Дисертації з теми "Pension funds and social security"

Estudos recentes sobre fundos de pensão dos servidores públicos trazem indícios de fatores relacionados ao maior risco assumido nos investimentos. Para a realidade brasileira, existem poucos trabalhos que abordam as aplicações dos Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social (RPPS), apesar da representatividade dos valores detidos e da expectativa de escassez futura para o pagamento das pensões aos servidores públicos. Esta dissertação de mestrado traz a primeira análise com amostra representativa da totalidade, sendo composta por 629 carteiras de investimentos de RPPS durante os exercícios de 2015 e 2016. Os resultados encontrados levam à conclusão de que o risco assumido e o retorno alcançado pelas carteiras estão positivamente relacionados ao tamanho do fundo em volume de recursos, e negativamente relacionados à maturidade do fundo. A análise da performance dos fundos indica a importância do funcionamento de um comitê de investimentos.
Recent studies on the public servants’ pension funds provide evidence of factors regarding the greater risk assumed on the investments. For the Brazilian scenario, there are few works approaching the investments of the Alternative Social Security Systems (RPPS, Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social), despite the representativeness of the amounts withheld and the expected scarcity for the payment of the public servants’ pensions. This dissertation makes the first analysis with a sample representing all the 629 RPPS investment portfolios during the fiscal years of 2015 and 2016. The results allow us to conclude that the risk taken on and the return achieved by the portfolios are positively related to the fund size in terms of volume of resources, and negatively related to the fund maturity. The analysis of the funds’ performance indicates the importance of a having an investment committee in place.

Mestrado em Finanças
O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a estratégia seguida pelo fundo de estabilização financeira da segurança social (FEFSS), bem como investigar qual seria a situação atual do fundo caso um maior volume de transferências se tivesse verificado ou sido aplicado em investimentos alternativos. Numa primeira fase, o estudo analisa a extensa literatura referente à importância dos fundos de pensões na sustentabilidade financeira dos sistemas pay-as-you-go, assim como a influência da sua gestão no alcance deste objetivo. De forma a proceder à análise da performance específica do caso português, foram consideradas duas políticas alternativas de transferências estáveis para o fundo, utilizando a simulação do valor do fundo na aplicação em três estratégias de investimento distintas. As transferências foram aplicadas às taxas de retorno respetivas a dois períodos de tempo: de 1989 e 2014 e de 1997 a 2014. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as políticas de investimento propostas aumentaram o valor do portfólio, cumprindo entre 2010 e 2012 o objetivo final definido por lei de cobrir dois anos das necessidades de pensões. Deste modo, aplicando as propostas consideradas verificar-se-ia um aumento da contribuição do fundo na estabilidade do sistema pay-as-you-go.
The present study aims to analyze the strategy followed by the Portuguese financial stabilization fund (FEFSS), along with investigating what would the situation be if a greater volume of transfers would have been performed or applied in alternative investments. In the first place, the study investigates the substantial literature related to the importance of pension reserve funds in the financial sustainability of the pay-as-you-go systems, as well as the influence of its management on reaching this goal. In order to proceed to the analysis of the performance of the Portuguese case, two different policies of stable transfers to the fund are contemplated. The simulation of the value of the fund coming from the application of these policies is then used to apply three different strategies of asset allocation. Two different time-frames are taken into account to perform the study: from 1989 to 2014 and from 1997 to 2014. The final results show that the proposed investment strategies increase the value of the portfolio, allowing to fulfill between the years of 2010 and 2012 the goal set by law: covering two years of pension needs. Thus, applying the strategies considered would increase the contribution of the fund to the financial sustainability of the pay-as-you-go system.
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Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
The study will analyse section 37C of the Pension Funds Act, 24 of 1956. This section limits the deceased’s freedom of testate by placing the death benefits and the control of the board of trustees who are tasked to distribute such benefits equitably among the dependants and nominees of the deceased. Section 37C of the Act was enacted to protect dependency by ensuring that the dependants of the deceased are not left in destitute. In order to achieve this, three duties are placed on the board of trustees namely, to identify the dependants and nominees of the deceased member; to effect an equitable distribution of the benefit among the beneficiaries; and to determine an appropriate mode of payment. This section sees to all the interest of the dependants without discriminating consequently there are three classes of dependants that are created under section 37C namely; legal dependants, non-legal dependants, and future dependants.

Evaluation of private pension funds in Lithuania Final work of University Postgraduate Studies, 84 pages, 22 figures, 11 tables, 85 references, 14 appendix, Lithuanian language. KEY WORDS: pensions, social security, pension reform, private pension funds. Research object – Private pension funds in Lithuania Research aim – to evaluate private pension funs in Lithuania. Objectives: 1)specify the concept of private pension funds. 2)perform theoretic the analysis of social insurance models and estimate their potential use in the practice of private pension funds. 3)estimate potential ways of sponsorship and administration of pension funds. 4)frame the methodology of evaluation of private pension funds. 5)evaluate private pension funs in Lithuania according to the prepared methodology. Research methods: the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, logical analysis and synthesis, comparable analysis, structural comparative analysis, the analysis and synthesis of statistical information, graphic methods of modeling, method of rating.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas, 69 puslapiai, 12 paveikslai, 8 lentelių, 88 literatūros šaltiniai, 11 priedų, lietuvių kalba. RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI: pensijos, socialinė apsauga, pensijų sistemos reforma, privatūs pensijų fondai. Tyrimo objektas – Lietuvos privatūs pensijų fondai. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos privačius pensijų fondus. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) nustatyti privačių pensijų fondų vietą pensijų sistemoje; 2) nustatyti privačių pensijų fondų svarbą kuriant gerovės valstybę; 3) atlikti privačių pensijų fondų veiklos ir vertinimo problemų analizę; 4) nustatyti pensijų fondų vertintojus ir jų vertinimo kriterijus; 5) parengti pensijų fondų įvertinimo metodiką; 6) pagal parengtą metodiką įvertinti Lietuvos privačių pensijų fondų veiklą. Tyrimo metodai - mokslinės literatūros bei loginė analizė ir sintezė, lyginamoji analizė, struktūrinė santykinė analizė, statistinių duomenų analizė ir sintezė, grafinio vaizdavimo metodas, reitingavimo metodas.
The final work of magistracy studies, 69 pages, 12 pictures, 8 tables, 88 literature sources, 11 annexes, in Lithuanian. KEY WORDS: pensions, social security, pension system reform, private pension funds. Research Target: private pension funds in Lithuania. Research aim: To evaluate private pension funds in Lithuania. Research Objectives: 1. To ascertain the location of private pension funds in pension system; 2. To ascertain the importance of private pension funds creating the welfare state; 3. To carry out the analyses of the problems determining the activity of private pension funds; 4. To establish the evaluators and their criteria for evaluating private pension funds; 5. To prepare methodics for evaluating pension funds; 6. to evaluate the activity of private pension funds in Lithuania according to the prepared methods. Research methods: logical analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, comparative analyses, structural relative analysis, analysis and synthesis of statistical data, graphical representation method, rate-making method.

