Статті в журналах: "Pesticide resistance"

1

MARQUIS, J. K. "Pesticide Resistance." Science 227, no. 4687 (February 8, 1985): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3969549.

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2

DOVER, M. J. "Pesticide Resistance." Science 227, no. 4687 (February 8, 1985): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3969550.

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3

Talukder, Farid. "Pesticide Resistance in Stored-Product Insects and Alternative Biorational Management: A Brief Review." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 14 (January 1, 2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol14iss0pp9-15.

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Conventional pesticides are being used as the major tools for stored grain and food protection. Many conventional pesticides have created problems including pesticide resistance, toxic residues in the treated products, handling hazards, health hazards to operatives and pest resurgence. Among these, the incidence of pesticide resistance is a growing problem in stored product protection. Problems associated with synthetic pesticides, especially pesticide resistance, have created a worldwide interest in the development of alternative biorational strategies. Plant-derived materials, biological control agents, insect growth regulators, solar disinfestation systems, use of inert dusts and diatomaceous earth, etc., are potential viable alternatives. Most of these alternatives have low toxicity or are not toxic to humans, making them environmentally acceptable and enabling them to be incorporated in stored product protection.

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4

Cui, Jianxia, Changjiao Sun, Anqi Wang, Yan Wang, Huaxin Zhu, Yue Shen, Ningjun Li, et al. "Dual-Functionalized Pesticide Nanocapsule Delivery System with Improved Spreading Behavior and Enhanced Bioactivity." Nanomaterials 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020220.

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The prevention and control of pests and diseases are becoming increasingly difficult owing to extensive pesticide resistance. The synergistic use of pesticides for disease control is an effective way of slowing pesticide resistance, reducing the number of pesticide applications, and protecting the environment. In this study, a dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsule delivery system loaded with two active ingredients (AIs)—validamycin and thifluzamide—was developed to prevent and control rice sheath blight; the nanocapsule system was based on a water–oil–water double emulsion method combined with high-pressure homogenization technology. Our results showed that the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules were monodisperse spheres with a mean particle size of ~260 nm and had good storage stability. Compared with commercial formulations, the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules exhibited good foliar spread owing to their small size, which is beneficial for reducing the loss of pesticides on the leaves. The 50% median effect concentration and synergistic ratio against Rhizoctonia solani of the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules and commercial formulation were 0.0082 and 0.0350 μg/mL, and 2.088 and 0.917, respectively. These findings indicate that the bioactivity of the dual-functionalized system was significantly better than that of the commercial formulations and that the dual-functionalized system demonstrated a clear synergistic effect between the two AIs. The system presented here is simple, fast, and capable of dual-pesticide loading with significant synergistic effects. Our findings could help to facilitate the improvement of pesticides efficiency and the slowing of pesticide resistance.

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5

Li, Jinyang, Qingdao Huang, and Bing Liu. "An SI integrated pest management model with pesticide resistance to susceptible pests." International Journal of Biomathematics 13, no. 05 (May 28, 2020): 2050037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524520500370.

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In this paper, epidemic diseases among pests are assumed to occur, so pests are divided into susceptible pests and infected pests, and only susceptible pests are harmful to crops. Considering spraying pesticides and releasing of natural enemies and infected pests to control pests, as well as the long-term application of the same pesticide to induce resistance, an integrated pest management with pesticide resistance is established. The pollution emission model is introduced to model the action process of pesticides, which well reflects its residual and delay effects. By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and analysis method, the threshold condition for eradication of susceptible pests is obtained. Then we analyze the frequency of spraying pesticide on the success of pests control. It shows that it is not that the more frequently pesticides are applied, the better the result of the susceptible pests control is. From the sensitivity analysis, the key factors on the threshold are obtained. Finally, the strategies to control susceptible pests are given, including switching pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies elastically.

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6

Chen, Chun-Chieh, Chun-Huang Huang, Man-Tzu Marcie Wu, Chia-Hsuan Chou, Chia-Chen Huang, Tzu-Yen Tseng, Fang-Yu Chang, et al. "Multidrug Resistance 1 Gene Variants, Pesticide Exposure, and Increased Risk of DNA Damage." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/965729.

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The P-glycoprotein, encoded by the multidrug resistance (MDR)1gene, extrudes fat-soluble compounds to the extracellular environment. However, the DNA damage of pesticides in subjects with genetic variation inMDR1has not been investigated. In this study, the comet assay was applied to examine the extent of DNA damage in the peripheral blood of 195 fruit growers who had been exposed to pesticides and 141 unexposed controls. TheMDR1polymorphisms were identified. Questionnaires were administered to obtain demographic data and occupational history. Results showed subjects experiencing high (2.14 μm/cell,P<0.01) or low pesticide exposure (2.18 μm/cell,P<0.01) had a significantly greater DNA tail moment than controls (1.28 μm/cell). Compared to theMDR1T-129C (rs3213619) TC/CC carriers, the TT carriers had increased DNA tail moment in controls (1.30 versus 1.12 μm/cell,P<0.01). Similar results were observed in the high and low pesticide-exposed groups. Combined analysis revealed that pesticide-exposed fruit growers withMDR1-129 TT genotype had the greatest DNA damage in the subjects with the combinations of pesticide exposure andMDR1-129 genotypes. In conclusion, pesticide exposed individuals with susceptibleMDR1-129 genotypes may experience increased risk of DNA damage.

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7

Rangasamy, Kirubakaran, Murugan Athiappan, Natarajan Devarajan, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, K. N. Aruljothi, Abeer Hashem, Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi та Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah. "Cloning and Expression of the Organophosphate Pesticide-Degradingα-βHydrolase Gene in Plasmid pMK-07 to Confer Cross-Resistance to Antibiotics". BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1535209.

