person per each rice farmer household. Data was collected from 188 rice farmers using a structured face-to-face interview questionnaire. A reactive-paper finger-blood test was used to determine SChE levels. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between the practice of pesticide use and SChE levels.FindingsThe results indicated that the rice farmers had a fairly good knowledge and a neutral attitude toward the practice of pesticide use. Most of the respondents had a fairly proper practice of pesticide use. However, serum cholinesterase levels of the farmers were unsafe and risky. It signified that 68.1% of the farmers had a health risk from using pesticides. The prevalence of abnormal SChE levels among rice farmers with improper use was significantly higher than that among rice farmers who had a proper use.Research limitations/implicationsThe result provided a guideline for operational planning and control and prevention of health effects from pesticides use in farmers or other agriculturists who use pesticides in cultivation.Practical implicationsConcerned local agencies especially health-related agencies are able to conduct a training to educate and build safety awareness including monitoring continuously the safety behaviors toward pesticides use. It can be implemented by establishing leaders from health promoting hospitals led by village health volunteers, community leaders and participation from farmers to collaboratively monitor proper use of pesticides beginning with health surveillance in the abnormal SChE group to be screened for pesticide exposure every six months or one year.Social implicationsFarmers gained knowledge and understanding of pesticides use and used it properly, which resulted in a reduction of pesticide residues in body as well as in the environment. In addition, the government policy should legislate measures for related agencies to promote proper use of pesticides. For instance, Department of Agriculture, Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives should regularly supervise, monitor and inspect the production and distribution of pesticides in local shops and also systematically encourage agriculturists to adopt using pesticides that are less harmful.Originality/valueHaving knowledge, understanding and proper practices toward pesticides use, farmers can reduce health effects of pesticides use in themselves and family members.

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Morufu Olalekan, RAIMI, ISAH Hussain Muhammad, UDENSI Lawrence Okoronkwo, and EFEGBERE Henry Akpojubaro. "Assessment of safety practices and farmers behaviors adopted when handling pesticides in rural Kano state, Nigeria." Arts & Humanities Open Access Journal 4, no. 5 (October 13, 2020): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ahoaj.2020.04.00170.

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Background: With the global population expected to reach 9billion people by 2050, current agro economy practices are expected to exacerbate human health threat, environmental and land pressures.Feeding the majority of the world population is challenging and the potential presence of using agrochemicals must be investigated to guarantee consumer chemical safety.To overcome this challenge, there is an urgent need to invest in innovative solutions for food production. Objective: This study assesses safety practices and farmer’s behaviors adopted when handling pesticides in Kano State, Nigeria. Methods: A structure questionnaire was developed focusing on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and experience of adverse health effects related to pesticide use, details of work practices and an inventory of pesticides used on the farm.Of the 400 copies of questionnaire administered 392 copies representing 98% of the administered questionnaires were retrieved and found useable. Findings: The result showed that less than half of these farmers who make use of pesticides protect themselves by wearing mask, boot or impermeable clothes, 72.6% of the respondents use stock in mixing pesticides, 17.7% made use of their bare hands while 9.7% use other methods, In terms of what they do after applying pesticides 70.4% wash their hands with soap and water, 25.4% claimed that they wash their hands with waters only, 29.1% store pesticide in their rooms, 38.5% stored it outside house while 32.5% of the respondents stored pesticides inside house, 47.0% of the respondents dispose pesticides containers by throwing it in open field, 38.7% throw it in dustbin while 14.2% returns the containers to the seller. Interpretation: There is need to provide cautionary tales for researchers, various stakeholders, and decision-makers to agree on the data needed to build conﬁdence in using new methods for speciﬁc purposes.Conﬁdence building measures can have the potential to play an increasing role in screening for hazardous properties, prioritizing chemicals for further testing, identifying safer alternatives, assessing environmental media, improving emergency response, and, overall, providing greater protection of public health and the environment.Also, pesticide regulations on farmers should be enforced in a way that will protect public health and those who are being exposed outside of regulations.

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Honorato da Silva, Lázaro Lavoisier, Érika Do Nascimento Fernandes Pinto, Susana Cristina Batista Lucena, Jônatas Costa Bezerra, and Yara Dayane De Lira Silva. "Agrotóxicos e seus riscos em estabelecimentos comerciais na cidade de Sousa-PB." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 44 (March 7, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n44p69-78.

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The current study aimed to recognize pesticides and their risks in commercial establishments in the city of SousaPB. A checklist was used to recognize the chemical risks caused by pesticides in commercial establishments, with emphasis on occupational hazards. With the aid of the FISPQ and the package leaflet, each pesticide was examined in terms of analyzes of the use, level of toxicity, adverse effects, as well ascontrol and safety measures.. The verification was done in 03 establishments whose experience varied from 05 to 20 years of experience in the area.. The sale of 27 types of pesticides, including insecticides or acaricides, herbicides and fungicides, has been identified. Sales are made based on the prescription of the professional agronomist who is the owner or partner of the enterprise. It was also verified that two companies do not collect or receive empty containers, but they have been helpful in providing technical assistance to rural producers who purchase pesticides. Therefore, as the absorption of the pesticides by the human body occurs through oral, dermal, inhalation and ocular routes, the combination between the engineering control measures and the correct use of the appropriate PPE is crucial.

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Okonya, Joshua Sikhu, and Jürgen Kroschel. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Pesticide Use and Knowledge of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Uganda." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/759049.

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In response to increased pest and disease problems, potato farmers use pesticides, which could raise environmental and health concerns. This study sought to promote proper and safe pesticide-handling practices by providing data needed to guide pesticide regulation policy and training for extension staff and farmers. A household survey was conducted in three major potato-growing agroecological zones of Uganda. Two hundred and four potato farmers were interviewed about the type and source of pesticides they use in potato cultivation, the frequency of applications, the use of protective clothing, and cases of pesticide poisoning. The types of pesticides used in potato were fungicides (72%), insecticides (62%), and herbicides (3%). Overall, use of personal protective equipment was low, that is, gumboots (73%), gloves (7%), face masks (16%), and long sleeve shirts (42%). Forty-three percent of farmers who applied pesticides reported having experienced skin itching, 25% skin burning sensation, 43% coughing, 60% a runny nose, 27% teary eyes, and 42% dizziness. An IPM approach involving only moderately to slightly hazardous pesticides when pest and disease incidence has reached economic injury levels and by considering all safety measures during application and storage would be environmentally recommendable and result in reduced health risks.

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Thapa, Aruna, Ananda Shova Tamrakar, and Indra Prasad Subedi. "Pesticide Use Practices Among Tomato Growers in Kavre District, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 3, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v3i1.30861.

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Common practices to manage the pests of tomato were explored in three VDCs (Panchkhal, Nala and Mahadevsthan) of Kavre District from January to April 2011. The data were collected by direct observation and also by using semi-structured questionnaires. Altogether 48 tomato farms were observed during the study period that included 16 farms in each VDC. Farmers were found to be relied on pesticides from bedding of plant till harvesting to control pests. Farmers were found positive towards the pesticide use despite their familiarity on ill-effects of pesticides. Personal safety measures during application of pesticides have not been followed. Scanty knowledge, labor intensiveness and lack of coordination between the farmers were the major factors which prevented the adoption of eco-friendly alternative pest management methods.

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Nguyen Dang Giang, Chau, Dang Bao Chau Le, Van Hop Nguyen, Thai Long Hoang, Thi Van Thi Tran, Thi Phuong Linh Huynh, and Thi Quynh Trang Nguyen. "Assessment of pesticide use and pesticide residues in vegetables from two provinces in Central Vietnam." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): e0269789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269789.

