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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pesticide use reduction"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 грудня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Pesticide use reduction"

Hamill, Allan S., Gordon A. Surgeoner, and Wayne P. Roberts. "Herbicide Reduction in North America: In Canada, an Opportunity for Motivation and Growth in Weed Management." Weed Technology 8, no. 2 (June 1994): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00038938.

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Pesticide registration in Canada is a Federal responsibility. Authority to recommend and use a pesticide often is Provincially controlled. A survey on “the status of pesticide reduction” within the various provinces of Canada revealed that only 3 of 10 had a policy to reduce pesticide use. In Ontario is an example of a successful non-mandatory program toward the reduced use of pesticides. A coordinated effort among government, industry, and growers has resulted in increased research, education, and extension for pesticide use. Licensing for sellers and users of pesticides has been effective in assisting the reduction of active ingredient pesticide sales.

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Khan, Muhammad. "Using the Health Belief Model to Understand Pesticide Use Decisions." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 941–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.941-956.

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Farmers use pesticide to protect their crops from pests which in-turn help them maximise agricultural output on limited acres of land. However, the extensive use of such pesticide results in substantial health and environmental threats. According to WHO (1990) pesticide use causes 3.5 to 5 million acute poisonings a year. Rough estimates show that 20,000 workers dying from exposure every year and most of them from developing countries. The literature shows that health and environmental hazards of pesticide use occur due to lack of information, awareness and knowledge which are chief contributing factors of extensive overuse or misuse of hazardous pesticide and dangerous practices [Forget (1991); Dasgupta, et al. (2005a); Ibitayo (2006)]. Research has also shown that health and environmental hazards of pesticides can be avoided by awareness, education and changing farmer’s attitude and behaviour regarding pesticide use [Dasgupta, et al. (2005a)]. Therefore, the first step in developing pesticide’s health and environmental hazard reduction policy is to set up the extent of the problem by investigating farmer’s attitudes and behaviours regarding pesticide use [Koh and Jeyaratnam (1996); Dasgupta (2005a, 2005b)]. Such information is critical to identify the ‘prospects and constraints to the adoption of alternative crop protection policy’ [Ajayi (2000)].

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Wisnujatia, Nugrahini Susantinah, and Suwandi S. Sangadji. "PENGELOLAAN PENGGUNAAN PESTISIDA DALAM MENDUKUNG PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN DI INDONESIA." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 18, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v18i1.47297.

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<p><em>The use of pesticides in rice production has an impact on the environment. Pesticides are chemicals used to kill or control pests. The use of pesticides carries some risks, but farmers are used to using pesticides. However, the use of pesticides may lead to the contamination of groundwater. Therefore, the research question in this study was whether there any differences in rice production before and after pesticide reduction in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the difference between rice production before and after pesticide reduction in Indonesia. The secondary data in this study were rice production data from FAO. Data from 1968 to 1992 were data about rice production before reducing pesticide use in Indonesia, while data from 1993 to 2017 were data about rice production after reducing pesticide use in Indonesia. The applied data analysis was paired sample t-test using SPSS 25. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between rice production before and after reducing pesticide use in Indonesia. </em></p>

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Jess, Stephen, David Matthews, Archie Murchie, and Michael Lavery. "Pesticide Use in Northern Ireland’s Arable Crops from 1992–2016 and Implications for Future Policy Development." Agriculture 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8080123.

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Since the 1960s, the objective for the United Kingdom (UK) government policy and legislation on crop protection practices has been to minimise the impact of pesticide use in agriculture and horticulture to the wider environment. Subsequent European Union (EU) policy and legislation have also targeted this objective through a demanding approvals process, competency tests for users, maximum residue limits, regular post-registration monitoring and the promotion of integrated pest and disease management techniques. However, none of this substantive regulation refers to target reduction levels for pesticide use. Since 1992, the number of arable farms in Northern Ireland has decreased by 61% with a consequent reduction of 34% in the area of arable crops grown. Despite this reduction in area of arable crops grown, the area treated by the major pesticide groups increased by 49% due to intensification, but the weight of major pesticides applied to arable crops decreased by 37%. However, the intensity of application measured by the total quantity of all pesticides applied to the basic area of arable crops treated remained relatively constant at approximately 3.2 kg/ha. Pesticide usage trends and reduction policies in other geographic regions are also discussed for comparative purposes.

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Oskam, A. J., and R. A. N. Vijftigschild. "Determining developments in pesticide use: an application to the Netherlands." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 42, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v42i2.605.

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Different causes of changes in pesticide use are analysed, with the situation in the Netherlands as background for empirical illustrations. The usual methodology assumes a large inventory study on pesticide use. This inventory study may contain a number of errors or rest upon incomplete information. During a certain period indicators of pesticide use are often more aggregate. Moreover, the introduction of new pesticides, the abolishing of some old ones and the fluctuation in pesticide use because of changes in weather and disease patterns make it very difficult to measure developments in pesticide use. This is, however, an important element in the targeting of the reduction of emissions. A methodology is presented which introduced, in a stepwise manner, new information within a large database to provide decision makers with relevant information. The methodology classifies different causes, such as inconsistency between different data sets, changes in the area of different crops, introduction of new and abolishing of old pesticides, developments in pesticide use and fluctuations in pesticide use. It is concluded that as a result of the importance of the 1st, 3rd and 5th categories, it is difficult to give a clear indication of the development in pesticide use and therefore the fulfilment of environmental targeting in volume of active ingredient.

