Статті в журналах: "Periodontium Infections"

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Bukhari, Csilla, Luminița Lazăr, Adriana Maria Monea, Alexandru Vlasa, Imola Zsuzsa Buka, Raluca Sabău, Mónika Kovács, Liana Bereșescu, Blanka Petcu, and Enikő Pál. "Effects of Viral and Bacterial Infections on Marginal Periodontium." Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jim-2017-0048.

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Abstract Background: There are several risk factors, general and local, which favor the onset of periodontal destruction, and their knowledge is essential to their correct identification and for the adoption of a suitable therapeutic management. The aim of the study was to assess periodontal health status of patients suffering from viral and bacterial infections and to determine the eventual relationship between periodontal diseases and infectious diseases. Material and methods: Twenty-five patients with a mean age of 25 years (range 23–27 years) admitted to the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of Tîrgu Mureș between December 1, 2013 – May 31, 2014 and diagnosed with bacterial and viral infections were included in the study (17 women, 8 men). Eight were infected with bacteria, and 17 with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients were examined in the clinic using Williams periodontal probe, dental mirror, and lip retractor, and different periodontal parameters were recorded: the Silness Löe plaque index, papilla bleeding index, Community Periodontal Index in Treatment Needs (CPITN), periodontal pocket depth, gingival retraction. Results: Values were significantly higher in patients infected with HIV in the following cases: among women in the Full Mouth Plaque Score (FMPS, p = 0.0312), among men in the depth of periodontal pockets (p = 0.0126), among men in the FMPS (p = 0.0282). Conclusions: The FMPS showed a high value both in women and men infected with HIV. More and deeper pockets were found in men infected with HIV. The gingival retraction and the papillary bleeding index calculated for the entire oral cavity were not influenced by the type of infection. A periodic inspection and maintenance of oral hygiene instructions could play a significant role in preventing periodontal disease in these vulnerable groups.

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Teng, Y. T. A. "Protective and Destructive Immunity in the Periodontium: Part 1—Innate and Humoral Immunity and the Periodontium." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 3 (March 2006): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500301.

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Based on the results of recent research in the field, the present paper will discuss the protective and destructive aspects of the innate vs. adaptive (humoral and cell-mediated) immunity associated with the bacterial virulent factors or antigenic determinants during periodontal pathogenesis. Attention will be focused on: (i) the Toll-like receptors (TLR), the innate immune repertoire for recognizing the unique molecular patterns of microbial components that trigger innate and adaptive immunity for effective host defenses, in some general non-oral vs. periodontal microbial infections; (ii) T-cell-mediated immunity, Th-cytokines, and osteoclastogenesis in periodontal disease progression; and (iii) some molecular techniques developed and used to identify critical microbial virulence factors or antigens associated with host immunity (using Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis as the model species). Therefore, further understanding of the molecular interactions and mechanisms associated with the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses will facilitate the development of new and innovative therapeutics for future periodontal treatments. Abbreviations used in the paper are as follows: A. actinomycetemcomitans ( Aa), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Ab, antibody; DC, dendritic cells; mAb, monoclonal antibody; pAb, polyclonal antibody; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; P. gingivalis ( Pg), Porphyromonas gingivalis; and TLR, Toll-like receptors.

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Lačević, Amela, Edina Vranić, and Irfan Zulić. "Etiological findings in endodontic-periodontal infections." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 20, 2004): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3464.

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The endodontium and periodontium are closely related and disease of one may lead to secondary disease in the other. The differential diagnosis of endodontic and periodontal disease is of vital importance, so that the appropriate treatment can be done. Microorganisms play a primary role in endodontic and periodontal infections. The magnitude of the host response will be directly proportional to the virulence and the number of microbial cells present. Tissue damage caused by bacteria is mediated by either direct or indirect mechanisms. Direct harmful effects caused by bacteria involve their products, such as enzymes (collagenase, hyaluronidase, condroitinase, acid phosphatase), exotoxins and metabolites (bytrate, propionate, ammonium polyamines, sulphured compounds). In addition, bacterial components such as peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, fimbriae, outer membrane proteins, capsule, and lypopolysaccharide, stimulate the development of host immune reaction capable of causing severe tissue destruction.

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MARTY, MATHIEU, MATHIEU LEMAITRE, PHILIPPE KÉMOUN, JEAN-JACQUES MORRIER, and PAUL MONSARRAT. "Trichomonas tenax and periodontal diseases: a concise review." Parasitology 144, no. 11 (June 6, 2017): 1417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000701.

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SUMMARYPeriodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis), result from a disruption of the host–oral microbiome homoeostasis. Whereas the pathological role of some specific bacterial strains during periodontal diseases is well documented, the impact of parasites in periodontium pathophysiology is still under debate. This review aims to collect data about the prevalence and the potential role of Trichomonas tenax during periodontal diseases. Data from 47 studies revealed that T. tenax prevalence in diseased periodontium ranged from 0 to 94·1%. The prevalence of oral protozoan infections was found to be largely greater in patients with periodontal diseases than with healthy periodontium. The parasite detection was mainly performed by direct microscopy. Trichomonas tenax presence was clearly correlated with periodontal disease. The high heterogeneity of its periodontal prevalence may be correlated with the diversity of the population screened (age, sex, systemic diseases), and the methods used for diagnosis. This protozoan seems to have the capacity to be involved in the inflammatory process of gum disease. Animal experimentation, using relevant physiopathological models of periodontitis, needs to be performed to investigate the ability of T. tenax to cause and/or worsen the disease. Further investigations using standardized experimental designs of epidemiologic studies are also needed.

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Li, Xiaojing, Kristin M. Kolltveit, Leif Tronstad, and Ingar Olsen. "Systemic Diseases Caused by Oral Infection." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.4.547.