Orientador: Eduardo Fagnani
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Os governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores, nos últimos três mandatos, apoiaram-se sobre um discurso em que a dimensão social assumiu um papel central, o que foi corroborado por uma inflexão real de alguns indicadores macroeconômicos, do mercado de trabalho e do resultado de algumas políticas públicas. O objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar que, apesar disso, o sistema previdenciário brasileiro tem passado por um processo de mercantilização. A desestruturação das bases institucionais da previdência pública, cujos princípios estão esboçados na Constituição de 1988, tem provocado grandes mudanças em suas regras de acesso e em seu padrão de financiamento. Simultaneamente, o fenômeno da previdência complementar, especialmente em sua modalidade aberta, tem se expandido de maneira acentuada. No primeiro capítulo, buscamos qualificar o que se entende por mercantilização da previdência brasileira, a partir de uma perspectiva mais longa sobre a evolução dos sistemas de proteção social; dos dados disponíveis sobre o sistema previdenciário brasileiro; e dos dados sobre a população brasileira. O segundo capítulo tem por objetivo demonstrar como foi possível, do ponto de vista formal, chegar a uma definição constitucional de seguridade social inclusiva e abrangente em 1988, aparentemente "na contra-mão do mundo". O terceiro capítulo mapeia os interesses sobre a questão previdenciária desde o governo Collor até o período recente, para mostrar como foram articuladas e viabilizadas as várias reformas e entraves à realização daquele projeto. Conclui-se que o processo de mercantilização do sistema previdenciário brasileiro não foi revertido e, pelo contrário, aprofundou-se nos últimos anos
Abstract: The last three presidential terms of the Workers Party (PT) were based on a platform within which the social dimension plays a key role. This was supported by an actual turn around of some macroeconomic indicators, the labor market dynamics and results achieved by some public policies. The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate that, despite of this inflection, the Brazilian welfare system is suffering a continuous process of commodification. The dismantling of public welfare institutional foundations ¿ whose principles are outlined by the 1988 Federal Constitution ¿ produced wide changes in the access rules and funding pattern. Simultaneously, supplementary pension plans, especially in the open market form, has expanded markedly. The first chapter clarifies what is meant by welfare commodification in Brazil: from a broader perspective on the evolution of modern social protection systems; from the available welfare system data; and from populational data. The second chapter explains how has it been possible to achieve, in formal terms, an extensive and inclusive definition of social security in 1988, apparently in the opposite direction of the rest of the world. The third chapter maps the interests on the welfare issue since Collor administration to date, examining how were reforms articulated and enabled, preventing the former social security project to be fully implemented. This work concludes the welfare commodification process was not reversed and, instead, it has deepened recently
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Impact of private pension funds on capital market Final work of University Postgraduate Studies consists of 73 pages, 18 figures, 10 tables, 81 sources of literature and 3 appendixes, in Lithuanian. Key words:pensions, social security, pension reform, private pension funds, capital market. The object of research is private pension funds. The aim of research is to estimate impact of private pension funds on capital market. The objektives are: 1) specify the concept of private pension funds, 2) perform theoretical analysis of private pension funds activity, 3) estimatepossible possible position of private pension funds in capital market, 4) frame the methodology of the estimation the impact of private pension funds on capital market, 5) traverse the capital market in Lithuania and investment of private pension funds, 6) estimate the factors of private pension funds that determinant the potential impact on capital market, 7)estimate the impact of private pension funds on capital market. methods of research: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, logical analysis and synthesis, comparable analysis, graphic methods of modeling.

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
This mini-dissertation evaluates the laws regulating beneficiary funds in South Africa. A beneficiary fund is a fund established for the purposes of accepting lump sum death benefits awarded in terms of Section37C of the Pension Funds Act (the Act) to a beneficiary (dependant or nominee) on the death of a member, which are not paid directly to that beneficiary or to a trust nominated by the member, or to the member’s estate or to the guardian’s fund. This replaces the previous payments to trusts and a fund can now only pay to a trust if the trust was nominated by the member, a major dependant or nominee; a person recognised in law or appointed by a court as the person responsible for managing the affairs or meeting the daily care needs of a minor or incapacitated major dependant or nominee. Any association of persons or business carried on under a fund or arrangement established with the object of receiving, administering, investing and paying benefits, referred to in section 37C on behalf of beneficiaries, payable on the death of more than one member of one or more pension funds is a beneficiary fund and must be registered by the Financial Services Board and approved. Beneficiary funds were introduced as a result of the amendments to the Pension Funds Act into the Financial Services Laws General Amendment Act, 22 of 2008. The beneficiary funds were introduced with stronger regulatory framework. They have sufficient governance, reporting requirements and conduct annual audits.

O Sistema Previdenciário Brasileiro é composto por três regimes: o Geral de Previdência Social (RGPS), o Próprio de Previdência do Servidor (RPPS) e o de Previdência Complementar (RPC), operado por entidades abertas e fechadas (EAPC e EFPC). O foco deste estudo é a gestão financeira das Entidades Fechadas de Previdência Complementar (EFPC) reconhecidas no mercado pela denominação de Fundos de Pensão. Durante o processo de pesquisa e coleta de informações para este estudo, tanto em bases de dados de trabalhos científicos nacionais, quanto em internacionais, além da literatura sobre previdência complementar; verificou-se a inexistência de uma abordagem conjunta dos assuntos relevantes para a gestão financeira de Fundos de Pensão. Tais trabalhos e livros abordavam a previdência complementar fechada sob o enfoque legal, contábil, atuarial, sócio-ambiental, da alocação de ativos de investimentos, de governança corporativa; porém de forma individualizada ou reunindo no máximo dois tópicos, nenhum consolidando todos os assuntos. Diante dessa lacuna na literatura/trabalhos científicos e: por ser o Sistema de Previdência Complementar Fechado um dos futuros provedores de recursos de longo prazo para o processo de desenvolvimento do Brasil (como ocorre em outros países); estar em fase de crescimento com o advento da previdência associativa (novos instituidores) e possuir reservas garantidoras de ativos de investimentos de R$ 480,3 bilhões (junho/2008) as quais garantem pagamento de benefícios e pensões a 6,3 milhões (junho/2008) de participantes/assistidos; optou-se pelo desenvolvimento de um estudo que estruturasse todas as questões relevantes para uma eficiente e eficaz gestão financeira de Fundos de Pensão.Os assuntos foram desenvolvidos em dez capítulos, abordando os principais aspectos para proporcionar uma visão sistêmica da gestão financeira dos Fundos de Pensão. Destacam-se os temas: sistema previdenciário no Brasil e em outros países; sistemas de regulamentação e controle; governança corporativa e a gestão de risco; práticas de sustentabilidade financeira; descreve a política de investimentos e a gestão financeira da tesouraria; gestão de investimentos de curto e longo prazo nos Fundos de Pensão e acompanhamento das empresas participadas; práticas contábeis exclusivas; aspectos tributários da gestão financeira dos Fundos de Pensão e empresas participadas; teorias de auxílio da gestão financeira; e, suporte tecnológico para a gestão financeira e operacional.
The Brazilian Pension System is composed of three regimens: the General Social Security System (RGPS), the Proper Security System of the Civil Servant (RPPS) and the Supplementary Security System (RPC), operated by open and closed security entities (EFPC and EAPC). The focus of this study is the Financial Management of Closed Entities of Supplementary Security (EFPC) known for the market name of Pension Funds. During the process of research and collecting of information for this study, both in the databases of national and international papers, we noticed that, in the literature available on supplementary pension, there was the lack of a joint approach on the relevant issues to Financial Management of Pension Funds. The existent works and books address Closed Supplementary Social Security under the focus of Law, Accounting, Actuary, Social Environment, Allocation of Assets of Investments, Corporate Governance, but each one, individually, or at most two topics together, never consolidating all these subjects. Face this gap in the literature / scientific papers, and as the Closed Supplementary Pension System is one of the future providers of long term resources for the development process in Brazil (as in other countries), and as Brazil is in phase of growth with the advent of the Security Associations (new providers) and as Brazil owns guarantor reserves of investment assets of R$ 480,3 billion (June/2008) which guarantee the payment of benefits and pensions to 6,3 million (June/2008) participants / beneficiaries, we decided for a structural study that could address all the relevant issues to an efficient and effective Financial Management of Pension Funds. The issues were developed in ten chapters, covering the main aspects, in order to provide a systemic view of the Financial Management of Pension Funds. We highlight the following topics: the pension system in Brazil and other countries; regulation and control systems; corporate governance and risk management; financial sustainability practices; treasury financial management and investment policies; management of short and long term investments in Pension Funds and monitoring of holdings; unique accounting practices; tax aspects of financial management of Pension Funds and holdings; theories of financial management aid; and technological support to the financial and operational management.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim of this study is to analyze the Brazilian pension reform implemented since the 1990s. The current characteristics of the Social Security system were built in the 1988 Federal Constitution and gradually modified in the reforms. Soon after the promulgation of the Charter, several proposals for Social Pension reform were discussed on the grounds of financial crisis and exhaustion of the system. This debate focuses on the guidelines of a neoliberal state that has gained greater acceptance from the government of Fernando Collor de Melo. Reforms of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luis Inácio Lula da Silva are analyzed mainly with regard to access to pensions, the roofs of retirement, the age limits. Among the consequences this study analyzes the significant changes in Social Security and limited expansion of pension funds. Moreover, given the backdrop of globalized finance, it is concluded that these reforms jeopardized the achievements of social protection built in the 1988 Constitution
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as reformas previdenciárias brasileiras implantadas no Brasil a partir da década de 1990. As características atuais do sistema previdenciário brasileiro foram construídas na Constituição de 1988 e aos poucos modificadas nas reformas. Logo após a promulgação da Carta, várias propostas de reforma da Previdência Social foram discutidas sob o discurso de crise financeira e de esgotamento do seu sistema. Esse debate contempla as diretrizes de um Estado neoliberal que ganhou maior aceitação a partir do governo Fernando Collor de Melo. As reformas dos governos Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Luís Inácio Lula da Silva são analisadas principalmente no que se refere ao acesso às aposentadorias, aos tetos das aposentadorias, aos limites de idade. Entre as conseqüências, são analisadas as alterações significativas na Previdência Social e a expansão limitada dos fundos de pensão no Brasil. Ademais, dado o cenário das finanças mundializadas, conclui-se que essas reformas colocaram em risco as conquistas da proteção social construídas na Constituição de 1988

