Статті в журналах: "Perovskite thin films"

1

Guneri, Emine, and Nilgun Kalaycıoglu Ozpozan. "The Structural and Optical Properties of Perovskite Thin Films." European Journal of Formal Sciences and Engineering 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejfe-2023-0002.

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Abstract Perovskite materials have many interesting properties such as modulation of the optical band gap and the properties of quantum wells. In addition, they have a stable structure. For these reasons, perovskites have attractive properties for optoelectronic devices. Additionally, the structural and optical properties can be changed by means of different halide atoms doped into materials. In this study, the effect of iodine on the structural, and optical properties of perovskite thin films was investigated. KCaCl2 I and KCaCl3 perovskite were prepared by chemical bath deposition on a glass substrate. The crystal structures of the films were determined by X-ray diffraction. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the films had a crystalline structure. In addition, KCaCl2 I perovskite thin film has better crystalline than KCaCl3 perovskite thin films. Linear optical parameters were determined using transmittance and absorbance measurements. And then, the optical band gap values, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and dielectric constants were determined as linear optical properties. It was understood that these properties were affected by iodine.

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2

Fan, Ping, Huan-Xin Peng, Zhuang-Hao Zheng, Zi-Hang Chen, Shi-Jie Tan, Xing-Ye Chen, Yan-Di Luo, Zheng-Hua Su, Jing-Ting Luo, and Guang-Xing Liang. "Single-Source Vapor-Deposited Cs2AgBiBr6 Thin Films for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121760.

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Lead-free double perovskites have been considered as a potential environmentally friendly photovoltaic material for substituting the hybrid lead halide perovskites due to their high stability and nontoxicity. Here, lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films are initially fabricated by single-source evaporation deposition under high vacuum condition. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy characterization show that the high crystallinity, flat, and pinhole-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films were obtained after post-annealing at 300 °C for 15 min. By changing the annealing temperature, annealing time, and film thickness, perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 solar cells with planar heterojunction structure of FTO/TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag achieve an encouraging power conversion efficiency of 0.70%. Our preliminary work opens a feasible approach for preparing high-quality double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films wielding considerable potential for photovoltaic application.

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3

Caporali, Stefano, Stefano Mauro Martinuzzi, Lapo Gabellini, and Nicola Calisi. "Magnetron Sputtering Deposition of High Quality Cs3Bi2I9 Perovskite Thin Films." Materials 16, no. 15 (July 27, 2023): 5276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155276.

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Nontoxic all-inorganic perovskites are among the most promising materials for the realization of optoelectronic devices. Here, we present an innovative way to deposit lead-free, totally inorganic Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite from vapor phase. Taking use of a magnetron sputtering system equipped with a radiofrequency working mode power supply and a single target containing the correct ratio of CsI and BiI3 salts, it was possible to deposit a Cs3Bi2I9 perovskitic film on silicon and soda-lime glass. The target composition was optimized to obtain a stoichiometric deposition, and the best compromise was found with a mix enriched with 20% w/w of CsI. Secondly, the effect of post-deposition thermal treatments (150 °C and 300 °C) and of the deposition on a preheat substrate (150 °C) were evaluated by analyzing the chemical composition, the morphology, the crystal structure, and the optical properties. The thermal treatment at 150 °C improved the uniformity of the perovskite film; the one at 300 °C damaged the perovskite deposited. Depositing on a preheated substrate at 150 °C, the obtained film showed a higher crystallinity. An additional thermal treatment at 150 °C on the film deposed on the preheated substrate showed that the crystallinity remains high, and the morphology becomes more uniform.

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4

Szuromi, P. "Healing perovskite thin films." Science 349, no. 6248 (August 6, 2015): 599–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6248.599-d.

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5

Chen, Lung-Chien, Ching-Ho Tien, Yang-Cheng Jhou, and Wei-Cheng Lin. "Co-Solvent Controllable Engineering of MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.8Sn0.2I3 Lead–Tin Mixed Perovskites for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Stability." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102438.

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Use of a lead–tin mixed perovskite is generally considered an effective method to broaden the absorption wavelength of perovskite thin films. However, the preparation of lead–tin mixed perovskites is a major challenge due to the multivalent state of tin and stability in the atmosphere. This study attempted to replace the organic cation and metal elements of perovskites with a relatively thermal stable formamidinium (FA+) and a more environmentally friendly tin element. MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.8Sn0.2I3 lead–tin mixed perovskite thin films were prepared with the one-step spin-coating method. By adjusting the dimethylformamide (DMF):dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentration ratio of the lead–tin mixed perovskite precursor solution, the surface morphologies, crystallinity, and light-absorbing properties of the films were changed during synthesis to optimize the lead–tin mixed perovskite films as a light-absorbing layer of the inverted perovskite solar cells. The quality of the prepared lead–tin mixed perovskite film was the highest when the ratio of DMF:DMSO = 1:4. The power-conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell prepared with the film was 8.05%.

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6

Sajid, Sajid, Salem Alzahmi, Imen Ben Salem, and Ihab M. Obaidat. "Perovskite-Surface-Confined Grain Growth for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 3352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193352.

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The conventional post-annealing (CPA) process is frequently employed and regarded a crucial step for high-quality perovskite thin-films. However, most researchers end up with unwanted characteristics because controlling the evaporation rate of perovskite precursor solvents during heat treatment is difficult. Most perovskite thin-films result in rough surfaces with pinholes and small grains with multiple boundaries, if the evaporation of precursor solvents is not controlled in a timely manner, which negatively affects the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we present a surface-confined post-annealing (SCPA) approach for controlling the evaporation of perovskite precursor solvents and promoting crystallinity, homogeneity, and surface morphology of the resulting perovskites. The SCPA method not only modulates the evaporation of residual solvents, resulting in pinhole-free thin-films with large grains and fewer grain boundaries, but it also reduces recombination sites and facilitates the transport of charges in the resulting perovskite thin-films. When the method is changed from CPA to SCPA, the power conversion efficiency of PSC improves from 18.94% to 21.59%. Furthermore, as compared to their CPA-based counterparts, SCPA-based PSCs have less hysteresis and increased long-term stability. The SCPA is a potentially universal method for improving the performance and stability of PSCs by modulating the quality of perovskite thin-films.

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7

Dang, Zhiya, and Duc Anh Dinh. "Interaction of light with lead halide perovskites: A review." Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials 2, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/can.v2i2.813.