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Parker, Nicol, Ashley Larsen, Priyanka Banerjee, and Arturo A. Keller. "Leveraging high spatiotemporal resolution data of pesticides applied to agricultural fields in California to identify toxicity reduction opportunities." PLOS Water 2, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): e0000124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000124.

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Pesticides remain a leading environmental hazard, imperiling aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Reducing pesticide toxicity is hampered by the ability to evaluate toxicity over large extents, the spatiotemporal resolution of pesticide use data, the ability to assess cumulative toxicity, and the identification of health/economic contributions of different pesticide application sites. We introduce the Environmental Release Tool, a sub-tool of the Pesticide Mitigation Prioritization Model, to advance these four areas. Using daily pesticide use reports required for agricultural applicators in California, we quantify the applied toxicity of pesticides to fish as well as aquatic invertebrates, nonvascular plants, and vascular plants. With the tool’s ability to quantify applied toxicity for hundreds of pesticides and watersheds simultaneously, we explore the significance of accounting for cumulative applied pesticide toxicity for application sites and watersheds statewide. Our results show that 14 pesticides account for 99.9% of applied toxicity, and 16 of 432 application site types introduce 90% of toxicity for taxa investigated. We also find cumulative applied toxicity within watersheds was significantly greater (p <1.0 E-16) than the maximum impact pesticide for all taxonomic groups, with a mean-annual difference of 460–630%. While cumulative applied toxicity was significant, and sources varied in individual watersheds, the net applied toxicity can be approximated with a short list of active ingredients and site types.

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Penrose, L. J., W. G. Thwaite, and C. C. Bower. "Pesticide use reduction - logical decision making." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 47 (January 8, 1994): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1994.47.11078.

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Chen, Donghui, Jiyao Liu, Desheng Zhang, Zhixu Dong, and Tao Xu. "Impact of Ecological Cognitive Bias on Pesticide Reduction by Natural Rubber Farmers in China: Insight from Price Insurance Satisfaction." Agriculture 14, no. 9 (September 18, 2024): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091633.

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Some natural rubber farmers mistakenly equate the ecological functions of rubber plantations with those of primary forests. This cognitive bias can hinder pesticide reduction efforts. Meanwhile, natural rubber farmers gain security through price insurance, which helps them adopt a long-term perspective on environmental protection, mitigating the negative impact of cognitive biases on pesticide use decisions. However, existing research often overlooks the influence of ecological cognitive bias on pesticide reduction and the moderating role of price insurance satisfaction. This study utilizes field survey data from Hainan and employs logit models and double machine learning models to empirically analyze the impact of ecological cognitive bias on pesticide reduction among natural rubber farmers. It further tests the underlying mechanisms using moderation models. The results indicate that (1) ecological cognitive bias negatively affects pesticide reduction among natural rubber farmers, and (2) price insurance satisfaction mitigates the impact of ecological cognitive bias on pesticide reduction. Based on these findings, the government should enhance education and training to raise ecological awareness among natural rubber farmers and reduce ecological cognitive biases. Disseminating knowledge about price insurance and establishing a comprehensive insurance system can secure farmers’ income and promote the rational use of pesticides.

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Esechie, Jovita O. "Farm Workers’ Knowledge, Habits and Health Issues Associated with Pesticide Use." Journal of Environment and Ecology 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v9i1.11094.

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Although pesticides are used to mitigate crop losses by pests, farm workers’ poor knowledge and bad habits during application may cause serious health consequences. This study investigates the knowledge and habits of farm workers in the Sultanate of Oman and how these are related to the self-reported acute symptoms caused by pesticide exposure. A total of 153 pesticide workers in Al Batinah Region of Oman were interviewed face to face about their pesticide knowledge, habits and self-reported acute symptoms. About 57% of the farm workers either had no formal education or had only some primary school education, and 80% had no knowledge of warning labels and the names of banned pesticides. There was a significant difference (p <0.001) in self-reported symptoms among those 20 years or less and those 50 years or older. Among those that did not attend school, 85% reported pesticide related symptoms compared to 55% among those who completed secondary education. Self-medication was the commonly used treatment option (42%), followed by local pharmacy (35%), private clinic (14%) and government hospital (9%). Reduction in pesticide related health symptoms could be achieved by mandatory training of farm workers on the use of personal protection equipment, as well as the enforcement of legislation to restrict the availability of the most hazardous pesticides, and the promotion of non-chemical methods of pest control.

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Lamichhane, Jay Ram, Silke Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, Per Kudsk, and Antoine Messéan. "Toward a Reduced Reliance on Conventional Pesticides in European Agriculture." Plant Disease 100, no. 1 (January 2016): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-15-0574-fe.

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Whether modern agriculture without conventional pesticides will be possible or not is a matter of debate. The debate is meaningful within the context of rising health and environmental awareness on one hand, and the global challenge of feeding a steadily growing human population on the other. Conventional pesticide use has come under pressure in many countries, and some European Union (EU) Member States have adopted policies for risk reduction following Directive 2009/128/EC, the sustainable use of pesticides. Highly diverse crop production systems across Europe, having varied geographic and climatic conditions, increase the complexity of European crop protection. The economic competitiveness of European agriculture is challenged by the current legislation, which banned the use of many previously authorized pesticides that are still available and applied in other parts of the world. This challenge could place EU agricultural production at a disadvantage, so EU farmers are seeking help from the research community to foster and support integrated pest management (IPM). Ensuring stable crop yields and quality while reducing the reliance on pesticides is a challenge facing the farming community is today. Considering this, we focus on several diverse situations in European agriculture in general and in European crop protection in particular. We emphasize that the marked biophysical and socio-economic differences across Europe have led to a situation where a meaningful reduction in pesticide use can hardly be achieved. Nevertheless, improvements and/or adoption of the knowledge and technologies of IPM can still achieve large gains in pesticide reduction. In this overview, the current pest problems and their integrated management are discussed in the context of specific geographic regions of Europe, with a particular emphasis on reduced pesticide use. We conclude that there are opportunities for reduction in many parts of Europe without significant losses in crop yields.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Pesticide use reduction"

Ojo, Oluwaseun. "Cost efficiency analysis of pesticide use reduction in crop activities on french farms." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12006/document.