Este trabalho analisa as condições atuariais para criação do Fundo previdenciário federal (FUNPRESP) e como será o novo sistema previdenciário após o funcionamento desse Fundo que finalmente concluirá, em âmbito federal, as reformas iniciadas em 1998. A partir desse estudo concluímos que o novo sistema previdenciário, sistema misto, pagará benefícios menores para os servidores que ingressarem depois da criação do fundo quando comparados com os atuais servidores. Em razão disso os atuais servidores, analisando apenas os ganhos financeiros, não migrarão para o Fundo federal conforme é esperado pelo Governo. As mulheres receberão nesse novo sistema previdenciário benefícios menores em função do menor tempo de contribuição, expectativa de vida maior e menor taxa de crescimento salarial. Mas os grandes avanços com a criação do fundo serão o equilíbrio atuarial do sistema federal de previdência e o fim das grandes desigualdades entre esse sistema e o regime geral de previdência. A criação do Fundo fará com que os benefícios fiquem atrelados diretamente à contribuição de cada servidor, diferentemente do que ocorria antes quando os benefícios eram proporcionais à remuneração do servidor - até 2003 era equivalente a última remuneração e depois de 2003 é equivalente à média das 80% maiores remunerações.
The present work analyzes the actuarial conditions for the creation of the Brazilian Federal Social Security Fund (FUNPRESP) and how the new Social Security System will work after the effective functioning of the Fund. We could say that in the federal sphere it will finally finish off the reforms initiated in 1998. We conclude that the new Social Security System (called \"mixed system\") will provide lower payments to the beneficiaries who start to contribute after the creation of the Fund. In consequence, the current beneficiaries will not migrate to the new Federal Fund, as the government expects, because some simple analysis will make they conclude that they would incur into financial losses. Along with that, female beneficiaries will receive fewer benefits than men from that new Social Security System, basically for three reasons: a) their shorter time of contribution; b), their higher life expectancy; and c), the lower rate at which their payments actually grow. We also conclude that the real advantages brought by the creation of the Fund are: a) the actuarial equilibrium of the Federal Social Security System, and b) the end of the huge inequalities between that system and the \"general\" Brazilian Social Security System (INSS). The creation of the Fund will link the benefits directly to the contribution of each servant, as opposed to when benefits were proportional to the servant\'s pay (equal to it until 2003, or equivalent to the average of the 80% highest salaries).

Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
This mini-dissertation discusses South African social security and retirement reforms that will be used as guidelines towards promulgation of the new Pension Funds Act which will incorporate both private and public pensions. These proposals have been highlighted in the Retirement Reform Discussion Paper issued by National Treasury in 2004 and the Social Security and Retirement Reform paper, issued by both National Treasury and Department of Social Development, 2007. Further, the recent discussion papers entitled ‘Strengthening Retirement Savings and a Safer Financial Sector to Serve South Africa Better’ published in 2011 and 2012 respectively have strengthened social security and retirement reforms debate in South Africa. This mini-dissertation will incorporate both social security and retirement reforms.

SANTRAUKA Nijolė BALČIENĖ Lietuvos privačių pensijų fondų vaidmuo kuriant gerovės valstybę Magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas, 68 puslapiai, 26 paveikslai, 31 lentelė, 71 literatūros šaltiniai, 5 priedai, lietuvių kalba. RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Gerovės Valstybė, senatvės pensijos, socialinė apsauga, privatūs pensijų fondai, anuitetas, investicijų pelningumas. Tyrimo objektas - Lietuvos pensijų fondai. Tyrimo dalykas – PF veiklos efektyvumas ir reikšmė kuriant gerovės valstybę priklauso nuo fondų veiklos ypatumų valstybėje, nuo dalyvių supratimo dėl savo pasirinkimo galimų pasekmių ateityje. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos pensijų fondų įtaką kuriant Gerovės Valstybę. Tyrimo tikslui pasiekti keliami šie uždaviniai : • Patikslinti pensijų fondų sąvoką ir apibūdinimą; • Nustatyti socialinės apsaugos uždavinius, kuriuos padeda spręsti privatūs pensijų fondai kuriant šalyje gerovės valstybę; • Atskleisti fondų veiklos rezultatų vertinimo rodiklių panaudojimo problemas; • Parengti privačių pensijų fondų vertinimo metodiką ir įvertinti Lietuvos pensijų fondų įtaką Gerovės valstybės kūrime per socialinės apsaugos uždavinių įgyvendinimo rezultatus; • Pateikti Lietuvos privačių pensijų fondų veiklos vertinimą. Tyrimo metodai – loginė analizė ir sintezė, literatūros analizė ir sintezė, statistinių duomenų struktūrinė ir palyginamoji analizė ir sintezė, grafinio vaizdavimo metodas, modeliavimas.
SUMMARY Nijolė BALČIENĖ Role of Lithuanian Private pension funds in Creating Welfare State Final work of University Postgraduate Studies, includes 68 pages, 26 pictures, 31 tables, 5 appendix, 71 references, Lithuanian language. KEY WORDS: Welfare State, pensions, social security, private pension funds, annuity, profitability of investments. Research object - Private pension funds in Lithuania. Research aim is to evaluate influence of private pension funds to creating Welfare State in Lithuania. Research subject – efficiency of the pension funds activity and its significance of creating Welfare State depend on the peculiarity of the funds activity in the state some as on the participants understanding of the probable consequences of their choice in the future. Objectives: 1) To specify the concept of private pension funds. 2) To perform the theoretic analysis of the social insurance models and their potential use in the practice of private pension funds. 3) To estimate potential ways of sponsorship and administration of the pension funds. 4) To frame the methodology of evaluation of private pension funds. 5) To evaluate private pension funds in Lithuania according to the prepared methodology. Research methods: the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, logical analysis and synthesis, comparable analysis, structural comparative analysis, the analysis and synthesis of statistical information, graphic methods of modeling, method of rating.