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SUMMARY Recently, it has been recognized that oral infection, especially periodontitis, may affect the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current status of oral infections, especially periodontitis, as a causal factor for systemic diseases. Three mechanisms or pathways linking oral infections to secondary systemic effects have been proposed: (i) metastatic spread of infection from the oral cavity as a result of transient bacteremia, (ii) metastatic injury from the effects of circulating oral microbial toxins, and (iii) metastatic inflammation caused by immunological injury induced by oral microorganisms. Periodontitis as a major oral infection may affect the host's susceptibility to systemic disease in three ways: by shared risk factors; subgingival biofilms acting as reservoirs of gram-negative bacteria; and the periodontium acting as a reservoir of inflammatory mediators. Proposed evidence and mechanisms of the above odontogenic systemic diseases are given.

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Ji, S., and Y. Choi. "Microbial and Host Factors That Affect Bacterial Invasion of the Gingiva." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520922134.

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Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of the periodontium caused by the loss of homeostasis between subgingival biofilms and susceptible hosts. Bacterial invasion into the gingival tissue and persistent infection are major events that lead to chronic inflammation. The intratissue bacterial communities are as complex as the subgingival biofilms and can also form biofilm-like structures, which will serve as a reservoir for local and systemic infections. The epithelium forms physical, chemical, and immunological barriers against invading microbes. Nevertheless, many bacterial species can invade the gingival epithelium through transcellular and paracellular pathways. In addition, both genetic and environmental factors of the hosts can affect epithelial barrier functions and thus bacterial invasion of the gingiva. In this review, current evidence for the bacterial invasion of the gingival tissue in periodontitis has been summarized, and the microbial and host factors that determine bacterial invasion of the gingiva have been reviewed.

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Gheorghe, Dorin Nicolae, Liliana Foia, Vasilica Toma, Amelia Surdu, Elena Herascu, Dora Maria Popescu, Petra Surlin, Cristin Constantin Vere, and Ion Rogoveanu. "Hepatitis C Infection and Periodontal Disease: Is there a Common Immunological Link?" Journal of Immunology Research 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8720101.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections could have an important impact on the oral health status of patients, favoring conditions such as periodontal disease and oral cancer. The review of the existing scientific literature written in English was performed, searching for oral and periodontal manifestations of HCV infection and its impact on the oral fluids. HCV infection can determine direct extrahepatic manifestations at the oral and periodontal level including oral lichen planus, Sjögren-like sialadenitis, and oral cancer. The changes caused by the infection in the subjects’ immune system, diet, and lifestyle can facilitate the development of oral conditions such as periodontal disease. Important changes also occur in the composition of the infected patients’ saliva and gingival fluid. HCV-infected patients need to be carefully monitored in terms of oral health since the infection with the virus can result in oral complications. The cellular and molecular particularities of the gingival fluid of HCV-infected patients can answer some questions regarding its impact upon periodontium impairment and whether this refers to a possible bidirectional relationship, with hepatic biomarker adjustments being induced by the periodontal patients’ inflammatory status.

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Anand, Pradeep S., and K. Nandakumar. "Management of Periodontitis Associated with Endodontically Involved Teeth: A Case Series." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 6, no. 2 (2005): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-6-2-118.

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Abstract The pulp and the periodontal attachment are the two components that enable a tooth to function in the oral cavity. Lesions of the periodontal ligament and adjacent alveolar bone may originate from infections of the periodontium or tissues of the dental pulp. The simultaneous existence of pulpal problems and inflammatory periodontal disease can complicate diagnosis and treatment planning. The function of the tooth is severely compromised when either one of these is involved in the disease process. Treatment of disease conditions involving both of these structures can be challenging and frequently requires combining both endodontic and periodontal treatment procedures. This article presents cases of periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions managed by both endodontic and periodontal therapy. Citation Anand PS, Nandakumar K. Management of Periodontitis Associated with Endodontically Involved Teeth: A Case Series. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 May;(6)2:118-129.

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Nahid, Md A., Mercedes Rivera, Alexandra Lucas, Edward K. L. Chan, and L. Kesavalu. "Polymicrobial Infection with Periodontal Pathogens Specifically Enhances MicroRNA miR-146a in ApoE−/−Mice during Experimental Periodontal Disease." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 4 (January 24, 2011): 1597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01062-10.

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ABSTRACTPorphyromonas gingivalis,Treponema denticola, andTannerella forsythiaare periodontal pathogens associated with the etiology of adult periodontitis as polymicrobial infections. Recent studies demonstrated that oral infection withP. gingivalisinduces both periodontal disease and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic and proatherogenic ApoE−/−mice. In this study, we explored the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in maxillas (periodontium) and spleens isolated from ApoE−/−mice infected withP. gingivalis,T. denticola, andT. forsythiaas a polymicrobial infection. miRNA expression levels, including miRNA miR-146a, and associated mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured in the maxillas and spleens from mice infected with periodontal pathogens and compared to those in the maxillas and spleens from sham-infected controls. Furthermore, in response to these periodontal pathogens (as mono- and polymicrobial heat-killed and live bacteria), human THP-1 monocytes demonstrated similar miRNA expression patterns, including that of miR-146a,in vitro. Strikingly, miR-146a had a negative correlation with TNF-α secretionin vitro, reducing levels of the adaptor kinases IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Thus, our studies revealed a persistent association of miR-146a expression with these periodontal pathogens, suggesting that miR-146a may directly or indirectly modulate or alter the chronic periodontal pathology induced by these microorganisms.

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Ruby, John, Kunal Rehani, and Michael Martin. "Treponema denticola Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Pathways through Toll-Like Receptor 2." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 12 (October 8, 2007): 5763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01117-07.