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Lead halide perovskites are the new rising generation of semiconductor materials due to their unique optical and electrical properties. The investigation of the interaction of halide perovskites and light is a key issue not only for understanding their photophysics but also for practical applications. Hence, tremendous efforts have been devoted to this topic and brunch into two: (i) decomposition of the halide perovskites thin films under light illumination; and (ii) influence of light soaking on their photoluminescence (PL) properties. In this review, we for the first time thoroughly compare the illumination conditions and the sample environment to correlate the PL changes and decomposition of perovskite under light illumination. In the case of vacuum and dry nitrogen, PL of the halide perovskite (MAPbI3–xClx, MAPbBr3–xClx, MAPbI3) thin films decreases due to the defects induced by light illumination, and under high excitations, the thin film even decomposes. In the presence of oxygen or moisture, light induces the PL enhancement of halide perovskite (MAPbI3) thin films at low light illumination, while increasing the excitation, which causes the PL to quench and perovskite thin film to decompose. In the case of mixed halide perovskite ((MA)Pb(BrxI1-x)3) light induces reversible segregation of Br domains and I domains.

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8

Magubane, Siphesihle Siphamandla, Christopher Joseph Arendse, Siphelo Ngqoloda, Franscious Cummings, Christopher Mtshali, and Amogelang Sylvester Bolokang. "Chemical Vapor Deposited Mixed Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133526.

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In this article, we used a two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to synthesize methylammonium lead-tin triiodide perovskite films, MAPb1−xSnxI3, with x varying from 0 to 1. We successfully controlled the concentration of Sn in the perovskite films and used Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) to quantify the composition of the precursor films for conversion into perovskite films. According to the RBS results, increasing the SnCl2 source amount in the reaction chamber translate into an increase in Sn concentration in the films. The crystal structure and the optical properties of perovskite films were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectrometry. All the perovskite films depicted similar XRD patterns corresponding to a tetragonal structure with I4cm space group despite the precursor films having different crystal structures. The increasing concentration of Sn in the perovskite films linearly decreased the unit volume from about 988.4 Å3 for MAPbI3 to about 983.3 Å3 for MAPb0.39Sn0.61I3, which consequently influenced the optical properties of the films manifested by the decrease in energy bandgap (Eg) and an increase in the disorder in the band gap. The SEM micrographs depicted improvements in the grain size (0.3–1 µm) and surface coverage of the perovskite films compared with the precursor films.

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9

Onodera, Akira, Masanori Fukunaga, and Masaki Takesada. "Ferroelectric Instability and Dimensionality in Bi-Layered Perovskites and Thin Films." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/714625.

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The dielectric and thermal properties of Bi (bismuth)-layered perovskite SrBi2Ta2O9(SBT) are discussed in comparison with ferroelectric thin BaTiO3films. Although these two perovskites exhibit quite a different nature, the dielectric properties of BaTiO3thin film are similar to those in bulk SBT. The dielectric properties and pseudo-two-dimensional structure between SBT and thin film suggest that the bulk layered ferroelectric SBT is a good model of ultra-thin ferroelectric film with two perovskite layers, free from any misfit lattice strain with substrate and surface charge at the interface with electrodes. Based on the mechanism of ferroelectric phase transition of SBT, it seems plausible that the ferroelectric interaction is still prominent but shows a crossover from ferroelectric to antiferroelectric interaction in perovskite ultra-thin films along the tetragonal axis.

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10

Kwok, Chi Kong, and Seshu B. Desu. "Formation kinetics of PbZrxTi1−xO3 thin films." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 7 (July 1994): 1728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.1728.

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The pyrochlore to perovskite transition in sputtered PZT thin films has been studied using SEM and XRD. The films were annealed in the temperature range between 350 °C and 750 °C, and the transition temperature for pyrochlore to perovskite transition was found to be around 525 °C. Isothermal annealing was used to study the nucleation and growth kinetics of the perovskite phase. The results showed a linear growth rate for the perovskite phase, thereby indicating an interface controlled process. Also, the growth was found to be isotropic in two dimensions parallel to the plane of the substrate. The nucleation of the perovskite phase was found to be random. The effective activation energy of the perovskite transition was found to be 494 kJ/mol using Avrami's approach.

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11

Tybell, T., C. H. Ahn, and J. M. Triscone. "Ferroelectricity in thin perovskite films." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 6 (August 9, 1999): 856–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124536.

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12

Fan, Haibo, Yining Mu, Chunyang Liu, Yan Zhu, Guozhen Liu, Shuai Wang, Yanzheng Li, and Peng Du. "Random lasing of CsPbBr3 perovskite thin films pumped by modulated electron beam." Chinese Optics Letters 18, no. 1 (2020): 011403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202018.011403.

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13

S. NAJI, IQBAL, and ABDUL-HALEEM A. RAHEEM. "EFFECT OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURES ON THE STRUCTURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THIN CH3NH3PbI3-xClx FILMS." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 15, no. 2 (April 2020): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2020.152.593.

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Organometal halide perovskites are promising materials for low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells. The method of perovskie layer deposition and heat treatment play an important role in determining the efficiency of perovskite solar cells. The influence of post thermal annealing of thin CH3NH3PbI3-xClx films deposited by thermal evaporation technique were demonstrated regarding their structural, and morphology properties. The structural properties were studied by x-ray diffraction analysis. The diffraction peaks of the various films are observed, showing the crystallographic structural of the samples. All films before and after annealing crystallized in the orthorhombic phase of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx. The surface morphology of prepared films also studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The first one showed that CH3NH3PbI3-xClx films exhibited sparse surface coverage on the substrate, and a crake-like morphology with few isolated MAPbI3-xClx islands of sub-micron size can be seen all over the surface. AFM measurements for all prepared films show that the average grain size and the surface roughness increases with the increase of annealing temperature.

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14

Vikas, N. P., Sadiq Mahmood, S. Pranoy, Sacheen Kumar, and Ravi Kumar. "Effect of Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties of Methyl-Ammonium Bismuth Iodide Thin Films." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 3734–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17535.

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Organic–Inorganic perovskites are promising materials for an alternative to silicon technology for cost-effective performance of photovoltaic’s (PVs). Lead-based hybrid perovskite has lower stability and high toxicity. The bismuth-based hybrid perovskite, Methyl Ammonium Bismuth Iodide (MABI) could be as an alternative to the lead-based system. In the present work, we present the structural and optical studies on hybrid MABI perovskite thin films synthesized at different temperature. Bandgap analyzed from UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy have shown the formation of MABI complex in thin films prepared from the single step spin coating and dip coating method. Further, the MABI formation confirmed by Raman analysis. Optical and structural properties obtained are comparable to earlier reported theoretical studies. The roughness of highly stable annealed film was analyzed by non-contact tapping mode atomic force microscopy.