Magistro darbe išnagrinėta pensinio socialinio draudimo samprata bei aptarta socialinio draudimo istorinė raida Lietuvoje. Išanalizuotas privačių pensijų fondų objektyvus reikalingumas Lietuvoje. Šiame magistro darbe taip pat ištirta Lietuvos privačių pensijų fondų rinkos struktūra bei atlikta išsami Lietuvos privačių pensijų fondų rinkos ekonominė analizė. Pagal šios analizės rezultatus pateiktos privačių pensijų fondų tobulinimo galimybės. Patvirtinta autoriaus suformuluota hipotezė, kad Lietuvoje pensinio amžiaus žmonių aprūpinimas nėra pakankamas, todėl šią problemą galima dalinai išspręsti remiantis privačiais pensijų fondais.
This master‘s thesis examinated the concept of social security retirement and discussed social security historical development in Lithuania. Analyzed the private pension fund objective necessity in Lithuania. Also this master‘s thesis has been investigated Lithuanian private pension fund market structure and accomplished detail Lithuanian private pension fund market economic analize. According to the results of the analyze has been present the private pension fund improvement facilities. Author‘s formulated hypothesis – that Lithuania retirement age persons provision is not sufficient, so this problem can be partially resolved by private pension funds,was approved by the reasersh.

Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campionas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese discute as relações existentes entre os fundos de pensão e o meio sindical, concentrando-se no período em que vigorou o Governo Lula (2003-2010), por se tratar de um momento histórico especialmente relevante, em que as forças políticas principais do governo têm suas bases sociais no sindicalismo-CUT e há um forte interesse destes sujeitos na temática dos fundos de pensão. A pesquisa foi estruturada metodologicamente em dois grandes eixos. Por um lado, considerou-se necessário apreender o objeto realizando-se a uma investigação das experiências internacionais envolvendo as relações entre sindicatos e fundos de pensão, a fim de realizar estudos comparados com a experiência brasileira. Por outro lado, as relações entre sindicalismo e fundos foram entendidas como uma realidade composta por três dimensões, denominadas aqui como: 1) econômica (o papel dos fundos de pensão no desenvolvimento econômico e social nacional); 2) política (os fundos de pensão como fator de fortalecimento do poder sindical); e 3) social (o papel dos fundos de pensão na provisão de direitos previdenciários). Perpassando estes dois eixos metodológicos estão estudos e levantamentos historiográficos, que iniciam a tese descrevendo o processo de reorganização do capitalismo nas últimas décadas, em que a flexibilização produtiva, a liberalização e a financeirização enfraquecem os pilares do Estado forte e do trabalho organizado, enquanto cresce a importância e o poder do mercado "livre". Neste contexto, em que a finança hegemoniza o sistema econômico, inserem-se a emergência e o fortalecimento dos fundos de pensão e o enfraquecimento e recuo do movimento sindical. Assediados pela conjuntura adversa e pela ofensiva cultural-ideológica que dá cobertura ao avanço liberal, os sindicatos buscam alternativas concretas de atuação, em substituição ou adição às suas práticas tradicionais. Neste caminho, encontram os fundos de pensão. Como os fundos são investidores institucionais, aparentemente eles seriam uma via de acesso a outros campos de intervenção, como a gestão das empresas e a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico. Na especificidade brasileira, a opção das forças dirigentes da CUT, do PT e do Governo Lula pelos fundos de pensão pode ser tributária também de uma cultura política reticente ou dúbia em relação ao Estado republicano forte e interventor, e favorável à valorização da "autonomia" dos sujeitos situados na sociedade civil. Isso abriria um espaço de legitimação de entes "não estatais" e compostos com recursos "dos trabalhadores", os fundos de pensão
Abstract: This thesis discusses the relationship between pension funds and the unions, focusing on the period of Lula?s Government (2003-2010), because it?s a historic moment particularly relevant, in which the main politic forces sustaining the government have their bases in social unionism-CUT, which have strong interests in the pension funds issue. The research was methodologically structured in two parts. On the one hand, it was considered necessary to apprehend the object by performing an investigation of international experiences involving the relationship between unions and pension funds in order to make comparative studies with the Brazilian experience. On the other hand, relations between unions and pension funds have been understood as a reality composed of three dimensions, known here as 1) economic (the role of pension funds in economic and social development), 2) politic (pension funds for the strengthening of union power), and 3) social (the role of pension funds in the provision of welfare rights). Running along these two methodological axes are historiography studies, which initiate the theses describing the reorganization of capitalism in recent decades, in which the productive flexibility, deregulation and financialization weaken the pillars of "Strong State" and organized labor, while growing importance and power of "free" market. In this context, in which finance dominates economic system, occurs the emergence and strengthening of pension funds and the weakening and retreat of the labor movement. Harassed by the adverse economic and cultural-ideological offensive which provides coverage to advance of liberalism, unions seek concrete alternatives for action, replacing or adding to their traditional practices. In this way, they find the pension funds. Because the funds are institutional investors, apparently they would be an access to other fields of intervention, such as corporate management and promotion of economic development. Specificity in Brazil, the option of driving forces of CUT, PT and Lula's Government for the pension funds may also be caused by a reticent or dubious political culture about the State, and favorable valuation of the "autonomy" of the social subjects situated in civil society. This would open a space of legitimating for "non-state" institutions, which are composed with workers' resources
Doutorado
Sociologia do Trabalho
Doutor em Sociologia

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Nowadays, in the midst of increased life expectancy, which means a higher proportion of elderly to young, the situation of Brazil’s Public Pension system has turned out to be the focus of many questionings, mostly about its sustainability. Being aware of the fragilities of the social security system and a clear necessity of a reform, investors are looking more and more to alternative ways to guarantee some income after they retire. One of the most obvious investments are the pension funds, which have been on the spot ever since Brazil has been in this scenario of uncertainties. Considering this greater visibility that this scenario has brought to pension funds, this work intends to make an evaluation of the performance of them, during the years of 2010 to 2015. Having this in mind, this paper will look into the return of the investments of pensions funds during those years mentioned, searching for explanations to have a better understanding of the causes of the performance of these funds. This analysis will be done by a dynamic panel model, which will test how economic indexes can affect the investments of these funds.
Atualmente, em meio ao aumento da expectativa de vida e, consequentemente, da proporção de idosos em relação ao número de jovens, a situação da previdência pública no Brasil vem sendo foco de crescentes questionamentos relacionados à sua sustentabilidade. Cientes das fragilidades latentes do sistema previdenciário brasileiro e, além disso, da necessidade de reforma no mesmo, os investidores estão buscando, cada vez mais, fontes alternativas para garantirem uma renda na aposentadoria. Um dos investimentos mais procurados é o da previdência complementar, que vem ganhando uma maior adesão nesse cenário de incertezas. Levando em consideração essa maior visibilidade que os fundos de previdência complementar tem ganhado no cenário atual brasileiro, o presente trabalho busca fazer uma avaliação do desempenho dos mesmos no período que se estende de 2010 a 2015. Tendo isso em vista, o trabalho irá analisar o retorno dos investimentos dos fundos de pensão brasileiros no decorrer do período previamente mencionado, buscando explicações para entender os determinantes do desempenho desses fundos. A análise em questão será realizada através de um modelo de painel dinâmico, em que se verificará a forma como os diversos indicadores econômicos podem afetar a rentabilidade dos mesmos.

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
The South African government has paid compensation in a form of special pension to individuals who have been exposed to certain types of hardship and suffering caused by the governments or their predecessors. This compensation is described as ‘the appreciation or sense of guilty of society towards those people on whom the government has rightfully or wrongfully and at any rate disproportionally inflicted damage’. Government have been prepared to pay compensation to the following persons: former enemies, victims of war, victims of harmful compulsory vaccination measures, persons who had sacrificed their jobs and education in the process of overturning oppressive governments establishing democratic government; and persons whose basic human rights had been violated by governments or their predecessors. These persons have sacrificed their lives either in exile or within South Africa fighting for South Africa to be democratic. These persons must prove that they served their respective political organisations for a period of five years or above or they were banished or restricted in certain area or imprisoned or sentenced.