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Pesticide residue in food, especially in vegetables, is one of the important parameters to assess food safety. This study evaluates the pesticide use in vegetables from two provinces in Central Vietnamand and present data on pesticides detected in vegetables sampled from the sites. The potential health risk associated with the contamination of four commonly used pesticides in different vegetables is also discussed. Both household surveys and monitoring campaigns were conducted. The survey showed that improper pesticide application, storage, and waste disposal prevailed at the study sites. Only 20% of the respondent were aware of pesticide toxicity. As a result, pesticides were detected in 81% out of 290 vegetable samples collected at harvesting time. Up to 23% of samples had pesticide residues above the Maximum Residue Limit values. The highest total pesticide concentration quantified in vegetables in Thua Thien Hue was 11.9 mg/kg (green onions), and in Quang Binh was 38.6 mg/kg (mustard greens). Median residue levels of individual pesticides in vegetables ranged from 0.007 to 0.037 mg/kg. Among the ten target pesticides, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, and fenobucarb were detected at the highest frequencies (72%, 41%, and 37%, respectively). Pesticide residues varied between seasons at both study provinces. Pesticide contamination in the wet season was significantly higher than in the dry season. This study also discovered a potential health risk associated with fipronil residues in vegetables in Thua Thien Hue province. The paper provides recommendations for mitigation measures (both technological and social) in reducing potential health risks linked to pesticide use in vegetables in the region.

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Bahouq, Madiha, Hanane Bahouq, and Abdelmajid Soulaymani. "Bibliographic review of phytopharmacovigilance actions and measures on plant protection products in Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 319 (2021): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131901034.

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Plant protection products present major risks to human health. Like other countries, Morocco is adopting phytopharmacovigilance measures. These steps are part of Morocco’s integrated approach aiming the rational use of pesticides. A census of the various actions and measures undertaken by Morocco through the National Food Safety Office (ONSSA) in terms of monitoring and controlling the use of pesticides for agricultural use will be presented. Between 2018 and 2020, Morocco proceeded with the withdrawal of 15 active substances and 48 pesticides and the discharge of 10 tons of imported pesticides that did not comply with standards with a review of 10 active substances harmful to humans and animals. A quantity of 17641 tons of food products unfit for consumption by excess of pesticides, 136 tons of potatoes and 125 tons of mint were sent back and destroyed due to high maximum residue limits or use of unauthorized pesticides. In the same context, training workshops for farmers on the proper use of pesticides and the management of potential risks of poisoning are organized. As well as the adoption by the Moroccan government in 2020 of a law project to limit the use of dangerous pesticides and promote alternative methods.

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Angaye, Tariwari, and Kariye Lelei. "The Toxicity of Synthetic Pesticides in the Niger Delta Region: A Review." Archives of Ecotoxicology 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2022.4.4.105-108.

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The Niger Delta region of Nigeria with a vast and resourceful ecosystem which has welcomed diverse agricultural practices and crude oil exploration. On the other hand, being a wetland it has also become a breeding ground for major pests of agricultural and public health interest. One major problem is the proliferation of mosquitoes which have obliged the intense usage of pesticides. Typically, pesticides are agents meant to control targeted organisms (pests) that have caused adverse effects to man and his environment. Due to the excessive and inappropriate usage of pesticide they drift and get linked to contaminable environmental media such as water, air and soil. Human exposure can occur from inhaled spray drift, accidental ingestion, runoffs and in a broad sense through food chains. Pesticides find their way into different ecosystems causing adverse effects to non-target organisms, most of these non-target organism lacks metabolites to degrade these toxic pesticides residue in their cells and tissues; hence accumulate them and transfer them to other organisms via food chain which could cause acute and chronic effect. In addition, industrial and municipal effluents have a more toxic synergistic effect with pesticides. Toxic effects of pesticides can be controlled by; adhering to safety instructions from manufacturers of pesticides, thorough washing of agricultural produce, use of gloves and mask by the applicant and other safety measures. In addition, toxicological research and advocacy should be more active in the Niger Delta Region as well as proper and active regulation of pesticides usage to comply with minimal residual limits of pesticides and anthropogenic agents.

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Afshari, Maryam, Akram Karimi-Shahanjarini, Sahar Khoshravesh, and Fereshteh Besharati. "Effectiveness of interventions to promote pesticide safety and reduce pesticide exposure in agricultural health studies: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): e0245766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245766.

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Objective There is a relationship between pesticide exposure and farmworkers’ health. Well-conducted evaluations can provide an insight into how to develop and implement more effective interventions to prevent farmers and farmworkers’ exposure to pesticides. This review aimed to summarize the literature on the effectiveness of interventions to promote pesticide safety and reduce pesticide exposure among farmers and farmworkers. Methods A comprehensive search on PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Agricola, NIOSHTIC, and Agris databases was performed to identify relevant studies published from 2000 to 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies assessing the effectiveness of interventions on a variety of outcomes related to pesticide exposure were considered. The searches were restricted to articles written in English. The methodological quality of included reviews was appraised using the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool (EPHPP). Results The initial search led to 47912 records, 31 studies of which including nine RCTs and twenty-two quasi-experimental studies met the criteria. The majority of the included studies focused on the educational/ behavioral approach. The studies that applied this approach were effective in improving the participants’ knowledge and attitude; however, these interventions were less effective in terms of making changes in participants’ behaviors and their risk of exposure to toxic pesticides. Multifaceted interventions were moderately effective in terms of improving farmers’ and farmworkers’ behaviors and reduction in exposure to toxic pesticides. We did not find any studies that had evaluated the effectiveness of engineering/technological, and legislation/enforcement interventions. Conclusions Although the majority of studies were based on an educational/behavioral approach and did not assess the effect of interventions on objective measures, the results of this review highlight the significant effectiveness of educational programs and some potential key elements of these interventions. These findings may inform policymakers to develop interventions to reduce pesticide exposure among farmers and farmworkers.

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Rakitskii, Valerii N., Valentina I. Antipova, and Gleb V. Masaltsev. "Hygienic assessment of working conditions under use of anilinopyrimidine fungicide." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 7 (July 31, 2021): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-7-674-678.

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Introduction. An assortment of fungicides in agriculture is constantly being updated due to creating new highly effective but moderately toxic pesticide formulations that minimize the risks for those working with them. The study aimed to research working conditions and assess the risk for workers during the application of pyrimethanil-based plant protection products in agriculture using various technologies. Materials and methods. Working conditions when using preparations based on pyrimethanil separately or in a mixture (pyrimethanil+fluopyram) in field conditions: during ground boom spraying of field crops; air blast spraying of horticultural crops; knapsack spraying of sheltered ground tomato (greenhouse), field and horticultural crops in individual subsidiary plots (PSP). Air samples of the working area were gathered in the breathing zone of those working with pesticides (operators and users) using PU-4E aspiration devices coupled with filters. Before and after work, swab samples were taken from common areas of the operator’s and user’s skin, and pyrimethanil and fluopyram were identified in air and swab samples. Total risk for the complex (inhalation and dermal) exposure (SFsum) was calculated by summing the safety factors of pesticide inhalation (SFinh) and dermal (SFd) income of pesticides (MU 1.2.3017-12). The absorbed dose risk (SFab) was determined by the ratio of the absorbed exposure dose of pesticides and the permissible daily exposure level for the operator (PDELO, mg/kg) and the acceptable daily intake (ADI, mg/kg bw). Results. The established safety factors when assessing the complex effect of pyrimethanil by exposure (SFexp - 0.08-0.11) and by absorbed dose (SFad - 0.002-0.007) allow considering the health risks for workers and consumers as permissible, subject to strict adherence to regulations and safety measures. Conclusion. The obtained results are the basis for recommending pyrimethanil-based formulations for use in agricultural production in Russia.

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Dowling, Kathryn C., and James N. Seiber. "Importance of Respiratory Exposure to Pesticides Among Agricultural Populations." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 5 (September 2002): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810290096612.