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15

Kadhim, Bahjat B., and Ali Zamil Manshad. "Optical Properties of Perovskite Thin Film." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 30, no. 1 (August 15, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v30i1.564.

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Methyl-ammonium lead tri iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite thin films have been prepared by solution processing. Thin film after deposited in the laboratory ambient conditions by drop casting, it prepared by two step method PbI2 and CH3NH3I at the glass substrate. The analysis provides: the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive indices, real and imaginary components of the dielectric constant of the CH3 NH3 PbI3 films, energy gap. Energy gap of perovskite thin films is reached 1.8 that is very important for solar cell application.

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16

Yadav, Rekha, Gangadhar Banappanavar, and M. Aslam. "Bandgap engineered mixed-halide MAPbBr_3-xCl_x perovskite films via vacuum-based deposition approach." Nanomaterials and Energy 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jnaen.23.00003.

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Mixed-halide perovskites offer important characteristic of bandgap tunability which is essential for tandem solar cells. Herein, single-source vapor deposition method is reported for MAPbBr2Cl1, MAPbBr1.5Cl1.5 and MAPbBr1Cl2 perovskite films utilizing the corresponding mixed-halide perovskite nanoparticles as a source for thermal evaporation. Further, bandgap tuning in vacuum-deposited MAPbBr3 (MA = CH3NH3) thin films is performed via MACl-treatment with successful bandgap tuning from 2.37 eV to 2.48 eV. The limitation of Cl-incorporation in the perovskite structure at room temperature is tackled by MACl-treatment of vapor deposited MAPbBr2Cl1, MAPbBr1.5Cl1.5 and MAPbBr1Cl2 films. The structural properties of MAPbBr3-xClx films show continuous shift in X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak towards higher 2 theta value, confirming the Cl-incorporation in the perovskite structure. Bandgap tuning in MAPbBr3-xClx films, from 2.37 eV to 2.86 eV, has been confirmed by absorption spectroscopy. The mixed-halide films show improved microstructure with MACl-treatment as observed by increased grain size of the films. Further, emission studies show good stability of MAPbBr3-xClx films against phase segregation under continuous exposure to 325 nm wavelength illumination of 100 mW/cm2 for more than 60 minutes. The diminished phase segregation might help in advancing the application of mixed-halide perovskites for reliable optoelectronic devices.

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17

Tan, Wen Liang, and Christopher R. McNeill. "X-ray diffraction of photovoltaic perovskites: Principles and applications." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 2 (June 2022): 021310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076665.

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Solar cells based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have emerged as the most efficient next-generation thin-film solar cells within just a decade of research and show great promise for commercialization. As control of the thin-film microstructure of the perovskite layer is a key factor enabling high photovoltaic efficiency, good stability, and successful up-scaling of high-quality perovskite thin films for commercialization, a reliable and accurate characterization of the thin-film microstructure is paramount. X-ray diffraction (XRD)-based techniques, including conventional laboratory-based XRD and synchrotron-based grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering, are widely used to probe the microstructure of photovoltaic perovskite thin films. Nevertheless, it is common for these XRD experiments to be poorly executed and diffraction data to be improperly interpreted. This review focuses on principles of XRD techniques and their application for the characterization of the perovskite thin-film microstructure. Fundamentals of XRD techniques are presented with a strong emphasis on best practices in data collection and analysis. Approaches for the reliable and accurate extraction of microstructural information from diffraction data are discussed, including the need for simulating diffraction patterns. Applications of XRD techniques in characterizing perovskite thin films are demonstrated for both three-dimensional and layered hybrid perovskites, covering various microstructural aspects including phase identification and quantification, texture analysis, microstrain, and macrostrain as well as in situ and operando characterization. The additional subtleties and complexities associated with the XRD characterization of layered hybrid perovskites due to a more complex thin-film microstructure are discussed. Common mistakes and pitfalls that lead to misinterpretation of diffraction data are also highlighted.

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18

Gollino, Liam, Nicolas Mercier, and Thierry Pauporté. "Exploring Solar Cells Based on Lead- and Iodide-Deficient Halide Perovskite (d-HP) Thin Films." Nanomaterials 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13071245.

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Perovskite solar cells have become more and more attractive and competitive. However, their toxicity induced by the presence of lead and their rather low stability hinders their potential and future commercialization. Reducing lead content while improving stability then appears as a major axis of development. In the last years, we have reported a new family of perovskite presenting PbI+ unit vacancies inside the lattice caused by the insertion of big organic cations that do not respect the Goldschmidt tolerance factor: hydroxyethylammonium HO-(CH2)2-NH3+ (HEA+) and thioethylammonium HS-(CH2)2-NH3+ (TEA+). These perovskites, named d-HPs for lead and halide-deficient perovskites, present a 3D perovskite corner-shared Pb1−xI3−x network that can be assimilated to a lead-iodide-deficient MAPbI3 or FAPbI3 network. Here, we propose the chemical engineering of both systems for solar cell optimization. For d-MAPbI3-HEA, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 11.47% while displaying enhanced stability and reduced lead content of 13% compared to MAPbI3. On the other hand, d-FAPbI3-TEA delivered a PCE of 8.33% with astounding perovskite film stability compared to classic α-FAPI. The presence of TEA+ within the lattice impedes α-FAPI degradation into yellow δ-FAPbI3 by direct degradation into inactive Pb(OH)I, thus dramatically slowing the aging of d-FAPbI3-TEA perovskite.

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19

Lin, Chao, Alexandre C. Foucher, Eric A. Stach, and Raymond J. Gorte. "A Thermodynamic Investigation of Ni on Thin-Film Titanates (ATiO3)." Inorganics 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8120069.

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Thin, ~1-nm films of CaTiO3, SrTiO3, and BaTiO3 were deposited onto MgAl2O4 by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and then studied as catalyst supports for ~5 wt % of Ni that was added to the perovskite thin films by Atomic Layer Deposition. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy demonstrated that both the Ni and the perovskites uniformly covered the surface of the support following oxidation at 1073 K, even after redox cycling, but large Ni particles formed following a reduction at 1073 K. When compared to Ni/MgAl2O4, the perovskite-containing catalysts required significantly higher temperatures for Ni reduction. Equilibrium constants for Ni oxidation, as determined from Coulometric Titration, indicated that the oxidation of Ni shifted to lower PO2 on the perovskite-containing materials. Based on Ni equilibrium constants, Ni interactions are strongest with CaTiO3, followed by SrTiO3 and BaTiO3. The shift in the equilibrium constant was shown to cause reversible deactivation of the Ni/CaTiO3/MgAl2O4 catalyst for CO2 reforming of CH4 at high CO2 pressures, due to the oxidation of the Ni.