Une théorie juridique sur les fonds de pension à partir d'une approche franco-brésilienne, tel est l'objet de notre recherche. Premièrement nous proposons l'étude d'un dialogue entre les systèmes juridiques français et brésilien en matière de retraites de base de la sécurité sociale. Il faut conceptualiser en premier lieu la notion de sécurité sociale et délimiter l'objet qui sera complété par les fonds de pension. Existent-ils et quels seraient-ils les axes communs entre les deux pays en relation aux notions juridiques des régimes de retraite de base ? Dans un second temps, nous envisagerons de formuler une théorie juridique générale des fonds de pension. Nous constatons que le lieu et la nature de ces entités de retraite sont peu précisés par la doctrine des deux pays. Où ces organismes de retraite doivent-ils agir et quel est de fait le besoin devant être protégé ? Nous formulons des principes universels. La notion de « relation juridique de retraite privée» autonome par rapport à d'autres relations, est-elle envisageable ? Deux questions principales nécessitent des réponses. Les fonds de pension sont-ils des éléments de l'ordre public économique ou de l'ordre public social ? En d'autres mots, ces organismes ont-ils une nature juridique économique ou sociale ? De plus, il convient de déterminer si les fonds de pension sont vraiment des éléments de sécurité sociale et si l'ensemble de leurs principes lui sont applicables. La complexité du sujet des fonds de pension et de leur conception juridique démontre l'intérêt de l'objet de notre recherche. Leur problématisation et la recherche de réponses nous amènent à un univers encore peu étudié par la doctrine juridique
The subject matter of our research is a legal theory on the pension fonds from a French-Brazilian approach. Firstly, we propose the study of a dialogue between the Brazilian and the French legal systems on the base social security retirement. It is necessary in the first place to conceptualize the notion of social security and delineate the materiality of what is supposed to be completed by the pension fonds. Are there, and what would be the common axis between the two countries regarding the legal notions of the base retirement regimes? Secondly, we envisage formulating a general legal theory on pension fonds. We notice that the place and the nature of such retirement entities are scarcely treated by the two countries literature. Where these pension organisms should act and what is in fact the need that must be protected? We formulate universal principles. The notion of autonomous "private pension legal relationship" vis-à-vis of other relationships is it envisaged? Two main questions require responses. Are the pension fonds elements of economic public order or elements of social public order? In other words, do these organisms have an economic legal nature or a social nature? In addition, it is important to determine whether the pension fonds are really social security elements and if the ensemble of their principles are applicable to them. The complexity of the pension fonds topic oftheir legal conception shows the interesting character of the subject matter of our research. Challenging them and searching for responses bring us to a universe still scarcely studied by the legal literature

A intrínseca relação entre educação financeira e educação previdenciária, mais especificamente pela interação destes dois fatores como determinante no bem estar do indivíduo na fase pós-laboral, faz da educação financeira uma importante ferramenta de disseminação da cultura previdenciária. Em um âmbito nacional, diante de iniciativas de órgãos previdenciários como PREVIC, se estabeleceu a importância de ações e programas de educação financeira em Entidades de Previdência Complementar, surgindo a demanda em compreender, mensurar e acompanhar o nível de educação financeira dos públicos de Fundos de Pensão brasileiros. Assim, este trabalho objetivou propor e aplicar uma metodologia para coleta de dados primários, voltado à obtenção de indicadores e ao cálculo de um índice geral de educação financeira, o qual refletisse o nível de educação financeira do público analisado. A partir de estudos bibliográficos sobre o tema, assim como da experiência de órgãos internacionais como OCDE, constituiu-se um instrumento de aferição contendo 25 itens distribuídos em quatro indicadores pré-estabelecidos. A pesquisa de campo para aplicação e validação desse instrumento foi realizada através de método de levantamento de dados (survey) com aplicação de técnica de coleta via internet (online), resultando em uma amostra de 275 entrevistas válidas, selecionada de acordo com procedimentos amostrais probabilísticos. A validação do instrumento foi realizada com aplicação de técnicas de análise multivariada pelo método PAF. O resultado das análises efetuadas indicou a obtenção de cinco indicadores para o cálculo do índice geral de educação financeira, listados por ordem de importância: Poupança e Investimentos; Organização das finanças pessoais; Dívidas pessoais; Proteção; Noções de dinheiro e Matemática Financeira.
The intrinsic relation between financial literacy and social security education, more specifically by the interaction of these two as a determinant factor in the well-being of the individual in post-labor phase makes financial education a tool in major spread of social security culture. On a national level, before social security bodies initiatives as PREVIC, we established the importance of actions and financial education programs in the Complementary Pension Entities, surging demand to understand, measure and monitor the level of financial education of the public of Brazilian pension funds. This research aimed to propose and implement a methodology for primary data collection, aimed at obtaining indicators and calculating a general index of financial education, which reflect the financial literacy level of the analyzed public. From bibliographical references on the topic, as well as the experience of international bodies such as OECD, it constituted a benchmarking instrument containing 25 items divided into four pre-established indicators. The field research for application and validation of the instrument was conducted through data collection method (survey) with technical application collection via internet (online), resulting in a sample of 275 valid interviews, selected according to probability sampling procedures. The validation of the instrument was carried out with application of multivariate analysis by PAF method. The survey results of the analysis carried out indicated the achievement of five indicators to calculate the overall index of financial education, listed by importance: Savings and Investments; Organization of personal finance; Personal debt; Protection; Notions of cash and Financial Mathematics.

Orientador: Claudio Salvadori Dedecca
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo explicitar a correlação entre o mercado de trabalho privado não-agrícola e as condições de financiamento do Regime Geral da Previdência Social (RGPS). É possível provar que a evolução do desequilíbrio entre a arrecadação sobre folha salarial e o gasto com benefícios pagos aos trabalhadores do setor privado foi fortemente determinada pelas modificações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho ao longo dos anos 1990 e início dos anos 2000. Observa-se que a base mais importante de contribuição para o Orçamento da Seguridade Social, o mercado de trabalho, vem sendo corroída ao longo dos anos 1990 e início dos anos 2000. Essa corrosão teve como principais causas, não a diminuição relativa do número de ocupados contribuintes para a previdência entre 1995 e 2005, mas sim a queda real dos rendimentos do trabalho e a inserção de pessoas economicamente ativas em postos de trabalho pior remunerados do que antigamente
Abstract: This study has as objective to demonstrate the correlation between the private non-agricultural labour market and the financing conditions of the Regime Geral da Previdência Social (RGPS). It is possible to prove that the evolution of the disequilibrium between the sum of contributions based on wages and the expenditure with benefits to the private sector workers was strongly determined by the changes in the labour market throughout the 1990?s and the beginning of 2000?s. The most important base of contribution for the Social Security Budget, the labour market, has been corroded. This corrosion had as main causes not the relative reduction of the number of contributors for the pension funds between 1995 and 2005, but mainly the real fall of the labour income and the worse remunerated insertion of economically active people in these years
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

The diploma thesis deals with the privatization of the pay-as-you-go pension systems, and it aims to theoretically and empirically disconfirm the widely spread imaginary benefits of the transfer to the fully funded social security system. These so-called social security myths are inherently connected with the transformation of the implicit pension debt to the explicit debt which, as confirmed by the designed multiple regression model, has a negative influence on rating and therefore on financing expenses of certain states. The thesis also focuses on legislative modifications of pension funds in the Czech Republic which fundamentally add to almost zero real annual yield. After subtraction of deferred expenses and revaluation reserve held in equity of particular pension funds, the average real annual yield in recent fifteen years is actually negative.

