Дисертації: "Personnal pronouns"

1

Cruchet, Jean. "Le système des pronoms personnels français : perspective diachronique, typologique et anthropologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL025.

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Le présent travail se donne trois objectifs : (i) décrire et expliquer l'importante transformation du système du pronom personnel français entre le 10ème siècle et le 15ème siècle, (ii) concevoir l'insertion de cette évolution locale dans une dynamique évolutive globale du français médiéval, et enfin, (iii) penser les éventuels rapports entre cette évolution linguistique et les transformations anthropologiques qui ont marqué le Moyen Age occidental. En nous fondant sur les recherches précédentes, ainsi que sur une étude de corpus, nous montrons que le système du pronom personnel français a évolué selon une dynamique de spécialisation catégorielle. Les pronoms régimes pleins (moi, toi, lui, eux) remplacent le pronom sujet dans ses emplois toniques, celui-ci s'immobilise et devient obligatoire en précession immédiate du verbe, et les pronoms régime minimaux (me, te, le…) perdent la possibilité d'être postposé à l'indicatif. Il en résulte un système opposant des pronoms syntaxiquement indépendants du verbe et casuellement indifférenciés (moi, toi, lui, eux) à des pronoms inséparables du verbe qui marquent morphologiquement le rang actanciel (je, tu, il, me, te, le…). Ce phénomène de spécialisation catégorielle a par ailleurs été identifié comme une tendance évolutive plus générale en diachronie du français, mais principalement, jusqu'ici, en ce qui concerne l'émergence d'une opposition systématique entre déterminants et pronoms. Nous rendons compte de cette tendance en faisant le point sur l'évolution de deux autres systèmes déictiques, celui des démonstratifs et celui des possessifs. A la lumière de cet ensemble d'observations, il apparait que la spécialisation catégorielle a coïncidé, en français, avec un transfert de la subjectivité évaluative et modale des systèmes grammaticaux vers le lexique. Seuls les pronoms personnels minimaux ont conservé certaines propriétés évaluatives (datif inaliénable) et modales (injonction, interrogation). En prenant essentiellement appui sur deux ouvrages, La mesure du monde, de Paul Zumthor (1993), et La mesure de la réalité, d'Alfred Crosby (2003), mais aussi sur la théorie guillaumienne du nombre grammaticale, ainsi que certaines réflexions d'Henri Bergson concernant la multiplicité, le temps et l'espace, nous proposons d'établir un parallèle entre ce que nous observons sur le plan linguistique et certains changements anthropologiques qui auraient profondément marqué l'occident médiéval. Alors que les notions de multiplicité, de temps et d'espace étaient indissociables, au Moyen Age, de l'expérience concrète et personnelle du sujet (corporelle et affective), elles se sont peu à peu abstraites et objectivées. Dans le même temps, la langue française a évolué en tendant à exclure l'expérience subjective personnelle de ses structures grammaticales This work is motivated by three objectives: (i) describing and explaining the important transformation of the French personal pronoun system, (ii) conceiving the insertion of this local evolution in a global evolutional dynamic of medieval French, and (iii) thinking the possible relations between this linguistic evolution and the anthropological changes that affected the Western Middle Ages. According to previous researches, and grounding on a corpus study, I show that the French personal pronoun system has evolved by following a categorical specialization dynamic. The whole process can be divided in three interconnected phenomena: grammaticalization of subject pronouns, extension of the uses of strong object pronouns (moi, toi, lui, eux) and further grammaticalization of weak object pronouns (loss of the post-position possibility). As a result, the modern system opposes pronouns which are independent of the verb and don't have nominal declension to pronouns which are inseparable of the verb and mark syntactical functions, while the old system opposes subject pronouns to object pronouns. This evolution is then compared to that of two other deictic systems: demonstratives and possessives. This tends to show that in French diachrony, the categorical specialization goes along with the transfer of modal and evaluative markers from grammatical systems to lexicon. In the last part of this work, a parallel between the previous linguistic observations and anthropological changes that affected the Western Middle Ages is proposed. This is achieved by mainly relying on the following publications and ideas: La mesure du monde (Paul Zumthor, 1993) and La mesure de la réalité (Alfred Crosby, 2003), Gustave Guillaume's grammatical number theory, and thoughts by Henri Bergson regarding multiplicity, space and time. Whereas, in the Middle Ages, multiplicity, space and time were inseparable from the concrete and personal experience of subjectivity, these notions progressively became more objective and abstract. At the same time, the French language evolved following a tendency to exclude personal experience from its grammatical structures

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2

Gustafsson, Sendén Marie. "Personal Pronouns in Evaluative Communication." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97479.

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Personal pronouns represent important social categories; they are among the most common words in communication and are therefore highly interesting in studying psychological perspectives and relations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether pronouns are used in semantic contexts in a way that reflect psychological biases. Specifically, I have tested whether self-, group-serving- and gender biases occur when pronouns are used in natural language. To study this, I developed a structure for pronouns in social categorization where the pronouns are categorized in a self-inclusive/exclusive, an individual/collective, and a gender dimension. New methods for examining pronouns usage in language were developed in the thesis, for use in experiments and in computerized studies of large data corpora of media news. The results of this thesis showed that self-inclusive pronouns (I, We) consistently were used in more positive contexts than self-exclusive pronouns (He, She, They) by participants who generated messages in the lab (Study I), and by journalists in written media news (Study II). Study I revealed that the evaluative context surrounding I and We varied according to the specific communicative situation. When individuals generated messages individually, more positive contexts were selected for I than We. However in a collaborative setting, We occurred in contexts of similar valence as I. An intergroup setting magnified the differences between self-inclusive and self-exclusive pronouns (e.g., between We and They and between I and He/She). In an analysis of 400 000 news media messages, We occurred in more positive context than I (Study II). In Study III, the contexts of He and She in these media news were examined. The results showed that He occurred nine times more often, and in more positive contexts than She. Moreover, words associated with She included more labels denoting gender, and were more uniform than words associated with He. In sum, this thesis shows that studying the use of pronouns is a fruitful way to investigate social psychology phenomena. The thesis contributes to the understanding of how pronoun use convey knowledge about social cognition, attitudes, gender stereotypes, as well as interpersonal and intergroup relations. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.

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Foster, Adelaide. "Personal Pronouns, Mirrors of Beliefs? : The Usage of Personal Pronouns in the Speech of a Religious Leader." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-25442.

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This essay analyses the speech of the Dalai Lama and suggests possible effects that core aspects of Tibetan Buddhist philosophy, such as the theory of selflessness, might have when a believer uses the personal pronouns I, you, he, she, we and they. Collected utterances of the Dalai Lama during the Charlie Rose Show has been used in order to conduct a threefold investigation, using pragmatic, discourse analytical and sociolinguistic backgrounds, aiming to understand these effects more thoroughly. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used for this report based on previous studies with a data-based method. These approaches enabled the researcher to find, for instance, a consistent use of the first-person personal pronoun by the Dalai Lama in the material. Other findings include an acknowledgment of philosophical influence concerning the field of intentionality, when related to religious discourse, as Buddhism establishes religious discourse as being based on the speaker’s motivation alone. The status of the Dalai Lama notwithstanding, his use of personal pronouns was also not found to match the findings of previous research on status and the use of self-mention.

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4

Ainola, Tiina. "(Dis)continuité référentielle en contexte dialogal. L'emploi du pronom personnel anaphorique après les séquences dialoguées." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030175.

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La thèse porte sur l’emploi des pronoms personnels anaphoriques sujets dans le récit faisant suite à des séquences dialoguées. Elle est fondée sur un corpus de 370 extraits de romans français du XIXème siècle qui ont été systématiquement annotés. Le point de vue général adopté est tiré des travaux linguistiques et psycholinguistiques sur la référence et l’anaphore, il prévoit que l’assignation du référent au pronom se fait par l’intermédiaire de la représentation mentale construite par les lecteurs au cours du traitement du discours. Dans les extraits étudiés, les expressions référentielles renvoyant à des personnages ont été systématiquement annotés, en particulier les pronoms de troisième personne et les pronoms de dialogue, ainsi que les formes vides dans les phrases attributives de discours rapporté quand celles-ci sont ellipsées. La forme et la fonction des expressions référentielles est prise en compte de même que l’enchaînement des répliques. Les référents sont annotés par des traits contextuels indépendants les caractérisant : +/– centre anticipateur dans la narration avant le dialogue, +/– sujet dans le discours cité et +/– locuteur de la dernière réplique, plus d’autres traits comme la différence de genre. Quatre grandes configurations sont distinguées et, à la suite, nous proposons une typologie des transitions en fonction de la (dis)continuité entre la narration, le discours citant et le discours cité. Les données tirées du corpus montrent que, parmi les traits pris en compte, ce sont les mentions du référent du pronom à la suite de la séquence dialoguée dans la narration avant le dialogue et la différence de genre entre les participants du dialogue qui influent le plus sur les transitions, ainsi que le statut du référent en tant que locuteur de la dernière réplique, plutôt que le fait qu’il soit sujet de la dernière proposition du discours cité This thesis explores the use of anaphoric personal pronoun in the narration following dialogue in literary text. The study is based on a nearly four hundred dialogue passages borrowed from XIXth century French novels. We have adopted the point of view that pronoun resolution is guided by the mental representation being constructed during discourse processing. All the expressions referring to characters, as well as implicit speakers in the absence of a reporting clause have been annotated in the passages. Besides the linguistic properties of referents, our study also considers dialogue’s alternating structure. After studying separately several features caracterizing a referent, such as +/– gender difference, +/– mentions in the narration before the dialogue, +/– being subject in the dialogue and +/– being speaker of the last quote, their combinations in chains were presented. Based on four different types of chains, a typology of transitions by referential (dis)continuity between narration, reporting clause and direct speech has been proposed. Of the studied features, the transitions are most influenced by the mentions of a referent in the narration before the dialogue and by different gender of discourse participants, but also by the referent being the speaker of the last line of the dialogue, while the fact of being the subject in the direct speech has less importance

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5

Dascalu, Camelia Mihaela. "La référence à soi chez les enfants atteints d'autisme. Perspectives sémantiques, pragmatiques et cognitives." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030167/document.

