Статті в журналах: "Pesticides Environmental aspects Victoria"

1

Skipper, Horace D., Arthur G. Wollum, Ronald F. Turco, and Duane C. Wolf. "Microbiological Aspects of Environmental Fate Studies of Pesticides." Weed Technology 10, no. 1 (March 1996): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045905.

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Surface and subsurface soils are complex biological, chemical, and physical environments and to understand the fate of pesticides in the soil environment is a formidable task. To determine the environmental fate of pesticides requires a diverse array of techniques and procedures. Microbiological approaches range from applied to basic, laboratory to field, qualitative to quantitative, and from low to high technology. In the arena of biodegradation, teams of scientists are needed to develop predictive models for the behavior of pesticides in the soil environment. From our perspectives, we have documented the existing status of the microbiology of environmental fate studies with pesticides. Verification of data from laboratory studies to the field environment is needed. On the other hand, efforts to design better field studies to assess microbial processes are essential to advance our understanding of environmental fate studies with pesticides.

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2

Jovetić, Milica S., Azra S. Redžepović, Nebojša M. Nedić, Denis Vojt, Slađana Z. Đurđić, Ilija D. Brčeski, and Dušanka M. Milojković-Opsenica. "Urban honey - the aspects of its safety." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 69, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3126.

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AbstractTo contribute to the development of urban beekeeping, we designed this study to obtain more information about the contamination of urban bee products with toxic metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides. The samples of honey (N=23), pollen (N=13), and floral nectar (N=6) were collected from the experimental stationary apiary of the Belgrade University Faculty of Agriculture located in centre of Zemun (a municipality of the Belgrade metropolitan area) in 2015 and 2016. Metals (Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Hg) were determined with inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Pesticides were analysed with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The honey samples were generally within the European and Serbian regulatory limits. The levels of all the 123 analysed pesticides were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Regarding PAH levels in honey, the highest content was found for naphthalene. The elevated levels of Hg and Cr and of PAHs in the pollen samples indicated air pollution. Pesticide residues in pollen, however, were below the LOQ. In nectar, metal levels were relatively similar to those in honey. Our results suggest that the investigated urban honey meets the regulatory requirements for metals, PAHs, and pesticides and is therefore safe for consumption.

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3

Bergsma, Simon, Gerrit Jan Willem Euverink, Nikolaos Charalampogiannis, Efthymios Poulios, Thierry K. S. Janssens, and Spyridon Achinas. "Biotechnological and Medical Aspects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Used for Plant Protection: A Comprehensive Review." BioTech 11, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biotech11030040.

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The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture goes hand in hand with some crucial problems. These problems include environmental deterioration and human health complications. To eliminate the problems accompanying chemical pesticides, biological alternatives should be considered. These developments spark interest in many environmental fields, including agriculture. In this review, antifungal compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are considered. It summarizes the worldwide distribution of pesticides and the effect of pesticides on human health and goes into detail about LAB species, their growth, fermentation, and their antifungal compounds. Additionally, interactions between LABs with mycotoxins and plants are discussed.

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4

Tarasova, O. G., A. M. Tsvetkova, L. F. Osipov, O. M. Arsan, and N. A. Klujev. "Some Aspects of Pollution of the Danube." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0015.

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Residues of organochlorine pesticides in the Danube were studied during the 1-st International Danube Research Expedition. Some other pollutants were identified as well. The levels of organochlorine pesticide pollution have decreased significantly as compared with background levels in 1979-1980’s.

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5

Silva Mendonça, Gulnar Azevedo e. "Measuring exposure to organochlorinated pesticides." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, suppl 3 (1998): S177—S179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000700018.

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Environmental epidemiological investigations in cancer remain, with rare exceptions, inconclusive. The difficulties of establishing patterns of measurements of exposure in the human body is one of the limitations of these studies. The findings of six recent epidemiological studies that analyzed the association between organochlorinated compounds and breast cancer are reviewed in considering the problems of measuring environmental exposure through biological markers. The epidemiological evidence based on these studies do not indicate a risk of breast cancer related to organochlorines. Some aspects that may partially explain this absence of risk are discussed regarding the investigation of environmental carcinogenic agents in populations with low but homogeneously sprayed levels of exposure.

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6

Tsvetkova, T., S. Andonova, E. Zvetkova, and S. Blagoeva. "Aspects of granulocyte function in workers professionally exposed to pesticides." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 64, no. 4 (November 1992): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00378286.

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7

Parra-Arroyo, Lizeth, Reyna Berenice González-González, Carlos Castillo-Zacarías, Elda M. Melchor Martínez, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Damià Barceló, and Roberto Parra-Saldívar. "Highly hazardous pesticides and related pollutants: Toxicological, regulatory, and analytical aspects." Science of The Total Environment 807 (February 2022): 151879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151879.

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8

Musarurwa, Herbert, and Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa. "Green aspects during synthesis, application and chromatographic analysis of chiral pesticides." Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry 27 (September 2020): e00093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2020.e00093.

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9

Kiss, Attila, and Diána Virág. "GC-MS studies to map mechanistic aspects of photolytic decomposition of pesticides." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 28 (February 23, 2008): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/28/2956.

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Transformation of pesticides in the environment is a highly complex process affected by different factors. Both biological and physical-chemical factors may play a role in the degradation, whose ratio depends on the actual environmental conditions.Our study aims to reveal specific details of photolytic degradation of pesticides as important soil contaminants. Significance of these studies is enhanced by the fact that pesticide decomposition may contribute to soil degradation, and have harmful biological effects by degrading to toxic products. The toxicity of the examined pesticides is well known, however very little information is available regarding their natural degradation processes, the quality, structure and biological impact of the degradation products.The photolytic degradation of frequently applied pesticides of distinctive types (acetochlor – acetanilide, simazine – triazine, chlorpyrifos – organophosphate, carbendazim – benzimidazole) was investigated. A special, immerseable UV-light source was applied in order to carry out photodegradation. The degradation processes were followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and mass spectrometry coupled with gas chromatography (GC/MS). EI mass spectrometry was used to identify the degradation species.Each of the studied pesticides underwent photolytic decomposition, and the detailed mechanism of photolytic transformation was established. At least four degradation species were detected and identified in each case. Loss of alkyl, alkyloxy, amino-alkyl and chloro groups might be regarded as typical decomposition patterns. Deamination occurred at the last stage of decomposition.

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10

Punculis, P., and I. Zakis. "Evaluation Aspects for Ecological Risk in Operation of Field Sprayers." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 26, 2006): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2003vol1.2029.