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Suite au Grenelle de l’environnement proposant une réduction de 50% des pesticides dans l’agriculture française, l’objet central de cette thèse est d’estimer les potentiels progrès de productivité et de diminution de ces inputs pour les grandes cultures. Dans cette perspective, le recours aux modèles d’analyse d’activités et les estimations de fonction de coût par des approches non paramétriques comme Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) et/ou Free Disposal Hull (FDH) sont mobilisés afin d’évaluer les réductions potentielles de coût global et des dépenses en pesticide pour ce type de cultures. S’appuyant d’une part sur un panel reprenant environ 600 exploitations situées dans le département de la Meuse au cours de la période 1992-2003 et d’autre part sur un échantillon de 700 exploitations de l’Eure & Loir observées en 2008, notre recherche vise à établir une relation de dominance coût entre les technologies utilisant plus ou moins de pesticide à l’hectare. En conséquence deux fonctions de coût caractérisées par des niveaux de dépenses de pesticides à l’hectare différents (haut et faible) sont comparées. La fonction de coût non paramétrique est estimée de manière robuste pour réduire la sensibilité des résultats à l’éventuelle présence d’outliers. Les résultats indiquent que des réductions substantielles de coût sont envisageables si les agriculteurs géraient leurs inputs plus efficacement. De plus, les pratiques culturales utilisant moins de pesticide à l’hectare apparaissent plus compétitives en matière de coût. Cette conclusion indique que l’adoption de ces nouvelles pratiques économes en intrants et donc plus favorables à l’environnement serait bénéfique à la fois pour les agriculteurs et pour l’ensemble de la société
In the context of the agreement of about 50% reduction in pesticide uses according to the accords du “Grenelle de l’environnement” (the Environment Round Table) in France, the central part of this study is to use some efficiency analysis to estimate the substantial productivity improvements and cost reductions on French farms. By employing Activity Analysis Models and estimating cost frontiers with non-parametric approaches such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH)], total cost and/or pesticide expense reductions are evaluated on crop farms. Based on this, a sample of 600 and 700 farms in the Meuse and Eure & Loir departments were respectively observed over a 12 year period (1992-2003) and in year 2008. A non parametric cost function is essentially employed to assess the cost efficiency dominance between technologies using either more or less pesticide and a robust approach frontier is introduced in order to reduce the sensitivity of the cost frontier to the influence of potential outliers, thus improving the accuracy of the result. With respect to this, two cost functions characterized by a relatively lower or higher pesticide level per ha are compared. The estimated efficiency scores indicated that substantial efficiency improvements are possible on French crop farms with a strong potential for cost decreases if farmers could manage inputs more efficiently. Therefore, agricultural practices using less pesticide per ha are more cost competitive which does not only benefit the farmers but also the society, thereby promoting new agricultural practices that are more environmentally friendly

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Grovermann, Christian C. W. [Verfasser]. "Assessment of Pesticide Use Reduction Strategies for Thai Highland Agriculture : Combining Econometrics and Agent-based Modelling / Christian C. W. Grovermann." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080455582/34.

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Yan, Elodie. "Des principes agronomiques à la pratique : décrire et interpréter les dynamiques d'adoption des cultures associées en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB046.