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Cette recherche, qui porte sur la référence à soi dans le langage de l’enfant atteint d’autisme, vise deux objectifs. Le premier d’entre eux est de montrer que la référence à soi dépend de la cognition de la personne. Il en ressort que du fait de sa cognition particulière la personne avec autisme use d’un langage différent qualitativement et ce, de manière durable. Le deuxième objectif consiste à intégrer la référence à soi tant dans son usage typique qu’autistique au sein d’une théorie sémantique pragmatique et cognitive. Pour le premier objectif, je me suis appuyée sur l’analyse de trois corpus de langue française : un corpus longitudinal d’un enfant neuro-typique et deux corpus d’enfants atteints d’autisme. L’analyse des corpus a montré que ces trois enfants construisent pareillement la référence à soi à partir de leurs intentions communicatives et de l’input. Pourtant, chez l’enfant atteint d’autisme, le modèle mental de référence à soi est déterminé par des mécanismes cognitifs qui fonctionnent différemment chez lui. Il en découle une expression de référence à soi particulière, qui se caractérise par une priorité donnée à des formes non-standard, qui persistent à travers les âges parallèlement à l’usage standard de la première personne.Pour le second objectif, j’ai confronté deux théories contemporaines liées au concept de référence : la théorie de la référence directe (David Kaplan) et la théorie néo-frégéenne (Gareth Evans), qui sont reconnues comme deux philosophies de la référence (au locuteur). Il en ressort que la position mentaliste d’Evans pourrait mieux rendre compte de ce qui se passe au niveau mental lorsque l’on réfère à soi : c’est sous un mode de présentation épistémique spécifique que l’on réfère en réalité à soi-même, quelle que soit la situation This research focuses on self-reference in the speech of autistic children. Throughout this work, two main objectives were developed. The first was to show that self-reference depends on the cognition of the person. Consequently, the autistic person will manifest a different cognition over the long term, expressed qualitatively in terms of speech. The second objective was to integrate self-reference in its typical and autistic use into a semantic, pragmatic and cognitive theory.For the first objective, I based my analysis on three French corpora: a longitudinal corpus of a neurotypical child and two corpora of two children with autism. The analysis of the corpora showed that the three children construct their self-reference similarly, they build on their communicative intentions and the input. However, the two autistic children’s mental model of self-reference is determined by cognitive mechanisms that function differently for them. This results in self-reference expression characterized by the long-term use of non-standard forms, in parallel with the standard first person forms.For the second objective, I compared two contemporary theories of reference: the direct reference theory (David Kaplan) and the neo-Fregean theory (Gareth Evans) which are known as two philosophies of reference (in relation to the speaker). Evans’ mentalist position can make sense of what happens at the mental level when one refers to oneself: in all cases, reference to oneself is actually achieved through a specific and epistemic presentation

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6

Howe, Stephen. "The personal pronouns in the Germanic languages : a study of personal pronoun morphology and change in the Germanic languages from the first records to the present day /." Berlin ; New York : W. de Gruyter, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb361779469.

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7

Lepistö, Johan. "Redundant Personal Pronouns in Narrative Sanskrit : A Statistical Investigation." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för orientaliska språk, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-89897.

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8

Andersson, Linnea. "Personal Pronouns in Editor’s Letters : A gender-based study." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28803.

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Several studies have shown that women tend to use more personal pronouns and therefore show more involvement with the reader. This paper examines the differences between male and female editors’ letters in magazines. The study applied the method of corpus linguistics in order to examine forty editor’s letters twenty from the male-targeted magazine Gentlemen’s Quarterly and twenty from the female-targeted magazine Harper’s Bazaar. First person singular and second person singular pronouns were examined to determine whether the female editor showed more involvement with the reader than the male editor. The result shows that the male editor from the Gentlemen’s Quarterly shows more involvement with the reader than the female editor from Harper’s Bazaar, which clashes the findings of previous studies.

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Nampetch, Camille. "English Translation of Thai Pronouns : How Two Translators Have Dealt with Thai Personal Pronouns in Four Reigns." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161146.

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This study has looked into what translation techniques Tulachandra and Barang have used in their English translation of Thai personal pronouns in Pramoj’s novel Four Reigns. Thai uses different personal pronouns to different people to signify social status, gender and intimacy, which may be challenging for the English translations to achieve. With the limited material available, the personal pronouns sadet, khun, mae, pho and various kinship terms and titles were explored. The results showed that the most frequent translation technique was equivalence, that is, the translating of Thai pronouns into the English I or you. The borrowing technique was also used from time to time. Due to language and cultural differences between Thai and English, it is not possible for the translations to achieve a hundred percent accuracy in terms of underlying meaning of the personal pronouns. The translators did, however, make an effort in keeping the special traits of the pronouns by adding a proper noun into the sentence.

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Nanbakhsh, Golnaz. "Persian address pronouns and politeness in interaction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6206.

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In this thesis, I aim to investigate the variation of Persian pronominal address system and politeness strategies in contemporary Iranian society from a quantitative and qualitative sociolinguistic perspective. I focus on Persian speakers’ use and perception of pronominal address forms in the light of socio-cultural norms in contemporary Iran. Persian, has two personal pronouns for singular address, to ([to]) the familiar or intimate ‘you’ and šoma ([∫oma:]) the deferential or formal ‘you’ (historically the second person plural but now also used as second person singular). Moreover, Persian is a pro-drop language, so the interaction between address pronouns and agreement marking on the verb must be taken into account. Another significant feature of colloquial Persian is a hybrid usage of the overt deferential second person pronoun and informal agreement forming a mismatch construction (i.e. šoma with 2s verb agreement) and intra-speaker pronominal address switches that occur between the deferential and casual pronominal address forms. Those deviations from the prescribed forms and/or distribution of the address pronouns are very interesting aspects that may show different levels of politeness even in one utterance. Consequently, this research examines spontaneous data looking at the sociolinguistic distributions and the pragmatic functions of pronominal address forms in contemporary Persian language and politeness synchronically. Three types of spontaneous data were collected for the purpose of analysis: a) participant observation, b) natural media conversations and c) sociolinguistic interviews with Persian speakers. In this study, the quantitative analysis investigates the correlation of pronominal address forms with extralinguistic factors such as age and gender of speaker and addressee in the interactional data. The qualitative analysis sheds light on how pronominal address forms and their variation encode communicative strategies in face-to-face interactions. Based on triangulation of quantitative and qualitative results with sociolinguistic interviews, I propose a dynamic model of indexicality for Persian pronominal address forms, which accommodates different forms and functions of address pronouns in interactional stances.

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11

Nakaggwe, Lynn. "The persuasive power of personal pronouns in Barack Obama’s rhetoric." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-23743.

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Rhetorical skills are a very important part of political discourse. Being able to persuade an audience in a speech is central for politicians. This study aims to investigate how the personal pronouns I, you, we and they are used strategically in Barack Obama’s speeches. Previous research suggests that certain personal pronouns can enable politicians to take on different identities, which in turn gives them an opportunity to distance themselves from problematic issues and also invoke specific ideological ideas on their audience. The study analyzes personal pronouns by the means of the co-text and the broader social context. It is found that I, you and we are used both to enhance the ‘self’ and portray the opposition in a negative way, while they focused on portraying the opposition negatively. However, the fact that politicians have speechwriters can be problematic when drawing conclusions of the pronominal choice.

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Brozin, Marcus. "The intentions behind Barack Obama's strategic use of personal pronouns." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för utbildning och ekonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-8068.

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13

Wynn, J. Michael. "The scope of personal pronouns in Ephesians 1 & 2." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.

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14

Gracia, Barrón Justino. "De la pronominalité aux pronominalités : le cas des pronoms personnels atones de troisième personne en espagnol." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040180.

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Ce travail a un triple objectif : 1. Prouver que la notion pronominale cache des fonctionnements qui ne se laissent pas ramener à l'unité. 2. Dévoiler les fonctionnements pronominaux dans lesquels apparaissent les formes lo, la, los, las, le, les. 3. Montrer que ces formes permettent la pronominalité, mais ne la génèrent pas. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire il est prouvé qu'aucune définition ne permet de rendre compte de façon satisfaisante de << la catégorie grammaticale pronom >>. La deuxième partie montre que les formes que l'on appelle articles définis sont les mêmes que celles que l'on dénomme, à tort selon nous, pronoms atones de troisième personne. En vérité, elles ne sont que des supports de prédication qui portent en creux l'image de leur apport. La troisième partie de ce travail a consisté à observer les mécanismes pronominaux dans lesquels apparaissaient les formes lo, la, los, las, le, les. Nous avons constaté que ces mécanismes correspondent à l'explicitation en discours des possibilités inscrites dans les verbes; c'est pourquoi il a été nécessaire d'étudier séparément le fonctionnement pronominal des verbes d'action et des verbes d'état The present study aims at : 1. Providing evidence that the concept of pronominality embodies a series of mechanisms which cannot be reduced to the essential value of the unit itself. 2. Revealing the non-pronominal use of the terms lo, la, los, las. 3. Demonstrating that while the above mentioned forms allow for pronominalisation, they do not, however, generate it. The study falls into three parts: the first part stresses the point that there seems to be no adequate definition which enables one to account for the pronoun as a grammatical category. In the second part, the author argues that the forms known as definite articles are in fact identical to those which are called third person atonal pronouns. The third part analyses how the items lo, la, los, las, le, les function in language. One discovers that their way of functioning tends to reveal on the surface and in context the structural potential contained in verbs

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Lam, Tsz-ling Elaine, and 林芷玲. "The French of Cantonese-speaking learners: the case of personal pronouns." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B2677690X.

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Huang, Shaoting, and 黄少庭. "An analysis of the use of plural personal pronouns in Quanzhoudialect." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45163947.