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Intensive agricultural production is closely linked with the application of plant protection means, as well as use of field sprayers. When intensive technologies are used, crops as are treated with pesticides several times during the vegetation period. All chemicals applied for plant protection are more or less dangerous to human health and environment. Particularly dangerous is the use of unchecked and defective field sprayers, non-observance of the stated rates of pesticides, agrotechnical treatment terms, as well as wrong adjustment of the sprayers. Standard ISO 14001 states the basic measures for establishment and maintenance of environmental management system. In the article is presented the model of environmental management system for field sprayers based on given standard. The evaluation system includes technical and organizational measures having an influence on the pollution of environment and human health. This system includes the analysis of the factors, planning, regular inspection of field sprayers, training of serving staff and the corrective measures. During the operation of field sprayers the local atmospheric, ground, and water pollution is to be observed that in its turn is conductive to the choking up of agricultural field crop and animal products. The levels of ecological risk include the accumulation of pesticides into environment, as well as ecological risk connected with the increased human morbidity and disappearance of individual species of plants and animals. Proposed environmental management system for field sprayers can serve as a basis to develop and introduce the system of periodical inspections for field sprayers. The environmental management system for field sprayers will promote more effective protection of people and environment.

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11

Melnychuk, F. S., О. A. Marchenko, A. P. Shatkovskyi, L. M. Melnychuk, М. S. Retman, and О. M. Nichiporuk. "STATUS AND ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE PESTICIDES INFLUENCE ON PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-188.

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Relevance of research. Ukraine's agriculture is one of the world leaders in production and export. The assortment of chemical plant protection products by status on 2019 which used in agriculture has more than two thousand preparations based on hundreds of active substances. In today's difficult climatic conditions, crop growing requires the use of a scientific approach, innovative technology and the introduction of new technologies. One of these is pestigation (irrigation pesticide application), which allows a uniform distribution and precise placement of chemicals independently of weather or field conditions. The selection of a modern assortment of chemicals that can be effectively used in pest control against certain harmful organisms is one of the actual directions of irrigation and requires research in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the pesticides application in integrated protection systems and the environmental safety of their use on the example of non-target objects. Materials and methods of research. Methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, generalization of the results of field and laboratory analyzes were used in the study, which included: - phyto-expertise of seed and plant material; - rapid analyzes during the growing season of crops; - agrochemical analysis of soils; - detailed soil analysis; - study of environmental hazards of chemicals for aquatic, soil and terrestrial ecosystems: - detailed analysis of water. The application of plant protection products makes it possible to improve the ecological condition of agrocenosis, the conditions of the working area, while increasing crop productivity. Application methods of plant protection reagents with irrigation water and combined protection schemes for row crops, which are used in integrated crop protection systems, are presented. It has been established that one of the significant disadvantage of application plant protection reagents with irrigation water is the limitation of the pesticide treatment time. The developed combined scheme for the row crops protection provides for the prophylactic treatment of pesticide in a short time by the traditional way, depending on the phytosanitary condition of the crops, which provides a significant increase of yield compared to other methods of application. It has also been proven that effectiveness of plant protection reagents is not the same against certain targets upon application different methods of pesticides treatment . Therefore, it is noted that for developing technological schemes for protecting crops against harmful organisms, it is necessary to thoroughly study the phytosanitary situation in the area where crops are located and to determine the targets for which pesticides are applied. The directions of research on the influence of pesticides on ecosystems are given, namely, the environmental safety of pesticides for the soil ecosystem (toxic effects on groundworms and microorganisms), the aquatic ecosystem (toxic effects on fish, daphnia, and algae) and the terrestrial ecosystem (toxic effects on birds and bees). It is noted that one of the methods to prevent the harmful effects of toxic substances on non-target objects of ecosystems is hygienic regulation of their use. Ecological and toxicological assessment of pesticides was carried out by determining their toxicity after a single injection in a sharp experiment, which allows determining the species susceptibility of a living organism to a chemical reagent. Probit’ analysis method was used to calculate the toxicity in the analysis of the various drugs effects which is the most exact at the present time. The influence of agrochemicals on the structural and functional changes in the microbial cenosis of the soil was determined by a quantitative analysis of agronomical valuable ecological and trophic and taxonomic groups of microorganisms, by assessing the rate of respiration of the soil by the amount of carbon dioxide released. The tendencies of search and fundamental research in the water management field and land reclamation were analyzed in order to improve modern approaches to plant growing.

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12

Cook, L. G., K. M. Harrower, and A. P. Mackey. "Biological Aspects of Water Management." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0056.

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This paper firstly reviews the microbiological aspects of the accumulation of xenobiotic and non-xenobiotic substances from industrial and domestic waste water treatments, with particular reference to hydrocarbons, pesticides and inorganic plant nutrients. The paper goes on to argue that if water bodies are to be used to establish recreational fisheries as well as for water supply and effluent disposal, then the management aim may need to be one of controlled eutrophy. Ramifications of this proposal are considered. The biological aspects of the impact of other recreational and amenity uses of water bodies on water and environmental quality is briefly described. The paper concludes by discussing the training required by potential water managers.

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13

Barbeau, André, Madeleine Roy, Gilles Bernier, Giuseppe Campanella, and Suzanne Paris. "Ecogenetics of Parkinson's Disease: Prevalence and Environmental Aspects in Rural Areas." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 14, no. 1 (February 1987): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100026147.

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Abstract:We make use of the unique combination of a homogeneous genetic and racial origin in the rural population of Quebec and the facilities of free and universal access to medical care, to study the distribution of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the 9 rural hydrographic regions of the Province. Through 3 different methods of ascertainment, confirmed by two control probes, we demonstrate that the prevalence of Parkinson's disease is of uneven distribution within rural areas. We further investigated the characteristics of the regions of high prevalence. These regions which are predominantly agricultural and areas of intensive market gardening were also the areas with the highest use of pesticides.

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14

López, Antonio, Pablo Ruiz, Vicent Yusà, and Clara Coscollà. "Methodological Aspects for the Implementation of the Air Pesticide Control and Surveillance Network (PESTNet) of the Valencian Region (Spain)." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050542.