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In the majority of cases, respiratory exposure accounts for a small fraction of total body exposure to pesticides; however, higher volatility pesticides pose a greater risk for exposure, particularly in enclosed spaces and near application sites. In 2000, nearly 22 million pounds of activeingredients designated as toxic air contaminants (TACs) were applied as pesticides in California (combined agricultural and reportable non-agricultural uses; California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 2001a, Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data, 2000, Sacramento, CA: author). Agricultural workers and agricultural community residents are at particular risk for exposure to these compounds. The TAC program in California, and more recently the federal Clean Air Act amendments, have begun to address the exposures of these groups and have promulgated exposure guidelines that are, in general, much more stringent than the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) worker exposure guidelines. Choosing lower volatility pesticides, lower concentrations of activeingredients, and handling equipment designed to minimize exposure can often reduce worker respiratory exposures significantly. The use of personal protective equipment, which would be facilitated by the development of more ergonomic alternatives, is important in these higher respiratory exposure situations. Finally, in the case of community residents, measures taken to protect workers often translate to lower ambient air concentrations, but further study and development of buffer zones and application controls in a given area are necessary to assure community protection.

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Alam, F., NR Saha, MS Islam, MS Ahmed, and MS Haque. "Perception on environmental concern of pesticide use in relation to Framers’ knowledge." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 13, no. 1-2 (July 6, 2022): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v13i1-2.60696.

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Chemical pesticides are indiscriminately used for pest management and vector control. However, many farming communities are unaware of the dangers associated with the chemicals. This study assessed vegetable farmers' perception of the environmental impact of pesticide use in Bangladesh concerning the farmers’ knowledge and type. The farmers' socioeconomic characteristics and their relationship to some of the study variables, their attitude towards pesticides' environmental consequences, and their level of pesticide related knowledge were investigated. In this study, 882 farmers from nine districts participated through in-depth interviews and observations on-farm. The majority of farmers were males aged between 30 and 40 (32.44% in winter and 32.87% in summer). Moreover, 29.77% of the winter vegetable growers can sign their name only, but for the summer season’s 31.02% were educated up to high school. For the winter season, the highest 74.44% of respondents belonged to focal farmers who believed pesticides could be hazardous to their health. Only 1.68% of control farmers agreed pesticide use could lead to secondary pest resurgence. For the summer season, farmers were most concerned (60.19%) about the health risks to farm-workers, while secondary pest resurgence was the least concerned. In general, the focal farmers had a high level of knowledge and concern about pesticide hazards compared to the proximal and control farmers. Comprehensive intervention measures are required to mitigate pesticide-related health and environmental risks, including pesticide safety training programs for farmers, which could promote sustainable agricultural development while minimizing the environmental and health risks of pesticide misuse. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 94-99, 2020

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Yeasmin, F., S. Yasmin, and K. Nahar. "Factors influencing farmers practices in using pesticide for vegetable cultivation at sadar upazila of Gazipur district in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 29, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v29i3.40011.

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The focus of the study was to determine the pesticide control measures practiced by the farmers in Sadar Upazila of Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Data were collected through personal interview during the period of November 2016 to March 2017. Total numbers of 90 respondents were selected as the sample of the study. Safety measures were not taken by most of the respondents. Education, training, experience, extension contact and knowledge towards practices of pesticide use had significant positive relationships (at 1% level) with the pesticide use for vegetable cultivation. Age, farm size, family size, farming experience and annual income of the respondents had no significant relationships with the pesticide use for vegetable cultivation. "Hand sprayers are used for pesticide application in your plot" was identified as the first highest scores (PPI = 296) and "Use of appropriate pesticide" was the second highest scores (PPI = 287) and "Use Knapsack Sprayer for pesticide application" achieved the lowest scores (PPI = 2) about their use of recommended pesticides and methods. The above findings suggested that the farmers did not use knapsack sprayer. Applicators usually spray their field with different types of hand sprayer machine for vegetable cultivation. In this regard "Take bath right after spraying" (PPI = 299) was the highest and "Use Shoes/Head cover/Glasses when applied pesticide" (PPI =73) was the lowest scores. Majority of the farmers were aware about safety measures about ‘after using pesticide they took bath’, but most of the farmers were not aware of using of shoes, head cover and glasses while using pesticide in their field. Progressive Agriculture 29 (3): 259-266, 2018

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Hutter, Hans-Peter, Abdul Khan, Kathrin Lemmerer, Peter Wallner, Michael Kundi, and Hanns Moshammer. "Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Male Coffee Farmworkers of the Jarabacoa Region, Dominican Republic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081641.

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Intensive agrochemical use in coffee production in the Global South has been documented. The aim of this study was to investigate cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of pesticide exposure in male farmworkers in the Dominican Republic comparing conventional farming using pesticides to organic farming. Furthermore, feasibility of the buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCA) for field studies under difficult local conditions was tested. In a cross-sectional field study, pesticide exposed (sprayers) and non-exposed male workers on coffee plantations were interviewed about exposure history, and pesticide application practices. Buccal cells were sampled, and BMCA was applied to assess potential effects on cell integrity. In total, 38 pesticide-exposed and 33 non-exposed workers participated. Eighty-four and 87%, respectively, of the pesticide-exposed respondents did not use masks or gloves at all. All biomarkers from the BMCA were significantly more frequent among exposed workers—odds ratio for micronucleated cells: 3.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.3–7.4) or karyolysis: 1.3 (1.1–1.5). Buccal cells as sensitive markers of toxic oral or respiratory exposures proved feasible for challenging field studies. Our findings indicate that the impact of pesticide use is not restricted to acute effects on health and wellbeing, but also points to long-term health risks. Therefore, occupational safety measures including training and protective clothing are needed, as well as encouragement towards minimal application of pesticides and more widespread use of organic farming.

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Lysov, Anatolij, and Timur Kornilov. "Ecological evaluation of technologies for application of plant protection measures by spraying method." BIO Web of Conferences 21 (2020): 00042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202100042.

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The biological and economic effectiveness of plant protection measures depends not only on the correct choice of pesticide, but also on the quality of its application to the processed target objects. The article discusses the results of assessing the quality of applying herbicides by spraying using low-volume spraying technology, ULV spraying without forced and forced precipitation of small droplets, and treatment with cold aerosol. To assess the impact of the quality of the application of plant protection products on the environmental safety of the use of herbicides, two main indicators were used: – uniform distribution of the working fluid over the treated area: – the amount of drift of small drops from the treatment area. The analysis of methodological approaches and regulatory documents for assessing the potential risk of pesticides for the environment in European countries and in Russia is given.Based on the obtained experimental data on the coefficients of variation in the distribution of the drug over the effective coverage width, an expert assessment of the drug overuse was carried out using various technologies. An expert assessment of the drift of small drops of the working fluid from the treatment zone was also carried out. A comparative assessment of technologies was carried out according to the indicated environmental safety indicators for the use of the herbicide Gezagard WP on potato plantings.

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Botinggo, Bitinsun, Khamisah Awang Lukman, Sahipudin Saupin, Chee Fong Tyng, and Mohammad Saffree Jeffree. "ORGANOPHOSPHATE EXPOSURE, ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AND EXPOSURE RISK ASSESSMENT AMONG VEGETABLE FARMERS IN SABAH, MALAYSIA." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 21, no. 2 (August 28, 2021): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.21/no.2/art.1202.