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Souilah, Kchaou Emna. "Les pronoms personnels du français chez les apprenants tunisiens. Etude syntaxique et didactique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030090.

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Nous sommes partie d’un constat, celui de la fréquence, de la réitération, et surtout de la persistance, depuis des dizaines d’années, de nombreuses erreurs d’un genre particulier relatives à l’emploi des pronoms personnels du français, produites par les apprenants tunisiens. Nous avons formé le projet de travailler sur les divers obstacles et les différentes sources de difficultés auxquels se heurte l’apprenant tunisien dans l’apprentissage et l’emploi de ce fait linguistique. Les problèmes liés à cet apprentissage et à cet emploi semblent présenter la double particularité d’être d’un côté spécifiques à la nature de ce fait de langue (cette catégorie de morphèmes est très complexe à cause des contraintes morpho – syntaxiques qu’elle présente) et inhérents à ses degrés de convergence et de divergence avec les faits de langue correspondants dans la langue maternelle de l’apprenant, le dialecte tunisien, et dans « sa deuxième première langue », l’arabe classique ; et d’un autre côté, généraux c’est-à-dire liés au contexte dans lequel cette langue est enseigné, contexte où plusieurs paramètres entrent en jeu : problèmes sociolinguistiques et psycholinguistiques. La question du statut du français enseigné en Tunisie est posé, statut qui varie d’un cycle à l’autre, et d’une région à l’autre et qui exige, dans tous les cas, des outils, des méthodes et des pratiques pédagogiques appropriés.La thèse que nous développons dans ce travail repose sur l’idée qu’à l’origine des problèmes constatés dans l’emploi des pronoms personnels, se trouvent ces différents facteurs généraux et spécifiques qui ont toujours agi à la défaveur de l’enseignement-apprentissage de la grammaire en général et qui, malgré la succession des réformes, n’ont jamais été pris en charge. Ainsi, l’échec de l’enseignement-apprentissage des pronoms personnels est essentiellement lié à l’absence de prise en charge des vraies difficultés rencontrées dans ce contexte par les enseignants et les apprenants We started from a general remark about the frequency, reiteration and particularly the persistence, since many years, of numerous errors of a particular kind. These errors are relative to the use of personal pronouns of the French language produced by Tunisian learners.We developed the project through working on the diverse obstacles of different sources to which the Tunisian learner is exposed in the learning and use of this linguistic fact. The problems related to this learning and this use seem to be of a double particularity. One the one hand, the problems are specific to the nature of this element in the language (This category of morphemes is very complex because of the morpho-syntactic constraints which it presents) and inherent to its convergence and divergence degrees with the corresponding language facts of the learner’s mother tongue, the Tunisian Arabic dialect, and also with the “first second language”, the Standard Arabic. On the other hand, they are general which means that they are related to the context in which the language is taught. Many parameters, mainly sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic problems, intervene in this context. The issue of the status of the French taught in Tunisia is raised. This status varies from one cycle to another and one region to another and which requires, in all cases, appropriate methods and pedagogical practices. The thesis that we develop in this work is built on the idea that the remarked problems in the use of personal pronouns originate from different general and specific factors that have always acted unfavorably in the learning-teaching of the grammar in general which, despite the subsequent reforms, have never been taken into consideration. Hence, the failure of the learning-teaching of personal pronouns is essentially related to the absence of consideration of the real difficulties involved in this context both to the teachers and the learners

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Wang, Cong. "Études sur le pronom personnel du chinois." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCF020.

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La thèse présentera nos recherches sur le pronom personnel du chinois sur les plans syntaxique, sémantique et pragmatique. Les approches synchronique diachronique et typologique seront conjuguées pour étudier le nombre, et sa fonction. Les conclusions qui en découlent sont les suivantes: (1) La fusion phonétique du pronom personnel et la marque du pluriel «men » [+humain] se divise en quatre types et son évolution pourrait s’expliquer par le phénomène « cline » dans le processus de grammaticalisation.(2) La subjectivité et l’objectivité ont causé la différence fonctionnelle des pronoms. (3) Les noms et les démonstratifs constituent les sources du système pronominal en chinois. Le contexte permet au démonstratif d’évoluer vers le pronom personnel ; (4) La distribution des pronoms inclusif et exclusifs est répartie en deux groupes, nord et sud. La ligne de démarcation traverse le dialecte Hui (situé à Anhui). Au groupe nord, la lexicalisation et la grammaticalisation du système de pronom s’avèrent plus développées que le groupe du sud. Le besoin de la restructuration interne en langue chinoise est responsable de l’apparition des pronoms inclusif et exclusif, cette opposition est d’une part héritée du chinois ancien et d’autre part influencée par les langues Altaïques au nord. Le système du pronom personnel en chinois ancien et moderne, manifeste une forte tendance de simplification, ceci est également attesté dans toutes les langue Sinitiques In this thesis, we set the personal pronouns as the studying object. Based on the three planes of syntax, semantic and pragmatic, we combine the diachronic and synchronic investigation methods and do the research respectively from the perspectives of number category, functional performance, diachronic evolution and typological language. The conclusions are: (1) we divide the phonetics fusion of plural marker “men” [+ human] and personal pronouns into four types, and its evolution could be explained by the phenomenon "cline" in the process of grammaticalization. (2) The subjectivity and objectivity are the cause of the different functions of pronouns. (3) The nouns and demonstratives constitute the sources of the pronoun system in Chinese. The context is the fundamental reason that affects the evolution of demonstrative pronouns to personal pronouns. (4) The distribution of inclusive and exclusive pronouns is divided into two group, north and south. The boundary line is the Hui dialect (located in Anhui). In North group, the lexicalization and grammaticalization of the pronoun system are more developed than the southern group. The need for internal restructuring in the Chinese language is responsible for the development of inclusive and exclusive pronouns. This opposition is firstly inherited from ancient Chinese and partly influenced by the Altaic north. The system of the personal pronoun in ancient and modern Chinese shows strong simplification trend, which is also attested in all Sinitic languages

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Santos, Cristiane Benjamim. "Aspectos morfossintáticos dos pronomes pessoais em anaan." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-24012008-114338/.

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Nesta dissertação apresentam-se aspectos morfossintáticos dos pronomes pessoais em anaan, uma língua nigero-congolesa, pertencente ao grupo ibom, falada pelo povo anaan - um grupo étnico homogêneo, com cerca de 1 milhão de pessoas, localizado ao norte do Estado de Akwa Ibom, Nigéria. Trata-se de uma língua em fase inicial de investigação lingüística - os poucos trabalhos de referência em anaan são de ordem fonético/fonológica, sem análises morfossintáticas atestadas até então. O trabalho, inserido em uma abordagem de estudos tipológicos, visa à descrição e análise dos pronomes pessoais livres e dos marcadores pronominais da língua anaan. Apresentam-se, ainda, aspectos da morfossintaxe relacionados ao sistema pronominal: (i) as classes de palavras nome e verbo, (ii) a estrutura do sintagma nominal com ênfase nas construções genitivas e (iii) alguns aspectos sobre a ordem da língua. Quanto aos pronomes livres, propõe-se que anaan possui formas distintas para a posição de sujeito e de objeto, sendo que os pronomes que ocupam a posição de sujeito constituem o modificador das construções genitivas na língua. Neste estudo investiga-se também a natureza funcional dos marcadores pronominais e o traço de referencialidade dos pronomes. In this dissertation I present the morphosyntax aspects of the personal pronouns in Anaang, a Niger-Congo language, belonging to the Ibom group, spoken by the Anaang people. Anaang is a homogeneous ethnic group, with approximately 1 million people, located in the north of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The Anaang language is the beginning of its linguistic investigation - there are a few reference studies about the phonetics and phonology in Anaang, and no morphosyntactic studies verified up to the moment. This work, inserted in a typological approach, aims at the description and the analysis of the free personal pronouns in the Anaang language. And also presenting aspects of the morphosyntax that are related to the pronominal system: (i) the word classes noun and verb, (ii) the structure of the noun phrase focusing on the genitive constructions, and (iii) some aspects of the order in that language. Considering the free pronouns, I propose that Anaang has different forms for the object and subject positions, and that the pronouns that take the subject position constitute the modifier of the genitive constructions in the language. In this research, the functional nature of the pronominal markers and the referential features of the pronouns are also been investigated.

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Moreira, Renata Lúcia. "Uma descrição de Dêixis de Pessoa na língua de sinais brasileira: pronomes pessoais e verbos indicadores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-13112007-103644/.