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ABSTRACT Treponema denticola, a spirochete indigenous to the oral cavity, is associated with host inflammatory responses to anaerobic polymicrobial infections of the root canal, periodontium, and alveolar bone. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible for the recognition of T. denticola by the innate immune system and the underlying cell signaling pathways that regulate the inflammatory response to T. denticola are currently unresolved. In this study, we demonstrate that T. denticola induces innate immune responses via the utilization of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) but not TLR4. Assessment of TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 heterodimers revealed that T. denticola predominantly utilizes TLR2/6 for the induction of cellular responses. Analysis of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in T. denticola-stimulated monocytes identified a prolonged up-regulation of the MAPK extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38, while no discernible increase in phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) levels was observed. With the aid of pharmacological inhibitors selectively targeting ERK1/2 via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 kinase and p38, we further demonstrate that ERK1/2 and p38 play a major role in T. denticola-mediated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production.

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Zhang, Ke, Bashayer Baras, Christopher Lynch, Michael Weir, Mary Melo, Yuncong Li, Mark Reynolds, et al. "Developing a New Generation of Therapeutic Dental Polymers to Inhibit Oral Biofilms and Protect Teeth." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2018): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091747.

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Polymeric tooth-colored restorations are increasingly popular in dentistry. However, restoration failures remain a major challenge, and more than 50% of all operative work was devoted to removing and replacing the failed restorations. This is a heavy burden, with the expense for restoring dental cavities in the U.S. exceeding $46 billion annually. In addition, the need is increasing dramatically as the population ages with increasing tooth retention in seniors. Traditional materials for cavity restorations are usually bioinert and replace the decayed tooth volumes. This article reviews cutting-edge research on the synthesis and evaluation of a new generation of bioactive dental polymers that not only restore the decayed tooth structures, but also have therapeutic functions. These materials include polymeric composites and bonding agents for tooth cavity restorations that inhibit saliva-based microcosm biofilms, bioactive resins for tooth root caries treatments, polymers that can suppress periodontal pathogens, and root canal sealers that can kill endodontic biofilms. These novel compositions substantially inhibit biofilm growth, greatly reduce acid production and polysaccharide synthesis of biofilms, and reduce biofilm colony-forming units by three to four orders of magnitude. This new class of bioactive and therapeutic polymeric materials is promising to inhibit tooth decay, suppress recurrent caries, control oral biofilms and acid production, protect the periodontium, and heal endodontic infections.

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Kozak, Aleksandra. "Burials of Sugoklea Barrow. Palaeopathological Aspect of the Study." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (October 2020): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.4.17.

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Introduction. The aim of the study is to identify the causes of differences in the diseases profile, as well as sex and age indicators of different groups of people of the Yamnaja and Babino cultures buried in Sugoklea barrow on the border of the steppe and forest-steppe areals of the Nothern Pontic region. Methods. The basic classical methods for determining the individual sex, age and body height are used in the study. In the paleopathological part the frequency of dental, metabolic and infectious diseases was evaluated. Analysis. The people of the Yamnaja culture buried in Sugoklea barrow represent a “randomly formed” group. The average age of death in men of the Yamnaja group is 45.7. In adults of the early group penetrating head injuries, traces of routine infections, and oncological diseases are determined; in children, the consequences of infections and deficient diseases caused by dietary restrictions during roaming are found. In the late group, several people show the symptoms of a latent form of tuberculous meningitis. The significant loads on the teeth (wear and tear, enamel injuries), especially after 30–40 years, the absence of caries, total calculus indicate the diet consisting of hard, unrefined, mainly protein foods. The pressure of environmental factors on the population of the Babino culture group was expressed in the high frequency of the prenatal stress markers. The number of individuals with episodic stress markers is small. Most men and women died between the age of 25 and 40 (possibly due to the negative influence of environmental factors). The complex of teeth and periodontium pathologies indicates a fibrous, proteinrich, mainly meat diet, as well as significant loads on the dental system caused by using dried fish and meat, shellfish, nuts for food. Both men and women had a high percentage of exostoses of the external ear canal along with a high incidence of middle ear diseases. This phenomenon suggests a certain dependence of the group on water resources. Results. Both groups of the Yamnaja culture are parts of the migrating nomadic population engaged in grazing or exchange. The combination of pathological signs and occupational markers allows us to consider the group of the Babino culture as cattle-breeding populations and confirm the migration theory of the origin of the syncretic funeral rite in this region.

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Arunachalam, Muthukumaraswamy, Shaju J. Pulikkotil, and Nath Sonia. "Platelet Rich Fibrin in Periodontal Regeneration." Open Dentistry Journal 10, no. 1 (May 11, 2016): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010174.

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Periodontitis is a chronic bacterial infection resulting in destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. Regeneration of the lost tissues has faced difficulties primarily due to the lack of support during the intricate healing processes. A surgical additive which can ‘jump start’ the healing process to a more predictable regenerative process is always on the wish list of any periodontist. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second generation platelet concentrate that has been considered to be an important, easy to obtain, predictable surgical additive for periodontal regeneration. This autologous scaffold provides the much needed bio-chemical mediators which has the potential for enhancing reconstruction of the periodontium. This review article tries to understand as to why PRF would be an important link to reach predictable periodontal regeneration.

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Wróblewska, Magdalena, Emilia Szymańska, Marta Szekalska, and Katarzyna Winnicka. "Different Types of Gel Carriers as Metronidazole Delivery Systems to the Oral Mucosa." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030680.

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Periodontal diseases are some of the most widespread oral afflictions, and they are labeled as chronic infections caused by the accumulation of bacteria in dental plaque that produces localized inflammation of the periodontium. The use of local drug delivery systems to treat periodontal diseases has received greater attention, because the active substance is targeted directly to the affected area, which minimizes its systemic side effects. Therefore, the purpose of the investigation was to develop and characterize different types of gel formulations—bigel, hydrogel and oleogel—as local delivery systems containing metronidazole (MET), which can be applied to the oral mucosa. The influence of the formulation type on the mechanical, rheological and mucoadhesive properties were examined. Moreover, in vitro release of metronidazole, its ex vivo permeation through buccal porcine mucosa and antimicrobial activity measured by the plate diffusion method were estimated. It was found that the gel formulations obtained were non-Newtonian systems, showing a shear-thinning behavior and thixotropic properties with good textural features such as firmness, compressibility and adhesiveness. Moreover, the preparations designed possessed beneficial mucoadhesive properties. The formulated hydrogels and bigels containing micronized MET were considered as better formulations in terms of drug release and antimicrobial activity compared to commercially available metronidazole ointment. An ex vivo permeation study with the use of porcine buccal mucosa demonstrated that the bigel formulation was characterized by higher initial permeability rate providing a fast therapeutic effect with simultaneous moderate retention in mucosal tissue to decrease the risk of local cytotoxicity.