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Pesticide residual persistence in agriculture soil selectively increases the pesticide-degrading population and transfers the pesticide-degrading gene to other populations, leading to cross-resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. The enzymes that degrade pesticides can also catabolize the antibiotics by inducing changes in the gene or protein structure through induced mutations. The present work focuses on the pesticide-degrading bacteria isolated from an agricultural field that develop cross-resistance to antibiotics. This cross-resistance is developed through catabolic gene clusters present in an extrachromosomal plasmid. A larger plasmid (236.7 Kbp) isolated fromBacillussp. was sequenced by next-generation sequencing, and important features such asα-βhydrolase, DNA topoisomerase, DNA polymerase III subunit beta, reverse transcriptase, plasmid replication rep X, recombination U, transposase, and S-formylglutathione hydrolase were found in this plasmid. Among these, theα-βhydrolase enzyme is known for the degradation of organophosphate pesticides. The cloning and expression of theα-βhydrolase gene imply nonspecific cleavage of antibiotics through a cross-resistance phenomenon in the host. The docking ofα-βhydrolase with a spectrum of antibiotics showed a high G-score against chloramphenicol (−3.793), streptomycin (−2.865), cefotaxime (−5.885), ampicillin (−4.316), and tetracycline (−3.972). This study concludes that continuous exposure to pesticide residues may lead to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains among the wild microbial flora.

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8

Seesen, Mathuramat, Roberto G. Lucchini, Somkiat Siriruttanapruk, Ratana Sapbamrer, Surat Hongsibsong, Susan Woskie, and Pornpimol Kongtip. "Association between Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Insulin Resistance in Pesticide Sprayers and Nonfarmworkers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 8140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218140.

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Insulin resistance is a risk factor for various diseases. Chronic organophosphate exposure has been reported to be a cause of insulin resistance in animal models. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between organophosphate exposure and insulin resistance in pesticide sprayers and nonfarmworkers. Participants aged 40–60 years, consisting of 150 pesticide sprayers and 150 nonfarmworkers, were interviewed and assessed for their homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) level. Organophosphate (OP) exposure was measured in 37 sprayers and 46 nonfarmworkers by first morning urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites. The DAP metabolite levels were not different in either group except for diethylthiophosphate (DETP; p = 0.03), which was higher in sprayers. No significant association was observed between DAP metabolite levels and HOMA-IR. Wearing a mask while handling pesticides was associated with lower dimethyl metabolites (95% CI = −11.10, −0.17). Work practices of reading pesticide labels (95% CI = −81.47, −14.99) and washing hands after mixing pesticide (95% CI = −39.97, −3.35) correlated with lower diethyl alkylphosphate level. Overall, we did not observe any association between OP exposure and insulin resistance in pesticide sprayers and the general population. However, personal protective equipment (PPE) utilization and work practice were associated with OP exposure level in sprayers.

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9

Hassan, Zaid Naji, Kassim Mohanad A, and Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq. "Evaluation of Insecticides Resistance: Review Article." South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences 4, no. 4 (September 9, 2022): 56–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjbab.2022.v04i04.001.

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Pesticide durability lasts to be one of the greatest significant subjects’ confrontations with agricultural output. The defy in pesticide impedance and its administration is represented by the status of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This extremely offensive pest has a considerable tendency for evolving pesticide durability as of its biotic features, and situations of impedance to furthermost categories of insecticides utilized for its organization have been perceived. In conflict with pesticide durability in the western blossom thrips, quite a few insecticide impedance supervisions (IRM) approaches have been progressing about the universe and these conversations. Effective approaches depend on non-insecticidal strategies, for instance, biotic and cultural monitoring and steward vegetable durability, to diminish inhabitants’ compressions, alternations amid pesticides of the diverse method of labor categories to maintain insecticide effectiveness, impedance observation, specimen to define the necessity for insecticide implementation and instruction to guarantee suitable operation. Further cautious insecticide utilization is conceivable by the progress of fully-initiated financial sill for extra harvesting organizations. Though cultivators will carry on to trust insecticides as a portion of western-blossom-thrips- and thrips-spread virus administration added effective administration of these pests will be accomplished by deeming their administration in the situation of complete united pest administration, through IRM being the main constituent of those complete approaches.

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10

ZHANG, YAN, DANDAN XU, and SHAOLI WANG. "Status of abamectin resistance and mechanisms in Tetranychus urticae in China." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.149.

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The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important agricultural pest worldwide. It is prone to evolve resistance to pesticides, including organophosphates, pyrethroids, and some newly developed compounds (Xu et al., 2018; Alpkent et al., 2020), due to the frequent pesticide spray and the biological characteristics of T. urticae, such as short life cycle and parthenogenesis, etc. There is no doubt that the development of pesticide resistance and unclear resistant mechanisms have impeded the chemical control and resistance management of T. urticae in the field.

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11

Yu, S. J., R. T. Rousch, and B. E. Tabashnik. "Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods." Florida Entomologist 74, no. 4 (December 1991): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495418.

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12

York, Ashley. "Passing on pesticide resistance." Nature Reviews Microbiology 18, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0342-y.

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13

Lines, Jo. "Pesticide resistance in arthropods." Parasitology Today 7, no. 8 (January 1991): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(91)90151-d.

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14

Andersen, Janet, Anne Leslie, Sharlene Matten, and Rita Kumar. "The Environmental Protection Agency's Programs to Encourage the Use of Safer Pesticides." Weed Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00041117.

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The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) within the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has initiated several programs to reduce risks associated with the use of pesticides. Examples include accelerated registration of new products (including biological pesticides) that offer reduced risk to human health and the environment, and regulatory relief for products posing virtually no risk to provide replacement for more problematic pesticides. In addition, efforts are being undertaken to reduce pesticide resistance in target pests, develop joint “Environmental Stewardship” efforts between the EPA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The new Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division (BPPD), established as a pilot in October 1994, has responsibility for many above functions, with special emphasis on registration of biological pesticides and development of the new Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP). This program is designed to recognize achievements already made by farmers to reduce conventional pesticide use and to find further improvements through cooperative efforts with growers.

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15

Sadia, Christabelle G., France-Paraudie A. Kouadio, Behi K. Fodjo, Sebastien K. Oyou, Adepo-Gourene A. Beatrice, Benjamin G. Koudou, and Chouaïbou S. Mouhamadou. "Short-term metabolic resistance inductive effect of different agrochemical groups on Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes." Wellcome Open Research 6 (October 28, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16876.2.