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Uncontrolled use of pesticides in agriculture may result in increased health risks. Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used among vegetable farmers to control pests and increase productivity. The aim is to determine the organophosphate exposure, associated risk factors, and exposure risk assessment among vegetable farmers in Sabah. A cross-sectional study design in Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia. We took a blood sample from participants for blood cholinesterase concentration measurements of pesticide exposure using the rapid test kit model Lovibond AF267. A validated questionnaire was used to collect the associated risk factors of vegetable farmers. The Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Control (HIRARC) guidelines were used for exposure risk assessment of OP exposure. The response rate was 91.1%. About 23.3% (38 out of 163) have abnormal blood cholinesterase. The significant associated risk factors were age [aOR=1.07, 95%CI (1.02,1.13)], Body Mass Index [aOR=8.60, 95%CI (2.80,26.51)], frequency of exposure a month [aOR=5.99, 95%CI (1.29,27.76)], had not attended pesticide safety training [aOR=9.08, 95%CI (2.97,27.74)], no designated pesticide storage [aOR=6.92, 95%CI (1.70,28.25)] and low practices scores on pesticide handling [aOR=6.01, 95%CI (1.97,18.36)]. The exposure risk assessment level for vegetable farmers was at low-medium risk. Organophosphate exposure among the vegetable farmers in Kundasang was higher than in other settings. The risk factors associated with organophosphate exposure were related to inadequate compliance to the standard occupational safety and health practices in agriculture. Exposure assessment revealed the opportunity for improvement by implementing the recommended control measures. Vegetable farmers need continuous support from relevant authorities. Further research is required to understand better the health risks among vegetable smallholder farmers in Sabah.

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Damalas, Christos, Spyridon Koutroubas, and Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh. "Drivers of Personal Safety in Agriculture: A Case Study with Pesticide Operators." Agriculture 9, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9020034.

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Agriculture is a hazardous occupational industry for farmers and farm workers; therefore, decisions to improve safety in the working place require understanding behavior of farmers and farm workers and factors affecting it. This study examined factors influencing perceived importance of personal safety and safe behavior of farmers in terms of personal protective equipment (PPE) use in pesticide spraying. Data were collected from a previous survey of farmers in rural areas of northern Greece. Over half of the farmers (55.4%) perceived low importance of personal safety in pesticide spraying. Perceived importance of personal safety increased in young farmers, with high education level, and large land area as well as with high perception of risk, knowledge of pesticide toxicity, seminar in pesticide use, access to internet, and perceived usefulness of PPE. Most farmers showed unsafe behavior in PPE use in terms of using long-sleeved shirt, long pants, chemical resistant gloves, socks, and shoes (58.9%). Farmers perceived low risk of pesticides (65.2%), despite the fact that two out of three farmers (66.1%) perceived high usefulness of PPE. Safe behavior in pesticide use increased in young farmers, with high education level, and small land area as well as with high perception of risk, knowledge of pesticide toxicity, seminar in pesticide use, access to internet, and perceived usefulness of PPE. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that knowledge of pesticide toxicity, education, age, and farm size were significant predictors of perceived importance of personal safety. In addition, self-confidence in spraying, following colleagues’ behaviors, risk perception, knowledge of pesticide toxicity, and farm size were significant predictors of safe behavior in terms of PPE use during pesticide spraying. Findings highlight differences in how farmers perceive personal safety and how they finally respond in daily action with respect to personal safety measures. Perception of risk, knowledge of pesticide toxicity, and farm size were common significant predictors for both variables. Lifelong education targeting promotion of knowledge about pesticide risks among farmers should be always a priority.

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Gurinder Kaur, Walia, and Kaur Dalveer. "A Study on Pesticides Consumption Patterns and Farmers Perception Towards Health Hazards in Bathinda (Punjab), India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.009.

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Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian economy which accounts for 18% of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to 50% people. Various types of pesticides like insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators and others are used to increase the agriculture production. India is the largest producer of pesticides in Asia and ranks twelfth in the world for the use of pesticides, among these, 76% are used as insecticides which contribute 44% globally. Punjab is one of the most fertile regions which are ideal for growing wheat, rice, sugar cane, fruits and vegetables. Malwa region is the largest part of the three main divisions (the other two being Majha and Doaba) of Punjab which includes 11 districts: Fazilika, Bathinda, Mansa, Moga, Faridkot, Patiala, Sangrur, Barnala, Ferozepur. Muktsar and Ludhiana. Among these, Bathinda is predominately an agriculture oriented district and its soil varies from sandy to clay loam in texture which makes it suitable for cultivation of different types of food crops, pulses, oilseeds and horticultural crops. Cotton, Paddy and wheat are the major crops of the district. In this region, large scale use of pesticides caused many environmental problems like pesticides poisoning, insecticide resistance, resurgence of pests and effects on non-target organisms, besides accidents involving human deaths and injury. Moreover, some farmers reuse of empty pesticides containers for food and water and they have poor knowledge of personal protection equipment and other safety measures which also cause health hazard. Presently, pattern of pesticide usage and awareness among farmers about health hazards in the 5 villages (Bandi, Pathrala, Ghudda, Faridkot kotli, Doomwali) of Bathinda district (Punjab) have been done.

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Daniel, Augustine Innalegwu, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Arun Gokul, Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare, Omolola Aina, Stacey Fisher, Adam Frank Burt, Vuyo Mavumengwana, Marshall Keyster, and Ashwil Klein. "Biofertilizer: The Future of Food Security and Food Safety." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061220.

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There is a direct correlation between population growth and food demand. As the global population continues to rise, there is a need to scale up food production to meet the food demand of the population. In addition, the arable land over time has lost its naturally endowed nutrients. Hence, alternative measures such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides are used to fortify the soil and scale up the production rate. As efforts are being made to meet this food demand and ensure food security, it is equally important to ensure food safety for consumption. Food safety measures need to be put in place throughout the food production chain lines. One of the fundamental measures is the use of biofertilizers or plant growth promoters instead of chemical or synthesized fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides that poise several dangers to human and animal health. Biofertilizers competitively colonize plant root systems, which, in turn, enhance nutrient uptake, increase productivity and crop yield, improve plants’ tolerance to stress and their resistance to pathogens, and improve plant growth through mechanisms such as the mobilization of essential elements, nutrients, and plant growth hormones. Biofertilizers are cost-effective and ecofriendly in nature, and their continuous usage enhances soil fertility. They also increase crop yield by up to about 10–40% by increasing protein contents, essential amino acids, and vitamins, and by nitrogen fixation. This review therefore highlighted different types of biofertilizers and the mechanisms by which they elicit their function to enhance crop yield to meet food demand. In addition, the review also addressed the role of microorganisms in promoting plant growth and the various organisms that are beneficial for enhancing plant growth.

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Korunic, Zlatko. "Diatomaceous earths: Natural insecticides." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 28, no. 2 (2013): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1302077k.

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The regulatory issues for diatomaceous earth (DE) cover three fields: consumer safety, worker safety, and proof of efficacy against pests. For consumer safety, regulatory issues are similar to those for other additives, and a principal benefit of DEs is their removal by normal processing methods. For worker safety, regulatory issues are similar to those for other dusts, such as lime. The proof of potential insecticide values of DE may be assessed by using the analysis of physical and chemical properties of DE and its effect on grain properties and the proof of efficacy may be regulated by bioassay of standard design. Integrated pest management (IPM), a knowledge-based system, is rapidly providing a framework to reduce dependence on synthetic chemical pesticides. The main principle of post-harvest IPM is to prevent problems rather than to react to them. The specific curative measures using synthetic pesticides should be applied only when infestation occurs. DE and enhanced diatomaceous earth (EDE) formulations hold significant promise to increase the effectiveness and broaden the adoption of IPM strategies, thereby reducing the need for synthetic pesticides. By incorporating DE in an effective IPM program, grain is protected against infestation, loss caused by insects is prevented and grain quality is maintained until the grain is processed. Cases study data on the use of DE for commodity and structural treatment show that DE is already a practical alternative to synthetic pesticides in some applications.