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A large amount of pesticide, applied mainly during agricultural practice, is released into the atmosphere, decreasing air quality and potentially causing public health problems. The Valencian region, after Andalusia, is the Spanish region with the highest consumption of pesticides owing to its large areas of agricultural land and the existence of crops that require intensive use of pesticides. In this work, we describe the sampling and analytical tools developed in the last decade and their transference to the Regional Department for Environment, where the main objective of the research was the creation and implementation of an Air pesticide control and surveillance network (PESTNet) in the Valencian region in Spain. To be able to confirm that the established strategies were appropriate, a pilot scheme comprising three different sampling stations (two rural and one urban) was developed and implemented in 2020. The results showed that as many as 30 pesticides were detected in the three sampling stations, with the frequency detection ranging from 6% (beta-endosulfan, chlorpropham, endosulfan-sulfate, kresoxim-m, prochloraz) to 100% (azoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos-m, metalaxyl-M). On the other hand, the concentrations of the pesticides found oscillated between 14.4 (boscalid) and 4373.0 pg m−3 (chlorpyrifos-m). Moreover, a risk assessment was carried out, and no risks were observed for the studied population (infants, children, and adults) in the evaluated stations.

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15

de Souza, Renata Mariane, Daiana Seibert, Heloise Beatriz Quesada, Fátima de Jesus Bassetti, Márcia Regina Fagundes-Klen, and Rosângela Bergamasco. "Occurrence, impacts and general aspects of pesticides in surface water: A review." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 135 (March 2020): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.12.035.

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Stocka, Jolanta, Maciej Tankiewicz, Marek Biziuk, and Jacek Namieśnik. "Green Aspects of Techniques for the Determination of Currently Used Pesticides in Environmental Samples." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2011): 7785–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms12117785.

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17

Vyas, Neha. "Environmental Aspects of Project Management." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, no. 2 (April 2008): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080205.

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The primary challenge in project management is to achieve all of the defined project goals and objectives while adhering to typical constraints which are usually scope, quality, time, and budget. Often, the basic flaw in project planning and design is the complete neglect or minimal consideration of environmental and social costs and dependence only on economic analysis for project preparation and investment. A failure to understand and internalize adverse or negative impacts on environment during project preparation could lead to several undesirable consequences, which may ultimately jeopardize the very objectives of growth and development for which the project was proposed. In this paper, the author stresses upon the need for environmental management for successful project completion and discusses the challenges of addressing the key environmental issues. Environmental management is not just about the ‘trees and bees’ but also about health, safety, profits, quality assurance, reduced risks to reputation, and increased global competitiveness, states the author. Overall, it is about efficiency and reducing environmental and legal liabilities. It is argued that sound environment management reduces the unforeseen obstacles and bottlenecks that may otherwise hamper the delivery of project objectives while helping to improve the environmental performance of project operations. The key environmental issues resulting from agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and urban operations include: severe degradation of air quality due to industrial and vehicular pollution contamination of land and water resources due to pesticides, fertilizers, and dumping of hazardous wastes depletion of raw material reserves contamination of surface and ground water sources due to discharge of sewage and industrial effluents deforestation. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is suggested as a tool for formulating an environment management plan. EIA should, however, not be treated just as a tool for regulatory compliance but as an instrument for improving project management per se with proper expertise, time, and budget allocations made for the purpose. In environmental management, the moot question is: How to get started? The author's advice is to start small and simple and gradually turn them into action plans for a worksite and subsequently up-scale them for the entire company. It is ultimately the actions taken at personal or community level or as a project manager that matters the most when it comes to environmental sustainability. Policies and plans merely show the way. It is becoming increasingly important to make environmental management an economic driver that would serve to minimize environmental damages and promote resource efficiency and cost savings to businesses.

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Yılmaz, Hasan. "Economic and Toxicological Aspects of Pesticide Management Practices: Empirical Evidence from Turkey." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.81.23.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the economics and toxicological aspects of pesticide management practices for sustainable chickpea production. The results of this study demonstrated that the average usage of pesticides is 877.30 g per hectare as an active ingredient in the chickpea growing. The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides were calculated to be 1.50 g, 638.80 g, and 237.00 g, respectively. Fungicides are the biggest pesticide group used with 72.81% of total weight of active ingredients. It was calculated that the crop protection cost was EUR 75.65 per hectare, having the portion of 12 % of average production cost. The study revealed that the most common pesticides used by the farmers in chickpea growing were moderately hazardous and non-acute hazard categories. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the government should carry out effective agro-environmental intervention policies and farmer extension programs should be aimed at balancing the amounts of pesticides used per hectare for the sustainable, dynamic environment and prevention of pesticide toxicity. Keywords: chickpea, pesticide practices, economic, toxicological, Turkey

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Yılmaz, Hasan. "Economic and Toxicological Aspects of Pesticide Management Practices: Empirical Evidence from Turkey." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 25, 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-e58q73.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the economics and toxicological aspects of pesticide management practices for sustainable chickpea production. The results of this study demonstrated that the average usage of pesticides is 877.30 g per hectare as an active ingredient in the chickpea growing. The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides were calculated to be 1.50 g, 638.80 g, and 237.00 g, respectively. Fungicides are the biggest pesticide group used with 72.81% of total weight of active ingredients. It was calculated that the crop protection cost was EUR 75.65 per hectare, having the portion of 12 % of average production cost. The study revealed that the most common pesticides used by the farmers in chickpea growing were moderately hazardous and non-acute hazard categories. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the government should carry out effective agro-environmental intervention policies and farmer extension programs should be aimed at balancing the amounts of pesticides used per hectare for the sustainable, dynamic environment and prevention of pesticide toxicity. Keywords: chickpea, pesticide practices, economic, toxicological, Turkey

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20

Pszczolińska, Klaudia, and Monika Michel. "The QuEChERS Approach for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Soil Samples: An Overview." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 1403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0274.

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Abstract Soil samples are complex matrixes; therefore, soil sample preparation is a critical step, and one that is usually expensive, time-consuming, and labor intensive. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method, originally developed for the determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables, has been recently modified and adopted for the analysis of pesticides in soil. This paper reviews all aspects of sample preparation, including extraction and clean-up, and describes the applications of conventional and modified QuEChERS techniques. It also presents a comparison of the QuEChERS method with other methods used for sample preparation for determination of pesticides in soil.

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21

Alengebawy, Ahmed, Sara Taha Abdelkhalek, Sundas Rana Qureshi, and Man-Qun Wang. "Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications." Toxics 9, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042.

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Environmental problems have always received immense attention from scientists. Toxicants pollution is a critical environmental concern that has posed serious threats to human health and agricultural production. Heavy metals and pesticides are top of the list of environmental toxicants endangering nature. This review focuses on the toxic effect of heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)) and pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) adversely influencing the agricultural ecosystem (plant and soil) and human health. Furthermore, heavy metals accumulation and pesticide residues in soils and plants have been discussed in detail. In addition, the characteristics of contaminated soil and plant physiological parameters have been reviewed. Moreover, human diseases caused by exposure to heavy metals and pesticides were also reported. The bioaccumulation, mechanism of action, and transmission pathways of both heavy metals and pesticides are emphasized. In addition, the bioavailability in soil and plant uptake of these contaminants has also been considered. Meanwhile, the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between heavy metals and pesticides and their combined toxic effects have been discussed. Previous relevant studies are included to cover all aspects of this review. The information in this review provides deep insights into the understanding of environmental toxicants and their hazardous effects.