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Agarwal, Sudha, Charu S. Chandra, Nicholas P. Piesco, Herman H. Langkamp, Lathe Bowen та Coskun Baran. "Regulation of Periodontal Ligament Cell Functions by Interleukin-1β". Infection and Immunity 66, № 3 (1 березня 1998): 932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.3.932-937.1998.

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ABSTRACT Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells maintain the attachment of the tooth to alveolar bone. These cells reside at a site in which they are challenged frequently by bacterial products and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), during infections. In our initial studies we observed that IL-1β down-regulates the osteoblast-like characteristics of PDL cells in vitro. Therefore, we examined the functional significance of the loss of the PDL cell’s osteoblast-like characteristics during inflammation. In this report we show that, during inflammation, IL-1β can modulate the phenotypic characteristics of PDL cells to a more functionally significant lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive phenotype. In a healthy periodontium PDL cells exhibit an osteoblast-like phenotype and are unresponsive to gram-negative bacterial LPS. Treatment of PDL cells with IL-1β inhibits the expression of their osteoblast-like characteristics, as assessed by the failure to express transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and proteins associated with mineralization, such as alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. As a consequence of this IL-1β-induced phenotypic change, PDL cells become responsive to LPS and synthesize proinflammatory cytokines. The IL-1β-induced phenotypic changes in PDL cells were transient, as removal of IL-1β from PDL cell cultures resulted in reacquisition of their osteoblast-like characteristics and lack of LPS responsiveness. The IL-1β-induced phenotypic changes occurred at concentrations that are frequently observed in tissue exudates during periodontal inflammation (0.05 to 5 ng/ml). The results suggest that, during inflammation in vivo, IL-1β may modulate PDL cell functions, allowing PDL cells to participate directly in the disease process by assuming LPS responsiveness at the expense of their normal structural properties and functions.

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Balta, Mihaela Daniela, Liviu Nicolae Ghilencea, Cristi Gabriel Bejan, and Matei Dumitru. "Management of rheumatoid arthritis in primary care(I)." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2016.3.3.

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The Family Doctor’s role in diagnosis and monitoring of patients having rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not very well established in Romania. RA, a chronic, inflammatory disease, with a progressive evolution, systemic symptoms and severe disfunctions, leads to affections of the quality of life, early retiring and the decrease of life hope with 5 to 10 years. Establishing PRE-RA (Personalized Risk Estimator for Rheumatoid Arthritis)for first degree relatives of the RA affected patients, according to age, gender, family history and risk behavior, allows the preventing of the delay of the disease occurring. Some preventing measures are the following: giving up smoking, Mediterranean diet, weigh control, statins therapy in order to decrease the cardiovascular risk, the oral hygiene. RA begin with a prolonged asymptomatic period, characterized by the presence of asymptomatic small airway disease, certain infections and inflammatory disease (gut, periodontium, genitourinary tract) or dysbiosis. We can find increased circulating disease specific autoantibodies or increased in levels of cytokines and chemokines. A good knowledge of the first symptoms is very important for the family doctor and could help to recommend to the rheumatologist to start the treatment immediately after the disease occurring. The family doctor could have a very important role together with the rheumatologist and the hole team in the surveying of the disease evolution, and also of the associated comorbidities, complications and possible opposite reactions to the treatment. The family doctor is also involved in the patients’ and their families’ counselling, as the best communicates with the patients and his presence in the multidisciplinary teams increases the adherence, compliance and persistence to the therapy.

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Nawrot-Hadzik, Izabela, Adam Matkowski, Jakub Hadzik, Barbara Dobrowolska-Czopor, Cyprian Olchowy, Marzena Dominiak, and Paweł Kubasiewicz-Ross. "Proanthocyanidins and Flavan-3-Ols in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis—Antibacterial Effects." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010165.

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Flavan-3-ols and their oligomeric forms called proanthocyanidins are polyphenolic compounds occurring in several foodstuffs and in many medicinal herbs. Their consumption is associated with numerous health benefits. They exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, as well as antimicrobial activity. The latter property is important in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Periodontitis is a multifactorial polymicrobial infection characterized by a destructive inflammatory process affecting the periodontium. Using non-toxic and efficient natural products such as flavanol derivatives can significantly contribute to alleviating periodontitis symptoms and preventing the disease’s progress. Therefore, a comprehensive systematic review of proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis was performed. The present paper reviews the direct antibacterial effects of these compounds against periodontic pathogens. The immunomodulatory effects, including animal and clinical studies, are included in a separate, parallel article. There is significant evidence supporting the importance of the antibacterial action exerted by proanthocyanidins from edible fruits, tea, and medicinal herbs in the inhibition of periodontitis-causing pathogens.

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Nawrot-Hadzik, Izabela, Adam Matkowski, Jakub Hadzik, Barbara Dobrowolska-Czopor, Cyprian Olchowy, Marzena Dominiak, and Paweł Kubasiewicz-Ross. "Proanthocyanidins and Flavan-3-Ols in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis—Antibacterial Effects." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010165.