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Mbaye, Ndeye Ndiabe, Makhfousse Sarr, Emmanuel Tine, Abdoulaye Samb, and Mbacke Sembene. "Pattern of using pesticides against pests of halieutic products in the Thies region, department of Mbour, Senegal." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 3, no. 3 (August 15, 2013): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.3(3).p106-112.

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This preliminary investigation is part of the work which demonstrates the pattern of pesticide use in the preservation of fish product in Senegal, particularly in the sites of the small coast which is the most important. We did our research in three sites of Department of Mbour, where actors which work in the fisheries product processing use synthetic pesticides, for elimination and/or prevention of any insect infestation. The product Actellic (used by 12.50% of our respondents) which is a mixture of pirimiphosâ€methyl and permethrin and another insecticide called Kaata (used by 37.50% of our respondents) of unknown composition, are used by workers without metering or protective measures in handling. Among the participants of this study, 14% were found to be affected by the use of these chemicals. Such pattern of indiscriminate use of pesticides without following safety guidelines poses the risk of chronic intoxication to the workers engaged in trading of fish products in the study area, and can have longâ€term adverse consequences, especially for children.

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MacFarlane, Ewan, Renee Carey, Tessa Keegel, Sonia El-Zaemay, and Lin Fritschi. "Dermal Exposure Associated with Occupational End Use of Pesticides and the Role of Protective Measures." Safety and Health at Work 4, no. 3 (September 2013): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2013.07.004.

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Hutter, Hans-Peter, Michael Poteser, Kathrin Lemmerer, Peter Wallner, Michael Kundi, Hanns Moshammer, and Lisbeth Weitensfelder. "Health Symptoms Related to Pesticide Use in Farmers and Laborers of Ecological and Conventional Banana Plantations in Ecuador." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031126.

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Conventional banana farming is pesticide-intensive and leads to high exposure of farmworkers. Ecuador is the world’s biggest exporter of bananas. In this field study in 5 communities in Ecuador, we recorded potentially pesticide-associated subjective health symptoms in farmworkers and compared pesticide users to workers in organic farming. With one exception, symptom rates were always higher in the pesticide-exposed group. Significance was reached in 8 out of 19 investigated symptoms with the highest odds ratios (and smallest p-values) for local irritation like skin and eye irritation (OR = 3.58, CI 1.10–11.71, and 4.10, CI 1.37–12.31, respectively) as well as systemic symptoms like dizziness (OR = 4.80, CI 1.55–14.87) and fatigue (OR = 4.96, CI 1.65–14.88). Moreover, gastrointestinal symptoms were reported more frequently by pesticide users: nausea (OR = 7.5, CI 1.77–31.77) and diarrhea (OR = 6.43, CI 1.06–30.00). The majority of farmworkers were not adequately protected from pesticide exposure. For example, only 3 of 31 farmworkers that had used pesticides recently reported using gloves and only 6 reported using masks during active spraying. Improved safety measures and a reduction in pesticide use are necessary to protect the health of banana farmworkers.

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Bhandari, Binus, Prem Saxena, and Dipendra Khadka. "Study of Socio-Demographic Profile of Pesticidal Poisoning Cases in Tertiary Care Center." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v16i2.24880.

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Introduction: The pesticide poisoning is a common medical emergency and leads to increase morbidity and mortality rate in developing countries due to easy accessibility and low cost. The study was conducted to study the socio-demographic profile of poisoning case to understand the possible factors responsible for poisoning episodes. Method: A hospital based descriptive crosssectionalstudy was carried out in Nepalgunj Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, a tertiary care center, conducted for period of six months from October 2017 to March 2018. The socio-demographic profile of all cases of pesticidal poisoning attended in emergency department or admitted in medical ward were collected on a suitably designed pre- structured proforma and analyzed. Results: Total 164 patients were enrolled in the study. Majority were fallen in the age group of 20-30 years with female 76.80% dominating the male 23.20%. Married couples (74.40%) were found to be more affected and house wife was more vulnerable group 42.10%. Incidence of poisoning was more common in joint family as compare to nuclear family 81.10% versus 18.90%. Organophosphorous was most common pesticides 42.70% and suicide was main manner of poisoning. Quarrel with spouse was main reason in majority 23.80% and most of events were held at evening 69.50%. Conclusion: Pesticide poisoning was common in developing countries. More emphasis should be given on preventive measures and safety practices among the population for prevention and reduction of the pesticide poisoning.

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Mansour, Sameeh A. "Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Africa: Egyptian scenario." Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, no. 9 (September 2009): 531–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109347048.

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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic (carbon-based) compounds that include synthesized substances (pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) and other by-product substances generated as a result of human and natural activity (dioxins and furans). Extensive scientific studies have shown that POPs are some of the most dangerous pollutants released into the environment by humans. Great efforts have been made since the early 1960s to enhance chemical management and safety issues. Various conventions have been adopted for this purpose: the Stockholm Convention (SC) is one of the well-known meetings in this context. The SC on POPs (May 2001) focuses on reducing and eliminating releases of 12 POPs coined the ‘Dirty Dozen’ by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Persistence of such chemicals in soils, air, and water, together with natural processes such as evaporation to the atmosphere and washout by rain and flood, give rise to their ubiquitous distribution in the environment and eventual penetration into food chains and bio-accumulation in humans. Public concern about contamination by POPs increased recently because several of these compounds are identified as hormone disruptors, which can alter normal function of endocrine and reproductive systems in humans and wildlife. African countries are using pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, toxaphene, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, since more than 50 years for combating agricultural pests and controlling disease vectors, especially malaria. The way in which pesticides are used in Africa caused serious environmental and health problems much more than elsewhere. These problems are represented by accumulation of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in different environmental samples and hosting of at least 50,000 tons of obsolete pesticides, as well as tens of thousands of tons of contaminated soil. Within the framework of the Africa Stockpiles Program (ASP), huge quantities of pesticidal POPs have been completely or partially destroyed in a number of African countries (e.g. Egypt, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia). At regional level (i.e. African Countries), a strategic plan for monitoring and getting rid of POPs in the continent should be set up and implemented through coordination between all governments. Among issues of top priorities are to find alternative non-combustion technologies for disposing obsolete pesticides, and to use alternative control measures for mosquitoes’ management and other vector-borne diseases.

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Miroshnikova, Darya I., Valerii N. Rakitskii, Irina V. Bereznyak, and Lubov’ G. Ivanova. "Assessment of the influence of pesticides based on glyphosate on the health of agricultural producers." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-9-933-937.

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Introduction. The results of a hygienic risk assessment of the use of pesticides based on glyphosate in agricultural production are presented. The study of the pathogenetic mechanisms of action on the body of widely used glyphosate-containing herbicides and the search for markers of health conditions that change under the influence of these drugs are of increasing interest for the early diagnosis of pathological processes and the prevention of occupational and occupational diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the health effects of glyphosate-based pesticides on the health of operators in an agricultural environment. Materials and methods. The clinical material for the study was the plasma and erythrocytes of the peripheral blood of operators in contact with glyphosate-containing pesticides. As a control group, 20 clinically healthy individuals of the same age group, who had no contact with the studied pesticides, were selected. There were assessed leading indices of general clinical and biochemical blood tests and markers of endogenous intoxication and oxidative stress. Results. There were established acceptable risk of exposure to pesticides on workers, subject to compliance with technological regulations and safety requirements. Minor deviations of indicators of general and biochemical blood tests were revealed. A statistically significant increase in the total level of carbonyl derivatives compared to control was obtained among operators who had more substantial contact with glyphosate-containing pesticides. Conclusion. Working conditions when using preparations in the form of aqueous solutions containing glyphosate, using ground-based spraying of steam fields with a consumption rate of 8 l / ha, subject to compliance with regulations and safety measures, comply with hygienic requirements. The established statistically significant changes in the blood parameters of the operators in comparison with the control group indicate the presence of a risk to the health for workers in contact with glyphosate-containing pesticides and indicates the need for additional biochemical studies during periodic medical examinations of agricultural workers for the early detection of deviations in the health state caused by exposure to pesticides, including those containing glyphosate.