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22

Christesen, L. "Dairy farming and river condition: investigating the sustainable use of water resources in an agricultural area." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0375.

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This paper explores some of the factors that may contribute to the sustainable use of water on irrigated dairy farms in Victoria, Australia. The paper begins with a discussion of the principles of sustainable water use as they would apply to dairy farms in the Gippsland region of Victoria. A series of indicators are used to link aspects of sustainable water use at a regional scale, and the observable trends are discussed. Of particular interest is the way that local river systems contribute to the dairy industry in this region and the aspects of dairying and other significant regional factors that may be impacting on the sustainability of river systems in this area. The indicators are structured and analysed using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework developed by the OECD, most commonly used in State of the Environment reporting. The trends highlighted by the indicator set are discussed in terms of the implications that current patterns of water use may have for possible shifts towards more sustainable water use on individual dairy farms in Gippsland.

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23

Buszewski, Bogusław, Małgorzata Bukowska, Magdalena Ligor, and Irena Staneczko-Baranowska. "A holistic study of neonicotinoids neuroactive insecticides—properties, applications, occurrence, and analysis." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 34 (September 13, 2019): 34723–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06114-w.

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Abstract Among pesticides and foliar sprays involved in the treatment of seed, soil, and grass, also to crops, an important group is neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid pesticides present similar properties with nicotine, but the mentioned compounds are less harmful for humans. Nevertheless, neonicotinoids are poisonous to insects and some invertebrates, which can act against insects’ central nervous system, leading to their death. Moreover, neonicotinoids can affect the reproduction, foraging, and flying ability of honeybee and other insects including pollinators. In the present study, some neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam together with their toxic effects, have been presented. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies these neonicotinoids as II and III class toxicity agents. Due to accumulation of these pesticides into the pollen of treated plants, especially due to their toxic effects against pollinators, the consequences of the occurrence of these insecticides have been discussed. Analytical aspects and methods involved in the isolation and determination of this class of pesticides have been presented in this contribution.

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Primel, Ednei, Sergiane Caldas, and Ana Escarrone. "Multi-residue analytical methods for the determination of pesticides and PPCPs in water by LC-MS/MS: a review." Open Chemistry 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 876–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0028-z.

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AbstractResidues of pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are contaminants of world-wide concern. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop reliable analytical methods, which enable rapid, sensitive and selective determination of these pollutants in environmental samples, at trace levels. In this paper, a review of the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based methods for the determination of pesticides and PPCPs in the environment is presented. Advanced aspects of current LC-MS/MS methodology, including sample preparation and matrix effects, are discussed.

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Salgot, Miquel, and Josefina C. Tapias. "Golf Courses: Environmental Impacts." Tourism and Hospitality Research 6, no. 3 (May 2006): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050016.

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Анотація:

The relationship between golf courses, forced ecosystems and the environment is extremely complex and need to be established carefully because of the social pressures and implications of this type of facilities. The main environmental aspects of golf courses, the way the golf structures exert an influence on the environment, the management practices and the use of pesticides are the main features to be considered. The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is at the core of the golf and must be managed in an integrated way to reduce environmental impacts of the whole facility. Many golf courses are located in natural areas, where wildlife exists and there is an influence on the course and vice versa. There is also the need to define the relationships between a course and its surrounding environments.

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Székács, András, and Béla Darvas. "Attempts for undoing the ecological incompatibility of agricultural technologies: from ecological pest management to agroecology." Ecocycles 8, no. 2 (2022): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v8i2.222.

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Current agroecology is often categorized into three facets, science, practice, and movement. While the latter two aspects currently play significant and varying roles in different regions of the world, the fundamental aspect is the first one, the scientific approach that subsequently provided the possibility of the birth of the other two. The concept of integrated plant protection i.e., the emphasis on ecological considerations in chemical pest control emerged as a revolutionary novel concept in the middle of the last century. Among the priority principles, there are several similarities between ecological plant protection suggested by the pioneering Hungarian researcher Barnabás Nagy in 1957 and integrated pest management (IPM) initiated by US scientists Stern et al. in 1959, in given aspects such as the use of natural enemies, forecasting, and environmentally friendly strategies. In turn, the principles of ecological plant protection and IPM overlap on numerous points, but differences are also apparent. Neither of these strategies, however, emphases with due vigor the significance of persistence, pesticide residues, and chronic health-damaging effects. By today, properly assessing the environmental fate, behavior and chronic side effects of pesticides have become as important as taking the rapidly changing composition of local communities into consideration by the above three aspects of agroecology. The current pesticide re-registration strategy of the European Union focuses on prolonged changes from chronic effects. Ecological plant protection and IPM set preferences of sustainability e.g., the use of mechanical or biological protection methods and lowering the rate of agrochemical protection, but they have failed to establish transparent sustainability requirements that are easy to comprehend by general consumers. In contrast, ecological (organic) agriculture managed to formulate such clear regulations (a complete ban on synthetic pesticides), which is well-reflected in their rising preference by consumers but failed to prove that observed health benefits of organic produce is indeed due to the lack of the residues of those pesticides banned. In turn, the ecological approach currently has a strong presence in the form of the determined agroecological objectives of the European Green Deal. In retrospect, it is particularly impressive to observe the path of IPM, sustainable agriculture and all three aspects agroecology all rooted in the establishment of the ecological initiatives in the late fifties as their common historical scientific starting point.

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Pan, Lixuan, Liangang Mao, Haonan Zhang, Pingping Wang, Chi Wu, Jun Xie, Bochi Yu, et al. "Modified Biochar as a More Promising Amendment Agent for Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soils: Modification Methods, Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Perspectives." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 11544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211544.

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With the acceleration of the process of agricultural modernization, many pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides) are applied to the field and finally brought into the soils, causing serious damage to the environment. The problem of pesticide pollution has become increasingly prominent. This has highlighted the urgent need for effective and efficient remediation treatment technology for pesticide-contaminated soils. Biochar has a high specific surface area, high porosity, and strong adsorption capacity, making it a soil amendment agent and carbon fixation agent that can improve soil health and enhance adsorption capacity for pesticides to remediate contaminated soils. Recently, efforts have been made to enhance the physicochemical and adsorption properties of biochar by preparing modified biochar, and it has been developed to expand the application of biochar. Specifically, the following aspects were reviewed and discussed: (i) source and modification methods of biochar for pesticide remediation; (ii) the effect of biochar on the environmental fate of remediating pesticides; (iii) the effect of biochar on pesticide-contaminated soils; and (iv) potential problems for the large-scale promotion and application of biochar remediation of pesticides. In conclusion, this review may serve as a reference and guide for pesticide remediation, hence reducing the environmental concerns associated with pesticides in soil.