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20

Jones, Eurig W., Peter J. Holliman, Arthur Connell, Matthew L. Davies, Jennifer Baker, Robert J. Hobbs, Sanjay Ghosh, Leo Furnell, Rosie Anthony, and Cameron Pleydell-Pearce. "A novel dimethylformamide (DMF) free bar-cast method to deposit organolead perovskite thin films with improved stability." Chemical Communications 52, no. 23 (2016): 4301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09859a.

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We report a solvent-free approach to synthesizing organolead perovskites by using solid state reactions to coat perovskite crystals onto Al₂O₃or TiO₂nanoparticles followed by addition of terpineol affording perovskite inks.

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21

Yuan, Zhenghe, Jianheng Zhou, Yu Zhang, Xue Ma, Jie Wang, Jianchao Dong, Feifei Lu, Dongyuan Han, Bo Kuang, and Ning Wang. "Growing MASnI₃ perovskite single-crystal films by inverse temperature crystallization." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 14 (February 3, 2022): 144009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac4c64.

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Abstract Perovskite single-crystal films are promising candidates for high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices due to their optoelectrical properties. However, there are few reports of single-crystal films of tin based perovskites. Here, for the first time, we realize the controllable growth and preparation of lead-free tin perovskite MASnI3 single crystals via inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) strategy with γ–butyrolactone (GBL) as solvent. The solubility characteristics of MASnI3 in GBL are clarified by quantitative analytical method. Highly repeatability experiments are further demonstrated using this unique solubility and ITC properties. Sequentially, using space limiting method, tin perovskite MASnI3 single-crystal thin films are fabricated with micron-scale thickness, which is highly desired for efficient tin perovskite solar cells. Our MASnI3 single-crystal thin films show typical single-crystalline features including strongly optical absorbance with sharp absorption edges, pure-phase x-ray diffraction patterns, and absence of Sn(IV) x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We believe that our findings will further broaden the application prospects of tin perovskite MASnI3 single crystals and cause a new upsurge in exploring the field of lead-free perovskite single-crystal growth.

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22

Ke, Qi Bin, Jia-Ren Wu, Chia-Chen Lin, and Sheng Hsiung Chang. "Understanding the PEDOT:PSS, PTAA and P3CT-X Hole-Transport-Layer-Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040823.

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The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of metal-oxide-based regular perovskite solar cells have been higher than 25% for more than 2 years. Up to now, the PCEs of polymer-based inverted perovskite solar cells are widely lower than 23%. PEDOT:PSS thin films, modified PTAA thin films and P3CT thin films are widely used as the hole transport layer or hole modification layer of the highlyefficient inverted perovskite solar cells. Compared with regular perovskite solar cells, polymer-based inverted perovskite solar cells can be fabricated under relatively low temperatures. However, the intrinsic characteristics of carrier transportation in the two types of solar cells are different, which limits the photovoltaic performance of inverted perovskite solar cells. Thanks to the low activation energies for the formation of high-quality perovskite crystalline thin films, it is possible to manipulate the optoelectronic properties by controlling the crystal orientation with the different polymer-modified ITO/glass substrates. To achieve the higher PCE, the effects of polymer-modified ITO/glass substrates on the optoelectronic properties and the formation of perovskite crystalline thin films have to be completely understood simultaneously.

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23

Arab Pour Yazdi, Lizarraga, Vernoux, Billard, and BRIOIS. "Catalytic Properties of Double Substituted Lanthanum Cobaltite Nanostructured Coatings Prepared by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040381.

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Lanthanum perovskites are promising candidates to replace platinum group metal (PGM), especially regarding catalytic oxidation reactions. We have prepared thin catalytic coatings of Sr and Ag doped lanthanum perovskite by using the cathodic co-sputtering magnetron method in reactive condition. Such development of catalytic films may optimize the surface/bulk ratio to save raw materials, since a porous coating can combine a large exchange surface with the gas phase with an extremely low loading. The sputtering deposition process was optimized to generate crystallized and thin perovskites films on alumina substrates. We found that high Ag contents has a strong impact on the morphology of the coatings. High Ag loadings favor the growth of covering films with a porous wire-like morphology showing a good catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The most active composition displays similar catalytic performances than those of a Pt film. In addition, this porous coating is also efficient for CO and NO oxidation in a simulated Diesel exhaust gas mixture, demonstrating the promising catalytic properties of such nanostructured thin sputtered perovskite films.

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24

Lin, Po-Yen, Yuan-Chun Chung, and Yeong-Her Wang. "Effects of Different Anti-Solvents and Annealing Temperatures on Perovskite Thin Films." Crystals 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2022): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081074.

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Since perovskite materials are currently mostly used in the active layer of solar cells, how to maximize the conversion efficiency of the active layer is the most urgent problem at present. In this regard, the extremely low voltage loss and tunable energy gap of methyl lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskites make them very suitable for all perovskite solar cell applications, and are also compatible with silicon crystalline systems. Therefore, the future development of MAPbI3 perovskite will be very important. The key point of film formation in MAPbI3 is the addition of anti-solvent, which will affect the overall quality of the film. Whether it can be used as an excellent active layer to improve the application value will be very important. Therefore, the research purpose of this topic “Effects of different anti-solvents and annealing temperatures on perovskites” is to complete the basic research and development of a light-absorbing layer of a solar cell element, in which three different anti-solvents need to be matched with each other as the active light-absorbing layer of a solar cell. Through optimization, using the chemical properties of different anti-solvents and different annealing temperatures, combined with the low-process-cost characteristics of organic materials and many other advantages, we researched the optimized process methods and parameters to improve the absorption efficiency of the active light-absorbing layer.

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25

Li, Xinli, Yongchao Chen, Lihua Li, and Jinliang Huang. "Perovskite Thin Film Consisting with One-Dimensional Nanowires." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091759.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells had attracted extensive attention due to their high-power conversion efficiency and low cost. The morphology and structure of the light absorption layer are crucially important for the device performance. The one-dimensional or two dimensional nano-structure perovskite material exhibits better optical and electrical properties than three-dimensional bulk perovskite. In this article, the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 thin films with one-dimensional nanowires structure were prepared while using the solution method with N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed solvent under atmospheric environment. During the perovskite thin films growth, the DMSO solvent as a structure directing agent played a guiding role in the formation of nanowires. The effects of DMSO solvent added ratio on the perovskite thin film structure, morphology, optical properties, and the device performance were studied. By changing the ratio of DMSO solvent added can effectively adjust the orientation order and optical properties of the nanowires perovskite thin films. The results showed that the best ratio of DMSO solvent added in the mixed solvent was 10%. The high order orientation of the perovskite thin film with nanowires forest was obtained. It showed the high optical absorption and electrical properties. The perovskite absorption layer presents ordered and dispersed nanowires forest; the device power conversation efficiency is increased by 50% when compared with the perovskite layer presents disordered nanowires.