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Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de descrição da dêixis de pessoa na língua de sinais brasileira. Nas línguas de sinais, a dêixis de pessoa é realizada substancialmente por meio de dois tipos de sinais de apontamento: os pronomes pessoais e os verbos indicadores. O objetivo de minha pesquisa é dar início à descrição desses dois tipos de sinais, tomando por base o trabalho de Liddell (2003), que analisa a dêixis de pessoa na língua de sinais americana, no âmbito da gramática cognitiva (Langacker, 1991) e da teoria de espaços mentais (Fauconnier, 1994 [1985]; Fauconnier & Turner, 1998). Segundo Liddell, tanto os pronomes pessoais quanto os verbos indicadores têm a propriedade de ser realizados e localizados no espaço físico em frente e ao redor do corpo do sinalizador e de apontar, dentro desse espaço, para um local que está associado, no discurso, a uma representação mental do(s) seu(s) referente(s). Para o autor, os sinais dêiticos são formados por duas partes: uma lingüística, que é invariável, e uma outra que é dêitica, ou seja, que varia conforme a situação discursiva. Para fazer a descrição dos pronomes pessoais e dos verbos indicadores da língua de sinais brasileira, analisei (i) dados levantados do dicionário de Capovilla & Raphael (2001); (ii) dados que foram eliciados de colaboradores surdos, e (iii) dados de língua em uso que foram obtidos por meio de uma narrativa infantil contada por uma surda. Com os estudos empíricos realizados e a construção e uma transcrição da narrativa, foi possível (i) descrever a maneira como os surdos usam o espaço de sinalização, para construir, representar e caracterizar as personagens da história (ou interlocutores) que são apontados pelos sinais dêiticos; (ii) levantar os pronomes pessoais e os verbos indicadores da língua de sinais brasileira, e (iii) descrever algumas de suas características formais e as características pragmáticas de seu apontamento (dêitico ou anafórico), tanto nos contextos eliciados como em uso, nos discursos diretos da narrativa. This dissertation presents a proposal of description of personal deixis in Brazilian Sign Language. In sign language, personal deixis is substantially performed by means of two kinds of pointing signs: personal pronouns and indicating verbs. The aim of my research is to introduce a description of these two kinds of signs, based on work by Liddell (2003), who has analyzed the deictic signs of American Sign Language (ASL) within the framework of cognitive grammar (Langacker, 1991) and mental space theory (Fauconnier, 1994 [1985]; Fauconnier & Turner, 1998). According to Liddell, both personal pronouns and indicating verbs have this property of being signed and located in the physical space in front to and around the signer\'s body; in this space, they can point to a locus associated, within the discourse, to a mental representation of their referents. For Liddell, deictic signs have two parts: a linguistic and invariable component; plus a deictic component, which depends on the discourse situation. In order to describe the personal pronouns and indicating verbs of Brazilian Sign Language, I analyzed data from (i) the dictionary by Capovilla & Raphael (2001); (ii) elicited tests with deaf collaborators, and (iii) language in use in the form of a child narrative told by a deaf collaborator. With the empirical studies carried out, as well as the construction and transcription of the narrative, it was possible to (i) describe how deaf people use the signing space in order to construe, represent and characterize the characters of the story that are pointed at by deictic signs; (ii) identify the personal pronouns and indicating verbs of Brazilian Sign Language, and (iii) describe some of their formal aspects and the pragmatic characteristics of their pointing (deictic or anaphoric), by looking at both the elicited contexts and those instances of direct speech in narrative.

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Qi, Ruying, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and School of Languages and Linguistics. "From nominal reference to the acquisition of personal pronouns in a Mandarin-English bilingual child." THESIS_CAESS_LLI_Qi_R.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/466.

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This longitudinal study aims to trace the developmental route from nominal to pronominal reference to person in a bilingual first language acquirer of two typologically distinct languages : Mandarin and English. The study reveals that experiencing different types of input influences the speed and movement by which personal pronouns are learned in language production. The study provides some exploration into the role of the weaker language in bilingual language development as well as the nature and extent of the early separation and interaction of two linguistic systems in a language environment which is fundamentally unlike the one parent-one-language setting. The data-set of the work consists of over 65 tape recorded sessions of naturalistic speech collected over 30 months in context-based language use in either Mandarin or English, where Mandarin is the home(and minority) language spoken by both parents and other family members while English is the(dominant)language of all other environments. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Qi, Ruying. "From nominal reference to the acquisition of personal pronouns in a Mandarin-English bilingual child." Thesis, View thesis, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/466.

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Анотація:

This longitudinal study aims to trace the developmental route from nominal to pronominal reference to person in a bilingual first language acquirer of two typologically distinct languages : Mandarin and English. The study reveals that experiencing different types of input influences the speed and movement by which personal pronouns are learned in language production. The study provides some exploration into the role of the weaker language in bilingual language development as well as the nature and extent of the early separation and interaction of two linguistic systems in a language environment which is fundamentally unlike the one parent-one-language setting. The data-set of the work consists of over 65 tape recorded sessions of naturalistic speech collected over 30 months in context-based language use in either Mandarin or English, where Mandarin is the home(and minority) language spoken by both parents and other family members while English is the(dominant)language of all other environments.

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Qi, Ruying. "From nominal reference to the acquisition of personal pronouns in a Mandarin-English bilingual child." View thesis, 2004. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20050615.150212/index.html.

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Abreu, Laurel. "Spanish subject personal pronoun use by monolinguals, bilinguals and second language learners." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025112.

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Lebensohn-Chialvo, Florencia. "Adaptive Significance of Personal Pronoun Use in Families of Adolescent Substance Abusers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565887.

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A growing body of research suggests that patterns of personal pronoun use in couples - particularly we-talk (first person plural pronouns) and you-talk (second person pronouns) - are potentially meaningful markers of adaptive and maladaptive functioning, respectively. Despite this growing couple literature, very little is known about the relational implications of we-talk and you-talk in larger social units like families, where relevant interaction patterns are often triadic and involve members of different generations. The present study employed baseline observational and self-report data from a multi-site study of family therapy for adolescent substance drug abuse to (a) describe patterns of personal pronoun use in families consisting of two parent figures and at least one adolescent child, during conversations that had a collaborative (plan a menu) and a conflictual (discuss a recent argument) valence; and (b) explore associations between pronoun patterns and various indicators of adaptive adolescent and family functioning. As hypothesized, automated text analysis of transcripts from 74 English speaking families revealed more we-talk in the cooperative (menu) task, more you-talk and I-talk in the conflict (argument) task, and significant variations in pronoun frequency by family role (more I-talk by adolescents, more we-talk and you-talk by parents). Additional coding, guided by structural family systems theory, took into account the source and referent of each pronoun utterance (e.g., parent-parent we-talk, cross-generation you-talk), and these structural pronoun variables showed stronger associations with concurrently observed family interaction patterns than global (raw count) pronoun variables did. Contrary to expectation, you-talk was a stronger predictor of concurrent family behavior and adaptive youth/family functioning than we-talk, and associations between pronoun patterns and indicators of adaptive functioning were stronger for the conflict task than the cooperation task. The results suggest that relational meanings of pronouns are substantially more complex in triadic intergenerational family interactions than in dyadic romantic relationships. Discussion of these results includes study limitations and possible directions for further research.

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Elrod, Elizabeth J. "Give us a Gender Neutral Pronoun, Yo!: The Need for and Creation of a Gender Neutral, Singular, Third Person, Personal Pronoun." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/200.

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This essay outlines the problems associated with the history and current absence of a gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronoun in the English language. The combination of the social and grammatical consequences of this language gap results in pronoun choices that are either politically incorrect or verbose. Experts’ attempts to fill this language gap have failed to take root on any widespread basis; but, interestingly, middle school children in Baltimore, Maryland created and started using “yo” as their own gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronoun. Stotko and Troyer’s (2007) study on this development sheds some light on exactly how students use “yo” as a third-person pronoun and proposes some theories regarding the origin of this change in language. This spontaneously produced gender-neutral pronoun has gained as much recognition as many gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronouns proposed by linguistic experts, perhaps as a result of children’s unique understanding of and ability to create language. This recent development indicates that common English speakers will likely spontaneously generate a solution to the current pronoun gap, although this will probably take some time to occur.

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Elossfourri, Ezzohra. "Les pronoms personnels de l'arabe : syntaxe interne et externe." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081544.

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Cette these vise a cerner les proprietes des pronoms personnels de l'arabe. Elle pose la question de savoir : qu'est-ce qu'un pronom ; combien de types de pronoms existe-t-il dans la langue ; et en quoi les pronoms personnels de l'arabe different-ils de leurs homologues romans. Les pronoms personnels ne sont pas des entites compactes formees en lexique, mais des elements morphologiquement et syntaxiquement complexes. Ce sont des syntagmes pronominaux. Les pronoms personnels ont une structure interne ; leurs proprietes semantiques et syntaxiques dependent de cette structure. L'analyse elaboree ici repose crucialement sur l'hypothese que les pronoms personnels appartiennent a la meme structure syntaxique et sur l'hypothese que les traits formels peuvent, lorsqu'ils ne sont pas verifies localement, fissionner (se deplacer/etre copies) sur d'autres tetes fonctionnelles (chomsky (1995), rouveret (1997)) entre autres.

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Zobel, Sarah Verfasser], Magdalena [Akademischer Betreuer] Kaufmann, Cleo [Akademischer Betreuer] Condravdi, and Regine [Akademischer Betreuer] [Eckardt. "Impersonally Interpreted Personal Pronouns / Sarah Zobel. Gutachter: Magdalena Kaufmann ; Cleo Condravdi ; Regine Eckardt. Betreuer: Magdalena Kaufmann." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060246430/34.

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Blackwell, Susan Anne. "Power and solidarity revisited : the acquisition and use of personal pronouns in modern English and Dutch." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1785/.

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Анотація:

This dissertation applies corpus linguistics techniques to reveal patterns in the acquisition and use of personal pronouns. Setting out from Brown and Gilman's mould-breaking study of "the pronouns of power and solidarity", it argues that their focus on the metaphorical use of plurality in the second-person cannot account for the numerous ways in which canonical pronoun usage is routinely violated by both children and adults. Nonetheless, the concepts of power and solidarity remain productive ones and can help to account for the patterns revealed here. The first part of the thesis uses data from the CHILDES database to argue that 1st / 2nd person 'reversals' are a common feature of language acquisition which is not unique to children on the autistic spectrum. It also examines pronoun substitutions in the 'caregiver speech' of the mothers and finds a number of differences between the groups studied. The second part uses original purpose-built corpora of English and Dutch party election broadcasts to explore how power and solidarity are constantly re-negotiated in political discourse. The patterns of pronoun use are discussed in their social context, and it is found that amateur as well as professional politicians are adept at exploiting the pragmatic versatility of pronouns.

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War, Badaplin. "The personal pronouns and their related clitics in six Khasi dialects : a grammatical and sociolinguistic study." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1992. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29023/.