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Chang, Qiao-Ying, Guo-Fang Pang, Chun-Lin Fan, Hui Chen, and Zhi-Bin Wang. "High-Throughput Analytical Techniques for Determination of Residues of 653 Multiclass Pesticides and Chemical Pollutants in Tea, Part VI: Study of the Degradation of 271 Pesticide Residues in Aged Oolong Tea by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application in Predicting the Residue Concentrations of Target Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 1049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0063.

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Abstract The degradation rate of 271 pesticide residues in aged Oolong tea at two spray concentrations, named a and b (a < b), were monitored for 120 days using GC–tandem MS (GC-MS/MS). To research the degradation trends and establish regression equations, determination days were plotted as horizontal ordinates and the residue concentrations of pesticide were plotted as vertical ordinates. Here, we consider the degradation equations of 271 pesticides over 40 and 120 days, summarize the degradation rates in six aspects (A–F), and discuss the degradation trends of the 271 pesticides in aged Oolong tea in detail. The results indicate that >70% of the determined pesticides coincide with the degradation regularity of trends A, B, and E, i.e., the concentration of pesticide will decrease within 4 months. Next, 20 representative pesticides were selected for further study at higher spray concentrations, named c and d (d > c > b > a), in aged Oolong tea over another 90 days. The determination days were plotted on the x-axis, and the differences between each determined result and first-time-determined value of target pesticides were plotted on the y-axis. The logarithmic function was obtained by fitting the 90-day determination results, allowing the degradation value of a target pesticide on a specific day to be calculated. These logarithmic functions at d concentration were applied to predict the residue concentrations of pesticides at c concentration. Results revealed that 70% of the 20 pesticides had the lower deviation ratios of predicted and measured results.

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Wright, W. J. "The low latitude influence on winter rainfall in Victoria, south-eastern Australia-I. Climatological aspects." Journal of Climatology 8, no. 5 (September 1988): 437–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370080502.

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Achour, Sanae, Asmae Khattabi, Naïma Rhalem, Lahcen Ouammi, Abdelrhani Mokhtari, Abdelmajid Soulaymani, and Rachida Soulaymani Bencheikh. "L'intoxication par les pesticides chez l'enfant au Maroc : profil épidémiologique et aspects pronostiques (1990-2008)." Santé Publique 23, no. 3 (2011): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/spub.113.0195.

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31

Cardoso, Ana Maria, Adriana Mascarette Labinas, and Marcos Roberto Furlan. "The profile and knowledge of pesticides of growers from Abaetetuba (PA)." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2529.

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Анотація:

Inadequate application of phytosanitary products in agricultural production can be the result of a number of factors, from the low level of education of the applicators to the lack of training regarding the correct application of chemical pesticides. Thus, this work explored the reality of a group olericulture producers in Colônia Nova, community of Abaetetuba (PA). The methodology organized the data based on responses to a questionnaire, with structured and closed questions answered by rural owners in order to help trace the profile of pesticide applicators at that location. Among the results obtained, there was a low level of education among producers and the production of crops of condiment and leafy plants, led by scallions, cabbage, lettuce and chicory. Among the categories of pesticides used by farmers, insecticides were the most used, followed by fungicides and herbicides. No interviewed owner participated in any training for specific work with pesticides and they were also unaware of any institution that could carry out this type of training. An on-site assessment revealed that, in relation to the use of PPE, with the exception of gloves and waterproof boots, the other items were just ordinary, everyday clothes, inappropriate for this activity. Therefore, this research demonstrated the difficulty faced by the farmers of Colônia Nova, mainly due to the low level of education that prevented them from knowing the safety and legal aspects regarding the use of agricultural pesticides, the triple washing and the correct destination of empty pesticide packaging.

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Mijailović, Nataša R., Bojana Nedić Vasiljević, Maja Ranković, Vladimir Milanović, and Snežana Uskoković-Marković. "Environmental and Pharmacokinetic Aspects of Zeolite/Pharmaceuticals Systems—Two Facets of Adsorption Ability." Catalysts 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2022): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12080837.

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Zeolites belong to aluminosilicate microporous solids, with strong and diverse catalytic activity, which makes them applicable in almost every kind of industrial process, particularly thanks to their eco-friendly profile. Another crucial characteristic of zeolites is their tremendous adsorption capability. Therefore, it is self-evident that the widespread use of zeolites is in environmental protection, based primarily on the adsorption capacity of substances potentially harmful to the environment, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, or other industry pollutants. On the other hand, zeolites are also recognized as drug delivery systems (DDS) carriers for numerous pharmacologically active agents. The enhanced bioactive ability of DDS zeolite as a drug carrying nanoplatform is confirmed, making this system more specific and efficient, compared to the drug itself. These two applications of zeolite, in fact, illustrate the importance of (ir)reversibility of the adsorption process. This review gives deep insight into the balance and dynamics that are established during that process, i.e., the interaction between zeolites and pharmaceuticals, helping scientists to expand their knowledge necessarily for a more effective application of the adsorption phenomenon of zeolites.

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Shumate, C. B., J. E. Johnson, D. A. Fitzpatrick, and C. Charan. "Automation of environmental ELISAs." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 16, no. 5 (1994): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s146392469400026x.

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ELISAs for pesticides and herbicides in environmental and agricultural samples are becoming very important in screening applications [1-3]. Traditional chromatographic methods are expensive and results need long turnaround times, making them incompatible with rapid on-site decision making. ELISA methods have been shown to meet or exceed the performance of gas chromatography—they offer rapid low-cost analysis, thereby increasing the frequency of sampling and enhancing data quality. Automated ELISA workstations allow the full benefit of these kits to be realized. Sample preparation, reagent pipetting, incubation, and photometric evaluation can be performed without user intervention. Reliability is increased through the elimination of operator error, better accuracy and precision, and often higher speed. Much larger batch sizes are possible and these systems can provide sample tracking with report generation for documentation requirements. In this paper the manual procedures and ELISA methods are compared and some critical aspects of automating these ELISA kits are discussed.

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Virág, Diána, and Attila Kiss. "Comparative studies to model bioavailability of pesticides in distinctive soil types." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 28 (February 23, 2008): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/28/2957.