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26

Pantaler, Martina, Christian Fettkenhauer, Hoang L. Nguyen, Irina Anusca, and Doru C. Lupascu. "Deposition routes of Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskites for photovoltaic applications." MRS Advances 3, no. 32 (2018): 1819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.151.

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ABSTRACTThe lead free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 is an upcoming alternative to lead based perovskites as absorber material in perovskite solar cells. So far, the majority of investigations on this interesting material have focused on polycrystalline powders and single crystals. We present vapor and solution based approaches for the preparation of Cs2AgBiBr6 thin films. Sequential vapor deposition processes starting from different precursors are shown and their weaknesses are discussed. Single source evaporation of Cs2AgBiBr6 and sequential deposition of Cs3Bi2Br9 and AgBr result in the formation of the double perovskite phase. Additionally, we show the possibility of the preparation of planar Cs2AgBiBr6 thin films by spin coating.

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27

Sun, Yunlong, Jack Yang, Sean Li, and Danyang Wang. "Defect engineering in perovskite oxide thin films." Chemical Communications 57, no. 68 (2021): 8402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc02276h.

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Jabeen, Nawishta, Anum Zaidi, Ahmad Hussain, Najam Ul Hassan, Jazib Ali, Fahim Ahmed, Muhammad Usman Khan, Nimra Iqbal, Tarek A. Seaf Elnasr, and Mohamed H. Helal. "Single- and Multilayered Perovskite Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 3208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183208.

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Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites materials have emerged as an innovative candidate in the development of optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, due to their appealing electrical and optical properties. Herein, mix halide single-layer (~95 nm) and multilayer (average layer ~87 nm) CH3NH3PbIBr2 thinfilms were grown by a one-step spin coating method. In this study, both films maintained their perovskite structure along with the appearance of a pseudo-cubic phase of (200) at 30.16°. Single-layer and multilayer CH3NH3PbIBr2 thinfilms displayed leaky ferroelectric behavior, and multilayered thinfilm showed a leakage current of ~5.06 × 10−6 A and resistivity of ~1.60 × 106 Ω.cm for the applied electric field of 50 kV/cm. However, optical analysis revealed that the absorption peak of multilayered perovskite is sharper than a single layer in the visible region rather than infrared (IR) and near-infrared region (NIR). The band gap of the thinfilms was measured by Tauc plot, giving the values of 2.07 eV and 1.81 eV for single-layer and multilayer thinfilms, respectively. The structural analysis has also been performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, the fabricated CH3NH3PbIBr2 as an absorber layer for photoelectric cell demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 7.87% and fill factor of 72%. Reported electrical, optical and photoelectric efficiency-based results suggest that engineered samples are suitable candidates for utilization in optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.

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29

Tyunina, M., and J. Levoska. "Thin Films of Perovskite Relaxor Ferroelectrics." Ferroelectrics 298, no. 1 (January 2004): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190490423868.

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30

Winkless, Laurie. "Solution processing of perovskite thin films." Materials Today 28 (September 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.06.023.

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31

Ignatiev, A., N. J. Wu, X. Chen, S. Q. Liu, C. Papagianni, and J. Strozier. "Resistance switching in perovskite thin films." physica status solidi (b) 243, no. 9 (July 2006): 2089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200666805.

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32

Aleksandrova, Mariya, Ivailo Pandiev та Ajaya Kumar Singh. "Implementation of 3ω Method for Studying the Thermal Conductivity of Perovskite Thin Films". Crystals 12, № 10 (20 вересня 2022): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101326.

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In this paper, an approach for precise determination of the thermal conductivity of novel lead-free perovskite thin films by 3ω method, realized with a field programmable analog array circuit, is presented. The objective of the work is to study the relation between the thermal conductivity of the photoelectric perovskites and the thermal stability of the solar cells, in which they are incorporated. It is found that the solar cells’ long-term stability under different exploitation conditions, such as continuous illumination and elevated temperatures, is affected to a different extent, according to the thermal conductivity. The developed setup for implementation of the 3ω method is adapted for thin-film samples and can be applied to all layers involved in the solar cell, thus defining their individual contribution to the overall device thermal degradation. According to the conducted measurements, the coefficients of thermal conductivity for the novel materials are as follows: for the iodine-based perovskite film, it is 0.14 W/mK and for the chlorine-based perovskite film, it is 0.084 W/mK. As a result, the thermal instability and degradation rate at continuous illumination are, respectively, 10.6% and 200 nV/min for the iodine-based perovskite solar cell, and 6.5% and 20 nV/min for the chlorine-based cell. At elevated temperatures up to 54 °C, the corresponding instability values are 15 µV/°C with a degradation rate of an average of 2.2 µV/min for the cell with iodine-containing perovskite and 300 nV/°C with a degradation rate of 66 nV/min for the cell with chlorine-containing perovskite.

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33

Liu, Xiaohong, Caixia Xu, and Hongquan Zhao. "Enhanced Photoluminescence and Random Lasing Emission in TiO2-Decorated FAPbBr3 Thin Films." Nanomaterials 13, no. 11 (May 30, 2023): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13111761.

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Herein, titanium-dioxide-decorated organic formamidinium lead bromide perovskite thin films grown by the one-step spin-coating method are studied. TiO2 nanoparticles are widespread in FAPbBr3 thin films, which changes the optical properties of the perovskite thin films effectively. Obvious reductions in the absorption and enhancements in the intensity of the photoluminescence spectra are observed. Over 6 nm, a blueshift of the photoluminescence emission peaks is observed due to 5.0 mg/mL TiO2 nanoparticle decoration in the thin films, which originates from the variation in the grain sizes of the perovskite thin films. Light intensity redistributions in perovskite thin films are measured by using a home-built confocal microscope, and the multiple scattering and weak localization of light are analyzed based on the scattering center of TiO2 nanoparticle clusters. Furthermore, random lasing emission with sharp emission peaks is achieved in the scattering perovskite thin films with a full width at the half maximum of 2.1 nm. The multiple scattering of light, the random reflection and reabsorption of light, and the coherent interaction of light within the TiO2 nanoparticle clusters play important roles in random lasing. This work could be used to improve the efficiency of photoluminescence and random lasing emissions, and it is promising in high-performance optoelectrical devices.