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The thesis, as the title suggests, is divided into two parts: a grammar section and a sociolinguistic section. The grammar section comprises chapters II, III and IV and the sociolinguistic section chapters V, VI and VII. Chapter I provides general information on the language and its people, the system of notation used to present the linguistic data, the issues that are raised in the thesis, the methodology employed and the criteria upon which the questionnaire and the fieldwork are based. Chapter VIII, the general conclusion, summarizes the findings of the grammar and sociolinguistic sections. The main issues that are raised in the grammar section are two. The first concerns the syntactic status of a set of clitics which all share the same property of encoding the categories of person, number and gender. In prenominal position acting as 'articles', they convey the gender and number of the noun, and as 'agreement markers' show the agreement of modifiers with the head in the noun phrase. In combination with the verb they either act as agreement markers showing grammatical agreement between the lexical subject NP and the verb or as pronominals, that is to say they are referential pronouns that fulfil argument functions. The other issue that is raised in this section is the functions and distribution of the independent pronouns by comparison with those of the pronominal clitics. Chapter II deals with these issues in the standard dialect, chapter III examines them in the five regional dialects and chapter IV deals with their comparison across the dialects. The two main differences that will be seen between the dialect groups concern: (a) the gender system as encoded in the prenominal clitics, the peripheral and the. transitional dialects having a basic three-gender system whereas the central dialects have a basic two-gender system (innovations on the part of the central dialects in developing a polite or honorific gender for pragmatic purposes and the influence of these dialects on the other groups are also considered); (b) in the central dialects the clitics have a wide range of functions in that they fulfil all argument functions whereas the independent pronouns fulfil purely discourse functions. In the peripheral dialects on the other hand, the clitics have a very restricted range of functions that of a subject in continued discourse and of possessor in a construction without preposition. This chapter also studies the forms of the pronouns, the clitics being shown to be clearly cognate across the dialects and the independent pronouns to have developed from the clitics independently in the individual dialects. The sociolinguistic section deals with the informants' reported use of the second person pronouns and third person constructions in addressing, and of the different articles with appropriate nominals in referring to, kin and non-kin members of the community. Chapter V presents some theoretical considerations regarding the Address variable and the Reference variable as part of the pronominal strategies adopted in various languages. The variants of the Address and the Reference variables that are reportedly used by speakers in the Khasi dialects selected for analysis are also dealt with here. Chapter VI presents an analysis of the informants' reponses to a questionnaire regarding their use of the variants of the Address and the Reference variables. Chapter VII compares the informants' reported use of Address and of Reference across the dialects. This chapter also looks at the diachronic development of the second person 'polite' pronoun which has led to changes in the pronominal paradigm in the central dialects. It also examines the development of the honorific article as part of the variants of Reference. Here too the claim is that the central dialects are responsible for the innovations that have taken place in the way the second person pronouns and the honorific article are used.

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Emond, Bruno. "Niveaux de représentation et processus cognitifs dans l'interprétation des pronoms personnels en français." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28734.

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The study of cognitive representations and processes involved in personal pronoun interpretation allows one to investigate on a small scale the cognitive representations and processes of discourse comprehension. A review of the literature identifies four fundamental processes in personal pronoun interpretation: (A) syntactic constrains application, (B) gender, number, and person matching, (C) inferential selection, and, (D) discourse focus updating. A preliminary data collection from human performance has shown the importance of the application of syntactic constrains for pronoun interpretation. However, the level of specification for the representations and processes attained by the literature review and the preliminary experiment is not sufficient, therefore justifying the development of a more elaborate on-line pronoun interpretation process model. In order to attain a better model of the personal pronoun interpretation processes, the research approach has been to: (A) establish a strong link between the text linguistic features on one hand, and the cognitive representations and processes on the other hand through the construction-interpretation model, and (B) to reduce the gap between the experimental task specificity, and the general cognitive representations and processes assumed by the model. A second experiment, using experimental texts implementing a combination of many levels of representation, verified most of the model predictions. The model of the four interpretation processes as well as the empirical evidences support a point of view where the interpretation process for personal pronouns ends at various points during reading. The compound process of syntactic analysis and progressive semantic interpretation as well as the component processes associated with specific levels of representation explain the partiality of the pronoun interpretation process. The construction-interpretation model shows that the location of the execution of the interpretatio

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Hevér-Joly, Krisztina. "Typologie contrastive des pronoms personnels en hongrois et en mordve erzya." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA017.

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Анотація:

La présente thèse constitue une étude typologique contrastive des allomorphies pronominales dans deux langues finno-ougriennes : en hongrois et en mordve erzya. On entend ici par typologie contrastive une approche typologique fondée sur la mise en contraste des structures de deux ou plusieurs langues, y compris des langues de la même famille linguistique, afin d’explorer des propriétés à la fois spécifiques et universelles. De ce point de vue, le hongrois et le mordve s’avèrent particulièrement pertinents en termes de structuration des systèmes de marques pronominales, en raison de propriétés morphologiques caractéristiques de l’ouralien central et oriental, tels que l’existence d’une double conjugaison (subjective et objective, voire « objective définie », en mordve), qui induit des séries allomorphiques complexes, tout en suivant des principes réducteurs universels (syncrétisme, sous-spécification et surspécification de certaines marques ou conditions de marquage morphonologique). Cette thèse comprend neuf chapitres, distribués sur trois volets. Le premier volet décrit les structures et les étapes de la modélisation des systèmes pronominaux dans les deux langues. Dans le premier chapitre, nous présentons des généralités historiques et structurales du hongrois et du mordve erzya, ainsi que la place que ces langues occupent parmi les langues finno-ougriennes, du point de vue de la classification et de la typologie. Une série de particularités importantes pour la compréhension des deux systèmes, en termes d’organisation structurale, concerne les propriétés allomorphiques des unités fonctionnelles et relationnelles de type pronominal, telles que l’harmonie vocalique, les suffixes casuels, le système verbal, et l’ordre des mots. Le deuxième chapitre concerne le lien entre les pronoms personnels et des catégories grammaticales fondamentales telles qu’animacité, nombre, personne, définitude, et aboutit à la conclusion que c’est le pronom personnel qui est particulièrement marqué par ces catégories grammaticales – les mêmes qui peuvent avoir, dans les langues du monde, une incidence sur la construction ou l’organisation des systèmes de classes flexionnelles. Le troisième chapitre présente une approche historiographique du hongrois et du mordve erzya; le quatrième chapitre propose une réanalyse de la flexion pronominale erzya, en suivant les mêmes principes que ceux jadis préconisés par András Kornai dans son analyse du système de la flexion nominale du hongrois (Kornai 1994), dans la mesure où ce modèle morphologique traite l’affixation comme une opération sur des traits combinés. Le deuxième volet de cette recherche développe des études de cas exploratoires dans une perspective de TAL : un corpus d’erzya littéraire et un corpus d’erzya biblique sont analysés contrastivement en suivant les démarches et le paramétrage requis par le logiciel Trameur. Le troisième volet sort de l’analyse des registres stylistiques au sein d’une langue donnée pour revenir à une typologie contrastive structurale hongrois-mordve. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous proposons une synthèse de ces deux aspects de la typologie contrastive : contrastes de registres intralangue, contraste de structures interlangues, en fonction d’un ensemble de paramètres partagés. La synergie entre la méthode lexicométrique et la typologie générale constitue l’un des principaux apports heuristiques de cette thèse, dont le but est de développer une typologie des langues finno-ougriennes qui tienne davantage compte de la contrastivité des structures et de leur relativisme que des grands traits catégoriels interlangues, davantage sujets aux biais empiriques et méthodologiques que peuvent recéler les grands corpus This dissertation provides a contrastive and typological study of pronoun allomorphy in two Finno-Ugric languages: Hungarian and Erzya Mordvin. Contrastive typology is a typological approach aiming at contrasting the structures of two or more languages, including from the same language family, to explore specific and universal properties. From this standpoint, Hungarian and Mordvin are particularly relevant as to the structure of pronoun markers, due to some morphological characteristics of the central and eastern languages of the Uralic language family, such as double conjugation paradigms (subjective and objective, moreover the "objective definite inflectional paradigm" in Mordvin). This results in complex allomorphic patterns, while following universal principles (syncretism, sub-specification and over-specification of certain markers, or the conditions of morphonologic exponence). The first part describes the structures and modelling stages of the pronominal system in both languages. In the first chapter, we present historical and structural generalities about the Hungarian and Mordvin Erzya languages, and the place they occupy within the Finno-Ugric group, from the point of view of classification and typology. A series of important features to understand the two systems in terms of structural organization, concerns the allomorphic properties of functional and relational units of pronominal type such as vowel harmony, the casual suffixes, the verbal system, and word order. The second chapter deals with the relationship between personal pronouns and basic grammatical categories such as animacity, number, person, definiteness, and concludes that it is the personal pronoun that is most marked by these grammatical categories - the same that may affect, in the languages of the world, the construction or organisation of inflectional classes. The third chapter is a historiographical approach of Hungarian and Erzya to show the outline of the research on the evolutionary periods of both systems. The fourth chapter provides a reanalysis of pronominal inflection in Erzya, following the same principles as those previously recommended by András Kornai's analysis of the nominal inflection system of Hungarian (Kornai, 1994), as it deals with the morphological model considering affixation as an operation on the combined features. The second part of this research develops exploratory case studies from the perspective of NLP (French: TAL) a literary corpus and a biblical corpus of Erzya are analysed following the steps and the settings required by the Trameur software. The third part departs from the contrastive analysis of stylistic registers within a given language to return to a Hungarian-Mordvin contrastive structural typology. In the last chapter, we propose a synthesis of these two aspects of contrastive typology: contrasting registers of intralanguage, contrast-linguistic structures, based on a set of shared parameters. The synergy between the lexicometric method and the general typology is one of the main contributions of this thesis’s heuristics to develop a typology of Finno-Ugric languages that takes greater account of the contrastivity of structures and their relativism as major categorical traits of interlanguage, resulting more sensitive to empirical and methodological biases that may conceal a large corpus

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El, Kaladi Ahmed. "Systématique du pronom personnel en anglais." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040341.