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Flavan-3-ols and their oligomeric forms called proanthocyanidins are polyphenolic compounds occurring in several foodstuffs and in many medicinal herbs. Their consumption is associated with numerous health benefits. They exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, as well as antimicrobial activity. The latter property is important in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Periodontitis is a multifactorial polymicrobial infection characterized by a destructive inflammatory process affecting the periodontium. Using non-toxic and efficient natural products such as flavanol derivatives can significantly contribute to alleviating periodontitis symptoms and preventing the disease’s progress. Therefore, a comprehensive systematic review of proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis was performed. The present paper reviews the direct antibacterial effects of these compounds against periodontic pathogens. The immunomodulatory effects, including animal and clinical studies, are included in a separate, parallel article. There is significant evidence supporting the importance of the antibacterial action exerted by proanthocyanidins from edible fruits, tea, and medicinal herbs in the inhibition of periodontitis-causing pathogens.

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Jain, Aditi, Devaraj G., Harinder Kuckreja, and KBS Kuckreja. "Blood Groups: A Probable Link to Periodontal Diseases." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 05, no. 01 (April 2017): 047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1672080.

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AbstractThe presence or absence of blood group antigens has been associated with various diseases, with antigens also acting as receptors for infectious agents. There is paucity of literature available in assessing the relative liability of blood group phenotypes to periodontal diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the association of the ABO blood group and Rhesus factor with periodontal disease to assess whether they can behave as predictors of periodontal diseases. The data was collected from randomly selected 100 individuals who were referred to the Department of Periodontics & Implantology, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur for periodontal ailment management or for other reasons related to dental health. The subjects were categorized into three groups according to Russel's Periodontal index: healthy periodontium, gingivitis & periodontitis. Blood samples were collected to identify the ABO blood group and Rh factor by the slide method. The effect of blood subgroups on periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis was investigated separately. Results & Conclusion: More number of healthy subjects in blood group A. Gingivitis and periodontitis were found more in blood group O and blood group AB, respectively. Rh positive subjects had higher distribution in all study groups.

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Labbe, M., E. Sauvetere, M. Pourtois, and E. Yourassowsky. "Centipeda periodontii." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 20 (December 1990): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80087-3.

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Khatri, Ayush, Manish Khatri, Mansi Bansal, Komal Puri, and Mohd Rehan. "Diabetes mellitus a risk to periodontium." IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2021.019.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with varying degrees of systemic and oral complications. The periodontium is also a target for diabetic damage. In recent years, a link between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus has been postulated. The oral cavity serves as a continuous source of infectious agents that could further worsen the diabetic status of the patient and serve as an important risk factor deterioration of diabetes mellitus. The present review highlights the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis. The potential mechanisms involved in the deterioration of diabetic status and periodontal disease are also discussed.

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Raivisto, T., A. M. Heikkinen, A. Silbereisen, L. Kovanen, H. Ruokonen, T. Tervahartiala, J. Haukka, T. Sorsa, and N. Bostanci. "Regulation of Salivary Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 in Adolescents." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 5, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084419894287.

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Introduction: Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), a member of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, is known to be involved in the proinflammatory response toward bacterial infections. Recently, PGLYRP1 was identified as a ligand for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1). Although PGLYRP1 is involved in immune and inflammatory responses, its levels in initial stages of periodontal disease in adolescents are currently unknown. Objectives: We aimed to investigate salivary levels of PGLYRP1 and its correlation with TREM-1, polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase (PMN elastase), and an active matrix metalloproteinase 8 (aMMP-8) in adolescents. Methods: Whole saliva samples (n = 537) were collected from 15- to 16-y-old adolescents at Kotka Health Center, Finland, prior to periodontal examination, including measurement of periodontal pocket depth (PPD), visible plaque index (VPI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Adolescents, clustered as periodontally healthy, gingivitis, or subclinical periodontitis, were tested for salivary levels of TREM-1, PGLYRP1, and PMN elastase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and aMMP-8 by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA). Results: Salivary levels of PGLYRP1 and aMMP-8 were significantly higher in adolescents with subclinical periodontitis and gingivitis compared to individuals with healthy periodontium. TREM-1 and PMN elastase levels were higher in adolescents with subclinical periodontitis compared to healthy individuals but did not reach significance. PGLYRP1 correlated positively with BOP, PPD, VPI, aMMP-8, and TREM-1. Conclusions: Elevated PGLYRP1 levels in adolescents with gingivitis and subclinical periodontitis and its positive correlation with TREM-1 and aMMP-8 may indicate an association of PGLYRP1 with initial stages of periodontal disease. Sex and poor oral hygiene but not smoking are also associated with higher levels of PGLYRP1. However, PGLYRP1 has a lower discriminating capacity and is therefore a less reliable marker alone in the diagnosis of initial stages of periodontal disease in adolescents. Knowledge Transfer Statement: PGLYRP1, a member of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, is a ligand for TREM-1. Elevated PGLYRP1 levels in adolescents with gingivitis and subclinical periodontitis and its positive correlation with TREM-1 and aMMP-8 may indicate an association of PGLYRP1 with initial stages of periodontal disease. However, it has a lower discriminating capacity and is therefore a less reliable marker alone in the diagnosis of periodontal disease in adolescents.

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Hegde, Nidharsh D., and Deepali Shrivastava. "Application of Hounsfield Unit to evaluate Prognosis of a Rehabilitated Tooth with Grade Three Mobility." World Journal of Dentistry 3, no. 1 (2012): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1138.

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ABSTRACT The relationship between pulpal and periodontal disease was first described by Simring and Goldberg in 1964. Pathological agents pass between the pulp and periodontium, thereby creating the endoperio lesion. Lateral canals play an important role in the spread of infection from pulp to periodontium. This article reports a case of a 38-year-old patient with a combined endoperio lesion. Bone density is a key factor in predicting bone healing. Application of Hounsfield unit to determine the healing pattern of bone. How to cite this article Hegde MN, Hegde ND, Shrivastava D. Application of Hounsfield Unit to evaluate Prognosis of a Rehabilitated Tooth with Grade Three Mobility. World J Dent 2012;3(1):109-111.