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Bioavailability of pesticides is determined by two major factors: soil characteristics and pesticides’ chemical feature. These factors result in a definite adsorption capability whose extent varies on a large scale. By revealing interactions between pesticides and soils it is of high interest to model bioavailability of widely used pesticides, as it is a key element in terms of prospective toxicological aspects. Our work signifies steps forward improving pesticide soil mobility prediction models as we created model systems representing correctly natural relations. Comparison of different solvent extraction methods proved to be an efficient tool to gain information on the bioavailability of some widely used pesticides as well as to model actual environmental processes.Comprehensive comparison has been made between different experimental methods by applying 5 extraction models showing diverse efficiency in extracting capability of pesticides. In some cases chloroform excelled in mobilizing pesticides from soil, however mostly application of humic acid solution as extraction model was found to be at least as efficient as methanol, chloroform or CaCl2-solution.Four chemically much different pesticide (simazine, acetochlor, chlorpyrifos and diuron) were applied to two soil types (both sandy and brown forest). The extracted amounts were determined by GC/MS technique. Adsorption coefficients (Kd) were also calculated for the examined samples.Obtained results for Kd indicated that chemical feature of pesticides seemed to be of utmost importance in terms of soil binding capability preceding the relevance of soil characteristics. Adsorption capability of chlorpyrifos proved to be the most pronounced preceding simazine and the least prone to bind to soil acetochlor and diuron

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Bénit, Paule, Judith Goncalves, Riyad El Khoury, Malgorzata Rak, Judith Favier, Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo, and Pierre Rustin. "Succinate Dehydrogenase, Succinate, and Superoxides: A Genetic, Epigenetic, Metabolic, Environmental Explosive Crossroad." Biomedicines 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10081788.

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Research focused on succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and its substrate, succinate, culminated in the 1950s accompanying the rapid development of research dedicated to bioenergetics and intermediary metabolism. This allowed researchers to uncover the implication of SDH in both the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle. Nowadays, this theme is experiencing a real revival following the discovery of the role of SDH and succinate in a subset of tumors and cancers in humans. The aim of this review is to enlighten the many questions yet unanswered, ranging from fundamental to clinically oriented aspects, up to the danger of the current use of SDH as a target for a subclass of pesticides.

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Ponce-Caballero, Carmen, Fabiola Cardeña-Echalaz, Germán Giácoman-Vallejos, Marisela Vega de Lille, and Virgilio René Góngora-Echeverría. "Pesticide management and farmers perception of environmental and health issues due to pesticide use in the state of yucatán, mexico: A study case." Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental 38 (August 11, 2022): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.20937/rica.54134.

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Agriculture in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, grew last year, and pesticide use problems have been reported; however, there is no information about the use and management of pesticides in farms. In this study, the main pesticides used by farmers were identified in two types of agriculture: open-air (milpa) (OA) and enclosed area (shade house and greenhouse) (EA), in order to evaluate their use and management and the related environmental and health perceptions of users. Surveys (38 questions) were applied to 39 farmers in the study area, which consisted of 14 localities in Yucatán State. The most cultivated products were habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) for enclosed-areas and maize (Zea mays) for open-air agriculture. The use of 33 active ingredients was reported. Some of them have restrictions in México (i.e., dicofol and methamidophos). Paraquat was the most used of all pesticides reported. Organophosphorus pesticides (OP) were the most used. Farmers know about the environmental and health risks related to pesticide use; however, a lack of knowledge about the misuse of these products was evident. The surveys showed deficiencies in personal protection during application and incorrect disposal of empty containers and wastes. The analysis showed that the behavior of farmers about pesticide management and their perception of damage to health and the environment were multifactorial. The results conclude that farmers’ personal aspects (i.e., language, education) are the leading cause of problems associated with pesticide misuse and the lack of information and training, representing a risk for human health and the environment.

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K, Manasa, and Chitra V. "Phytoconstituents in the Management of Pesticide Induced Parkinson’s Disease- A Review." Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 1417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1770.

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Recent studies have suggested that environmental factors have a crucial role in triggering and/ or propagating the pathological changes in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although many studies have been and being performed by utilizing MPTP like chemicals to study the effectiveness of new extracts and compounds in PD, a little focus was made on the role of pesticides. Since agricultural fields account for 37.7% of land area worldwide and the use of pesticides is an important risk factor in neurodegeneration, there is a crucial need to focus on the association between pesticides and PD. Benomyl, a benzimidazole fungicide is being widely used in India in cultivation of tropical crops. Studies prove the chronic exposure of benomyl leads to aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition caused DOPAL toxicity, subsequently leading to dopamine degradation and Parkinson’s disease. Till date, there is no remedy for pesticide induced Parkinson’s disease. This review provides an insight of the pathophysiological aspects of pesticide induced Parkinson’s disease and also enlightens the importance of aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme in neuroprotection.

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Holland, J. E., R. E. White, and R. Edis. "The relation between soil structure and solute transport under raised bed cropping and conventional cultivation in south-western Victoria." Soil Research 45, no. 8 (2007): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07068.

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This study examined the relationship between soil structure and solute transport in a texture contrast soil under 2 different tillage treatments—raised beds and conventional cultivation—in south-western Victoria. Undisturbed soil samples were collected for resin-impregnation and image analysis. This enabled several descriptive parameters of macropore structure to be calculated. Large, undisturbed soil samples were also collected for a solute transport experiment using a KCl solution. A convective log-normal transfer function was used to model Cl– movement. The assessment of soil structure showed that the raised beds contained a better connected pore network than the conventionally cultivated soil. Solute transport was faster through the raised bed soil when close to saturation (at –5 mm tension). Under these conditions, the solute transport parameters showed a smaller ratio of transport volume to soil water volume in the raised bed than the conventionally cultivated soil. Together, these data strongly indicate that the raised beds had greater pore connectivity and were able to transmit solute faster and more efficiently than the conventionally cultivated soil. It is concluded that raised bed soils are better structured and provide less risk from waterlogging than conventionally cultivated soils. However, there is greater potential for preferential flow of pesticides and solutes in raised bed soils.

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Sabadash, Vira, Jaroslaw Gumnitsky, Anna Nowik-Zając, Iwona Zawierucha, and Galyna Krylova. "USE OF MODIFIED ADSORBENTS TO REMOVE PESTICIDES FROM WASTEWATER." Environmental Problems 7, no. 2 (2022): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2022.02.103.