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34

Kim, Hansol, Hyewon Gu, Minju Song, Choong-Heui Chung, Yong-Jun Oh, Chang Eun Song, and Ki-Ha Hong. "Study on A-Site Compositional Mixing for the Shear Coating Process of FA-Based Lead Halide Perovskites." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.5.321.

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Halide perovskite solar cells have been attracting tremendous attention as next-generation solar cell materials because of their excellent optical and electrical properties. Formamidinium lead tri-iodide (FAPbI3) exhibits the narrowest band gap among lead iodide perovskites and shows excellent thermal and chemical stability, also. However, the large-area coating of FAPbI3 needed for commercialization has not been successful because of the instability of the black phase of FAPbI3 at ambient temperature. This study presents a compositional engineering direction to control the polymorph of the FAPbI3 thin film for the shear coating processes, without halide mixing. By adopting a hot substrate above 100 oC, our shear coating process can produce the black phase FA-based halide perovskites without halide mixing. We carefully investigate the Cs-FA and MA-FA mixed lead iodide perovskites’ phase stability by combining the study with thin-film fabrication and ab initio calculations. Cs-FA mixing shows promising behaviors for stabilizing α-FAPbI3 (black phase) compared with MA-FA. Stable FA-rich perovskite films cannot be achieved via shear coating processes with MA-FA mixing. Ab initio calculations revealed that Cs-FA mixing is excellent for inhibiting phase decomposition and water incorporation. This study is the first report that FA-based halide perovskite thin films can be made with the shear coating process without MA-Br mixing. We reveal the origin of the stable film formation with Cs-FA mixing, and present future research directions for fabricating FA-based perovskite thin films using shear coating.

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35

Silva Filho, José Maria C. da, and Francisco C. Marques. "Growth of Perovskite Nanorods from PbS Quantum Dots." MRS Advances 3, no. 32 (2018): 1843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.188.

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ABSTRACTOrganolead iodide perovskites, CH3NH3PbI3, have attracted the attention of researchers around the world due to their optical and electrical properties. Their main characteristics include, direct band-gap (1.4 to 3.0 eV), large absorption coefficient in the visible spectrum, long carrier diffusion length and ambipolar charge transport. Aside that, perovskite thin films can be produced with low cost and are compatible with large-scale manufacture. Perovskite thin films have been synthesized mainly by spin-coating technique and thermal evaporation, which can be executed in one or two steps. Aiming to increase the light absorption, nanostructured perovskite thin films are also under intense study, since the nanostructures can absorb more light than a flat film. Thus, in this work, we reported the synthesis of perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) nanorods by means of conversion of lead sulphide quantum dots (PbSQD). The perovskite nanorods were grown by exposing the PbSQD to a highly concentrated iodine atmosphere and then dipping the resulting film in methylammonium iodide (CH3NH3I) solution. The first step converts completely the PbSQD into lead iodide (PbI2) nanowires, ≈50 µm long and ≈200 nm diameter, through substitution of sulphur by iodine atoms and subsequent aggregation of the particles. The later step converts the PbI2 nanowires in perovskite nonorods (≈5 µm long and ≈400 nm diameter). The perovskite nanorods present a regular geometry along all its length. A preferential alignment of nanorods to the substrate plane was observed. The preliminary results show that we can control the size of nanorods through exposition time of PbSQD to iodine, which change the size of PbI2 nanowire as well. The conversion process was studied by x-ray diffraction, optical absorption, photoluminescence and scanning electron microscopy.

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36

Wang, Yilin, Hanqing Zhao, Linxing Zhang, Jun Chen, and Xianran Xing. "PbTiO3-based perovskite ferroelectric and multiferroic thin films." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 27 (2017): 17493–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp01347g.

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37

Supianto, Mulya, Suyanta Suyanta, and Indriana Kartini. "An Interplay Role between Ammonium and Halide Anions as Additives in Perovskite CH₃NH₃PbI₃." Materials Science Forum 948 (March 2019): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.948.287.

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Methylammonium lead trihalide perovskites have emerged as attractive materials for solar cell applications. The major eminence of this materials can be crystallized via various solution methods to produce the solid state of thin films. However, the crystallinity of perovskite depends on the composition of perovskites. Here, we study NH4Cl and NH4Br as precursor additives for improving crystallinity of perovskites. Perovskite was synthesized by mixing precursor solutions of CH3NH3I and Pb(Ac)2with or without additives NH4Cl and NH4Br using the one-step spin-coating method. By characterizing the thin films using XRD, SEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, we found anion Cl and Br performed an important role toward crystallinity, morphology, and optical absorption of perovskites, respectively. Meanwhile, ammonium has assisted to facile remove the residual DMSO solvent confirmed by FTIR. These results shed light on using ammonium halides as potentially dual side additives in the synthesis of perovskites.

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38

Ndione, P. F., W. J. Yin, K. Zhu, S. H. Wei, and J. J. Berry. "Monitoring the stability of organometallic perovskite thin films." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 43 (2015): 21940–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta05693d.

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39

Shen, Tianyi, Qiwen Tan, Zhenghong Dai, Nitin P. Padture, and Domenico Pacifici. "Arrays of Plasmonic Nanostructures for Absorption Enhancement in Perovskite Thin Films." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071342.

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We report optical characterization and theoretical simulation of plasmon enhanced methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) thin-film perovskite solar cells. Specifically, various nanohole (NH) and nanodisk (ND) arrays are fabricated on gold/MAPbI 3 interfaces. Significant absorption enhancement is observed experimentally in 75 nm and 110 nm-thick perovskite films. As a result of increased light scattering by plasmonic concentrators, the original Fabry–Pérot thin-film cavity effects are suppressed in specific structures. However, thanks to field enhancement caused by plasmonic resonances and in-plane interference of propagating surface plasmon polaritons, the calculated overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell is expected to increase by up to 45.5%, compared to its flat counterpart. The role of different geometry parameters of the nanostructure arrays is further investigated using three dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, which makes it possible to identify the physical origin of the absorption enhancement as a function of wavelength and design parameters. These findings demonstrate the potential of plasmonic nanostructures in further enhancing the performance of photovoltaic devices based on thin-film perovskites.

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40

Lova, Paola, Paolo Giusto, Francesco Di Stasio, Giovanni Manfredi, Giuseppe M. Paternò, Daniele Cortecchia, Cesare Soci, and Davide Comoretto. "Reshaping Hybrid Perovskites Emission with Flexible Polymer Microcavities." EPJ Web of Conferences 230 (2020): 00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023000006.