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Background: In order to assess the impact of the different groups of agricultural pesticides used in Côte d'Ivoire on the increase of mosquitoes resistance to insecticides, the expression profiles of 7 P450 cytochromes and one GSTE2 of Anopheles gambiae involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides were studied. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of short exposure of mosquito larvae to different groups of agricultural pesticides on mosquito resistance. Methods: Three groups of pesticides were selected: (i) agricultural insecticide solutions, (ii) non-insecticide pesticide solutions (a mixture of herbicides and fungicides), and (iii) a mixture of the first two. A fourth non-pesticide solution was used as a control. Four groups of each stage 2 larvae (strain Kisumu, male and female) were exposed to 20% concentrated solution for 24 hours. Susceptibility tests for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Deltamethrin were carried out on adults aged 2-5 days. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to quantify the expression of eight metabolic genes involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides. Results: Susceptibility to DDT showed a similar increase in the time required to knock down 50% of mosquitoes (kdt50) in l colonies exposed to insecticides and non-insecticides compared to the control colony. As for deltamethrin, kdt50 was higher in the colonies exposed to insecticides and the pesticide mixture compared to the colony exposed to non-insecticides. Of all the genes studied in all colonies, except for CYP6P1 induced only in the colony consisting of the pesticide mixture, no genes were induced. Conclusions: This study confirmed that induction is influenced by the duration, the concentration of the solution and the type of xenobiotic used as an inducer. The overexpression of CYP6P1 confirmed the inductive effect that a short exposure of mosquito larvae to agricultural pesticides could have.

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16

Sadia, Christabelle G., France-Paraudie A. Kouadio, Behi K. Fodjo, Sebastien K. Oyou, Adepo-Gourene A. Beatrice, Benjamin G. Koudou, and Chouaïbou S. Mouhamadou. "Short-term metabolic resistance inductive effect of different agrochemical groups on Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes." Wellcome Open Research 6 (June 11, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16876.1.

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Background: In order to assess the impact of the different groups of agricultural pesticides used in Côte d'Ivoire on the increase of mosquitoes resistance to insecticides, the expression profiles of 7 P450 cytochromes and one GSTE2 of Anopheles gambiae involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides were studied. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of short exposure of mosquito larvae to different groups of agricultural pesticides on mosquito resistance. Methods: Three groups of pesticides were selected: (i) agricultural insecticide solutions, (ii) none-insecticide pesticide solutions (a mixture of herbicides and fungicides), and (iii) a mixture of the first two. A fourth non-pesticide solution was used as a control. Four groups of each stage 2 larvae (strain Kisumu, male and female) were exposed to 20% concentrated solution for 24 hours. Susceptibility tests for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Deltamethrin were carried out on adults aged 2-5 days. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to quantify the expression of eight metabolic genes involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides. Results: Susceptibility to DDT showed a similar increase in the time required to knock down 50% of mosquitoes (kdt50) in l colonies exposed to insecticides and none-insecticides compared to the control colony. As for deltamethrin, kdt50 was higher in the colonies exposed to insecticides and the pesticide mixture compared to the colony exposed to none-insecticides. Of all the genes studied in all colonies, except for CYP6P1 induced only in the colony consisting of the pesticide mixture, no genes were induced. Conclusions: This study confirmed that induction is influenced by the duration, the concentration of the solution and the type of xenobiotic used as an inducer. The overexpression of CYP6P1 confirmed the inductive effect that a short exposure of mosquito larvae to agricultural pesticides could have.

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17

Shanthi, T. R., Mohammed Hatha, and T. R. Satyakeerthy. "A Study on the Diversity of Pesticide-Resistant Bacterial Population from Different Agricultural Fields of Manjoor." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i03.026.

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The regular usage of pesticides in agricultural fields results in the development of a pesticide-resistant microbial population. Vegetable cultivation is a common practice in the agricultural growing areas of Manjoor, Kerala. The present study was envisaged to understand the resistance of microorganisms to different types and doses of pesticides. The study revealed that heterotrophic bacteria are capable of resisting lower concentrations (0.01 and 0.001%) of the pesticides lindane and methyl parathion while a higher concentration of carbaryl (0.1%) could also be tolerated. In the soil sample where there was no prior addition of pesticides, the heterotrophic bacteria could only tolerate very low concentrations of pesticides The results of mean pesticide-resistant bacterial load when compared to normal Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) of soils indicate that pesticides exhibited an inhibitory effect on the heterotrophic bacteria of soils collected from different agricultural fields and the pesticide-resistant bacterial load was lower than normal THB.

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18

Cheng, Xuan, Paul A. Umina, Matthew Binns, James Maino, Amol Ghodke, and Ary Hoffmann. "Options for managing pesticide resistance in the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor Tucker): an experimental test involving altered selection pressures and alternative chemicals." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 6 (2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp21076.

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Chemical strategies to manage pest populations that have evolved pesticide resistance can involve killing resistant individuals by using higher rates of the same pesticide or applying alternative pesticides for which resistance does not exist. However, the dilemma is that alternative pesticides available for many pest species are limited, while higher pesticide rates may lead to the evolution of higher resistance levels. Here, both strategies are tested in a resistant population of the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, which contained resistance against two groups of chemicals: synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates. Resistant mites were introduced into exclusion field plots, which were then treated with pyrethroid, organophosphate or alternative chemicals for 2 years at a low pressure (one spray at the registered field rate per year) or a high pressure (two sprays at the registered field rate per year). A single pyrethroid application suppressed mite numbers, but pyrethroid-resistant allele (kdr) frequencies quickly rose from ∼50% to nearly 100%. Thereafter, pyrethroid chemicals lost effectiveness. However, kdr frequencies declined across mite generations when pyrethroids were not used, regardless of other treatments. Organophosphates continued to suppress mite populations under both high and low pressures, irrespective of kdr allele frequencies, and laboratory bioassays showed no increase in organophosphate resistance levels. One of the alternative chemicals, diafenthiuron, applied once per year over two years, successfully suppressed mite numbers, whereas other treatments did not control mites. These findings demonstrate that different strategies are required to manage H. destructor with pyrethroid resistance and organophosphate resistance.

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19

Cloyd, Raymond A., and Amy L. Raudenbush. "Efficacy of Binary Pesticide Mixtures Against Western Flower Thrips." HortTechnology 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.4.449.