O direito do trabalho nasceu no ambiente da Revolução Industrial. Contemporaneamente, a economia mundializada, aliada às transformações operadas nos modos de produção mantém a atividade produtiva em destaque. A aposentadoria, por sua vez, a cada momento fica mais assustadora. Não somente em razão dos dogmas sociais que cercam a fase da velhice. A crise no sistema previdenciário Estatal assusta aos mais otimistas. Tal fato faz com que aumente a opção pelo sistema de aposentadoria privada na modalidade fechada. Contudo, o contrato de aposentadoria nessa modalidade merece maior atenção por parte dos setores da sociedade em razão da inexistência de amparo ao trabalhador que está buscando meios de garantir renda capaz de lhe proporcionar uma velhice digna. Através de análise epistemológica da problemática do sistema de aposentadoria privada na modalidade fechada, tendo como pano de fundo a dignidade da pessoa humana do aposentado, partimos para reflexões acerca dos mecanismos necessários à implementação de uma situação de igualdade jurídica do trabalhador contratante frente à entidade previdenciária e patrocinadora do plano, no âmbito da iniciativa privada. Defendemos que sejam alinhadas ações individuais e coletivas, por meio da sociedade organizada, que acrescentem a esse sistema condições de auto-organização em favor da concretização da dignidade da pessoa humana do aposentado.
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Labor laws were created during the Industrial Revolution. Nowadays the globalized economy, combined with the changes in the means of production, keep the production activities as the focus of attention. Retirement, however, is becoming dreadful. Not only because of the social dogmas involving old age. The crisis in the state social security scares the most optimistic ones. The consequence of this fact is an increase in the number of people who choose to contribute to closed private pension entities. Some sectors of our society should turn their attention to this type of retirement, though. There is no support for the workers trying to find ways which can provide them with a proper old age. Through an epistemological analysis of issues involving contributions to closed private pension entities and having in mind a retired person s dignity, we reflect on the mechanisms required to implement juridical equality between the worker and the private entity he hires the services of within the scope of private enterprise. We defend that individual and collective acts should work together in an organized society and add self-organization conditions to this system so as to make concrete a retired person s dignity.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The twenty-first century demographic revolution signals the rapid aging process in the world, revealing a historical milestone in contemporary society that is the Longevity Revolution, making existing notions of old age and retirement rethought, with increased life expectancy. An elderly population presents social and economic challenges, with systematic and endogenous changes in economic behavior, specially on savings. This scenario requires adjustments and reforms in social security and stimulus in pension funds helping people to a more balanced financial situation throughout the life, generating welfare of the families. The objective of this research was to outline the scientific approaches to aging in Brazil, identifying in these approaches the intention of collaborating with the definitions of public policies in the scope of social security and pension funds. The method used was the bibliographic review called "state of the art" of the retrospective and secondary type. With the definition of the descriptors the research was carried out in theses and dissertations published during the last 10 years (2006 to 2016). In the qualitative analysis, it was observed that the need for reforms and adjustments in social security and the importance of fostering complementary social security as a long-term savings instrument provides social welfare for families and contributes, above all, to the country's development. It is concluded that aging engenders great human development and challenges in the elaboration of public policies in diverse areas, mainly creates opportunities in new products and services. Facing challenges in a provident way will allow the aging of people with dignity and security in a comprehensive social transformation of contemporary society
A revolução demográfica do século XXI sinaliza o rápido processo de envelhecimento no mundo, revelando um marco histórico na sociedade contemporânea que é a Revolução da Longevidade, fazendo com que as noções existentes de velhice e de aposentadoria sejam repensadas, com o aumento da expectativa de vida. Uma população idosa apresenta desafios sociais e econômicos, com mudanças sistemáticas e endógenas no comportamento econômico, especialmente sobre a poupança. Este cenário requer ajustes e reformas na previdência social e estímulo na previdência complementar auxiliando as pessoas para uma situação financeira mais equilibrada ao longo da vida, gerando bem-estar das famílias. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi delinear as abordagens cientifícas do envelhecimento no Brasil, identificando nessas abordagens a intenção de colaborar com as definições de políticas públicas no âmbito da previdência social e da previdência complementar. O método utilizado foi o de revisão bibliográfica denominada “estada da arte” do tipo retrospectivo e secundário. Com a definição dos descritores a pesquisa foi realizada nas teses e dissertações publicadas dos últimos 10 anos (2006 a 2016). Na análise qualitativa constatou-se que a necessidade de reformas e ajustes na previdência social e a importância do fomento da previdência complementar, como instrumento de poupança de longo prazo proporcionará bem-estar social para as famílias e contribui, sobretudo para o desenvolvimento do País. Conclui-se que o envelhecimento engendra grande desenvolvimento humano e desafios na elaboração de políticas públicas em diversas áreas, sobretudo cria oportunidades em novos produtos e serviços. Enfrentar os desafios de forma previdente permitirá o envelhecimento das pessoas com dignidade e segurança numa abrangente transformação social da sociedade contemporânea

This thesis deals with a very important issue in South African society, i.e. the provision of financial and non-cash support to older persons. Older persons in South Africa can be described as a sizeable but vulnerable group requiring specific protection. Section 27 of the South African Constitution of 1996 obliges the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures within available resources to progressively realise the right of access to social security. Hence, the steps taken by the state to promote older persons&rsquo
right of access to social security and to protect their right to dignity need to be evaluated. The legislative framework for the provision of financial and non-cash support to older persons currently is fragmented into various statutes dealing with retirement income, state grants to older persons and care and support services for older persons. Therefore, the current legislation lacks an integrated approach to the provision of support and care to older persons, as well as a central principle on which to base future legislation concerning older persons. One such principle that could potentially be adopted is intergenerational solidarity, which can be described as the solidarity between the active working-age population, as one generation, from which benefits flow to older persons as the other. This thesis evaluates whether intergenerational solidarity should form the basis of South African legislation on the provision of retirement income and the provision of care and support to older persons, and if so, whether it in fact does. If the answer to the latter is in the negative, the thesis further examines whether the current process to reform the retirement income system and related legislation in South Africa would be a suitable platform to introduce the concept of intergenerational solidarity to legislation concerning older persons.

This thesis will examine the effects of divorce on the benefit payable to a member of a retirement fund, where divorce has occurred before the member has reached retirement age. In 
particular, parametric (that is, piecemeal) amendments to the relevant legislation will be analysed in order to outline the development of the legislation relating to divorce and the consequent distribution of 
assets (including retirement savings). The previous and current legal position in South Africa relating to divorce and retirement savings will be set out and critically analysed to determine whether the current position can be regarded as an improvement upon the previous legal position, or whether other and/or new problems in this area have been created. Parametric amendments to 
relevant legislation have thus far been the subject of many cases in our courts and adjudicative tribunals. A systemic overhaul of a particular area of law is a useful tool in providing legal certainty 
and clarifying the laws applicable to that area. This thesis will therefore argue in favour of a systemic overhaul of the legislation applicable to the allocation of retirement benefits at divorce, as opposed to the ineffectual parametric (i.e. piecemeal) amendments that have been implemented thus far. An essential aspect of this study is a comparative study of South African legal principles 
relating to retirement benefits and divorce with the legal principles of this subject in the United Kingdom (UK).

The subject of this research is the extension to a scheme pension unit, in particular to define «contractual security», decentralised and self-managed forms of protection, designed as much to income support and employment in the sectors excluded from the scope of public social safety nets for the provision of supplementary pensions compulsory system and administration of superior health benefits, minimum levels (and uniform) to those guaranteed by the national health service.