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Thanks to versatile optoelectronic properties solution processable perovskites have attracted increasing interest as active materials in photovoltaic and light emitting devices. However, the deposition of perovskite thin films necessitates wide range solvents that are incompatible with many other solution-processable media, including polymers that are usually dissolved by the perovskite solvents. In this work, we demonstrate that hybrid perovskite thin films can be coupled with all polymer planar photonic crystals with different approaches to achieve emission intensity enhancement and reshaping using different approaches. The possibility to control and modify the emission spectrum of a solution processable perovskite via a simple spun-cast polymer structure is indeed of great interest in optoelectronic applications requiring high color purity or emission directionality. Furthermore, thanks to the ease of fabrication and scalability of solution-processed photonic crystals, this approach could enable industrial scale production of low-cost, large area, lightweight and flexible polymer-perovskite lighting devices, which may be tuned without resorting to compositional engineering.

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Zhang, Yiyue, Masoumeh Keshavarz, Elke Debroye, Eduard Fron, Miriam Candelaria Rodríguez González, Denys Naumenko, Heinz Amenitsch, et al. "Two-dimensional perovskites with alternating cations in the interlayer space for stable light-emitting diodes." Nanophotonics 10, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): 2145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0037.

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Abstract Lead halide perovskites have attracted tremendous attention in photovoltaics due to their impressive optoelectronic properties. However, the poor stability of perovskite-based devices remains a bottleneck for further commercial development. Two-dimensional perovskites have great potential in optoelectronic devices, as they are much more stable than their three-dimensional counterparts and rapidly catching up in performance. Herein, we demonstrate high-quality two-dimensional novel perovskite thin films with alternating cations in the interlayer space. This innovative perovskite provides highly stable semiconductor thin films for efficient near-infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Highly efficient LEDs with tunable emission wavelengths from 680 to 770 nm along with excellent operational stability are demonstrated by varying the thickness of the interlayer spacer cation. Furthermore, the best-performing device exhibits an external quantum efficiency of 3.4% at a high current density (J) of 249 mA/cm2 and remains above 2.5% for a J up to 720 mA cm−2, leading to a high radiance of 77.5 W/Sr m2 when driven at 6 V. The same device also shows impressive operational stability, retaining almost 80% of its initial performance after operating at 20 mA/cm2 for 350 min. This work provides fundamental evidence that this novel alternating interlayer cation 2D perovskite can be a promising and stable photonic emitter.

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42

Calisi, Nicola, and Stefano Caporali. "Investigation of Open Air Stability of CsPbBr3 Thin-Film Growth on Different Substrates." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 7775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217775.

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Originally developed out of scientific curiosity, lead halide perovskites are rapidly gaining success due to their broad tenability and ease of fabrication. Despite these advantages and the considerable progress made in the efficiency of perovskite-based devices, the stability of such materials remains a challenge. In this research paper, the role of substrate materials on which thin films of perovskites were deposited was examined, highlighting their critical importance for atmosphere-induced degradation. Indeed, CsPbBr3 thin films sputtered on glass (soda lime and quartz) and indium tin oxide (ITO) resulted more stable, while those deposited on polycrystalline gold-coated glass were much more prone to degradation in a temperature- and moisture-controlled (43% relative humidity (RH)) atmosphere.

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43

Tsai, Chia-Lung, S. N. Manjunatha, Sheng Hsiung Chang, Ming-Jer Jeng, Liann-Be Chang, Chun-Huan Chang, Mukta Sharma, and Chi-Tsu Yuan. "Properties of FAPbI3-Based Alloy Perovskite Thin Films and Their Application in Solar Cells." Processes 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051450.

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Surface morphologies, light harvesting abilities, crystal structures, and excitonic properties of the formamiminium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) based alloy perovskite thin films were investigated by using the scanning electron microscopic images, absorbance spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, photoluminescence (PL) spectra and time-resolved PL decaying curves. Our experimental results show that the fresh CsxFA1−xPbI3, RbxFA1−xPbI3, and FAPb(SCNxI1−x)3 alloy thin films are a pure α-phase perovskite crystal, a α-phase: δ-phase mixed perovskite crystal, and a PbI2 crystal/α-phase: δ-phase mixed perovskite crystal at room temperatures, respectively. Among the three FAPbI3 based alloy perovskite solar cells, the Cs1−xFAxPbI3 solar cells have the better photovoltaic responses. It is noted that the high photocurrent density is mainly due to the formation of cube-like surface morphology and the long carrier lifetime of 368 ns when the Cs1−xFAxPbI3 alloy perovskite thin film is used as the light-absorbing layer. Our findings provide the relation between the properties of the FAPbI3 based alloy perovskite thin films and the photovoltaic responses of the resultant solar cells.

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Barua, Pranta, and Inchan Hwang. "Bulk Perovskite Crystal Properties Determined by Heterogeneous Nucleation and Growth." Materials 16, no. 5 (March 5, 2023): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16052110.

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In metal halide perovskites, charge transport in the bulk of the films is influenced by trapping and release and nonradiative recombination at ionic and crystal defects. Thus, mitigating the formation of defects during the synthesis process of perovskites from precursors is required for better device performance. An in-depth understanding of the nucleation and growth mechanisms of perovskite layers is crucial for the successful solution processing of organic–inorganic perovskite thin films for optoelectronic applications. In particular, heterogeneous nucleation, which occurs at the interface, must be understood in detail, as it has an effect on the bulk properties of perovskites. This review presents a detailed discussion on the controlled nucleation and growth kinetics of interfacial perovskite crystal growth. Heterogeneous nucleation kinetics can be controlled by modifying the perovskite solution and the interfacial properties of perovskites adjacent to the underlaying layer and to the air interface. As factors influencing the nucleation kinetics, the effects of surface energy, interfacial engineering, polymer additives, solution concentration, antisolvents, and temperature are discussed. The importance of the nucleation and crystal growth of single-crystal, nanocrystal, and quasi-two-dimensional perovskites is also discussed with respect to the crystallographic orientation.

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45

Liang, Guangxing, Huabin Lan, Ping Fan, Chunfeng Lan, Zhuanghao Zheng, Huanxin Peng, and Jingting Luo. "Highly Uniform Large-Area (100 cm2) Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 Thin-Films Prepared by Single-Source Thermal Evaporation." Coatings 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080256.