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Petrovic, Jelena, Radomir Ratajac, Jelena Vranješević, Igor Stojanov, Jasna Prodanov Radulović, and Brankica Kartalović. "ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS, PESTICIDES AND PAHs IN HONEY." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/eavm.v14i2.286.

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Honey is a very popular food that is often consumed by immunocompromised people, so it is crucial that it is safe. The safety of honey is determined by numerous hazards- the chemical ones like residues of sulfonamides, lindane and PAHs. Honey from our country contains high concentrations of banned antimicrobial substances such as sulfonamides (3.9% of samples). The frequent presence of lindane in honey is not unexpected considering the fact that this pesticide is present in the soil, plants and animals from Serbia. PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) as a relatively unexplored chemical hazard in honey proved to be widespread in the honey from Serbia- even 6.6% of honey samples contains toxic concentrations of these compounds. The control of chemical hazards and the production of safe honey in Serbia could be improved by implementing better measures to prevent illegal use of antimicrobial drugs, pollution control and further research in the field of risk assessment.

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Artemova, Olga V., Liliya S. Tarasova, Aleksandra V. Ilnitskaya, and Leonora I. Lipkina. "Hygienic evaluation of diflubenzuron-based pesticides in various application technologies." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 917–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-9-917-922.

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Introduction. In connection with the widespread introduction of new preparative forms of pesticides and methods of their introduction into the environment, the urgent task of the modern period is to minimize the risk of exposure to pesticides on the health of workers and the population-the use of diflubenzuron of low and medium toxicity increases. Therefore, a mandatory criterion for assessing risk is registration tests, carried out during several stages - as hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, risk characterization. Purpose of work. To assess the regularities of the formation of the risk of diflubenzuron by exposure and by the absorbed dose, depending on the type of preparative form of pesticides with different technologies of their introduction and regulating safe use measures. Materials and methods. The obtained exposure levels of insecticides based on diflubenzuron in the air and on the skin were compared with the hygienic standards calculated and experimentally established as follows: MPC (mg/m3) in the air of the working area and approximate admissible level (AAL) (mg/cm2) of skin contamination. The exposure level risk was determined by the safety level (SL) SLsumm value. The risk of exposure to insecticides based on diflubenzuron for the operator / user / refueller / pilot / signaller based on the absorbed dose, determined by the safety factor - SLp, and the exposure -SBsumm, is considered acceptable when SLsumm and SLp <1. Results. The paper presents the risk analysis results of the impact of diflubenzuron-based insecticides studied in natural conditions using 27 drugs with different preparative forms and methods (technologies) of their introduction into the environment. The risk of exposure to insecticides (SLsumm) for all technologies is acceptable SL. The risk of absorbed dose (SLp) was more significant regardless of the type of formulation. Wettable powder formulations are more unfavourable to use than other formulations. Conclusion. The conditions for the use of preparations based on diflubenzuron in the technologies of ground boom spraying and fan spraying of field and horticultural crops, in the treatment of field and forest crops by the aerial method, in the treatment of field and horticultural crops in private household plots, in the treatment of champignons in protected ground, compliance with regulations and measures safety meet hygienic requirements.

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Banerjee, Shuvomoy, Suchismita Mitra, Milind Velhal, Vikas Desmukh, and Biswarup Ghosh. "Impact of agrochemicals on the environment and human health: The concerns and remedies." International Journal of Experimental Research and Review 26 (December 30, 2021): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2021.v26.010.

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Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are essential aids in current agricultural practice to achieve the growing population's need worldwide. Excessive use of these agrochemicals often exerts toxic effects and imposes acute risks on human health and the surrounding environment. Importantly, they have negative impacts on the farmers during agricultural practice without proper safety measures. When a human comes in contact with these toxic chemicals due to leaching and drifting causes serious health hazards including diabetes, reproductive disorders, neurological dysfunction, cancer, and respiratory diseases. In this paper, we discussed the benefits and adverse effects of agrochemicals on humans and the ecology. Moreover, we also discussed some important remedial measures to reduce the toxic effects in farming. We have mentioned recent state-of-art nanotechnology techniques to improve agricultural research. This paper will give new insights into current farming strategies by which farmers will be able to decrease the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

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Daukaev, Rustem A., T. K. Larionova, E. G. Stepanov, S. R. Afonkina, A. S. Fazlieva, E. N. Usmanova, G. R. Allayarova, G. F. Adieva, and E. E. Zelenkovskaya. "THE CONTENT OF SOME CONTAMINANTS IN VEGETABLES GROWN ON SCHOOL GROUNDS." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 9 (October 28, 2019): 962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-9-962-966.

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Introduction. Despite the fact that the state of school meals is monitored by the administration of educational institutions, authorities of Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Supervision, it is almost impossible to cover all safety measures with research on safety performance. As part of the study of the quality and safety of food products used in the diet of schoolchildren, there was carried out an analysis of vegetables grown in school grounds for the content of nitrates, pesticides, and macro- and microelements. Material and methods. Sampling of beets, carrots, and potatoes was carried out during the autumn period at school grounds in rural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Macro- and trace elements (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Al) were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, pesticides (HCCH and DDT) were measured by gas chromatography, and nitrates were evaluated potentiometrically. Statistical data processing was performed using standard software, the results are expressed as medians or general average values with the corresponding standard deviations. Results. Organochlorine pesticides (HCH and DDT), the use of which is currently prohibited, have not been identified in vegetable samples, the levels of metals and nitrates are very variable and depended on both the type of product and the place of growth. The concentration of nitrates in beets and carrots exceeds the maximum permissible levels in 62.5% of samples, in potatoes - in 18.8%. Lead accumulation in vegetables has not been established, the maximum levels did not reach 0.2 MPU, the concentration of cadmium was higher than the permissible level in 6% of the samples analyzed. No elevated levels of iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, manganese were recorded; on the contrary, their lower concentrations were noted compared with the average Russian data. Conclusion. In connection with the detection of elevated concentrations of nitrates, it is necessary to strengthen control over the safety of vegetables grown in school grounds and used in school canteens.

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Gomes, Mayslane De Sousa, Aline Costa Ferreira, Aline Carla de Medeiros, Patrício Borges Maracajá, Wellington Ferreira de Melo, and Paulo César Ferreira Linhares. "Caracterização das condições de trabalho associadas ao uso de agrotóxicos: as consequências para os pequenos agricultores do DPIVAS." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 44 (April 2, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n44p143-151.

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<p>The spread of pesticides as a means of controlling insects on plantations has negative effects on workers’ health, and protection measures are necessary to ensure their physical integrity. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the working conditions associated with the use of pesticides for the health and safety of the work of the small rural producers of the Irrigation District Irrigated Perimeter Várzeas de Sousa (DPIVAS). The methodology used consisted of an exploratory and descriptive, qualitative-quantitative approach, as field research applied to a group of 12 female farmers. Data collection was done through the documentary survey of scientific articles, photographic records and the application of a semi-structured questionnaire. The results obtained show that most farmers of DPIVAS use agrochemicals under irregular conditions according to NR 31, aggravating even more the potential of generating occupational diseases. Although 58% stated they knew some of the risks of their activity, 100% of the women farmers did not receive training on work safety. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance that, in addition to the agricultural consultancies, training courses on occupational safety should be offered in order to promote the health and safety of all those involved and ensure decent working conditions.</p>

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Prodanchuk, Mykola H., Galyna M. Balan, Nataliia M. Bubalo, Petro H. Zhminko, Oleksandr A. Kharchenko, and Yevgen A. Bahlei. "THE PROBLEM OF ACUTE PESTICIDE POISONINGS OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS IN UKRAINE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE NEW BUSINESS PATTERNS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 5 (2019): 1083–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201905225.