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24

Gheorghiu, Irina-Maria, Paula Perlea, Alexandru A. Iliescu, and Loredana Mitran. "The modern approach to the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis - review of literature." ORL.ro 2, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/orl.31.2.2016.136.

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This paper reviews the literature on the current concept of the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis. This is an important issue because without adequate endodontic treatment, the infection of the root canal and periradicular tissue may result in loss of supporting apical periodontium and increases the possibility of tooth extraction.

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Gharbia, Saheer E., Markus Haapasalo, Haroun N. Shah, Anja Kotiranta, Kari Lounatmaa, Michelle A. Pearce, and Deirdre A. Devine. "Characterization ofPrevotella intermediaandPrevotella nigrescensIsolates From Periodontic and Endodontic Infections." Journal of Periodontology 65, no. 1 (January 1994): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1994.65.1.56.

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26

Khuller, Nitin, P. Basavaraj, and KT Chandrasheker. "Periodontic-Endodontic Interrelationship – A Review." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 4, Spl (2010): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-4-spl-4.

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ABSTRACT Pulpal and periodontal problems are responsible for more than 50% of tooth mortality today. There is general agreement today that the vast majority of pulpal and periodontal lesions are a result of bacterial infection. Under which conditions and especially in which direction spread of the disease occurs in the pulpo-periodontal continuum remains a matter of controversy. Diagnosis is complicated by the fact that these diseases are too frequently viewed as independent entities when recognition of their interrelationship is critical to successful resolution & treatment of these lesions often requires combined periodontic & endodontic therapy

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Meiller, Timothy F., Mark A. Scheper, Dianna Weikel, Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk, and Ashraf Z. Badros. "Preexisting Oral Disease as a Risk Factor in Oral Complications during PBSCT in Multiple Myeloma Patients." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 5125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.5125.5125.

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Abstract Oral complications have the potential to significantly increase patient morbidity when they occur during myelosuppressive chemotherapy. In a present cohort of multiple myeloma patients, 276 patients were evaluated for oral disease status prior to peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) in order to validate the hypothesis that preexisting oral disease is predictive of complication outcomes. The incidence and frequency of periodontal diseases in this study population was 34% mild, 36% moderate and 30% severe/advanced, using the highest clinical classification present in at least 2 sextants of natural teeth. These assessments are part of the standard of care at the Greenebaum Cancer Center, and include panoramic radiography, selected periapical imaging and soft tissue assessment; with calculation of disease severity by dental sextant. Oral risks and complications that are regularly followed include the use of oral bisphosphonates and occurrence of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), incidence of mucositis and the incidence of viral and fungal infections during periods of myelosuppression. The results of this preliminary study indicate that patients with moderate to severe periodontal disease suffer complications at approximately a 2:1 ratio over those patients without preexisting periodontal/oral diseases. Specifically, oral mucositis occurred in 60% of those with preexisting periodontal diseases and 34% of the patients without disease. Relative to bisphosphonate induced ONJ, 66% of our 35 active ONJ patients had moderate to severe periodontal diseases prior to their development of ONJ. Analysis of fungal and viral infections was equivocal between the groups with and without disease. Since oral diseases are known to lead to elevations in local and plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF alpha, and IL17a among others, we have undertaken a preliminary assessment to relate oral disease to cytokine levels. To assess any potential relationship, analysis was performed on stored samples of plasma from selected patients in the cohort. Patients were identified by the characteristics of oral complications and then grouped into those with ONJ, those with preexisting moderate to advanced periodontal disease, and those with mild periodontal disease. Plasma from six patients was evaluated in an effort to demonstrate proof of principle that inflammatory cytokines vary based on these characteristics. Included in this analysis were 5 patients with multiple myeloma and one normal control. The normal control has a healthy periodontium and no evidence of chronic oral disease. Of the 5 patients undergoing PBSCT 1 patient had a healthy oral state with no evidence of oral disease and 4 patients had dental disease at initial examination. One patient had mild periodontal disease but demonstrated ONJ and 3 patients had moderate to severe disease, 1 with ONJ and 2 without ONJ. Plasma Levels of TNF Alpha and IL17A Patient MM Pre PBSCT Oral Disease ONJ Present TNF Alpha * IL17A * ‘expressed in picograms/ml 001 + ++ − 30.08 24.06 002 + ++ + 38.92 23.46 003 + ++ − 25.81 21.76 004 + + + 26.43 17.61 005 + − − 14.87 9.83 006 − − − 10.62 8.24 These data indicate a clear difference in cytokine levels of TNFalpha and IL17a. The patient with moderate to advanced periodontal disease coupled with the presence of ONJ had the highest levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas all other patients have lower levels as compared to the normal control. These data indicate that oral disease may correlate with elevations in cytokine levels and with the oral complication of ONJ after its onset. Even though there were 2 and 3 fold differences, this is a small sample of patients and the predictive value of these assessments in a larger more controlled study is the focus of our ongoing investigations.

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Damanaki, Anna, Marjan Nokhbehsaim, Sigrun Eick, Werner Götz, Jochen Winter, Gerhard Wahl, Andreas Jäger, Søren Jepsen, and James Deschner. "Regulation of NAMPT in Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Biopsies." Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/912821.