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This study was designed to determine the efficacy of binary pesticide mixtures against one of the most important insect pests of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Two separate experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to simulate a greenhouse production cycle using yellow transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) cut flowers, which were artificially infested with a known number of western flower thrips. The pesticides used in the two experiments were spinosad, pymetrozine, abamectin, pyridalyl, fluvalinate, chlorfenapyr, bifenazate, azadirachtin, petroleum oil, tolfenpyrad, fenhexamid, azoxystrobin, and spirotetramat. Pesticide mixtures were evaluated at the recommended labeled rates (Expt. 1) and assessments were made to determine if adding didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride enhanced the efficacy of the pesticide mixtures (Expt. 2). Results from Expt. 1 indicated that many of the binary pesticide mixtures provided ≥80% mortality of western flower thrips although this was a baseline population without previous exposure to pesticides. In Expt. 2, the addition of didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride failed to increase the efficacy of most of the designated pesticide mixtures compared with the pesticides applied separately. Furthermore, none of the binary pesticide mixtures were phytotoxic to the transvaal daisy flowers. Although there are issues associated with using pesticide mixtures such as the potential for resistance developing to different pesticides in mixtures, greenhouse producers combine pesticides together to reduce labor costs and expand the spectrum of activity against insect and mite (Tetranychidae) pests. Therefore, the relevance of this information is that greenhouse producers now understand which pesticide mixtures may be used and those that should be avoided when suppressing populations of western flower thrips thus minimizing feeding damage to greenhouse-grown horticultural crops.

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20

Dover, Michael J., and Brian A. Croft. "Pesticide Resistance and Public Policy." BioScience 36, no. 2 (February 1986): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310107.

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21

Dassanayake, Mackingsley Kushan, Chien Hwa Chong, Teng-Jin Khoo, Adam Figiel, Antoni Szumny, and Chee Ming Choo. "Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092016.

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The management of insect pests and fungal diseases that cause damage to crops has become challenging due to the rise of pesticide and fungicide resistance. The recent developments in studies related to plant-derived essential oil products has led to the discovery of a range of phytochemicals with the potential to combat pesticide and fungicide resistance. This review paper summarizes and interprets the findings of experimental work based on plant-based essential oils in combination with existing pesticidal and fungicidal agents and novel bioactive natural and synthetic molecules against the insect pests and fungi responsible for the damage of crops. The insect mortality rate and fractional inhibitory concentration were used to evaluate the insecticidal and fungicidal activities of essential oil synergists against crop-associated pests. A number of studies have revealed that plant-derived essential oils are capable of enhancing the insect mortality rate and reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of commercially available pesticides, fungicides and other bioactive molecules. Considering these facts, plant-derived essential oils represent a valuable and novel source of bioactive compounds with potent synergism to modulate crop-associated insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi.

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22

Struelens, Quentin François, Marco Rivera, Mariana Alem Zabalaga, Raúl Ccanto, Reinaldo Quispe Tarqui, Diego Mina, Carlos Carpio, et al. "Pesticide misuse among small Andean farmers stems from pervasive misinformation by retailers." PLOS Sustainability and Transformation 1, no. 6 (June 21, 2022): e0000017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000017.

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A critical issue in the context of sustainable agriculture is the reduction of pesticides. Despite well-known adverse effects, farmers around the world continue using pesticides with mostly inappropriate ways. Relevant policies have assumed that farmers themselves are primarily responsible for pesticide misuse. However, the responsibility of pesticide retailers has never been quantified due to the difficulty in obtaining reliable data. An empirical study was conducted with smallholder farmers who collected 9,670 pesticide retailers’ recommendations from 1489 surveys in the highlands of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. This original design allowed obtaining for the first time genuine responses about pesticide recommendations from retailers at a large scale. When comparing retailers’ recommendations with product datasheets, the results suggest that 88.2% of recommendations standards were incorrectly followed resulting in dosing recommendations that were either excessive or insufficient and accurate less than 12% of the time. An in-depth analysis also showed that 79.2% of recommended products pertained to only 6 modes of action, thus increasing the risks of pest resistance. An expert retailer model further showed that all highly toxic pesticides could be replaced by less-toxic ones. Several ways to alleviate these detrimental consequences are proposed, by acting at the root of pesticide misuse–at the retailer’s recommendation stage.

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23

Souza, Rayane Cristina, Elinaura Pereira dos Santos, Pedro Henrique Cunha Fontenelle, Thaís De Melo Castelo Branco, Samia Melo Santos, and Angela Falcai. "Immunotoxicity induced by pesticides in humans." Ciência e Natura 42 (December 31, 2020): e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x41270.

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The evidence that the immune system is affected by pesticides is growing and indicates that pesticide exposure has detrimental health effects and can contribute to increased risksfor long-term diseases, including different types of psychiatric disorders, cancers, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Motivated by such studies, the present review highlights mechanisms involved in the immunological toxicity of pesticides, as well as the association between pesticide exposure and the predisposition of diseases, caused by perturbation of immune system function. A literature review was performed using the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus databases with publication dates from 1986 to 2016. The following descriptors were used: “immunotoxicity”,“Pesticides”, and“immune system”. Pesticides can affect host resistance and can directly affect lymphoid tissues and/or native cells. Disorders such as immunosuppression, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and cancers have been cited to result from changes in the immune system. Although public health concerns regarding pesticide exposures are directed primarily at carcinogenic and neurological mutations, these compounds can cause profound effects on the immune system and may trigger several other processes by disruption of function in other physiological systems.

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24

Wang, Hong Wei, Hui Wang, Chun Long Zhao, Gao Fei Yuan, Liang Ma, Lin Feng Li, and Duan Bo Cai. "Effects of Cypermethrin on the Superoxide Dismutase Activity of Macrobrachium nipponense." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.554.

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To determine the effects of dietary selenium (Se) supplementary on muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense were exposed to three commonly used pesticides - cypermethrin. For each concentration of each pesticide, the shrimps were grouped into control diet group, inorganic Se group and organic Se group. For each concentration of each pesticide, the order of total SOD activities were organic Se diet group > inorganic Se diet group > control diet group. With the increasing concentrations of pesticides, the total SOD activities increased first and then decreased dramatically. This study indicated that Se supplementary in diet could enhance the resistance of shrimps against low concentrations of ambient contaminants.

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25

Hoy, M. A. "Myths, models and mitigation of resistance to pesticides." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1376 (October 29, 1998): 1787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0331.