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Les cultures associées, qui comprennent les mélanges de variétés et les mélanges d'espèces, sont une pratique de diversification efficace pour la gestion des bioagresseurs. Nous observons depuis quelques années une augmentation des surfaces cultivées de mélanges variétaux - notamment de blé - et d'espèces, mais certains mélanges, comme les mélanges annuels de céréales-légumineuses représentent encore une faible part des terres labourables en France. En effet, des freins techniques, matériels, économiques et cognitifs empêchent l'adoption des cultures associées par les agriculteurs et agricultrices.L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier les cultures associées dans des conditions agricoles réelles, afin de produire des références sur leurs performances en termes d'utilisations d'intrants et de production, et d'analyser les dynamiques d'adoption à l'échelle des exploitations agricoles et des territoires. Pour cela, nous mobilisons une approche mixte, entre analyses de bases de données et analyses d'enquêtes de terrain, et multi-échelles, en liant la parcelle et le système de culture, l'exploitation agricole et le territoire.Nos résultats suggèrent que certains mélanges sont plus efficaces que d'autres quant à la réduction d'utilisation d'intrants chimiques, et soulignent l'importance du choix des variétés et des espèces pour concevoir des mélanges correspondant aux objectifs des agriculteurs et agricultrices. Le travail collectif, les échanges avec les pairs et un accompagnement adéquat peuvent permettre de lever un certain nombre de freins à l'adoption des cultures associées. Au sein des exploitations, les compositions des mélanges et les surfaces qui leur sont allouées sont amenées à évoluer au cours du temps, selon les objectifs et contraintes des agriculteurs et agricultrices, les usages et débouchés. Au fil de leurs expériences, les agriculteurs et agricultrices affinent leurs connaissances sur la pratique ce qui contribue également à faire évoluer leurs mélanges. Ces évolutions ainsi que les interactions entre pairs sont responsables des dynamiques d'adoption observées à l'échelle des territoires. Enfin, il ressort de notre étude que même au sein des territoires particulièrement dynamiques, des difficultés subsistent et semblent conduire à l'abandon de la pratique après quelques années d'essais. Il convient alors d'étudier plus précisément ces cas afin d'affiner notre compréhension des processus d'adoption des cultures associées
Crop mixtures, including variety and species mixtures (or intercrops), are an effective crop diversification practice for managing pests and diseases. In recent years, we have seen an increase in the area cultivated with variety mixtures - particularly wheat - and species mixtures. However, some mixtures, such as cereal-legume intercrops, still account for only a small share of arable land in France. Indeed, technical, material, and economic barriers and the lack of knowledge and references hinder the adoption of crop mixtures by farmers.The aim of this thesis is to study crop mixtures under current agricultural conditions to produce references on their performance in terms of input use and production and to analyse the dynamics of adoption at farm and territorial levels. To this end, we used a mixed approach, combining analysis of databases and field surveys, and a multi-scale approach, linking the plot and the cropping system, the farm and the territory.Our results suggest that some mixtures are more effective than others in reducing chemical inputs and underline the importance of the choice of varieties and species in designing mixtures that meet farmers' objectives. Collective work, exchanges with peers and adapted support from advisory services can help to overcome several obstacles to the adoption of associated crops. On farms, the composition of intercrops and the areas allocated to them are likely to evolve, depending on the farmers' objectives and constraints, and outlets for the intercrops. As they gain experience, farmers refine their knowledge of the practice, which also helps them to develop their intercrops. These changes, along with peer-to-peer interactions, are responsible for the adoption dynamics observed at the territorial level. Finally, our study shows that even in particularly dynamic areas, difficulties remain and seem to lead to the abandonment of the practice after a few years of testing. These cases, therefore, need to be studied in greater detail to refine our understanding of the processes involved in adopting crop mixtures

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Maas, Bea. "Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E77-5.

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Книги з теми "Pesticide use reduction"

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry., ed. Pesticide use reduction assessment: Report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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Transport and General Workers Union. Pesticide reduction: Report of T&G Conference: Pesticide production, use and protection. London: Transport and General Workers' Union supported by DGXIII of the European Commission and organised with the assistance of the Pesticides Trust, 1998.

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Hanf, Claus H., and Jerzy Michalek. The Economic Consequences of a Drastic Reduction in Pesticide Use. Koch, Neff & Oetinger & Co, 1994.

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Pesticide risk reduction and minor use programs: Improving ways to manage pests with new technology. [Ottawa]: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2003.

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Grovermann, Christian. Assessment of Pesticide Use Reduction Strategies for Thai Highland Agriculture: Combining Econometrics and Agent-Based Modelling. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2015.

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Report of the OECD workshop on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - Strategies for the adoption and Implementation of IPM in Agriculture Contributing to the Sustainable Use of Pesticides and to Pesticide Risk Reduction. OECD, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264221635-en.

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Weil, Andrew. Integrative Environmental Medicine. Edited by Aly Cohen and Frederick S. vom Saal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.001.0001.

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Integrative Environmental Medicine looks at the history and changing landscape of environmental issues in the United States, including water supply, air quality, extensive plastic pollution, harmful chemicals in cleaning and personal care products, radiofrequency radiation, food additives, pesticides, and medications. The unique properties of compounds such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals are explored along with their ability to disturb the body’s normal signaling pathways, genetic profile, and gut microbiome. Resulting molecular derangements promote thyroid and other autoimmune diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and influence developmental problems in children. Analysis of current research identifies ways to reduce exposures and health risks, improve regulations and appropriate testing for chemicals, remediate environmental pollution, and design healthier products for the future. Best practices are considered for clinicians to ascertain exposure history, test for toxins, and teach patients how to avoid harmful exposures. Patients will be prepared and empowered with information about healthier food choices and cooking practices, appropriate supplement use, water filtration, cleaning and personal care product selection, improved sleep, stress reduction, sauna, fasting, chelation, safe cell phone use, and other means of reducing harmful environmental exposures. Solutions at every level require interdisciplinary collaboration to advance assessment, design, stewardship, and regulation of chemicals to promote environmental and human health.

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Частини книг з теми "Pesticide use reduction"

Shaw, Anugrah, Ana Carla Coleone, and Joaquim Machado-Neto. "Permeation of Active Ingredient in Pesticide Formulations Through Single-Use and Reusable Chemical-Resistant Gloves." In Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: 10th Volume, Risk Reduction Through Research and Testing, 233–49. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159320160018.

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Nguyen-Van-Hung, Martin Gummert, Rica Joy Flor, Akhara Ouk, Makarakpakphea Keo, Buyung Hadi, Kim Eang Tho, et al. "Innovations, Technologies, and Management Practices for Sustainable Rice Production." In Closing Rice Yield Gaps in Asia, 121–48. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37947-5_4.