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The migration of highly concentrated pesticide solutions in the soil has been experimentally studied. A mathematical model of the diffusion process in the soil environment has been developed. Based on the mathematical model, a system of equations for calculating the duration and intensity of the process depending on environmental parameters was obtained. The dependence of the process velocity on the direction of the diffusion front is determined, and the diffusion coefficients, kinetic coefficients of the diffusion process and the diffusion front velocity were calculated. Environmental aspects of pesticide migration were analysed. The diffusion coefficient of glyphosate in the model soil environment is established. Under the experimental conditions, the diffusion coefficient value was D = 1.755×10-12 m2/s. The study results of the process of migration of the component up the soil profile indicate the mechanism of molecular diffusion of glyphosate in the soil environment. The results of experimental research and the solution of the mathematical model were used to model the migration process in the Comsol Multiphysics environment. Analysis of theoretical and experimental results showed that the developed model could be used to calculate the dynamics of the spread of the pesticide front in the soil with sufficient accuracy.

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40

Yousefi, Fatemeh, Gholamreza Asadikaram, Saeid Karamouzian, Moslem Abolhassani, Vahid Moazed, and Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi. "MGMT methylation alterations in brain cancer following organochlorine pesticides exposure." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 8, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ehem.2021.07.

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Background: Alterations in the methylation levels of tumor suppressor genes are considered as one of the essential aspects of malignancies. The present study explored the association of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter methylation, as a tumor suppressor, with some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in primary brain tumor (PBT) patients. Methods: The present study was conducted on a total of 73 PBT patients. The patients’ serum was analyzed using gas chromatography for seven OCP derivatives. The methylation-specific PCR (MSP) method was also used to determine the methylation status of the MGMT promoter. Results: The current findings demonstrated that the methylation of MGMT promoter occurred in 22 out of 34 glioma cases (64%), but in only one out of 35 meningioma cases. No MGMT promoter methylation was observed in other PBT, hemangioma, and anaplastic medulloblastoma stages. Besides, there were significant associations between MGMT methylation and γ-HCH (odds ratio [OR]: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.03- 2.40, P=0.04), 4,4DDE (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.01- 2.05, P=0.02), 2,4 DDT (OR: 1.23; CI: 1.04- 1.45, P=0.03), and 4,4DDT (OR: 1.46; CI: 1.23- 2.15, P=0.02) in glioma patients. Conclusion: The results of the study suggested that the hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter in glioma patients is associated with increased OCPs in their serum, especially γ- HCH, 4,4DDE, 2,4DDT, and 4,4DDT. Moreover, it may lead to the hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter gene. Hence, it can be concluded that exposure to OCPs may potentially induce glioma.

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Domínguez, Joaquin R., Teresa González, and Sergio Correia. "BDD electrochemical oxidation of neonicotinoid pesticides in natural surface waters. Operational, kinetic and energetic aspects." Journal of Environmental Management 298 (November 2021): 113538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113538.

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Liu, Peiyuan, Xiaodong Zheng, Shuangyue Shangguan, Lina Zhao, Xiangming Fang, Yuxiong Huang, and Slav W. Hermanowicz. "Public Perceptions and Willingness-to-Pay for Nanopesticides." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081292.

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Анотація:

The usage of pesticides is deemed essential to ensure crop production for global food security. Conventional chemical pesticides have significant effects on ecosystems. Nanopesticides are increasingly considered an emerging alternative due to their higher efficiency and lower environmental impacts. However, large knowledge gaps exist in the public perceptions and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for nanopesticides. Thus, we conducted a regional survey of pesticide users and food consumers on perceptions and WTP for nanopesticides across China. We found that 97.4% pesticide users were willing to pay for nanopesticides, with a main price from 25% to 40% higher than for conventional pesticides. Experience with applying pesticides, income, familiarity with and attitude toward nanopesticides, and trust in industries were significant determinants of WTP. Although the public were not familiar with nanopesticides, they had positive attitudes toward their future development and supported labeling nanoscale ingredients on products. Pesticide users presented high trust levels in governments and industries, while 34% of food consumers neutrally or distrusted industries in selling and production. This study highlights the socioeconomic and technological aspects of nanopesticides, which could provide guidance for industries to develop market strategies and for governments to design relevant regulation policies effectively, contributing to crop yield improvement and sustainable agriculture.

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Herrera, Rito, Rubén Collantes, Martín Caballero, and Javier Pittí. "Caracterización de fincas hortícolas en Cerro Punta, Chiriquí, Panamá." Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas - Journal of High Andean Research 23, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.18271/ria.2021.329.

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The objective of this study was to characterize horticultural farms in Cerro Punta, Tierras Altas (Chiriqui, Panama), on socioeconomic and agro-environmental aspects, with emphasis on the pesticides used. Thirty-one farms were randomly selected, and producers were surveyed. In addition, random soil sampling was carried out in five locations for physical-chemical and residue analysis of pesticides such as organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and organochlorines. According to the results, 48% of the respondents were between 41 and 55 years of age, 39% had primary school education and 55% belonged to producer associations. The five main crops are potatoes, carrots, cabbage, lettuce, and onions, and 26% raise animals. Production costs ranged from less than USD 3500 to more than USD 14000 per hectare per year; yields ranged from 3.68 t · ha-1 to 52.62 t ·ha-1, associated with the technologies implemented. Seventy-seven percent of the producers use untreated poultry manure, and 36 different pesticides are used in the area. Fifty-two percent use full personal protective equipment. Laboratory analyses show that the soils are of the Andisol order, with pH between 5.7 and 6.5, organic matter content between 1.34% and 4.34% and effective cation exchange capacity between 8.04 and 26.75.

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Wang, Weiliang, Tiantian Ju, Wenping Dong, Xiaohui Liu, Chuanxi Yang, Yufan Wang, Lihui Huang, Zongming Ren, Li Qi, and Hongyan Wang. "Analysis of Nonpoint Source Pollution and Water Environmental Quality Variation Trends in the Nansi Lake Basin from 2002 to 2012." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/967165.

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Based on the data analysis of economic development and the water environmental quality from 2002 to 2012 in the Nansi Lake Basin in China, the correlation between economic development and the water environmental quality was researched. Analysis shows that the GDP of the Nansi Lake Basin had an average annual growth of 7.3% in 2012, and the COD andCODMnhad the average annual decrease of 7.69% and 6.79%, respectively, compared to 2002. Basin water environmental quality overall improved, reaching Class III of the “Environmental quality standards for surface water (GB3838-2002).” The pollution of the water environment was analyzed from three aspects: agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, livestock, and aquaculture. Results indicated that the water pollution of the Nansi Lake Basin mainly came from nonpoint source pollution, accounting for more than 80% of the overall pollution. The contributions of both agricultural fertilizers and pesticides account for more than 85% of the overall nonpoint source, followed by livestock and aquaculture. According to the water pollution characteristics of the Nansi Lake Basin, the basin pollution treatment strategy and prevention and treatment system were dissected, to solve the pollution problem of the Nansi Lake Basin.