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Resistance to pesticides in arthropod pests is a significant economic, ecological and public health problem. Although extensive research has been conducted on diverse aspects of pesticide resistance and we have learned a great deal during the past 50 years, to some degree the discussion about ‘resistance management’ has been based on ‘myths’. One myth involves the belief that we can manage resistance. I will maintain that we can only attempt to mitigate resistance because resistance is a natural evolutionary response to environmental stresses. As such, resistance will remain an ongoing dilemma in pest management and we can only delay the onset of resistance to pesticides. ‘Resistance management’ models and tactics have been much discussed but have been tested and deployed in practical pest management programmes with only limited success. Yet the myth persists that better models will provide a ‘solution’ to the problem. The reality is that success in using mitigation models is limited because these models are applied to inappropriate situations in which the critical genetic, ecological, biological or logistic assumptions cannot be met. It is difficult to predict in advance which model is appropriate to a particular situation; if the model assumptions cannot be met, applying the model sometimes can increase the rate of resistance development rather than slow it down. Are there any solutions? I believe we already have one. Unfortunately, it is not a simple or easy one to deploy. It involves employing effective agronomic practices to develop and maintain a healthy crop, monitoring pest densities, evaluating economic injury levels so that pesticides are applied only when necessary, deploying and conserving biological control agents, using host–plant resistance, cultural controls of the pest, biorational pest controls, and genetic control methods. As a part of a truly multi–tactic strategy, it is crucial to evaluate the effect of pesticides on natural enemies in order to preserve them in the cropping system. Sometimes, pesticide–resistant natural enemies are effective components of this resistance mitigation programme. Another name for this resistance mitigation model is integrated pest management (IPM). This complex model was outlined in some detail nearly 40 years ago by V. M. Stern and colleagues. To deploy the IPM resistance mitigation model, we must admit that pest management and resistance mitigation programmes are not sustainable if based on a single–tactic strategy. Delaying resistance, whether to traditional pesticides or to transgenic plants containing toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis , will require that we develop multi–tactic pest management programmes that incorporate all appropriate pest management approaches. Because pesticides are limited resources, and their loss can result in significant social and economic costs, they should be reserved for situations where they are truly needed: as tools to subdue an unexpected pest population outbreak. Effective multi–tactic IPM programmes delay resistance (= mitigation) because the number and rates of pesticide applications will be reduced.

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Duquesne, Sabine, and Matthias Liess. "Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Mosquito Larvae Via Alterations of Community Structure." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 56, no. 3-4 (May 6, 2010): 433–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.56.3-4.433.

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We describe how pesticides used for mosquito control alter communities in mosquito breeding sites, and how these alterations affect larval populations of mosquitoes. Lethal and sublethal toxic effects modify biological interactions through density- and trait-mediated changes. Density-mediated effects due to pesticide treatment can lead to indirect positive effects on the target species. For example, recolonization of pests can be amplified due to disturbances of antagonistic species. Trait-mediated effects can result in lethal effects of originally sublethal exposure when the pesticide is combined with additional stress. Such lethal effects can result from changes of behavior or sensitivity. Also the immune capacity and resistance of individuals to parasitic infection could be decreased. Furthermore, pesticide treatment can act independently of toxic effects. For example, habitat and oviposition site selection can be influenced. These examples highlight the diversity of processes to be considered when determining the overall consequences of pesticide treatment. We show that a better understanding of these processes is needed to predict effects of pesticides on population dynamics. Such knowledge would have direct benefits in designing mosquito control strategies.

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Hu, Zhanping. "What Socio-Economic and Political Factors Lead to Global Pesticide Dependence? A Critical Review from a Social Science Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 8119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218119.

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Dependence on chemical pesticides has become one of the most pressing challenges to global environmental sustainability and public health. Considerable regulatory efforts have been taken to mitigate pesticide dependence, which however has resulted in a prevalent ‘managerial failure’. Massive pesticide application has generated severe genetic resistance from pests, which has in turn further aggravated pesticide dependence and thus induced agrochemical industries to develop new pesticide varieties. This review proposes to look beyond the resistance-dependence nexus and presents a comprehensive discussion about global pesticide dependence in a social science perspective, i.e., revealing the socio-economic and political factors that reinforce pesticide dependence. These factors are classified into five intertwined themes: (1) agricultural regime, (2) social process of pesticide application, (3) economic analysis, (4) politics and governance, and (5) promotional failure of alternatives. It is found that pesticide dependence is not just a technological issue in the sphere of natural sciences, but more a human-made issue, with deep-seated socio-economic and political reasons. Addressing contemporary trap of global pesticide dependence entails a full acknowledgement and comprehension of the complex and intertwined factors. Furthermore, this review identifies two major explanatory approaches underlying the extant social science literature: a structuralist approach that stresses macro-level structures such as institutions, policies and paradigms, and an individualist approach that focuses on the decision-making of farmers at the micro level. This review recognizes the limitations of the two approaches and calls for transcending the duality. This study advocates a policy framework that emphasizes alignment and coordination from multi-dimensions, multi-actors and multi-scales. For future research, collaborations between natural and social scientists, and more integrated and interdisciplinary approaches should be strengthened.

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28

Liang, Juhua, Sanyi Tang, Juan J. Nieto, and Robert A. Cheke. "Analytical methods for detecting pesticide switches with evolution of pesticide resistance." Mathematical Biosciences 245, no. 2 (October 2013): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2013.07.008.

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29

Walsh, T. K., D. G. Heckel, Yidong Wu, S. Downes, K. H. J. Gordon, and J. G. Oakeshott. "Determinants of Insecticide Resistance Evolution: Comparative Analysis Among Heliothines." Annual Review of Entomology 67, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-080421-071655.

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It is increasingly clear that pest species vary widely in their propensities to develop insecticide resistance. This review uses a comparative approach to analyze the key pest management practices and ecological and biochemical or genetic characteristics of the target that contribute to this variation. We focus on six heliothine species, three of which, Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis virescens, and Helicoverpa zea, have developed resistances to many pesticide classes. The three others, Helicoverpa punctigera, Helicoverpa assulta, and Helicoverpa gelotopoeon, also significant pests, have developed resistance to very few pesticide classes. We find that host range and movement between alternate hosts are key ecological traits that influence effective selection intensities for resistance. Operational issues are also critical; area-wide, cross-pesticide management practices that account for these ecological factors are key to reducing selection intensity. Without such management, treatment using broad-spectrum chemicals serves to multiply the effects of host plant preference, preadaptive detoxification ability, and high genetic diversity to create a pesticide treadmill for the three high-propensity species.Without rigorous ongoing management, such a treadmill could still develop for newer, more selective chemistries and insecticidal transgenic crops.

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30

Birceanu, Oana. "Pesticide resistance thanks to transcriptional noise." Journal of Experimental Biology 219, no. 3 (February 2016): 297.2–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.129874.

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31

Havron, A., D. Rosen, H. Prag, and Y. Rössler. "Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 61, no. 3 (December 1991): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01554.x.