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AbstractOne of the major barriers to improving the rice value chain in Asian countries is farmers’ lack of knowledge and their limited access to good and scale-appropriate technologies and practices. This chapter reviews the main features, benefits, and potential barriers of technologies and practices developed and promoted under the CORIGAP project. These include One-Must-Do, Five-Reductions (1M5R); ecologically-based pest management; laser land leveling; mechanized crop establishment; and sustainable postharvest management practices. 1M5R (1M = certified Seed, 5R = reductions of seed rate, fertilizer, pesticides, water use, and postharvest losses) was introduced in Vietnam in 2004 and adopted on about 150,000 ha of rice production in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) of Vietnam. Ecologically based pest management is important for the sustainable production of rice. We provide an overview of CORIGAP research on eco-engineering for the management of insect pests and the continued development of ecologically-based rodent management. Laser land leveling and mechanized crop establishment help to significantly increase agronomic use efficiency. Applying LLL, combined with best management practices in rice production in Thailand (CROP), has improved farmers’ net income, increased nitrogen use efficiency, and reduced pesticide usage. Best postharvest management practices play an important role in upgrading the rice value chain tailored to sustainability. The chapter also includes lessons learned from case studies conducted in Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand.

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Elsik, Curtis M., and Tammy M. Schweiner. "Novel Lipophilic Surfactant Adjuvants for Spray-Drift Reduction." In Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 32ndVolume, Innovating Legacy Products for New Uses, 1–9. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp104616.

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Elsik, Curtis M., and Tammy M. Schweiner. "Novel Lipophilic Surfactant Adjuvants for Spray-Drift Reduction." In Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 32ndVolume, Innovating Legacy Products for New Uses, 114–22. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1558104616.

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Sun, Jinxia S. "A Novel Penetrator Adjuvant with Drift Reduction Properties." In Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 32ndVolume, Innovating Legacy Products for New Uses, 175–82. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp155820120057.

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Hoffmann, W. Clint, Bradley K. Fritz, William E. Bagley, Joe Gednalske, Curt E. Elsik, and Greg R. Kruger. "Determination of Selection Criteria for Spray Drift Reduction from Atomization Data." In Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 32ndVolume, Innovating Legacy Products for New Uses, 65–79. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp104454.

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Hoffmann, W. Clint, Bradley K. Fritz, William E. Bagley, Joe Gednalske, Curt E. Elsik, and Greg R. Kruger. "Determination of Selection Criteria for Spray Drift Reduction from Atomization Data." In Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 32ndVolume, Innovating Legacy Products for New Uses, 1–15. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp104454t.

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Bisht, Jyoti, Lok Man S. Palni, and Nirmal S. K. Harsh. "Pesticide Contamination and Human Health." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 137–49. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6111-8.ch008.

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Pesticides play a vital role in modern farming in order to meet the needs of growing population. However, due to their toxic effects, pesticides cause a serious threat to public health. Pesticides when used excessively and carelessly cause social conflict, as most of the workers are intoxicated by these chemicals. These chemicals not only affect farmers and applicators but also adversely affect surrounding communities, flora and fauna. During the present decade, there is an increased awareness among the people regarding pesticide poisoning. The present chapter highlighted the adverse effect of pesticides on environment and on human health. This review helps to seek the attention of researchers, government, and non-government organizations on health issues that have been associated with the exposure of harmful chemical pesticides and encourage research on finding the new concept in modern agriculture involving a reduction in the use of chemical pesticides.

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Dileep Kumar, A. D., and Narasimha Reddy Donthi. "Adverse Effects of Pesticides: Regulatory Failures, Impacts on Public Health and Environmental Wellbeing." In Insecticides in Pest Control - Impact, Challenges and Strategies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006357.

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Synthetic pesticides are inherently toxic and are designed to kill or harm life of all organisms. As considerable risk is involved in pesticide use, many risk mitigation measures have been suggested. However, feasibility and suitability of these measures in relation to the local conditions of use have not been properly assessed. Biosafety and precautionary principles have been ignored in registrations and approvals. It is now widely recognized that synthetic pesticides have been contributing to deterioration of ecosystem health as well as diminishing human health, and hence there is a global demand for reduction in use of pesticides in agriculture, replaced by non-chemical methods. This paper explores intrinsic toxicity of pesticides, adverse health and environmental effects caused by them, factors contributing to the adverse effects, use conditions and suitability of risk mitigation measures, regulatory requirements and failures, and pesticide risk reduction strategy. Recognizing a wide array of adverse effects of synthetic pesticides, this paper emphasizes the urgent need to de-chemicalise agriculture and other sectors by using agroecological practices. International regulatory bodies, National and State governments have to put in concerted efforts to enable a paradigm shift in agriculture, in view of safety of agriculture workers from pesticides, agriculture sustainability, food and nutrition security, biosafety, enhancing livelihood options, climate change impacts, environmental safety and public health.

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Dumitriu (Gabur), Georgiana-Diana, Carmen Teodosiu, and Valeriu V. Cotea. "Management of Pesticides from Vineyard to Wines: Focus on Wine Safety and Pesticides Removal by Emerging Technologies." In Grapes and Wine [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98991.

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Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) represent an important crop, being cultivated in 2018 on 7.4 million hectares worldwide, and with a total production of 77.8 million tonnes. Grapes are susceptible to a large number of fungal pests and insects that may cause important economic losses, reduction of quality and undesired sensory characteristics in wines. A common practice in viticulture is the utilization of chemical reagents, as pesticides, that can insure constant production of high-quality grapes. The use of pesticides in vineyards is an old agricultural practice and although generally beneficial, some concerns are raising due to potential toxic compounds assimilation during wine consumption and human health risks. This chapter offers a complete overview of the most common pesticides used in vineyard and tracks them across grapes, winemaking stages and wines. The impacts of pesticide residues on phenolic compounds and volatile compounds are discussed in details, alongside with emerging technologies for removal of pesticide residues from grapes and wines.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pesticide use reduction"

Popluga, Dina, and Gunta Grinberga-Zalite. "HOW READY ARE SOCIETY FOR EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL: CASE STUDY FROM LATVIA?" In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s21.076.