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Adipokines, such as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), are molecules, which are produced in adipose tissue. Recent studies suggest that NAMPT might also be produced in the tooth-supporting tissues, that is, periodontium, which also includes the gingiva. The aim of this study was to examine if and under what conditions NAMPT is produced in gingival fibroblasts and biopsies from healthy and inflamed gingiva. Gingival fibroblasts produced constitutively NAMPT, and this synthesis was significantly increased by interleukin-1βand the oral bacteriaP. gingivalisandF. nucleatum. Inhibition of the MEK1/2 and NFκB pathways abrogated the stimulatory effects ofF. nucleatumon NAMPT. Furthermore, the expression and protein levels of NAMPT were significantly enhanced in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory infectious disease of the periodontium, as compared to gingiva from periodontally healthy individuals. In summary, the present study provides original evidence that gingival fibroblasts produce NAMPT and that this synthesis is increased under inflammatory and infectious conditions. Local synthesis of NAMPT in the inflamed gingiva may contribute to the enhanced gingival and serum levels of NAMPT, as observed in periodontitis patients. Moreover, local production of NAMPT by gingival fibroblasts may represent a possible mechanism whereby periodontitis may impact on systemic diseases.

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Hadad, Henrique, Laís Kawamata de Jesus, Ana Flávia Piquera Santos, Luara Teixeira Colombo, Nelson Padilha Silva, Letícia Gabriella de Souza Rodrigues, Kezia Barbosa Mendes, et al. "Unusual Ludwig´s angina in systemic disabled patient related with periodontal disease." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): e22510514896. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.14896.

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The Ludwig's angina is an infectious process involving submandibular, sublingual, and submental spaces bilaterally. They can rapidly progress to airway obstruction and hemodynamic instability. The most common cause of Ludwig's angina is apical dental infections, specifically involving the roots of second and third mandibular molars, which are contiguous to the submandibular space. Periodontal diseases are related with bone loss around dental roots and create a situation where the inflammatory drainage tends to assume a sulcular direction. The purpose of this article is to report a clinical patient with an unusual development of a periodontic-endodontic lesion leading to Ludwig's angina in patient whit diabetics, hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Thus, we can conclude that even if it is not common reports of angina associated with periodontal diseases we must attend to patient's correct care, initiating antibiotic therapy, maintenance of the airways, removal of infectious focus and control of comorbidities diseases.

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Rajan, Senthil RS, Khaja Amjad Hussain, Bassel Tarakji, Saleh Nasser Azzeghaibi, and Syed Sirajuddin. "Iatrogenic Damage to the Periodontium Caused by Exodontic Treatment Procedures: An Overview." Open Dentistry Journal 9, no. 1 (June 26, 2015): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601509010197.

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Dentists encounter a wide range of hard-tissue injuries in practice. Dental extractions are one of the most common procedures in dentistry and may lead to several complications, including oral sinus complications, osteitis, infection, dysesthesia, pain, and bleeding.

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Ye, L., S. Zhang, H. Ke, L. F. Bonewald, and JQ Feng. "Periodontal Breakdown in the Dmp1 Null Mouse Model of Hypophosphatemic Rickets." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 7 (July 2008): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700708.

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Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1) is highly expressed in alveolar bone and cementum, which are important components of the periodontium. Therefore, we hypothesized that Dmp1 is critical for the integrity of the periodontium, and that deletion may lead to increased susceptibility to disease. An early-onset periodontal defect was observed in the Dmp1 null mouse, a mouse model of hypophosphatemic rickets. The alveolar bone is porous, with increased proteoglycan expression. The cementum is also defective, as characterized by irregular, punctate fluorochrome labeling and elevated proteoglycan. The osteocyte and cementocyte lacuno-canalicular system of both alveolar bone and cementum is abnormal, with irregular lacunar walls and fewer canaliculi. As a consequence, there is significant interproximal alveolar bone loss, combined with detachment between the periodontal ligament (PDL) and cementum. We propose that defective alveolar bone and cementum may account for the periodontal breakdown and increased susceptibility to bacterial infection in Dmp1 null mice.

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Reddy, BhumanapalliVenkata Ramesh, and Swetha Tanneeru. "Impact of chronic infections (periodontic and endodontic) in implant dentistry." Journal of the International Clinical Dental Research Organization 7, no. 3 (2015): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-0754.172926.

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33

SIQUEIRAJR, J., and I. ROCAS. "Nested PCR Detection of Centipeda periodontii in Primary Endodontic Infections." Journal of Endodontics 30, no. 3 (March 2004): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200403000-00002.

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34

Ranganathan, Kannan, and Krishna Mohan Rao Umadevi. "Common oral opportunistic infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Changing epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and methods; management protocols." Periodontology 2000 80, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/prd.12274.

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35

Granström, Gösta. "Middle ear infections." Periodontology 2000 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00281.x.

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36

Faergemann, Jan, and Gunnar Dahlén. "Facial skin infections." Periodontology 2000 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00296.x.

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37

Beznosik, V. N., R. V. Beznosik, A. A. Stadnikov, and N. N. Shevlyuk. "The Effect of Oxytocin on Reparative Histogenesis in the Periodontium and Mucous Membrane of the Airways (Experimental Study)." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 8, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2019-8-3-18-25.

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The aim of the study was to elucidate the role and significance of oxytocin in reparative histogenesis of tissues of various genesis using the example of periodontal tissues and extrapulmonary airways.Material and methods. Periodontitis and tracheobronchitis were simulated on sexually mature white outbred male rats. Periodontitis was simulated by traumatic injury to the periodontium, followed by the wound infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Introduction of oxytocin as an additional tool was used in the treatment of periodontitis. Experimental tracheobronchitis was simulated in rats by intratracheal infection with S. aureus (strains with and without antilactoferrin activity). Paraventricular large-cell nuclei of the hypothalamus were additionally destroyed in the simulated experimental tracheobronchitis (in order to reduce the production of endogenous oxytocin). The resulting material (the periodontium, alveolar processes, trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi) was examined using histological methods of investigation.Results. Analysis of histological sections demonstrated that when oxytocin was used in the complex therapy of experimental periodontitis, the proliferation and cyto-differentiation of fibroblasts, osteoblasts and cementoblasts was intensified, followed by their activation; this resulted in the optimization of reparative histogenesis in the structures of the periodontium and alveolar ridge. In animals with destruction of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (against the background of an oxytocin deficiency in the body), a decrease in the reparative potential of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa was observed. Moreover, the severity of the inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi with the introduction of staphylococci with antilactoferrin activity was significantly higher than that of animals that were administered staphylococci without antilactoferrin activity.Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the optimizing and correcting effect of the hypothalamic nonapeptide oxytocin on the reparative regeneration of the studied periodontal and the trachea and bronchi structures.