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Ueoka, Mayumi, Graeme Allinson, Yasmin Kelsall, Frank Stagnitti, Michelle Graymore, and Linda Evans. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture ii: Behaviour of dithianon and vinclozolin in an acidic soil of the rutherglen region of Victoria, Australia." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 70, no. 3-4 (June 1999): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358762.

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Hall, Katrina, and Scott Chidgey. "Assessing the environmental impact of water discharge in a sensitive near-shore marine environment." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12026.

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Esso’s Long Island Point facility has been operating for more than 40 years beside Western Port in Victoria, and has discharged treated wastewater and storm water to the bay for most of these years. The 2001 State Environment Protection Policy Schedule F8 for Waters of Western Port is part of Victoria’s Environment Protection Authority’s (EPA) legal framework for licensing discharges to the waters of Victoria, and requires that discharges ‘cause no detrimental change in the environmental quality of the receiving waters, as determined by an environmental monitoring program’. As part of Esso’s ongoing commitment to continuous improvement, a major upgrade to the water treatment facility was completed to further improve the quality of waters discharged to Western Port. In conjunction with this upgrade, Esso is undertaking a study on the effects of the discharge on the environmental quality of Western Port. This peer-reviewed paper presents an example of the practical application of managing discharges to ensure that the stated environmental values of a receiving environment are protected. The environmental study focuses on four key aspects of marine-environment quality relevant to key Western Port ecosystem values in the vicinity of the facility’s effluent discharge, which are: ambient water quality; seagrass biomass; jetty pile epibiota; and, ecological risk through toxicity testing. The study demonstrates the implications of basing regulatory requirements on the quality of the site-specific environmental characteristics, rather than merely effluent quality and generalised water quality objectives. Furthermore, it validates the need for sound science to underpin regulatory limits and industry practices when operating in sensitive environments.

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Moza, Sotiria, Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou, Nikolaos Scarmeas, Efthimios Dardiotis, Mary Yannakoulia, and Mary H. Kosmidis. "Pesticide Use and its Effects on Daily Functioning among Elderly Farmers." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 10 (October 2021): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1330.

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Background: Poor pesticide handling practices are recorded on a regular basis in Greece, where the average farmer is elderly. This raises concerns regarding their compliance with pesticide regulations and the associated health implications. Our purpose in undertaking the present study was to examine elderly farmers’ attitudes regarding pesticide handling and safety issues, as well as, the potential link between pesticide exposure and daily functioning capacity. Methods: Participants were 1443 elderly individuals, 276 of whom reported long-term, direct exposure to pesticides (spraying in gardens, open fields, and/or a greenhouse). Several aspects of pesticide handling were gleaned via a self-report questionnaire. Ability to perform everyday tasks was assessed with the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale. Results: On average, participants were not consistent with respect to safety practices. Half could not recall the specific brand names of the pesticides they used and 47.5% reported using chemical cocktails, often exceeding the maximum recommended frequency of applications per year. In many cases, they reported application of banned pesticides, such as DDT, and more than half reported applying pesticides without protective equipment. Analyses showed that exposure to pesticides was associated with impaired everyday functioning (OR = 1.16; 95%, CI = 1.04-1.28) and specifically, with an inability to interpret surroundings and recall recent events, a tendency to dwell on the past and changes in bladder-sphincter control. Conclusion: We found poor awareness and adherence to safety practices regarding pesticide use among elderly farmers, as well as an association between pesticide use and everyday functioning. Relevant health and environmental implications are discussed.

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Mengistie, Belay Tizazu. "Ethiopia: The Environmental Aspects of Policy and Practice in the Ethiopian Floriculture Industry." Environmental Policy and Law 50, no. 4-5 (March 12, 2021): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-200239.

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The floriculture sector is booming in Ethiopia, making the country the second largest flower exporter in Africa and one of the largest suppliers of flowers globally. Despite the enormous advantages of the Ethiopian floriculture industry to the country’s economy, the industry’s unsustainability related to environmental and human rights is growing. Failure to protect the environment can have profound negative impacts on long-term economic development and human rights, including the right to life, adequate food, water and housing. The floriculture industry has been identified as having the potential to grow and contribute positively to the agricultural transformation and economy of Ethiopia. Policy, laws and regulations play a vital role in the implementation of any regulatory objective. During the last decade, Ethiopia has developed many policies and laws that link to improving the environment, and the flower farm industry itself has adopted self-regulation and standards, enhancing the protection of workers and the environment. But there is increasing evidence that the economic benefits of the flower industry come at the expense of the environment. So, what is the impact of these State and non-State regulations on a safe and clean environment? This paper aims to analyse how, why and under what circumstances environmental policy implementation might work or fail, by investigating the challenges for the floriculture industry relating to the intensive use of pesticides and water, and inappropriate waste disposal in the policy implementation process. It is safe to say that Ethiopia has developed a lot of legislation on the environment but the challenge of effective monitoring and enforcement remains. This paper concludes with recommendations, based on the fact that the principles of environmental rights, the right to life and the right to development cannot be realised in the absence of the right to a healthy environment.

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Gómez-Cabezas, Miguel, María-José Romero, and Julia K. Prado. "KEY GENERAL ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN HABITAT MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW." International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 08, no. 06 (2022): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51193/ijaer.2022.8602.

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The aim of this work is to analyse the most important components that involve habitat management considerations to understand how it could be an alternative to reduce pest pressure in crops to avoid the use of pesticides in agricultural ecosystems. To accomplish this objective, a literature review of several research papers related to the topic was done. It was found that a high percentage of studies showed favourable results for natural enemy populations and pest pressure. However, these practices show more positive results for natural enemy populations than for pest suppression. The success of habitat management practices to reduce pest pressure depends mainly on the selection of non-crop plant species at crop field scale, landscape complexity and the targeted natural enemy species. Nevertheless, among these factors, the landscape complexity in the surrounding semi natural habitat is the most important aspect, since it could determine the abundance of natural enemies in the crop. Understanding the complexity of semi natural habitats could help farmers to take better coordinated decisions to manage semi natural areas and improve the biological control service in their farms. Finally, the adoption of habitat management measures is not broadly accepted by farmers and more research is needed to show them the benefits of these practices.

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Covaci, A., A. Gheorghe, S. Voorspoels, J. Maervoet, E. Steen Redeker, R. Blust, and P. Schepens. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sediment cores from the Western Scheldt river (Belgium): analytical aspects and depth profiles." Environment International 31, no. 3 (April 2005): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.08.009.

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