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Awareness of the importance of sustainable agriculture has increased in recent decades. One of the reasons for this is the widespread use of synthetic pesticides and their possible secondary negative effects on valuable carnivores and biodiversity. Therefore, the need for biological and environmentally friendly alternatives to pest control has become relevant. This relevance is also reinforced by the European Union's Green Deal agenda and its underlying strategy - Farm to Fork, which aim to mitigate climate change, prevent biodiversity loss and feed Europeans healthily. This study aims to assess the attitude of the Latvian society, in particular specific stakeholder�s groups playing important role in food systems, towards the achievement of the goals set in the European Union�s Green Deal agenda regarding the reduction of pesticide use and the search for alternative ways of protecting harvests from pests and diseases. There are several important signals arising from the results of this study and timely response to them can help policy makers, scientists, consultants and practitioners to contribute in reaching EU Green Deal goals, to redesigning existing food systems and to promote greater use of safe alternative ways of protecting harvests from pests.

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Duzinchuk, V. D., and S. E. Golovatyi. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-2-285-288.

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The problem of the negative impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on public health and the environment is a global one. Nowadays, the solution of the POPs problem is one of the priority environmental tasks of the international community. Relevance of the problem of implementation of obligations of the Republic of Belarus on persistent organic pollutants lies in the fact that a certain amount of these substances still remains in the territory of our country. According to adopted and implemented programs on reduction and complete cessation of use of these substances, all stocks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and obsolete pesticides in Belarus have to be destroyed by the end of the current decade.

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Malíčková, Lucia. "Plastic Reduction as Part of Sustainable Golf Tourism in Slovakia." In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-46.

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Sustainable tourism in golf is playing an increasingly important role in efforts to minimise the negative social and environmental impacts of the sport. Golf resorts typically partner with local suppliers, creating jobs for local residents, providing opportunities for local communities and investing in local education and infrastructure. In economic terms, golf tourism contributes to destination development. Tourists coming to a golf resort contribute to the local economy through accommodation, dining, and leisure activities. The increased flow of tourists creates new opportunities for business development. All of these factors contribute to the economic growth and prosperity of the destination. The aim of the paper is to define the concept of sustainability in golf tourism and its impact on the environment. The sustainability aspect in golf tourism seeks to reduce its environmental footprint through various measures including water management, energy, waste minimization and biodiversity conservation. Golf resorts are implementing eco-friendly practices such as irrigation systems using rainwater, limiting the use of pesticides and especially reducing plastic. In this way, they seek to minimize the impact on the environment and ensure its long-term sustainability. In this paper we have chosen the methodology of bibliometric analysis of scientific production on the topic of sustainable tourism in the Golf Web of Science database. Since 1996, we identified 50 articles published in scientific journals. Environmental impact is the most numerous content. Therefore, we further address the environemntal issue in the Slovak Republic environment. Based on empirical research, we have found that the most successful project in the field of environmental measures is the introduction of a mandatory deposit system, which has contributed most significantly to reducing the amount of plastic on golf courses in Slovakia.

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Geletiuk, O. "The pest monitoring of heliothis armigera hbn. on the corn." In Scientific International Symposium “Advanced Biotechnologies - Achievements and Prospects” (VIth Edition), 159–61. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/abap6.2022.53.

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The purpose of this work was to highlight one of the ecological methods of seasonal monitoring of the population density of the pest cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn. In recent years, this pest is a particularly acute problem in the agroecosystem plantati-ons of agricultural crops. The larvae of this pest cause essential damage to a wide spectrum of agricultural plants, including the corn, which in the Republic of Moldova is the part of the economically important crops. To protect the harvest, a wide spectrum of pesticides is appli-ed and about 3-4 chemical treatments are carried out annually. In the Republic of Moldova, the areas cultivated with sweet corn constitute approximately 3000 ha annually and are con-stantly growing. At the same time, chemical treatments, along with pest control, also cause signiﬁcant damage to the ecological system, which manifests itself not only through direct negative eﬀects, but also indirect ones, which will become visible in the coming years. The widespread use of pesticides also leads directly to the considerable reduction of the beneﬁcial insect species. Extremely important method for combating this pest is the seasonal monitoring of the population density depending on the species of cultivated plants and the phenological phases of their development. One of the eﬀective solutions would be the development of methods based on natural control mechanisms of the relationships between harmful organisms and cultivated plants. A safe method for detecting and monitoring the population density of this pest is the application of pheromonal traps. The most important advantage of using sexual pheromones is that they are biologically active substances characteristic only for the target species and are not harmful both to the human body and to the environment [1, 2].

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Žarković, Darja, Marija Vučićević, and Milica Vlahović. "Environmental issue of sustainable textile industry: Examples of good manufacturing practices." In 7th International Scientific Conference Contemporary Trends and Innovations in Textile Industry – CT&ITI 2024, 541–49. Union of Engineers and Technicians of Serbia, Belgrade, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ct_iti24060z.