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Introduction: Due to introduction of new forms of agriculture and transformation of the treatment and preventive service in recent years, there has been a false impression of a sharp decrease in the level of occupational morbidity among agricultural workers 30 % to 25 % in the structure of general occupational morbidity in the 80–90s down to 0.2-0.4 %. The aim: Summarize data on the prevalence, causes, structure of acute pesticide poisoning in agricultural workers at the current stages of its reform in order to improve preventive measures. Materials and methods: Data on the prevalence, causes and structure of 647 cases of acute pesticide poisoning in agricultural workers over the past 25 years have been summarized; staff of the Scientific Toxicology Center took part in the sanitary-hygienic investigation and establishment of the diagnosis. Results: The causes for the development, aetiology and structure of 647 cases of acute pesticide poisoning, among which 522 cases of acute poisoning of field beet growers with 2,4-D-based herbicides (80.7 %), 60 cases (9.3 %) of OPC poisoning, 36 cases of beet growers poisoning with sulphonylurea-based herbicides, 14 patients with acute synthetic pyrethroid poisoning, and isolated cases (15 patients) of intoxication with aluminium phosphide, dithiocarbamates, Vitavax, and Fipronil were analysed. Conclusions: Analysis of the causes of the development and structure of poisoning has allowed to optimize the complex of preventive measures to strengthen sanitary control over the implementation of individual and public safety hygienic regulations during storage and use of pesticides.

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Valencia-Quintana, Rafael, Mirta Milić, Stefano Bonassi, Maria Antonieta Ochoa-Ocaña, Victoria Campos-Peña, Maria Guadalupe Tenorio-Arvide, Guillermo Alejandro Pérez-Flores, and Juana Sánchez-Alarcón. "Effect of Pesticide Exposure over DNA Damage in Farmers from Los Reyes, Michoacan in Mexico." Toxics 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020122.

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In the municipality of Los Reyes, Michoacán, in Mexico, several economic activities coexist; however, the most relevant is agriculture. It stands out as an agro-industrial center and commercial enclave in the region, suitable for the cultivation of sugar cane; however, currently fruit growing takes first place with blackberry, raspberry and blueberry, followed by avocado, peach, strawberry and other crops. A large quantity and variety of pesticides are applied to crops, consequently the population is at constant risk. This study aimed to evaluate whether pesticides are a factor in genetic damage to agricultural workers from Los Reyes, Michoacán, using alkaline comet assay. Fifty-nine residents participated (41 workers and 18 controls). Results included confounding factors (alcohol consumption, smoking habit, gender, age, BMI, etc.) indicated a non-significant statistical difference between two groups, with higher DNA damage values in workers that was higher than the values expected in a normal healthy unexposed population. It seems that the control measures, safe handling of pesticides and quality standards, required by the producers so that their products can be exported, have resulted in less damage, despite workers’ activity, but higher damage than the reference values still requires regular surveillance of those exposed. The use of protective equipment or measures can reduce the risk of damage, so it is also necessary to promote their service and comply with labor regulations for agricultural workers.

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Ranabhat, Sharmila, Suman Baskota, and Bishnu Bajagain. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Agrochemicals Use among Farmers in Kathmandu, Nepal." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210613.

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Background and purpose: High agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizer and pesticides are unlikely to be sustainable for long unless the inputs are properly used in terms of both their quality and quantity. Because of limited knowledge and skills about the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, farmers are haphazardly using agrochemical, which not only disturbs the soil ecosystem, affecting the nutrient recycling process and decreases productivity, but also affects long-term human health. It has a potential connection to cancer, thyroid, and reproductive health in both humans and livestock. Heavy use of chemical herbicides, pesticides, and intensification of agricultural production during the past few decades has led to several harmful effects in surrounding areas of Kathmandu valley. In this context, this study was conducted to assess the farmer’s knowledge towards the use of agrochemicals, to explore the attitude, and practices methods of chemical fertilizer and pesticides in Sankhu and Machhegaun VDCs, Kathmandu, Nepal. As well, this study explored the famers’ self-reported problems associated with the use of agrochemicals. Materials and Methods: In this study, two sampling methods: purposive and snowball sampling was used to select 50 farmers from two villages in Kathmandu, Nepal. The data was obtained by interview and focus group discussion through structured questionnaires and checklists, which were analyzed with descriptive statistical tools. Results and conclusion: Almost half of the farmers (40%) access information about agrochemicals use from friends, elders, relatives, and other farmers followed by agrochemicals retailers and agriculture cooperatives (22%). All the farmers in the study area were aware of the hazards involved in agrochemicals and safety precautions. However, the majority of them (68%) ignored safety precautions while applying agrochemicals. Research revealed that females are more likely to use safety measures than males among those who used safety measures and the higher educational status of respondents plays a vital role in applying safety measures. The most common PPE used by slightly more than a quarter of farmers were rubber gloves, safety shoes, masks, hats, long-sleeved clothes, goggles, and respirators. Furthermore, only 26% of farmers have ever received some kind of training to use agrochemicals. All the farmers washed their hands with soap while only 18% of them took bath immediately after applying agrochemicals. Slightly more than half (52%) of the farmers stored agrochemicals in an unlocked cabinet inside the house and only 14% locked in the safe place outside. Almost half of the farmers (48%) threw away empty agrochemicals in the open space (48%) and 36% of them were reused for storage or other household purposes. Only 8% used the safe disposal procedure i.e., burn or bury. The common time interval (38%) between agrochemicals application and crop harvesting was between one to two weeks followed by two to three weeks (30%). More than half of the farmers (54%) reported that pest and insect activity increased after agrochemicals application. Similarly, some farmers also reported experiencing adverse impacts on their animals (14%) and the surrounding environment. The study revealed that the majority of the farmers 39 (78%) had ill-health symptoms after agrochemicals application. The most common symptoms experienced by them were eye irritation, headache, cough, skin rashes or allergy, vomiting, dizziness, and abdominal pain. Some farmers also reported chronic illnesses such as asthma and bronchitis. Inadequate knowledge and inappropriate practice have resulted in harmful consequences to the farmers' health and the surrounding environment. Based on the results of the study, training for farmers is strongly recommended to improve knowledge on agrochemical use, risk associated with agrochemical, safety precaution, safe storage and disposal and short and long-term health impact. Furthermore, to manage inappropriate disposal practices of the farmers, the local government should provide a common agrochemicals waste disposal site where there is no threat to public health and the environment. Key words: agrochemicals, pesticides, chemical fertilizer, human health, PPE, environment.

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Darmansjah, I. "Pesticide Poisoning as a Pediatric Emergency." Paediatrica Indonesiana 16, no. 1-2 (September 12, 2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi16.1-2.1976.11-20.

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There are branches in medicine where knowledge of the average physician is deficient, such as in pollutional problems, industrial medicine and diseases caused by agricultural chemicals. Many of these involve the toxicology of substances rarely met with in medical practice. A multidisciplinary agro-medical and industria-medical approach is essential to understand the management including precautionary and legislative measures that have to be taken. This will involve not only medical personnel but also engineers, chemists, agronomists, ecologists and many others. Poisoning with agricultural chemicals most often involve O.C. and O.P. compounds. In adults these cases have been typified by self-poisonings and through neglect of safety measures prescribed by the factory. In children poisonings almost always have been associated with accidents. Here the most important factor is also negligence of parents to keep away dangerous pesticides from the reach of children. There are quite a few potent anti dotes available in pesticide-poisoning, notably atropine for D.P.'s and carbamates, vitamin K for warfarin, and dimercaprol for arsenics. There are also chemicals like paraquat and pentachlorophenol for which no antidote is available and they present great problems in treatment.