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L'objectif de cette these est de monter que les pronoms personnel, dans une perspective psychomecanique sont programmes pour effectuer certaines operations discursives. Leur programme comporte six formes vectrices : personne, nombre genre, fonction, extensite et incidence. Apres avoir etudie ces sic categories grammaticales, nous abordons les problemes lies a la cohesion discursive. Notre but est de mettre en evidence l'aspect memoriel de l'anaphore et la faussete de la cataphore pour celui qu parle This is a corpus-based study of english pronouns. Our aim is to show that pronouns express six vectorial forms : person, number, gender, case, extensitivity and incidence. After discusing each of these categories, we proceed to analyse anaphora and cataphora

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ELMANDOUR, ELHOUSSAINE. "Etude morphosyntaxique des pronoms personnels de la langue francaise." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA070085.

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Nous n'avons pas elabore une grammaire du pronom personnel, la langue francaise en possede d'excellentes. Nous avons tout simplement essaye de repenser, a notre maniere, le systeme pronominal de la langue francaise. L'aspect heterogene de la categorie pronominale ne nous permet pas de la saisir sous un seul angle. Nous avons, dans un premier temps, essaye de cerner le domaine definitionnel du pronom ; ensuite, de classer et d'expliciter les normes qui regissent la distribution des pronoms. Nous nous sommes, egalement, interroge sur le role syntaxique du pronom et sur les limites d'une grammaire de categories We have not tried to elaborate a grammar of personal pronoums; the french language already possesses an excellent one. We hope simply tried to rethink, in own fashion, the system of pronoums in the french language. The heterogenous aspect of the category of pronoums does not allow us to view this question from only one point of view. We hope first tried to define the domain of the pronoum, and then to classify and express the norms wich rule the distribution of these pronoums. Additionally, we hope questened ourselves concerning the syntaxic role of the pronoum and the limits of a grammar consisting of categories

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Moura, K?ssia Kamilla de. "A implementa??o do voc? em cartas pessoais norte-riograndenses do s?culo XX." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16278.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KassiaKM_DISSERT.pdf: 954540 bytes, checksum: 24a8f4e968370a7ecb3897bf1b2e5f9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-14 Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior Considering the theoretical and methodological presuppositions of Variationist Sociolinguistics (cf. WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006; LABOV, [1972] 2008), in this dissertation, we describe and analyze the process of variation/change involving the personal pronouns tu and voc?, and its extension in the pronominal paradigm in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), in three sets of personal letters written by people from Rio Grande do Norte (RN) along the 20th century. The discursive universe of those letters is news from the cities in which the informers lived and the themes from their everyday life (trade, jobs, trips, family and politics). Part of the analyzed letters integrate the written by hand minimum corpus of the Projeto de Hist?ria do Portugu?s Brasileiro no Rio Grande do Norte (PHPB-RN). We are based on previous studies about the pronominal system in BP Menon (1995), Faraco (1996), Lopes e Machado (2005), Rumeu (2008), Lopes (2009), Lopes, Rumeu e Marcotulio (2011), Lopes e Marcotulio (2011) e Martins e Moura (2012) , which register the form voc? replaces tu from the end of the first half of 20th century and attest the following situation: while (a) the imperative verbal forms, (b) the explicit subjects and (c) prepositional complement pronouns are favorable contexts for voc?, the (d) non imperative verbal forms (with null subject), (e) the non prepositional complement pronoun and (f) the possessive pronoun are contexts of resistance of tu. The results got in this dissertation confirm, partially, the statements defended by the previous studies regarding the favorable contexts for the implementation of voc? in BP: (i) there are, in the letters from the first two decades of 20th century (1916 to 1925), high frequency of the usage of the form voc? (98%); (ii) in the personal letters of RN especially in the love letters, in which there are higher recurrence of intimate subjects the discursive universe proved to be itself very relevant in the determination/conditions of the forms of tu; (iii) the unique feminine informer of our sample uses, almost categorically, the forms of tu in letters of the period from 1946 to 1972; (iv) the letters corresponding to the period from 1992 to 1994 present a significant usage of the forms associated to the innovating voc?, letting appear the change is already implemented in the system of BP and there are, in that set of letters, strong evidences that make us state the pronominal forms of non prepositional complement (accusative/ dative) related to tu are also implemented in a system with an almost categorical usage of voc? Tendo em vista os pressupostos te?ricos metodol?gicos da Sociolingu?stica Variacionista (cf. WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006; LABOV, [1972] 2008), nesta disserta??o, descrevemos e analisamos o processo de varia??o/mudan?a envolvendo os pronomes pessoais tu e voc?, e sua extens?o no paradigma pronominal no Portugu?s Brasileiro (PB), em tr?s conjuntos de cartas pessoais escritas por norte-riograndenses no curso do s?culo XX. O universo discursivo dessas cartas ? basicamente not?cias da cidade em que viviam os informantes e assuntos do cotidiano (com?rcio, trabalho, viagens, fam?lia e pol?tica). Parte das cartas analisadas integram o c?rpus m?nimo manuscrito do Projeto de Hist?ria do Portugu?s Brasileiro no Rio Grande do Norte (PHPB-RN). Tomamos por base estudos anteriores sobre o sistema pronominal no PB Menon (1995), Faraco (1996), Lopes e Machado (2005), Rumeu (2008), Lopes (2009), Lopes, Rumeu e Marcotulio (2011), Lopes e Marcotulio (2011) e Martins e Moura (2012) , os quais registram que a forma voc? suplanta o tu a partir do fim da primeira metade do s?culo XX e atestam o seguinte quadro: enquanto (a) as formas verbais imperativas, (b) os sujeitos plenos e (c) os pronomes complementos preposicionados s?o contextos favorecedores do voc?, as (d) formas verbais n?o imperativas (com sujeito nulo), (e) os pronomes complementos n?o preposicionados e (f) os pronomes possessivos s?o contextos de resist?ncia do tu. Os resultados obtidos nesta disserta??o confirmam, em parte, as asser??es defendidas pelos estudos anteriores sobre os contextos favor?veis ? implementa??o do voc? no PB: (i) h? nas cartas das duas primeiras d?cadas do s?culo XX (1916 a 1925) alta frequ?ncia de uso de formas do voc? (98%); (ii) nas cartas pessoais do RN, especialmente nas cartas de amor em que h? maior recorr?ncia de assuntos ?ntimos, o universo discursivo mostrou-se bastante relevante no condicionamento das formas de tu; (iii) a ?nica informante do sexo feminino da nossa amostra faz uso, quase categ?rico, das formas de tu, em cartas do per?odo que corresponde aos anos de 1946 a 1972; (iv) as cartas correspondentes ao per?odo de 1992 a 1994 apresentam um uso significativo das formas associadas ao inovador voc?, deixando transparecer que a mudan?a j? est? implementada no sistema do PB e h?, nesse mesmo conjunto de cartas, fortes evid?ncias que nos possibilitam afirmar que as formas pronominais de complemento n?o preposicionadas (acusativo/dativo) associadas ao tu est?o resistindo em um sistema com uso quase categ?rico de voc?

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Lipscomb, Antonella. "Le jeu des pronoms personnels dans l'autobiographie contemporaine francÌ§aise." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325027.

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Mestré, de Caro Maria del Pilar. "Pronoms de deuxième personne : dynamiques d'emploi en espagnol de Bogota." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H110.

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Cette recherche est consacrée à l'étude des pronoms personnels en espagnol de Bogota : usted, tu, vos et sumercé. Nous articulons les approches « macro » et « micro » à travers une étude quantitative (300 questionnaires) et une étude qualitative (corpus radio et cinéma). Nous analysons l'alternance de la forme pronominale, consistant au passage d'un pronom à un autre dans un même échange, avec le même interlocuteur. Ces changements sont interprétés à travers les analyses de J. Gumperz sur le « code - switching ». La thèse s'appuie aussi sur les études de P. Trudgill et d'autres (P. Kerswill, D. Tuten), sur le « contact de dialectes ». Les échanges entre locuteurs des différents dialectes de Colombie montrent que malgré les usages canoniques des pronoms, où Vusted et le tu recouvrent des valeurs pragmatiques similaires à celles de l'emploi du vous et du tu en France, le système allocutoire à Bogota est aussi caractérisé en grande partie par l'instabilité dans l'emploi de ces formes This research is concerned with the study of the pronouns of address in Spanish from Bogota: usted, tu, vos and sumerce. Macro and micro sociolinguistic approaches are articulated by associating a quantitative study (300 surveys) and a qualitative study (radio and cinema conversations). We also analyze the pronominal form alternation, which consists in the switching from a pronoun to another in the same exchange, with the same interlocutor. These changes are interpreted through the analyses of J. Gumperz about the "code - switching". Our thesis is also based on studies of P. Trudgill and others (P. Kerswill, D. Tuten), about "dialect contact". Interactions between speakers from various dialects of Colombia in Bogota give evidence that in spite of the canonical uses of personal pronouns, where the usted and the tu overlay pragmatic values, similar to the French vous and tu, the allocutionary system in Bogota is moreover characterized by an instability in the use of these forms

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Håkansson, Jessica. "The Use of Personal Pronouns in Political Speeches : A comparative study of the pronominal choices of two American presidents." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19502.

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Lehojärvi, E. (Emilia). "“I will give it my all!”:personal pronouns in the announcement speeches of the United States Presidential candidates in 2016." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201602031105.

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This study investigates the roles of personal pronouns ’I’ and ’they’ in constructing ’self’ and ’others’ in presidential announcement speeches. It also tries to identify differences in personal pronoun usage between seasoned politicians and newcomers. The analysis is conducted using Norman Fairclough’s approaches to critical discourse analysis (CDA). The findings of this thesis show that the politicians in question use variant categories to show different sides of their personality and try to enhance their own positive image by making their opponents (the others) look less attractive. The analysis also suggests that there seems to be a difference between veteran politicians and novice politicians.

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Valentim, Marinalda Freitas. "Pronomes de tratamento no portugu?s brasileiro no limiar do s?culo XX: uma an?lise sociopragm?tica." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2017. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/602.