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In this work, we report the reproducible preparation method of highly uniform large-area perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 thin films by scalable single-source thermal evaporation with the area of 100 cm2. The microstructural and optical properties of large-area CH3NH3PbI3 thin films were investigated. The dense, uniform, smooth, high crystallinity of large-area perovskite thin film was obtained. The element ratio of Pb/I was close to the ideal stoichiometric ratio of CH3NH3PbI3 thin film. These films show a favorable bandgap of 1.58 eV, long and balanced carrier-diffusion lengths. The CH3NH3PbI3 thin film perovskite solar cell shows a stable efficiency of 7.73% with almost no hysteresis, indicating a single-source thermal evaporation that is suitable for a large area perovskite solar cell.

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46

Xiang, Yang, Xindi Mo, Xing Li, Keqing Huang, Pei He, Guozhang Dai, and Junliang Yang. "Progress on growth of metal halide perovskites by vapor-phase synthesis and their applications." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 7 (October 26, 2021): 073001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac2e32.

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Abstract Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) show excellent optoelectronic properties and exhibit great potential applications in optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells (SCs), photodetectors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, and so on. Vapor-phase synthesis provides an important way to grow large-scale, high-quality MHP thin films and micro-/nanostructures, exhibiting wide applications in constructing all kinds of optoelectronic devices. In this review, we systematically summarize the growth of perovskite thin film and the nano-/microstructure by vapor-phase synthesis. The detailed classification of vapor-phase synthesis is first introduced, and the effects of the substrates on the growth process are discussed subsequently. Then, the applications of perovskite thin films and micro-/nanostructures grown by vapor-phase synthesis in SCs, photodetectors, LEDs, lasers, and so forth, are discussed in detail. Finally, the conclusions and outlook are presented.

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47

Falsini, Naomi, Alberto Ubaldini, Flavio Cicconi, Antonietta Rizzo, Anna Vinattieri, and Mara Bruzzi. "Halide Perovskites Films for Ionizing Radiation Detection: An Overview of Novel Solid-State Devices." Sensors 23, no. 10 (May 20, 2023): 4930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104930.

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Halide perovskites are a novel class of semiconductors that have attracted great interest in recent decades due to their peculiar properties of interest for optoelectronics. In fact, their use ranges from the field of sensors and light emitters to ionizing radiation detectors. Since 2015, ionizing radiation detectors exploiting perovskite films as active media have been developed. Recently, it has also been demonstrated that such devices can be suitable for medical and diagnostic applications. This review collects most of the recent and innovative publications regarding solid-state devices for the detection of X-rays, neutrons, and protons based on perovskite thin and thick films in order to show that this type of material can be used to design a new generation of devices and sensors. Thin and thick films of halide perovskites are indeed excellent candidates for low-cost and large-area device applications, where the film morphology allows the implementation on flexible devices, which is a cutting-edge topic in the sensor sector.

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48

Yerezhep, Darkhan, Zhansaya Omarova, Abdurakhman Aldiyarov, Ainura Shinbayeva, and Nurlan Tokmoldin. "IR Spectroscopic Degradation Study of Thin Organometal Halide Perovskite Films." Molecules 28, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031288.

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The advantages of IR spectroscopy include relatively fast analysis and sensitivity, which facilitate its wide application in the pharmaceutical, chemical and polymer sectors. Thus, IR spectroscopy provides an excellent opportunity to monitor the degradation and concomitant evolution of the molecular structure within a perovskite layer. As is well-known, one of the main limitations preventing the industrialization of perovskite solar cells is the relatively low resistance to various degradation factors. The aim of this work was to study the degradation of the surface of a perovskite thin film CH3NH3PbI3-xClx caused by atmosphere and light. To study the surface of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx, a scanning electron microscope, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and optical absorption were used. It is shown that the degradation of the functional layer of perovskite proceeds differently depending on the acting factor present in the surrounding atmosphere, whilst the chemical bonds are maintained within the perovskite crystal structure under nitrogen. However, when exposed to an ambient atmosphere, an expansion of the NH3+ band is observed, which is accompanied by a shift in the N–H stretching mode toward higher frequencies; this can be explained by the degradation of the perovskite surface due to hydration. This paper shows that the dissociation of H2O molecules under the influence of sunlight can adversely affect the efficiency and stability of the absorbing layer. This work presents an approach to the study of perovskite structural stability with the aim of developing alternative concepts to the fabrication of stable and sustainable perovskite solar cells.

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Wang, Congcong, Youzhen Li, Xuemei Xu, Benjamin Ecker, Chenggong Wang, and Yongli Gao. "Degradation of Co-Evaporated Perovskite Thin Films." MRS Advances 1, no. 14 (2016): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.61.

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ABSTRACTMethylammonium lead halide perovskites have been developed as highly promising materials to fabricate efficient solar cells in the past few years. We have investigated degradation of co-evaporated CH3NH3PbI3 films in ambient air, oxygen and water respectively using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), small angle x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CH3NH3PbI3 film has an excellent atomic ratio and crystallinity. XPS results indicate that the film is not sensitive to oxygen and dry air, while ambient and water exposures achieve similar effects. XRD further indicates a structural conversion to PbI2 and a drastic morphology change from smooth to rough is revealed by AFM and SEM. The experiment indicated that H2O plays a dominated role in the degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 films. The degradation can be characterized by almost complete removal of N, substantial reduction of I, residual of PbI2, C, O, and I compounds on the surface.

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Zahri, Zulfa, Mohd Marzaini Mohd Rashid, and Mohd Zamir Pakhuruddin. "Ray Tracing of Perovskite Thin Films for Solar Windows." Key Engineering Materials 946 (May 25, 2023): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-jz1r14.

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In this work, OPAL 2 is used to perform ray tracing simulation on perovskite thin films based on methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3) and methylammonium lead tribromide (CH3NH3PbBr3) for solar windows. The thicknesses of both perovskite materials are varied between 100 nm and 500 nm. The ray tracing is carried out within 300-1000 nm wavelength region with AM1.5G solar spectrum as the illumination source. Perovskite solar cells based on CH3NH3PbI3 demonstrate absorption edge up to wavelength of 800 nm. The short-circuit current density (Jsc) improves from 11.71 mA/cm2 to 21.07 mA/cm2 due to the increased perovskite thickness from 100 nm to 500 nm. On the contrary, the average visible transmission (AVT) drops from 45% to 13%. For perovskite solar cells based on CH3NH3PbBr3, the absorption edge is shifted to wavelength of 550 nm due to the increased band gap. The Jsc increases from 3.49 mA/cm2 to 7.25 mA/cm2 when the thickness is increased from 100 nm to 500 nm. However, the AVT drops from 74% to 59%. The findings from this work show that a trade-off is required when maximizing the Jsc of the solar cells while maintaining reasonable transparencies through the solar windows.

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