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32

Havron, A., G. Kenan, and D. Rosen. "Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 61, no. 3 (December 1991): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01555.x.

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Javier, P. A., A. Havron, B. Morallo-Rejesus, and D. Rosen. "Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 61, no. 3 (December 1991): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01556.x.

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34

May, Robert M. "Population biology: Evolution of pesticide resistance." Nature 315, no. 6014 (May 1985): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315012a0.

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35

JANCIN, BRUCE. "Bedbug Pesticide Resistance Problem Is Growing." Skin & Allergy News 42, no. 6 (June 2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(11)70335-7.

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36

Hawkins, Nichola J., Chris Bass, Andrea Dixon, and Paul Neve. "The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance." Biological Reviews 94, no. 1 (July 3, 2018): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12440.

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Khan, Muhammad Azeem, and Muhammad Iqbal. "Sustainable Cotton Production through Skill Development among Farmers: Evidence from Khairpur District of Sindh, Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 695–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.695-716.

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Pakistan is the world’s fourth largest producer and one of the major cottonexporting countries. Cotton is grown largely in Punjab and Sindh provinces and accounts for about 10.5 percent of the value-added in the agriculture sector. The majority of cotton growers are smallholders and a large number of them are tenant farm households. Frequent pest outbreaks since the early 1990s have induced pesticide-based farming in Pakistan. Also, the liberalisation of generic pesticide import has resulted in a many-fold increase in pesticide use in the country. However, this has neither increased cotton productivity nor the prosperity of the poor cotton growers [Poswal and Williamson (1998) and Ahmad and Poswal (2000)]. In Pakistan, research and development in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was initiated in the 1970s. However, the efforts to implement IPM at the farm level were not very successful. Pesticides became a major instrument of production leading to a ‘pesticide treadmill’ situation [Irshad (2000)]. An analysis of pesticide policies through the UNDP-FAO Policy Reform Project paved the way for the establishment of a National IPM Programme and provided instruments to scale up farmer-led IPM through joint international and national efforts on various fronts. Pesticide policy studies estimated environmental and social cost of pesticides in Pakistan at US$ 206 million per year [UNDP (2001) and Azeem, et al. (2003)]. About 49 percent of these external costs were attributed to pest resistance problems, while 29 percent to loss in bio-diversity and nearly 20 percent occurred to human and animal health. On the other hand, damage prevention expenditures for residue monitoring and raising public awareness on the dangers of pesticides is less than 2 percent of the total social costs of pesticides.

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Lackmann, Carina, Antonio Šimić, Sandra Ečimović, Alma Mikuška, Thomas-Benjamin Seiler, Henner Hollert, and Mirna Velki. "Subcellular Responses and Avoidance Behavior in Earthworm Eisenia andrei Exposed to Pesticides in the Artificial Soil." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020271.

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Earthworms are key organisms of the soil ecosystem and bioindicators for soil quality. While pesticides are used for the improvement of crop yields, they also present a burden for soil organisms. To understand the complex effects of pesticides on soil organisms, it is important to test these effects in soil exposures to include influences of the soil matrix on the toxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was the assessment of the effects pesticides on earthworm Eisenia andrei. In an initial screening, active ingredients and commercial preparations were tested for comparison. Since the commercial preparations showed a higher toxicity, all further investigations (biomarkers, multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) activity, and avoidance behavior) were performed using the commercial pesticide formulations only: Sumialfa (esfenvalerate), Calypso (thiacloprid), Frontier (dimethenamid-p), and Filon (prosulfocarb). Significant differences in avoidance behavior were observed for Filon and Frontier. All pesticides inhibited the MXR activity and affected oxidative stress-related markers. Frontier was the only pesticide that did not affect enzymatic biomarkers related to neurotransmission. The results show the potential hazards associated with the usage of the tested pesticides and the importance of evaluating the effects of commercial pesticide preparations for a more realistic insight into the adverse effects on the environment.

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Batco, M., V. Sumencova, and E. Iordosopol. "The sensitivity of some species of entomoacarifages to the insectocaricides used in the protection of apple culture." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 64 (November 19, 2018): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2018.64.262-267.

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The apple orchard populations of acariphagous (Stethorus punctillum Weise, Chrysopa carnea Steph, and mite-predators Amblyseius andersoni Chan, Metaseilus occidentalis Nesbit and Neoseiulus californicus Mc Gregor), which were at least 25 years under pesticide treatment, were studied. Our studies show that for these populations the least toxic pesticide is Avaunt, EC, Talstar 10 EC, Omite 30 WP, Confidor 200 SL and the most toxic pesticide is Vertimec 018 EC, Dursban 480 EC for both entomophagous. BI-58 New is slightly toxic for the larvae of C. carnea and highly toxic for N. californicus in laboratory culture. The orchard populations of acariphagous develop resistance to BI-58 New, Dursban 480 EC and Decis f-Luxx 025 EC, in the conditions of the prolong pesticide treatment. The discovery of natural populations of entomophagous resistant to pesticides is of high importance due to its potential practical use.

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Rafsanjani, Muhammad Eka Darmawan, Agus Sabdono, and Ali Djunaedi. "Uji Resistensi Bakteri Karang Galaxea sp. dan Porites sp. terhadap Pestisida Triazofos." Journal of Marine Research 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v9i2.26699.