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Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-02-01T21:17:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Marinalda Freitas.pdf: 4018101 bytes, checksum: 8842a9b36b52d65ad726e1b619859f2c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-01T21:17:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Marinalda Freitas.pdf: 4018101 bytes, checksum: 8842a9b36b52d65ad726e1b619859f2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB This research intends to describe the chart of treatment pronouns in the Letters to Severino Vieira ? Governor of Bahia (1901-1902), as well as, from a sociopragmatic perspective, to carry out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data with the intention of presenting a general picture of the use of the treatment forms. In this context, it is sought to observe the distribution of treatment strategies according to the communicative situation established between sender and recipient, according to the theory of Power and Solidarity (BROWN; GILMAN, 1960) and Theory of Politeness (BROWN; LEVINSON, 1989). Data analysis also takes into account the theoretical assumptions of Laovian sociolinguistics (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 1968) in order to identify the factors that condition the alternate use of treatment pronouns in the sample under analysis. In order to do so, both the value that the form of treatment carries, in view of the characteristics of the speaker (age, sex, education, social group, etc.) in relation to the recipient is taken into account, observing linguistic and extralinguistic conditioning, such as Justification for what form of treatment has been employed and the effect that such choice may have on the recipient in the interaction. The corpus used is the Letters collection for Severino Vieira, whose content is composed of 102 texts, extracted from Carneiro (2005), sent to Severino Vieira by 60 senders (57 men and 03 women), most of them literate and mainly residents in cities. The letters that compose the collection are written mostly by Brazilians. In relation to the results, these show a preference of the letter writers for a more ceremonial treatment. Thus, a nature of the relationship established between the senders and Governor Severino Vieira was classified as ascending asymmetry, which explains a high occurrence of the nominal form of Your Excellency. This result confirms the idea that there is a close relationship between forms of treatment and social roles. Essa pesquisa tenciona descrever o quadro de pronomes de tratamentos nas Cartas para Severino Vieira ? Governador da Bahia (1901-1902), bem como, a partir de uma perspectiva sociopragm?tica, realizar an?lise quantitativa e qualitativa dos dados com a inten??o de apresentar um panorama geral do emprego das formas tratamentais. Neste sentido, busca-se observar a distribui??o das estrat?gias de tratamento conforme a situa??o comunicativa que se estabelece entre remetente e destinat?rio, de acordo com a teoria do Poder e Solidariedade (BROWN; GILMAN, 1960) e a Teoria da Polidez (BROWN; LEVINSON, 1989). A an?lise dos dados tamb?m leva em conta os pressupostos te?ricos da sociolingu?stica laboviana (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 1968), no sentido de identificar os fatores que condicionam o uso alternado dos pronomes de tratamento na amostra em an?lise. Para tanto, s?o considerados tanto o valor que a forma de tratamento carrega, tendo em vista as caracter?sticas do falante (idade, sexo, escolaridade, grupo social etc.) na sua rela??o com o destinat?rio, observando os condicionamentos lingu?sticos e extralingu?sticos, como a justificativa para que dada forma de tratamento tenha sido empregada e o efeito que essa escolha pode ter para o destinat?rio na intera??o. O corpus utilizado ? o acervo Cartas para Severino Vieira, cujo conte?do ? composto por 102 textos, extra?dos de Carneiro (2005), enviadas a Severino Vieira, por 60 remetentes (57 homens e 03 mulheres), a maioria letrada e, sobretudo, citadina. Em rela??o aos resultados, esses demonstram a prefer?ncia dos missivistas por um tratamento mais cerimonioso. A natureza da rela??o estabelecida entre os remetentes e o Governador Severino Vieira foi classificada como assim?trica ascendente, o que explica a alta ocorr?ncia da forma nominal Vossa Excel?ncia. Esse resultado confirma a ideia de que h? uma estreita rela??o entre formas de tratamento e pap?is sociais.

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Catalão, Maria Florentina Charneca. "Os padrões de uso dos pronomes pessoais àtonos em português europeu: estudo realizado nos anos terminais dos 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico, com propostas de didactização." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15325.

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Esta investigação tem como principal objectivo contribuir para o estudo da colocação dos pronomes pessoais átonos em PE em contextos de próclise, ênclise e mesóclise. A recolha de dados recaiu sobre sujeitos do 6º e do 9º anos de escolaridade e um grupo de adultos, a quem foram aplicados um teste de produção e um teste de avaliação. Os resultados obtidos foram superiores no teste de avaliação e revelaram que os sujeitos: (i) dominam a ênclise, com alguns problemas nas frases infinitivas; (ii) revelam dificuldades em reconhecer alguns proclisadores, principalmente a conjunção subordinativa causal “porque” e os quantificadores universais “qualquer” e “todos” e (iii) aceitam, mas não produzem o pronome mesoclítico. Quando as produções dos alunos não foram conformes à gramática-alvo, verificou-se a preferência pelo padrão enclítico. Os resultados deste estudo são relevantes para linguistas e professores de língua portuguesa dos 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico; ABSTRACT:The main goal of this research is to contribute for the study of clitic placement in E. P. in contexts of mesoclisis, proclisis and enclisis. The collection of data was focused on the results of production and evaluation tests applied to 6th and 9th grade students as well as in a group of adults. The results obtained were better in the evaluation test and showed the following: (i) the subjects master enclisis despite having some problems in infinitive sentences; (ii) they revealed difficulties in recognizing some trigger proclisis mainly the subordinate causal conjunction “porque” (because), and the universal quantifiers “qualquer” (any) and “todos” (all); (iii) the mesoclisis is recognized but not used. It is given preference to the usage of the enclitic pattern whenever the grammar rules aren’t followed. The conclusions drawn from this research are relevant for linguistics, elementary and secondary school teachers.

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Girouard, Pascale C. "L'acquisition des pronoms personnels et la coordination des perspectives visuelles chez l'enfant." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32634.pdf.

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Priest, Alan. "You and I listening to me : towards an understanding of the significance of personal pronoun usage in psychotherapy." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2013. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13057/.

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The idea that clients need to take responsibility for the material they present in psychotherapy is commonly encountered in humanistic therapies. On the one hand, many therapies encourage the use of first person pronouns in order to achieve ownership and responsibility, yet on the other hand, excessive use of the first person is associated with unhelpful functioning such as poor interpersonal relating and narcissism. A large body of evidence exists which associates above-average levels of first person pronoun usage with unhelpful rumination depression, suicide and anxiety. This study explored this dichotomy, using a mixed methods approach to investigate first person pronoun usage in a sample of eight clients referred by their GPs for short to medium term therapy. For the qualitative phase, clients completed kept a journal in which they could recorded their experiences of therapy generally and interventions around their pronoun use specifically. Sessions were audio recorded and interventions concerning pronoun usage were transcribed. After the end of therapy, six out of the eight clients participated in interview in which they discussed their experiences of therapist pronoun interventions (such as invitations to ‘own’ statements in the first person) and the significance of these for their overall experience of the therapy. In the quantitative study, clients completed a CORE-OM at start and end of therapy. Also, changes in clients’ use of first, second and third person pronouns between beginning and end of therapy were determined using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Analysis looked for correlations between these two measures (outcome and pronoun use) as well as for potential relationships between therapist and client pronoun use in individual sessions.

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Aydiner, Pola. "Les pronoms personnels et démonstratifs dans le turc parlé et écrit de Turquie." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030028.

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J'ai essaye de degager d'une part la specificite de la structure des pronoms personnels et demonstratifs en turc par rapport au francais, et d'autre part la specifite de l'oral par rapport a l'ecrit en turc contemporain. La recherche est fondee sur un corpus ecrit et un corpus oral. Elle s'appuie sur les theories actuelles a la fois dans le domaine de la syntaxe et celui de l'enonciation. La these est composee de deux parties. La premiere partie est consacree a la syntaxe la deuxieme partie est consacree a l'intonation en vue d'une grammaire intonative telle que la proposent mary-annick morel et laurent danon-boileau. La morpho-syntaxe des pronoms personnels du turc s'appuie sur l'approche pronominale de claire blanche-benveniste. Le concept de syntagme de olof eriksson et le concept de zone de paul scrup prennent une place importante dans la description des pronoms personnels du turc I have tried to distinguish, on the one hand, the specificity of the structure of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in turkish compared to in frenchand, on the other hand, the specificity of the oral as opposed to the written language in contemporary turkish. The research is founded, on both the written and the oral corpus and draws support from current theories on syntaxe and uttering act. The thesis itself is composed of too parts : the first part concentrating on syntaxe and second devoted to mary-annick morel and laurent danon-boileau's intonation grammar. The morphosyntax of turkish personal pronouns supports the pronominal approach of claire blanche-benveniste. Olof erikssons syntagma's and povl skarup's zone / area concepts each occupy an important place in description of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in turkish