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Adhikari, Upama. "INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT: MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES." Reviews In Food and Agriculture 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/rfna.01.2022.48.53.

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In order to survive and thrive in nature, every organism interacts with the ecosystem’s components, including insect pests. In most situations, the interaction of insects and pests with the ecosystem is detrimental and necessitates control measures. Successful and sustained pest control in agroecosystems is dependent on understanding of the approach, pest biology, and pest ecology. There are occasions when a farmer must use pesticides to control a pest infestation, but there are also numerous non-chemical options. Some of these options are classified as mechanical and physical controlling approaches. Physical and mechanical control measures, which are the oldest of all tactics used directly against pests, kill the pest, interrupt their usual behavior, or alter the environment to discourage pest activity. They are one-of-a-kind in that they have no or minimal negative environmental impacts and leave no residue on agricultural goods. Unlike pesticides, there is no need for official regulation/registration, which would necessitate millions of dollars in research to fulfill environmental and animal toxicity, food safety, and effectiveness criteria. This study has merely highlighted the most important findings in past and recent research on physical and mechanical insect pest management techniques.

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Liu, En Hua. "Establishment and Improvement of New Theory on Long-Term Mechanism of Environmental Protection in Rural China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 6003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.6003.

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In recent years, China's environmental events frequently, compared with the urban environment, rural environmental issues become more prominent. CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to environmental protection in rural areas, and use it as a major event in the catch. Country according to their actual situation, expanding public education, a sound system, take a number of concrete measures to increase rural environmental protection efforts. However, the environmental situation in rural China is still not optimistic, even to 012 years, is still emerging environmental pollution accidents occur. Therefore, China must establish long-term mechanism to improve environmental protection in rural areas, however, the establishment of this mechanism is also currently facing many practical difficulties. Therefore, we must take comprehensive measures to a comprehensive, systematic, establish and improve long-term mechanism of environmental protection in rural China. In recent years, many places around the development of agro-ecological safety targets, accelerating the construction of pollution-free agricultural base, efforts to change by a large number of chemical fertilizers, spraying pesticides to increase agricultural production in the extensive mode of production, through the implementation of soil engineering, soil testing and fertilizer implementation technology, to promote efficiency and low toxicity pesticides, expanding manure, organic fertilizer area and other measures, the agricultural non-point source pollution has been a certain amount of control. Fifth, rural environment to bear fruit. In recent years, initially obtained by the comprehensive improvement of rural environment, rural life garbage pollution, rural industrial enterprises to curb pollution.

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Black, Robert, and Irina Kireeva. "Sanitary and Phytosanitary Legislation in the Russian Federation: A General Overview in Light of the WTO SPS Agreement and EU Principles of Food Safety." Review of Central and East European Law 35, no. 3 (2010): 225–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303510x12650378240313.

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AbstractThis article introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and the European Union's policies and legislation that exemplify these rules. This forms the basis for examining primary Russian SPS legislation governing border controls and its relationship with legislative provisions on human, animal, and plant health and food safety. Specific Russsian primary federal laws (federal'nye zakony) covering veterinary medicine, plant health, food quality/safety, pesticides and agrochemicals, and technical regulations are compared with corresponding international conventions, norms, and standards and relevant legislation in the EU. Finally, general remarks are made about the Russian Federation's secondary legislation in the SPS area. Instances of non-compliance with international norms, found by the authors, may contribute to trade difficulties with other countries and likely will need to be addressed as part of Russia's negotiations to join the WTO and, also, to remove some of the difficulties in trade with the EU.

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Kotelevych, V. A. "Veterinary and sanitary assessment of quality and safety of meat and meat products in the marshes of LLC “Riton” Vinnytsa." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 88 (September 8, 2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8804.

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The purpose of our research was to study the environmental aspects of the quality and safety of meat and meat products in the conditions of Ltd “Ryton” Vinnytsya and the measures applied in this subsidiary for the observance of proper hygienic and production practices (GHP/GMP) in their production as a guarantor of environmental security. The results of the veterinary and sanitary estimation of meat and meat products are reported according to the data of the reporting documentation of Ltd Ryton Vinnytsia (2015–2017), expert opinions of the Vinnytsia Regional State Veterinary Laboratory and Khmelnytsky Interdistrict State Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine (2018) on indicators security. The main cause of detoxification of byproducts was invasive and non-contagious diseases, in particular: liver – cirrhosis, fasciolysis and abscesses; kidneys – jade heart – traumatic pericarditis; udder – mastitis, lungs – pneumonia, pleurisy, aspiration with food and blood. According to safety indicators, there is a lack of pesticides (the mass fraction of HCCh gamma-isomer, DDT and its metabolites, DDVF, chlorophos, metaphys, carbophos, basidins), toxic elements (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper, zinc), mycotoxins, antibiotics; Radiological and microbiological parameters in meat and meat samples were also within regulatory requirements and safe for consumption. The introduction of proper hygienic and production practices allowed Vinnitsa LLC to complete the certification process under the international program FSSC 22000 “Food Safety Management” and obtain the Certificates The HACCP Management System of CCM MS Standart HACCP and ISO 22000: 2007 Food Safety Management Systems, Requirements for any Organisation in the Food Chain. The performed researches prove the theoretical and practical justification of the necessity of monitoring research on the quality and safety of livestock products, the observance of proper hygienic and production practices (GHP/GMP) taking into account the international program FSSC 22000 “Food Safety Management”, – the need to strengthen preventive measures by doctors of veterinary medicine invasive and non-contagious diseases of cattle.

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Chalivendra, Subbaiah. "Microbial Toxins in Insect and Nematode Pest Biocontrol." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 7657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147657.

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Invertebrate pests, such as insects and nematodes, not only cause or transmit human and livestock diseases but also impose serious crop losses by direct injury as well as vectoring pathogenic microbes. The damage is global but greater in developing countries, where human health and food security are more at risk. Although synthetic pesticides have been in use, biological control measures offer advantages via their biodegradability, environmental safety and precise targeting. This is amply demonstrated by the successful and widespread use of Bacillusthuringiensis to control mosquitos and many plant pests, the latter by the transgenic expression of insecticidal proteins from B. thuringiensis in crop plants. Here, I discuss the prospects of using bacterial and fungal toxins for pest control, including the molecular basis of their biocidal activity.

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Logan, James W. M., Robert H. Cowie, and T. G. Wood. "Termite (Isoptera) control in agriculture and forestry by non-chemical methods: a review." Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, no. 3 (September 1990): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300050513.

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AbstractNon-chemical control of termites in agriculture and forestry is attracting renewed interest following increasing restrictions on the use of persistent organochlorine (cyclodiene) insecticides. Non-chemical control involves methods which attempt, without using commercial pesticides, to (i) prevent termite access to the plants, (ii) reduce termite numbers in the vicinity of the plants or (iii) reduce susceptibility/increase resistance of the plants themselves. There have been few adequate trials of any of these methods. Numerous cultural procedures have been suggested, including measures to enhance plant vigour, to manipulate termite numbers and behaviour, and others whose mode of action is unclear. Many are simply part of good agricultural/silvicultural practice and to be recommended. Biological control by predators or pathogens is unlikely to be successful due to the termites' social structure and behavioural responses to infected individuals and to loss of individuals to predators. The use of ‘natural’ insecticides from locally available plant products may be effective in some cases but, as they are not subject to the same rigorous safety and environmental evaluation as commercial pesticides, their use cannot be sanctioned unconditionally. Other locally available products, e.g. wood ash, have not been adequately evaluated. Removal of reproductives from the nest and construction of physical barriers may have limited applications, but resistant species and varieties, combined with appropriate cultural methods and, perhaps, minimal use of modern pesticides in an integrated approach, offer the greatest potential for a long term solution. The lack of critical scientific evaluation of non-chemical control makes it a field wide open for research.

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