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Growing impact on the environment and the rising demand for water, energy and raw materials that has resulted from the worldwide expansion of industry, put the principles of sustainability and cleaner production in a front line, as emergent activity. The textile industry consumes a high amount of energy and generates an enormous quantity of wastewater-worldwide, it generates 20 % of industrial wastewater and 8 % of greenhouse gas (GHG), while cotton production uses large amounts of pesticides, water and fertilizers. Many aspects of sustainable textile industry are not related only to production process itself (product quality and its market price, production process, supply of raw materials and its costs), but also to nus products, energy and water consumption, equipment service time, occupational health, and environmental issue. Thus, successful companies in textile production are driven by the basic principles of sustainable development and implementation of good manufacturing practice and cleaner production principles. This paper presents main principles of environmental protection in textile industry to be adopted toward sustainable production; these principles consider minimization of water, energy, virgin raw materials and chemicals usage, which results in reduction of the CO2 emissions, toward climate neutral production and business. Described company increases the share of sustainable/renewable materials and recycled materials, by accomplishing its own sustainability goals concerning environmental issue.

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Stingaci, Aurelia, Pantelimon Zavtoni, Tatiana Scerbacova, Anna Samoilova, Violetta Goncharuk, Maria Lisouskaya, and Al Mihalichiuk. "Studiu eficacității complexe al agenților biologici la măr și cartof la temperaturi ridicate." In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.33.

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Products of microbial origin in combination with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) derivatives, can be the basis for organic farming and plant resistance to unfavorable environmental factors inducing, as well as for the crop yield increasing. The article presents the results of the study of efficiency of fruit-cultures and potato plantations treatment with aqueous suspensions of entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis with addition of para-aminobenzoic acid derivatives solutions in concentrations 10-2, 10-4, 10-6 mol/l. An increase in the average weight of fruits and tubers and a reduction in disease and insect damage were observed in all variants of the experiment compared to the control. The studied derivatives exhibited higher biological activity at the lower concentration than PABA. The best trial was treatment with a mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki with the addition of an aqueous solution of PABA at concentrations of 10-4 and 10-6 mol/l. It was shown that the use of Bacillus spp. with the addition of the para-aminobenzoic acid derivatives solutions, leads to an improvement in the functional state of plants, contributing to the activation of the active resistance mechanisms to the action of the stress factors. The results obtained demonstrate the possibility of using entomopathogenic bacteria in a tank mixture with PABA for the creation of biological preparations as alternatives to pesticides and the development of biological methods of plant protection.

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Alin, Carabet, Manea Dan, Gheorghescu Bogdan, Ioana Grozea, and Stef Ramona. "APPROACHING THE PHYTHOPHTORA INFESTANS PATHOGEN IN POTATO CULTURE BY BIOLOGICAL MEANS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.04.

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In the current context, in which the European Union, through various projects, requires the reduction of the consumption of pesticides it is necessary to investigate some different products to control the Phytophthora infestans potato blight, biological ones, that have the role of improving the structure and health of the soil, avoiding contamination of it but also of groundwater with synthetic active substances. Potato production is diminished by the presence of weeds, pathogens and pests. One of the most important phytopathogenic agents is Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary, which produces the disease called mange, an important disease that occurs in all areas where potatoes are grown causing economic losses up to 50%. In general, disease management of this pathogen by biological means is a difficult task, especially when the level of disease pressure is high, together with favorable environmental conditions. The study was performed, in Belint area, Timis county, under the climatic conditions of the year 2022. The test product used in study protocol were Fitocid, Fitohelp, Mycohelp, Viridin and Taegro in various rate of application and an untreated check was also included. The assessments were performed at 3, 7, 14 DAT, assessing the effectiveness of the products in respect of the frequency and intensity of the attack. All five bioproducts reduced the severity of the pathogen compared to the untreated control, the antagonism shown by the Fitocid and Fitohelp products against the fungus Phytophthora infestans was maximum seven days after application.

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Torres, Hannah, Kayla Camacho, and Nelson Macken. "A Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel Fuel Produced From Waste Cooking Oil." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16240.

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Abstract Biofuels have received considerable attention as a more sustainable solution for transportation fuels. Used vegetable oil, normally considered a waste product, has been suggested as a possible candidate. Herein we perform a life cycle assessment to determine the environmental impact of biodiesel fuel produced from waste vegetable oil. We present a cradle to fuel model that includes the following unit processes: growing and harvesting, soy oil processing, cooking, waste vegetable oil refining, transesterification to produce biodiesel fuel and transportation when required. For growing and harvesting, national historical data for yields, energy required for machinery, fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium), herbicides, pesticides and nitrous oxide production are considered. In soy oil processing, crushing and extraction using hexane are included. For cooking, typical fryer performance and food production are considered. In order to determine a mass balance for the cooking operation, oil carryout and waste oil removal are estimated. During waste oil refining, oil is filtered and water removed. Methanol and a catalyst are used in the process of transesterification with glycerin as a byproduct. Transportation is considered using diesel trucks. Data from GREET is used throughout to compute global warming potential (GWP) and energy consumption in terms of cumulative energy demand (CED). Mass allocation is applied to the soy meal produced in refining, oil utilized for cooking and glycerin produced during transesterification. Results are compared to traditional diesel fuel and gasoline. Individual processes are examined to determine possibilities for reduction of GWP and CED. Suggestions are made for improvements in environmental impact using alternative or more efficient methods. The study should provide useful information on the sustainability of biodiesel fuel produced from waste cooking oil.