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ABSTRAK: Kerusakan terumbu karang merupakan permasalahan serius di laut saat ini. Kerusakan tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor salah satunya penggunaan pestisida. Salah satu jenis pestisida yang digunakan para petani yaitu pestisida triazofos. Penggunaan pestisida triazofos di sektor pertanian akan meninggalkan residu dan terbawa ke perairan melalui sungai dan saluran air. Residu pestisida triazofos diduga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang. Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui potensi resistensi karang Porites sp. dan Galaxea sp. terhadap pestisida triazofos dari Perairan Pulau Panjang, Jepara. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengambilan sampel adalah purposive sampling method, untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri yang berasosiasi dengan karang Porites sp. dan Galaxea sp., dan metode experimental laboratoris untuk uji resistensi isolat bakteri. Kurva regresi larutan standar dengan persamaan y = 0,0057x + 0,1088 dipakai untuk menentukan konsentrasi pestisida triazofos. Nilai R² menunjukkan angka 0,8694 yang berarti secara umum data yang dihasilkan mempunyai validasi data yang baik. Konsentrasi pestisida triazofos digunakan dalam uji degradasi oleh bakteri sebesar 50 ppm. Nilai absorbansi yang dihasilkan sebanyak 0,5285. Hasil uji menunjukkan seluruh isolat yang digunakan bersifat resisten terhadap pestisida triazofos yaitu PPP 11, PPP 9, GPP 6, PPP 1, GPP 7, GPP 4. Isolat PPP 11 memiliki persen degradasi tertinggi sebanyak 99,67%, GPP 4 memiliki persen degradasi terenddah sebanyak 34,34%. Disimpulkan bahwa isolat bakteri asosiasi karang Porites sp. dan Galaxea sp. memiliki resistnesi terhadap pestisida triazofos. ABSTRACT: Damage to coral reefs is a serious problem at sea at this time. The damage is caused by several factors, one of which is the use of pesticides. One type of pesticide used by farmers is the triazophos pesticide. The use of triazophos pesticides in the agricultural sector will leave residues and be carried into the waters through rivers and waterways. Triazophos pesticide residues are thought to cause damage to coral reef ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of coral resistance Porites sp. and Galaxea sp. against triazofos pesticides from Panjang Island waters, Jepara. The method used for sampling is purposive sampling method, to obtain bacterial isolates associated with Porites sp. and Galaxea sp., and spectrophotometric methods for testing bacterial isolate resistance. Standard solution regression curves with the equation y = 0.0057x+ 0.1088 are used to determine the concentration of the triazophos pesticide. R² value indicates the number 0.8694 which means that in general the data generated has good data validation. The concentration of the triazofos pesticide used in the bacterial degradation test was 50 ppm. The absorbance value produced was 0.5285. The test results showed that all isolates used were resistant to triazophos pesticides namely PPP 11, PPP 9, GPP 6, PPP 1, GPP 7, GPP 4. PPP 11 isolates had the highest degradation percentages of 99.67%, GPP 4 had the lowest degradation percentages 34.34%. It was concluded that the bacterial isolates of Porites sp. and Galaxea sp. has triazofos pesticide resistance.

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Winkler, Victor W. "Registration of Prohexadione Calcium (BAS-125W) for Use on Apples." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 558D—558. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.558d.

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A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) voluntary program encourages the registration of pesticides that represent reduced risk to human health and the environment. A “reduced risk” designation for a pesticide depends on how its use will affect human health and the environment, pesticide resistance, and pesticide management. Prohexadione-Ca is a bioregulator being developed by BASF Corporation to control vegetative growth in apples with the effect of improving fruit production. BASF will petition the EPA to register prohexadione-Ca as a reduced risk pesticide in 1997 based on the following properties associated with its use: Prohexadione-Ca exhibits a very low mammalian toxicity and a low propensity for crop residues. Prohexadione-Ca rapidly dissipates in soil as a result of microbial metabolism and causes no detrimental ecological effects. There is no other hazard associated with the compound and no health risk for user or consumer is indicated. The use of prohexadione-Ca reduces the incidence of fireblight (and helps control this disease). The use of prohexadione-Ca reduces tree row spray volumes of other pesticides up to 25%. With these beneficial characteristics, prohexadione-Ca will fit exceptionally well into an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, providing another “reduced risk” justification for the registration of prohexadione-Ca. The current situation of accepting prohexadione-Ca as a reduced risk pesticide and its registration status will be discussed.

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Kumar, Ravinder, Naresh Kumar, Vishnu D. Rajput, Saglara Mandzhieva, Tatiana Minkina, Baljeet Singh Saharan, Dharmender Kumar, Pardeep Kumar Sadh, and Joginder Singh Duhan. "Advances in Biopolymeric Nanopesticides: A New Eco-Friendly/Eco-Protective Perspective in Precision Agriculture." Nanomaterials 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 3964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12223964.

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Pesticides are essential to contemporary agriculture and are required to safeguard plants from hazardous pests, diseases, and weeds. In addition to harming the environment, overusing these pesticides causes pests to become resistant over time. Alternative methods and agrochemicals are therefore required to combat resistance. A potential solution to pesticide resistance and other issues may be found in nanotechnology. Due to their small size, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, and ability to offer novel crop protection techniques, nanoformulations, primarily biopolymer-based ones, can address specific agricultural concerns. Several biopolymers can be employed to load pesticides, including starch, cellulose, chitosan, pectin, agar, and alginate. Other biopolymeric nanomaterials can load pesticides for targeted delivery, including gums, carrageenan, galactomannans, and tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP). Aside from presenting other benefits, such as reduced toxicity, increased stability/shelf life, and improved pesticide solubility, biopolymeric systems are also cost-effective; readily available; biocompatible; biodegradable; and biosafe (i.e., releasing associated active compounds gradually, without endangering the environment) and have a low carbon footprint. Additionally, biopolymeric nanoformulations support plant growth while improving soil aeration and microbial activity, which may favor the environment. The present review provides a thorough analysis of the toxicity and release behavior of biopolymeric nanopesticides for targeted delivery in precision crop protection.

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Ahmed, Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim, and Christoph Franz Adam Vogel. "Toxicological Evaluation of Novel Butenolide Pesticide Flupyradifurone Against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa118.

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Abstract The impact of increasing resistance of mosquitoes to conventional pesticides has led to investigate various unique tools and pest control strategies. Herein, we assessed the potency of flupyradifurone, a novel pesticide, on fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Further, we evaluated the synergistic action of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and the octopamine receptor agonists (OR agonists) chlordimeform (CDM) and amitraz (AMZ) on the toxicity of flupyradifurone in comparison with sulfoxaflor and nitenpyram to increase their toxicity on Cx. quinquefasciatus. Results demonstrated that flupyradifurone was the most potent pesticide followed by sulfoxaflor and nitenpyram. Further, the synergetic effect of PBO, CDM, and AMZ was significant for all selected pesticides especially flupyradifurone. However, AMZ had the most significant effect in combination with the selected pesticides followed by CDM and PBO. The toxicity of the pesticides was time-dependent and increased over time from 24, 48, to 72 h of exposure in all experiments. The results indicate that flupyradifurone is a promising component in future mosquito control programs.

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Ilyushina, N. A., and Yu A. Revazova. "GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF THE PESTICIDE MIXTURES." Toxicological Review, no. 3 (June 24, 2020): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-3-9-13.