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Souccar, Nada M., Marita Chakhtoura, Joseph G. Ghafari, and Alexander Michael Abdelnoor. "Porphyromonas gingivalis in dental plaque and serum C-reactive protein levels in pregnancy." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 06 (May 5, 2010): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1031.

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Background: The periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) has been reported as a risk factor for preterm labour. Its pathogenesis and role in pregnancy have not been investigated in Lebanon. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in pregnant women with periodontitis also appear to mediate preterm labour. Methodology: The study included 20 pregnant women with periodontitis and 20 with normal periodontium. PCR was done for Pg detection in oral plaque and vaginal samples. Serum CRP levels were determined by ELISA. Results: Pg was detected in the oral plaque of 13 of 20 pregnant subjects with clinical periodontitis (patients) and 2 of 20 controls with a healthy periodontium. Vaginal swabs were all Pg-negative, ruling out systemic infection. Serum CRP levels were elevated in 12 of 20 patients and 8 of 20 controls. None of the participants experienced preterm labour. Conclusions: This is the first report that implicates Pg in Lebanese periodontitis patients. Preliminary results do not indicate a relationship among Pg, periodontitis, CRP levels and preterm labour.

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39

Gankovskaya, L. V., N. M. Khelminskaya, E. A. Molchanova, and O. A. Svitich. "ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY FACTORS IN PERIODONTITIS PATHOGENESIS." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-2-100-107.

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Chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) is a disease of periodontium tissues supporting tooth induced by bacteria, that is characterized by the presence of processes of inflammation with destruction ofbone tissue. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms of CGP pathogenesis facilitates creation of the most effective methods of therapy of this disease. Bacterial infection is a primary factor in periodontitis etiology, however is not sufficient for its start and subsequent development. It is known, that bacterial factors induce a local inflammation reaction and activate the system of innate immunity through activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR), located on the surface of resident cells and leukocytes. Activation of these cells results in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of phagocytes and lymphocytes into the inflammation zone. In review we examined the known data regarding factors of immune protection of periodontium including cell populations and cytokines, as well as mechanisms of tissue destruction, that support the tooth. Perspectives of therapy are also discussed.

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40

Furuse, Nobuhisa, Hideki Takai, and Yorimasa Ogata. "Effects of Initial Periodontal Therapy on Heat Shock Protein 70 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid from Periodontitis Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 3072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103072.

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Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of periodontium which is caused by periodontopathic bacteria. Moreover, various cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 are expressed in the inflamed periodontium. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) protect cells from abnormal conditions including inflammation, microbial infection and diseases. The 70-kDa HSPs (HSP70s) are major HSPs that express in the inflamed tissues. In this study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to measure the levels of HSP70 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from two periodontal pockets in each of 10 patients with Stage III, Grade B periodontitis. Sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) of ≤3 mm were named the healthy control (HC) sites, and sites with PPD of ≥5 mm were named the diseased sites. HSP70 levels in GCF were expressed higher at diseased sites than at HC sites, and decreased after initial periodontal therapy at diseased sites. These results suggest the association of HSP70 with the stage of periodontitis.

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41

Samaranayake, Lakshman P., W. Keung Leung, and Lijian Jin. "Oral mucosal fungal infections." Periodontology 2000 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00291.x.

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42

Corstjens, Paul L. A. M., William R. Abrams, and Daniel Malamud. "Saliva and viral infections." Periodontology 2000 70, no. 1 (December 10, 2015): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/prd.12112.

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43

Kaur Sodhi, Jasleen, Amit Mani, Shubhangi Mani, Shivani Sachdeva, Hiral R. Vora, and Sonali Gholap. "Post-surgical care in surgical periodontics." IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2021.013.

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The patient's post-surgical management is just as critical as the surgical treatment planning and management of the patient. Patients who do not receive proper and contemporary post-surgical instructions, or who do not follow them, are at higher risk for complications such as pain, swelling, and infection, as well as the possibility of altered healing of both the oral soft tissues and supporting osseous structures. During postoperative phase, the three most important factors to consider are the patient comfort, wound stability and plaque control. These are achieved through a combination of good surgical technique and careful postoperative care of the surgical site. Thus, surgeon's professional obligation is to ensure that patients receive consistent verbal and written instructions that describe activities during the critical early healing period after the surgery. Furthermore, the surgeon must have a thorough understanding of the instructions given to the patient, as well as the reasoning behind them.

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44

Tiisanoja, Antti, Anna-Maija Syrjälä, Kaija Komulainen, Sirpa Hartikainen, Heidi Taipale, Matti Knuuttila, and Pekka Ylöstalo. "Sedative load, carious teeth and infection in the periodontium among community-dwelling older people." Gerodontology 34, no. 1 (November 27, 2015): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ger.12217.

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45

Kinane, Denis F., and George Hajishengallis. "Polymicrobial infections, biofilms, and beyond." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, no. 5 (May 2009): 404–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01396.x.

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46

Sällberg, Matti. "Oral viral infections of children." Periodontology 2000 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00277.x.

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47

McChlery, Susan, Gordon Ramage, and Jeremy Bagg. "Respiratory tract infections and pneumonia." Periodontology 2000 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00278.x.

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48

Slots, Jørgen. "Oral viral infections of adults." Periodontology 2000 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 60–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00279.x.

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49

Dahlén, Gunnar. "Non-odontogenic infections in dentistry." Periodontology 2000 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00298.x.

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50

Syrjänen, Jaana. "Vascular diseases and oral infections." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 17 (August 1990): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1992.tb01222.x.

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