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Dygert, Joseph P., Melissa L. Morris, Erik M. Messick, and Patrick H. Browning. "Feasibility of an Energy Efficient Large-Scale Aquaponic Food Production and Distribution Facility." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6567.

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Today the United States is plagued by societal issues, economic insecurity, and increasing health problems. Societal issues include lack of community inclusion, pollution, and access to healthy foods. The high unemployment coupled with the rising cost of crude oil derivatives, and the growing general gap between cost of living and minimum wage levels contribute to a crippled consumer-driven US economy. Health concerns include increasing levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These epidemics lead to staggering economic burdens costing Americans hundreds of billions of dollars each year. It is well-known that many of the health issues impacting Americans can be directly linked to the production, availability, and quality of the food. Factors contributing to the availability of food include reduction of United States farmland, an increase in food imported from overseas, and the cost of goods to the consumer. The quality of food is influenced by the method of growth as well as imposed preservation techniques to support food transportation and distribution. At the same time, it has become increasingly common to implement biotechnology in genetically modified crops for direct human food or indirectly as a livestock feed for animals consumed by humans. Crops are also routinely dosed with pesticides and hormones in an attempt to increase productivity and revenue, with little consideration or understanding of the long term health effects. Research shows that community gardens positively impact local employment, community involvement and inclusivity, and the diets of not only those involved in food production, but all members of their households. The purpose of this work is to determine the feasibility of an energy efficient large-scale aquaponic food production and distribution facility which could directly mitigate growing socioeconomic concerns in the US through applied best practices in sustainability. Aquaponics is a symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and hydroponics, where fish and plants grow harmoniously. The energy efficient facility would be located in an urban area, and employ solar panels, natural lighting, rain water reclamation, and a floor plan optimized for maximum food yield and energy efficiency. Examples of potential crops include multiple species of berries, corn, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, squash, and carrots. Potential livestock include responsibly farmed tilapia, shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. The large scale aquaponic facility shows a lengthy period for financial return on investment whether traditional style construction of the building or a green construction style is used. However many forms of federal government aid and outside assistance exist for green construction to help drive down the risk in the higher initial investment which in the long run could end up being more profitable than going with a traditionally constructed building. Outside of financial return there are many proven, positive impacts that a large-scale aquaponic facility would have. Among these are greater social involvement and inclusivity, job creation, increased availability of fresh food, and strengthening of America’s agriculture infrastructure leading to increased American independence.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Pesticide use reduction"

Shtienberg, Dan, William Fry, Amos Dinoor, Thomas Zitter, and Uzi Kafkafi. Reduction in Pesticide Use in Plant Disease Control by Integration of Chemical and Non-Chemical Factors. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613027.bard.

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The long term goal of this research project was to improve control efficiency of Alternaria diseases while reducing fungicide use, by integration of chemical and non-chemical factors. Non-chemical factors were genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fertilizers. The Specific objectives were: 1) To quantify changes in resistance among genotypes and over time in terms of disease development and specific phases of the disease cycle; 2) To quantify the effects of fertilizers applied to the foliage alone, or in combination with a fungicide, on disease development; 3) To quantify the relative contribution of genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fungicide type to the reduction of disease development; 4) To develop a strategy for integration of chemical and non-chemical factors which will achieve optimal disease suppression. The influence of physiological age of cotton plants and of the individual leaves, on disease incidence and on the rate of lesion expansion of A. macrospora was examined on leaves sampled from the field. Both parameters increased with the physiological age of individual leaves but were not affected by the age of the whole plant. The hypothesis that enrichment of the foliage with nitrogen and potassium may enhance host resistance to Alternaria and thus reduce disease severity, was examined for potato and tomato (A. solani ) and for cotton (A. macrospora ). Under controlled environment conditions, application of urea or KNO3 resulted in some reduction in disease development; however, foliar application of both nutrients (8-10 sprays in total) did not affect Alternaria severity in the field. Systemic fungicides against Alternaria (e.g. , tebuconazole and difenoconazole) are more effective than the commonly used protectant fungicides (e.g. mancozeb and chlorothalonil). Concepts for the integration of genotype resistance, age-related resistances and fungicide for the suppression of Alternaria diseases were developed and evaluated. It was found that reduction in host resistance, with age and among genotypes, can be compensated for by adjusting the intensity of fungicide applications, i.e. by increasing the frequency of sprays and by spraying systemic fungicides towards the end of the season. In, moderately resistant cultivars protection can be achieved by spraying at longer intervals than susceptible cultivars. The concepts for integration were evaluated in field trials for cotton, potatoes and tomatoes. By following these concepts it was possible to save up to five sprays out of 8-10 in a growing season.

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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.

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Reduction in annual fuel use from conservation tillage. [Washington, D.C.]: Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8135356.nrcs.

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The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducted the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) Farmer Survey from 2003-2006 (CEAP I) and 2013-2016 (CEAP II). The purpose of these surveys was to collect the information needed regarding crops grown, tillage practices used, nutrient and pesticide application made, and conservation practices used. This report highlights fuel use benefits associated with increased adoption of conservation tillage between the two CEAP surveys. The CEAP II survey indicated that nearly 87 percent of the Nation's cultivated cropland acres use some form of conservation tillage for at least one crop in the crop rotation. In addition to the more commonly recognized environmental benefit of reduced soil disturbance, conservation tillage significantly reduces fuel consumption and therefore emissions from operations. Calculations of the reduced usage of diesel fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions due to conservation tillage implementation were made based on the survey data

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