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In order to overcome resistance to individual pesticides and improve their effectiveness, formulations containing two or more active substances are constantly being developed and put on the market over recent years. Mixtures of residual amounts of pesticides can be present in water and food and enter the human and animal bodies. However, the combined effect of pesticides on living organisms, including genetic structures in cells, has not been studied enough and it is not yet possible to predict the genotoxic effects of their mixtures based on available data. The purpose of this review was to collect and summarize literature information on the genotoxicity of pesticide combinations obtained at different objects. The results of studies conducted in different countries of the world are discussed, examples of detected synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects are given, indicating the need for testing the genotoxicity of preparative forms of pesticides containing several active substances, as well as mixtures of jointly used pesticides in order to ensure the safe use of pesticides for public health.

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ÖZKARA, Arzu. "Karate Zeon Pestisitinin Mutajenik Aktivitesinin Ames Testi ile Değerlendirilmesi." Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering 22, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1069842.

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Pesticides widely used in the agricultural market led to an increase in the quality and yield of crops. However, pesticides are a major concern in the environment as they also harm non-target creatures, because of pesticide resistance, and mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In this study, we aimed to research the potential mutagenicity of Karate Zeon which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test) was used to evaluate the mutagenicity of Karate Zeon insecticide in the absence and presence of the S9 fraction on two strains (TA98 and TA100). In this study, doses of 250, 25, 2.5, 0.25, 0.025 μg/plate of Karate Zeon were used. Karate Zeon pesticide showed mutagenic activity at 250 μg/plate concentration on both TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation.

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Shipp, J. L., G. J. Boland, and L. A. Shaw. "Integrated pest management of disease and arthropod pests of greenhouse vegetable crops in Ontario: Current status and future possibilities." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 887–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-130.

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Disease and arthropod pests are a continual problem for greenhouse vegetable production. These problems range from minor infestations to major disease or arthropod pest outbreaks that can destroy an entire crop. In Ontario, in the past, the major management strategy was pesticide control. However, many plant pathogen, insect and mite pests are resistant to registered pesticides and few new pesticides are being developed. Alternative control strategies exist or are being developed for most major pests. This review describes the current status of pesticide, cultural and biological control of disease and arthropod pests of greenhouse vegetables in Ontario and discusses the future possibilities for the integration of pest management practices utilizing plant resistance, nutrition, environment and biological control agents into an expert system approach. Key words: Vegetable (greenhouse) crops, integrated pest management

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Stewart, T. M., T. Ramilan, and F. Yu. "Assessing the “user-friendliness” of biopesticides and their conventional pesticide counterparts: A “proof-of- concept” framework for comparing pesticide groups." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (August 8, 2017): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.41.

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Анотація:

Biopesticides have a number of positive attributes compared with conventional pesticides but direct comparisons are difficult to achieve objectively. Therefore, an indexing method was developed and used to compare the user-convenience and flexibility of spray-applied biopesticides commercially available in the New Zealand with similar conventional pesticides. Relative efficacy was not assessed. Biopesticides scored higher than conventional pesticides when all parameters were considered, particularly for the major fruit crops. Biopesticides had significantly shorter withholding periods, required less resistance management, seldom needed an approved handler, and were registered for more crops than conventional pesticides. However, they were less compatible with other products and some required special storage conditions. There was little difference between the two groups regarding bee toxicity, target range and adjuvant requirements. The methodology used here could potentially be used to compare any individual pesticides or pesticide groups pertaining to a particular measure of interest.

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Johnson, Raymonda A. B., Katrina Hann, Amara Leno, Collins Timire, Alpha J. A. Bangura, Margaret I. Z. George, Hayk Davtyan, et al. "Pesticide Importation in Sierra Leone, 2010–2021: Implications for Food Production and Antimicrobial Resistance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 4792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084792.

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There are no previous studies reporting the type and quantity of pesticides for farming from Sierra Leone and the impact of Ebola or COVID-19 on importation. This study reviewed imported farming pesticides by the Sierra Leone, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), between 2010–2021. It was a descriptive study using routinely collected importation data. We found the MAF imported pesticides for farming only during 2010, 2014 and 2021, in response to growing food insecurity and associated with Ebola and COVID-19 outbreaks. Results showed insecticide importation increased from 6230 L in 2010 to 51,150 L in 2021, and importation of antimicrobial pesticides (including fungicides) increased from 150 kg in 2010 to 23,560 kg in 2021. The hazard class risk classification of imported pesticides decreased over time. Increasing amounts of imported fungicides could increase the risk of future fungal resistance among humans. We found that in responding to escalating food insecurity, the government dramatically increased the amount of pesticide importation to improve crop production. Further support is necessary to decrease the risk of worsening food shortages and the possible threat of emerging antimicrobial resistance. We recommend continued monitoring and surveillance, with further studies on the most appropriate response to these multiple challenges.

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Laktionov, Yu V., Yu V. Kosulnikov, and A. P. Kozhemyakov. "Comparison of resistance of soybean nodule bacteria strains to pesticide and osmotic stresses." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1043, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1043/1/012030.

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Abstract The increasing areas under leguminous crops and the general increase in the intensification of production force agricultural producers to combine seed inoculation and dressing in one step, carrying it out a few days before sowing. In this regard, it is of practical interest to study the resistance of rhizobia strains of inoculants to osmotic and chemical stresses, i.e. the nature of the dynamics of their viability on seeds and in contact with pesticides. The stability of two strains of soybean nodule bacteria (B. japonicum 634 and B. japonicum H9) to osmotic and chemical stresses (fungicidal mordants) was studied. According to the results of the study, pesticidal protectants had different toxicity degrees for the studied strains, which allowed them to be arranged in order of increasing toxicity for rhizobia: Baisad, VSK; Tirada, SK; Oplot, VSK). Soybean rhizobium strain B. japonicum H9 is defined as more osmotically and chemically stable, i.e., more adapted to modern agricultural technologies of soybean cultivation, which ensures the presence of at least 2·104CFU per 1 seed 9 days after inoculation, while the number of viable cells of strain B. japonicum 634b per 1 seed drops to 0 within 3 days after inoculation. Osmotic resistance of the strain allows for effective inoculation of seeds at least 9 days before sowing, and chemical resistance allows for effective combination of an inoculant based on this strain and all the pesticide protectants studied in this work into one working solution.

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Carrow, J. R. "Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management." Journal of Environmental Quality 16, no. 3 (July 1987): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1987.00472425001600030020x.

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