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AraÃjo, Francisco Jardes Nobre. "A variaÃÃo do TE/LHE em cartas pessoais de cearenses no sÃculo XX." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12192.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ A variaÃÃo linguÃstica Ã um fenÃmeno universal que atinge todos os nÃveis da gramÃtica (CAMACHO, 2011). Em muitas lÃnguas, a classe dos pronomes, especialmente a dos chamados pronomes pessoais, Ã a que sofre mais variaÃÃo e a que mais se reorganiza dentro do sistema (MONTEIRO, 1994), embora esta costume ser constituÃda por um nÃmero relativamente pequeno de itens gramaticais, formando um inventÃrio fechado. Dentre as pessoas do discurso, Ã a 2Â a que mais tem sido codificada de maneira variada, nÃo sÃ na lÃngua portuguesa, como em diversas outras lÃnguas indo-europeias, nas quais hÃ um sistema dual de pronomes para a 2Â PESS.: as formas T e as formas V (derivadas, respectivamente, do uso do "tu" e do "vos" latinos) â as primeiras sÃo de uso familiar ou informal, enquanto as outras denotam polidez e distanciamento. A partir da terceira dÃcada do sÃculo XX, com o uso de "vocÃ" (forma V) em variaÃÃo com "tu" (forma T), todo o quadro pronominal da lÃngua, incluindo os possessivos de 2Â PESS, passou a sofrer variaÃÃo. Partindo do pressuposto defendido pela SociolinguÃstica Variacionista, sobretudo com Labov (1978; 1983; 1994; 2008), de que a variaÃÃo linguÃstica se dÃ motivada tanto por fatores internos quanto externos ao sistema, o presente trabalho busca analisar a variaÃÃo das formas "te" e "lhe" como pronomes de 2Â PESS. SING., tanto na funÃÃo de acusativo, quanto na de dativo, no portuguÃs brasileiro escrito do sÃculo XX. Para isso, utiliza uma amostra de 186 cartas pessoais escritas entre 1940 e 2000, obtidas numa busca entre os habitantes do municÃpio de QuixadÃ, no SertÃo Central cearense. As cartas coletadas sÃo de pessoas do povo, isto Ã, nÃo de profissionais da linguagem, tendo sido trocadas entre amigos ou parentes. Como metodologia, estratifica a amostra em trÃs perÃodos do sÃculo XX nos quais as cartas foram escritas (anos 1940-50, anos 1960-70 e anos 1980-90) e por gÃnero da autoria (cartas de homens e cartas de mulheres) e submete os dados ao programa computacional GoldVarb X para obter dados estatÃsticos e interpreta esses dados Ã luz das teorias da SociolinguÃstica Variacionista. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que a variaÃÃo das formas pronominais "te"/"lhe" Ã condicionada por fatores linguÃsticos, como a forma do verbo, a posiÃÃo do pronome e a presenÃa de forma V antes de "te" ou "lhe", e que, apesar de mais frequente do que o uso de "te", o uso de "lhe" sofreu declÃnio ao longo dos trÃs perÃodos de tempo analisados. The linguistic variation is a universal phenomenon that affects all levels of grammar (CAMACHO, 2011). In many languages, of all the word classes, the pronouns, especially the so-called personal pronouns, are more inclined to variation and to rearrangement in the system (MONTEIRO, 1994), although they use to be constituted by a relatively small number of grammatical items, restricted to a kind of closed inventory. The 2nd PERS SING is which more has been coded in a variant way, not only in the Portuguese language, as in many other Indo-European languages, in which there is a dual system of pronouns for 2nd PERS: the T-forms and the V-forms (derived, respectively, from the use of Latin "tu" and "vos") â the first are used both familiarly and informally, while others denote politeness and distance. From the third decade of the twentieth century, with the use of "vocÃ" (a V-form) in variation with "tu" (a T-form), the entire pronominal frame of the Portuguese language, including the 2nd PERS possessive, began to undergo change. Assuming the ideas defended by Variationist Sociolinguistics, especially with William Labov (1978, 1983, 1994, 2008), that the linguistic variation occurs motivated by factors both internal and external to the system, this work aims to analyze the variation of forms "te" and "lhe" as 2nd PERS SING, both in accusative and in dative function, in Brazilian Portuguese written in the twentieth century. It uses a sample of 186 personal letters written between 1940 and 2000, obtained in a search among the inhabitants of the town of QuixadÃ, in the middle of the state of CearÃ. The letters are collected from common people, that is, not from language professionals, having been exchanged between friends or relatives. As methodology, the sample was stratified into three periods of the twentieth century in which the letters were written (years 1940âs and 50âs, years 1960âs and 70âs, years 1980âs and 90âs) and gender of authorship (letters from men and letters from women) and submits the data to the computer program GoldVarb X in order to obtain statistical results and interpret these results in light of theories of Sociolinguistics Variationist. The survey results showed that variation of the pronoun forms "te"/"lhe" is conditioned by linguistic factors, such as the form of the verb, the position of the pronoun and the presence of a V-form before "te" or "lhe", and that, although "lhe" was more used than "te" in the letters, its use has declined over the three periods of time analyzed.

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46

Verhoek, Simone. "The use of the pronouns we, us, and our in political speeches : A comparative study of the inaugural addresses of Bush and Obama." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21158.

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Pronouns carry considerable importance in language. The speaker’s identity and connection to the audience emerges through the consistent use of certain pronouns (De Fina, 1995). This research is about the use of we, us, and our in political discourse. Specifically, their use will be examined in the inaugural addresses of George W. Bush in 2005 and Barack Obama in 2009. The aim of this research is to examine the frequencies and the co-occurrences of these pronouns and then compare their use in these two speeches. More specifically, how do the pronouns examined affect the message and enhance hearer credibility. This is done by applying (a) a quantitative corpus linguistics analysis and (b) qualitative analysis of the context of use. The results show that there is a difference in frequency of pronoun use; however, the usage of pronouns is rather similar in the two speeches

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47

Diémoz, Federica. "Morphologie et syntaxe des pronoms personnels sujets dans les parlers francoprovençaux de la Vallée d'Aoste /." Tübingen [u.a.] : Francke, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2970282&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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48

Morin, Sonia. "J'te parle, m'écoutes-tu? : la valeur psycho-socio-linguistique des pronoms personnels je et tu." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10041.

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Consciente que notre mémoire de maîtrise revêt un caractère inhabituel par sa visée heuristique, nous avons jugé pertinent de débuter notre introduction par une mise en garde contre les attentes que les linguistes et les lexicologues sont en droit d'entretenir par rapport à une étude effectuée dans le cadre d’une maitrise en linguistique. Notre mémoire n’a aucune prétention scientifique dans le sens de "faire la preuve de". Il ne cherche pas à confirmer ou à infirmer la véracité d'une théorie, ni à ajouter sa contribution à un modèle linguistique quelle que soit sa nature, son originalité ou son intérêt. Il ne participe pas non plus à la recherche d’une formalisation de la langue. Non. En fait, parce qu’il traite de la manifestation de la langue, c'est-à-dire la parole, il ne pouvait, à nos yeux, se cantonner dans le cadre linguistique strict, lequel s’obstine à considérer les divers faits de parole comme des phénomènes purement linguistiques et à évacuer systématiquement l'extra-linguistique. Or nous croyons, à l'instar de la linguistique de l’énonciation , et plus particulièrement de la pragmatique au sens large, que l’extralinguistique influence la production de discours. Nous avons également la certitude que la parole ne se réduit pas à la simple production d'énoncés dans le but de communiquer, bien qu'elle ait cette valeur, mais qu’elle est également essentielle dans la constitution du sujet et dans sa réalisation. C'est pourquoi nous avons fait éclater la prétention formaliste d'une certaine linguistique au profit d'investigations en psychologie et en sociologie.

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PERNASKA, REMI. "La syntaxe de l'enonce en albanais contemporain (la syntaxe des formes atones des pronoms personnels)." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA070049.

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La these s'attarde a etudier les phenomenes syntaxiques lies a ce qu'on appelle traditionnellement "repetition, reprise, redoublement de l'objet par une forme atone des pronoms personnels", par des clitiques, en linguistique albanaise, en balkanologie et dans l'etude des langues romanes qui connaissent ce phenomene. L'auteur fournit une description detaillee des cas ou: i. L'enonce comporte a la fois l'objet et la forme atone; 2. Seule apparaitre la forme atone; 3. Seul apparait l'objet. Cette analyse aboutit a la conclusion que les formes atones ne sont plus de nature pronominale, et ne doivent plus etre traitees comme pronoms, mais plutot comme quasi-morphemes verbaux s'accordent avec l'objet, comme les terminaisons verbales s'accordent avec le sujet: traiter la question en termes de redoublement, c'est poser un faux probleme. Les verbes transitifs se construisent donc avec une place vide a valider que n'ont pas les verbes intransitifs. Les "formes atones des pronoms personnels" vont alors signaler la presence ou l'abscence d'un objet et s'eriger en marques de transitivite mais aussi en marque d'accord casuel elles sont strictement obligatoires avec l'objet indirect au datif et contraintes par des regles precises avec l'objet direct a l'accusatif The present dissertation deals with the syntactic phenomena called reduplication in the linguistic study of albanian, of balkan language and of romance languages where they occur, the object being reduplicated by an unstressed form of the personal pronoun. The author provides a description of the cases where i. The utterance includes the object and the unstressed form of the pronoun 2. Only the unstressed form occurs; 3. Only the object occurs. This analysis leads to the conclusion that unstressed forms are no longer of a pronominal nature and must be considered as quasi-morphemes, a greeing in person, number and case with the object, just as verb endings agree with the subject. Transitive verb forms appear to include an empty slot to be filled which intransitive verbs don't. Unstrassed forms of personal pronouns thus become verb markers of the presence or absence of the object (hence of transitivity vs. Intransitivity) but also of case, as is always the case for the dative object and, in definite cases, for the accusative object

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50

Järvinen, Sivi. "Processbarhetsteorin : En studie om finskspråkiga elevers användning av personliga och reflexiva pronomen i possessivform samt placering av negation i bisats." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-60489.

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This essay aims to explain Finnish students’ acquisition of Swedish as a second language: the focal point is the learners’ use of the possessive personal pronouns (hennes, hans and deras) and the possessive reflexive pronouns (sin, sitt and sina), and the placement of the Swedish negation in subordinate clauses. The theoretical background for the analysis of these linguistic structures is the Processability theory. This thesis suggests that the pronouns, which have not been earlier investigated through the Processability theory, are a part of the stage 4 of the theory, whilst the placement of negation in subordinate clauses is part of the stage 5. The basis for this thesis is a survey made in a secondary school in the north of Sweden and an upper secondary school in the north of Finland in autumn 2016. In other words two different groups of students have participated in the survey: one group studying Swedish as a second language in Sweden and one group studying Swedish as a foreign language in Finland. The analysis shows no linguistic differences between these two groups and for this reason there is no distinction made between them. The results reveal that the possessive personal pronouns are slightly more overused than the possessive reflexive pronouns. However, the results show that those students who have not commenced to process level 4 have not either began to process level 5. The learners’ utilization of the negation placement suggests that they first learn the preverbal placement of the negation in a main verb and afterwards the preverbal placement of a negation in an auxiliary verb. The results and conclusions given in this essay may be of some interest for other teachers and educational researchers.

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