Маслик, Р. О. Формування фінансового забезпечення соціального захисту населення України : дис. ... канд. екон. наук : 08.00.08 / Р. О. Маслик. - Львів, 2017. - 265 с.
Дисертаційна робота присвячена обґрунтуванню теоретико-організаційних аспектів фінансового забезпечення соціального захисту населення. Досліджено теоретичну сутність поняття соціального захисту населення та його основних складових, зокрема, встановлено, що його потрібно розглядати з позиції головної мети соціальної держави та суспільства, яка реалізується шляхом використання не лише правових, економічних, організаційних, а й фінансових важелів, що спрямовуються на досягнення та поліпшення соціально-прийнятного суспільством рівня життя кожного громадянина. Розроблено й обґрунтовано структурно-ресурсну модель формування фінансового забезпечення соціального захисту населення. Розкрито сутнісне наповнення фінансового забезпечення соціального захисту населення, акцентовано увагу на необхідності залучення коштів недержавних джерел, які сьогодні починають відігравати важливу роль в осучасненні державних фінансів. На основі багатофакторної моделі спрогнозовано доходи населення на середньотерміновий період за допомогою методу експоненційного згладжування та інтервального прогнозу. Для поліпшення ситуації у сфері соціального захисту населення України запропоновано орієнтуватися на модернізацію й осучаснення основних положень системи фінансового забезпечення соціального захисту населення, що в свою чергу приведе до ефективного використання фінансових коштів, необхідних для забезпечення гідного рівня життя кожного громадянина.
Диссертация посвящена обоснованию теоретико-организационных аспектов финансового обеспечения социальной защиты населения. Исследована теоретическая сущность понятия социальной защиты населения и его основных составляющих. Установлено, что социальную защиту населения нужно рассматривать с точки зрения главной цели социального государства и общества, которые реализуются путем использования финансово-экономических и организационных рычагов, в том числе направляемых на достижение и улучшение социально-приемлемого обществом уровня жизни каждого гражданина. Обосновано необходимость взаимодействия негосударственных нетрадиционных источников финансирования социальной защиты населения с государством, а именно поиск альтернативных способов привлечения денежных средств путем франдайзинга. На основе рассчитанной совокупности индикаторов, определяющих финансовую устойчивость негосударственных пенсионных фондов, а также защищенность финансовых интересов участников фонда, была проанализирована деятельность трех негосударственных пенсионных фондов в динамике. На основе рассчитанных коэффициентов предложен методический подход к выбору негосударственного пенсионного фонда, исходя с учета рисков потерь доходов его участников и показателей финансовой устойчивости. Разработана и обоснована структурно-ресурсная модель финансового обеспечения социальной защиты населения. Раскрыта сущность финансового обеспечения социальной защиты населения и сделан акцент на необходимости привлечения финансовых средств негосударственных источников, поскольку они начинают активно влиять на традиционную систему государственных финансов. На основе предлагаемой многофакторной модели сделан прогноз доходов населения с помощью метода экспоненциального сглаживания и интервального прогноза. Определено, что для улучшения сложившейся ситуации в сфере социальной защиты населения Украины, нужно взять курс на ее модернизацию, осовременивание основных положений системы социальной защиты населения, предлагаемое приведет к эффективному использованию финансовых средств, необходимых для обеспечения надлежащего уровня благосостояния населения.
The thesis is dedicated to the substantiation of theoretical and organizational aspects of the population social protection financial provision. The theoretical essence of the population social protection concept and its main components is investigated. It has been established that “the population social protection” should be considered from the point of view of the main goal of a social state and society, which is realized through the use of legal, economic organizational levers including financial ones aimed at achievement and improvement of the socially acceptable level of every citizen life. The structural-resource model of the population social protection financial provision is developed and substantiated. The essence of the concept of “financial provision of the population social protection” is revealed, the emphasis is placed on the need to attract funds from non-state sources, as today they are beginning to play an active role in public finances changes. On the basis of the multi-factor model, a population income prediction was made for 2016-2018. using the exponential smoothing method and interval prediction. As a result, we determined that in order to improve the situation in the sphere of the population of Ukraine social protection, it is necessary to take a course on its modernization, updating of the basic provisions of the population social protection system, which in turn will lead to the effective use of financial resources necessary to ensure a decent living standard of every citizen.

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The present dissertation looks into the use of measures as the automatic enrolment in the pension funds regulation from the perspective of the loosening of the concept of rationality, based on the Law and Behavional Economics. The work is initiated by the historical evolution of Brazilian pension funds’ regulations. It analyzes the systemic impacts created by changes to the pension pillars, particularly to the first one (public pension). In view of these changes and the increasing relevance of the second pillar (occupational pension) to ensure the welfare, this dissertation aims to analyze the possibility of occurrence of cognitive biases in complementary pensions-related decisions. Those cognitive biases can lead individuals to choose options that do not maximize their welfare, for reasons such as inertia, procrastination and optimism, unlike the predicted by the rationality assumption of the neoclassical economic theory. The outcomes analyzed indicate the necessity of regulatory measures to mitigate these cognitive biases, which should be mainly the adoption of a choice arquitecture that can induce the welfare maximization, without limit the individual freedom of choice. Those measures, however, specially the automatic enrollment, are intended to alleviate the cognitive biases, being censurable its adoption in pension plans with predominance of other reasons to the low levels of enrollment, as distrust in the fund administration. Moreover, is needed to respect certain criteria in the automatic enrollment implementation, in order to ensure that this instrument is used only when cognitive biases that reduce the welfare are observed, as well that the option that people are being nudged to is a gainful option, at least most of the times. At end, it is verified the legality of these measures using the standard of proportionality, which allows to identify the limits to the regulatory intensity.
A presente dissertação investiga a utilização de medidas como a adesão automática pela regulação da previdência complementar fechada a partir da flexibilização do conceito de racionalidade, tendo como base a Análise Econômica e Comportamental do Direito. Inicia-se o trabalho pela evolução histórica da regulação da previdência no Brasil, avaliando os impactos sistêmicos das alterações ocorridas no primeiro pilar previdenciário (regimes básicos). Em virtude dessas alterações e do crescimento da relevância do segundo pilar de previdência social (Previdência Complementar Fechada) para a manutenção do bem-estar, analisa-se a possibilidade de ocorrência de vieses cognitivos que implicam desvios de racionalidade dos indivíduos nas decisões relativas à previdência complementar. Esses vieses cognitivos podem fazer com que indivíduos escolham alternativas que não maximizam seu bem-estar, por razões como inércia, procrastinação e superotimismo, ao contrário do que aponta o pressuposto de racionalidade da Economia Neoclássica. Os resultados analisados conduzem à necessidade de adoção de medidas regulatórias capazes de mitigar esses desvios de racionalidade, na forma de adoção de arquitetura de escolhas que induzam à maximização do bem-estar individual, sem limitar a liberdade individual dos envolvidos. Essas medidas, entretanto, especialmente a adesão automática aos planos de benefícios, destinam-se à mitigação de vieses cognitivos, sendo criticável sua adoção em planos de previdência onde observa-se predominância de outras razões para baixos níveis de adesão, como desconfiança em relação à gestão do plano. Ademais, faz-se necessário respeitar certos critérios para sua implementação, a fim de garantir que esse instrumento somente seja utilizado quando se observar vieses cognitivos que prejudiquem significativamente o bem-estar, bem como que a opção à qual os indivíduos estão sendo induzidos é vantajosa, ao menos na grande maioria das vezes. Ao final, verifica-se a juridicidade dessas medidas, à luz da proporcionalidade, norma que permite identificar os limites para a intensidade regulatória.

Do you think you’ll have enough money to support your retirement life? Your answer may be yes, because we all have social security. But, is it really secure? People in Greece may not think so, as their pensions have been reduced significantly since the European debt crisis. Although it is an extreme case, pension systems in many other countries are also unsustainable. And when it comes to China, the situation is even more challenging and alarming due to its one-child policy. This picture describes a typical structure of millions of Chinese families including myself. My husband and I are both the only child in our families. In the future, we’ll have to support four parents between us. It’ll be such a big pressure that not only my generation but also the pension system is hardly able to handle it. Researchers from around the world have been searching for solutions for many years. But why designing a good pension system is so difficult?

Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira
A falta de estudos acerca do impacto de variáveis demográficas e económicas como o envelhecimento, produtividade e desemprego na despesa da Segurança Social Portuguesa promove o aparecimento de preocupações acerca da sua sustentabilidade financeira. Partindo de uma perspectiva teórica, a baixa fecundidade aumenta o índice de dependência de idosos e reduz o crescimento económico, com a agravante do desemprego que contrai a base contributiva e a produtividade (aumentando o peso da despesa com pensões na economia). No entanto, é crucial desenvolver um trabalho aplicado em Portugal nesta temática de modo a avaliar estas conclusões. Usando séries temporais de dados Portugueses de 1975 a 2014, foi encontrada evidência estatística de cointegração entre a população desempregada entre os 15 e os 64 anos de idade, produtividade aparente do trabalho e índice de dependência de idosos (variáveis explicativas) e despesa com pensões em percentagem do PIB (variável dependente), mas o sinal do coeficiente de longo prazo para a componente demográfica sofre alterações quando as variáveis dummy são excluídas , levantando dúvidas acerca do impacto do envelhecimento na despesa com pensões. As restantes variáveis explicativas apresentam um sinal positivo, influenciando positivamente a despesa com pensões em percentagem do PIB. Por ultimo, foi desenvolvido um modelo VECM com funções impulso-resposta e decomposição da variância, e os resultados evidenciam que, em Portugal, o envelhecimento tem um impacto quase insignificante no longo prazo, comparando com o desemprego e a produtividade.
The lack of studies about the impact of demographic and economic variables such as ageing, productivity and unemployment, on Portuguese Social Security expenditures, arises expected concerns on its financial sustainability. From a theoretical perspective, low fertility increases old-age dependence index and decreases economic growth, reinforced by unemployment which shrinks the contributory base and productivity (increasing the burden of pension expenditures on the overall economy). However, it is crucial to develop an applied work in this field in Portugal to assess these conclusions. Using Portuguese time-series data from 1975 to 2014, it was found statistical evidence of cointegration between unemployed people aged between 15 and 64 years old, apparent productivity of labour and old-age dependence index (explanatory variables) and pension expenditure as a share of GDP (dependent variable), but the sign of long-run coefficient for the demographic component differs when the dummy components are excluded, raising doubts about the impact of ageing on pension expenditures. The remaining explanatory variables present a positive sign, positively influencing the pension expenditure as a share of GDP. At last, it was developed a VECM model with impulse-response functions and variance decomposition, and the results showed that, in Portugal, ageing has an almost insignificant impact in the long-run, comparing with unemployment and productivity.
N/A

This thesis is concerned with the projection and valuation of the Egyptian social security pension system which represents the first and main pillar in pension provision in Egypt. The system is officially a funded defined benefit one and is managed by two public Funds on behalf of the state. As a result of the pre-funding strategy, the two Funds have been accumulating a large amount of assets, which makes them important institutional investors with certain characteristics. Larger contributions from employees and/or employers or cutting back some benefits cannot be recommended by the system's actuary in the event of an actuarial deficit for many political, economic and social reasons. Actuarial deficits can be dealt with by two methods, the first is higher interest rates on the invested funds from the National Investment Bank (NIB). The second is a transfer from the Treasury to shoulder the actuarial deficit alongside the annual subsidy given to improve the level of benefits. This strategy raises four very important questions. The first is whether the system's expected annual cash flow is sustainable under different demographic and economic scenarios, particularly whether the system will face any cash flow liquidity shortage in the near future. The second is how much the expected annual subsidy will be. The third is what is the required rate of interest on the invested funds to achieve the funding objective of covering 100% of the liabilities. The fourth is whether the current contribution rates are fair and adequate for new entrants at certain ages. In answering these questions a pension projection and valuation model is developed. This involves analysing and modelling the relevant demographic and economic factors in order to project them. It is found that the system will face cash flow deficits unless it liquidates some of its assets over the projection period. It is also found that the current contribution rates are more than enough to cover the cost of new entrants, even with delays in starting work as a result of the high unemployment. It is also found that a moderate rate of interest of around 6-7% per annum with salary growth of around 8-9% per annum can keep the funding level at 100% of the liabilities. Finally, a set of recommendations are made for reforming the system to enable it to survive the changes it faces in an uncertain economic and demographic environment. Some suggestions for further work are also discussed.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-97).
Public pension funds are increasingly investing in cities. On the one hand, this appears as a positive development, as an organization traditionally based on exclusionary membership shares its benefits with the larger society. On the other hand, that this is occurring in the context of a disintegrating social contract could be a troubling feature, where private citizens are subsidizing their communities in the absence of state support. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines "social contract" as "an actual or hypothetical agreement among the members of an organized society.. .that defines and limits the rights and duties of each." The past thirty years in U.S. history have seen a drastic deterioration in the tacit social contract binding the State, Capital and Labor. Transformations affecting these three actors have re-shaped their interactions and bargaining power. Through a discussion of the Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Change literatures, the first objective of this paper is to make the case that community investing by pension funds is an institution (broadly defined) that has emerged in part because of the historic-economic forces driving the disintegration of the social contract: financialization, neoliberalism, and the decline of the labor movement. The second objective of this paper is to address the following research questions at the city level: What is the relationship between community investing by pension funds and the changing roles of Capital, Labor, and the State? How, in turn, does the design and organization of these institutions impact their ability to influence this relationship? This research finds that pension fund capitalism in New York City may both blunt and obscure the impacts of the weakened social contract. The pension funds could possibly strengthen the position of labor and increase benefits to communities if they incorporated opportunities for learning and capacity building into their programs.
by Nicole A. Salazar.
M.C.P.

The main aim of the thesis is to give comprehensive overview on the issue of pension reform in order to clarify, with political-economic and socio-economic context, the position and role of the private sector in pension system of Czech Republic and evaluate whether it is sufficient form of security for old age. The thesis analyzed trends, with specific meaning and influence of the social situation in the EU. There was made the description of pension system of Chile, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, USA, France and Germany. The thesis also analyzed the pre-reform and after-reform pension system in Czech Republic. The last chapter was dedicated to a case study focusing on the simulation with respect of different age and income of various persons. The conclusion showed partial opt-out preference for younger people with long term savings, or older people with income at least above 40.000,-CZK. It also proved benefits of additional savings, especially with state aid, tax relief and employer contribution. The thesis proved the fact that private sector is able to provide the security for old age people only with sufficiently high income, sufficiently long period of savings and also only with personal responsibility of every person alone. In all other cases the savings in private sector must be comprehend as an additional saving and not as an adequate substitute for state pension.

Social security is one of the key pillars of socioeconomic development in developing countries. Despite being an internationally recognized basic right and a key pillar of socioeconomic development, it does not protect the majority of the global workforce. Over 90% of workers in developing countries do not have social security coverage, the greatest percentage belonging to informal sector. In Rwanda, the national government has stepped up efforts to extend coverage to the wider population, but informal sector workers have not joined the existing pension scheme in significant numbers, and the reasons for which are unclear. Guided by Maloney's theory of voluntarism; the purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine the factors affecting the level of workers' participation in informal sector in pension scheme in Rwanda. This study was designed to provide new insights into the current social security situation of informal sector workers in Rwanda and to contribute to the knowledge base on social security and the informal sector. The research questions focused on awareness, income levels, and other factors that can address the social security needs of informal sector workers. Data were collected from 22 active workers from informal sector and 5 officials from ministries and agencies who were well-versed with social security issues. Data were analyzed via Moustakas's steps of epoche, phenomenological reduction, imaginative narration, and synthesis of texture and structure. The results revealed that low incomes, lack of awareness, poor benefit design, distrust of public schemes, and frustrating laws and procedures were hindering the increased public pension coverage of informal sector workers in Rwanda. These findings will help Rwandan policy makers to promote positive social change by informing policies that enhance social protection of workers in informal sector.

This thesis consists of three essays, which all concern the dynamics of pension reform. The first essay evaluates the financial balance and the demographic adjustability of the reformed Swedish pay-as-you-go pension system. The main findings are that the demographic adjustability of the system is poor. Furthermore, the financial balance and pension levels are, to a large degree, dependent on the pension fund and its returns. Making some alterations to the system's benefit formula may improve the adjustability of the system, as well as decreasing its pension fund dependency. It is also shown that the new public system imposes an age-dependent implicit tax on labor earnings that is falling with age. Within the pay-as-you-go system, this tax is large for younger workers for whom almost the whole contribution is regarded as a tax. By introducing a public defined contribution system, the total implicit tax may be reduced since the defined contribution system implies a negative implicit tax because savings are subsidized within the defined contribution system. In the second essay a three-generation OLG model for analyzing a privatization of PAYG old-age social security is developed. Furthermore, it proposes an explicit reform for how the privatization transition may be undertaken. The set of government policy instruments is limited to debt issuing and proportional labor income taxation. The possibilities of a Pareto-improving privatization, given the proposed reform, are then analyzed. Contrary to models where a two-generation OLG framework is used, the three-generation framework creates possibilities for a Pareto-improving privatization of old-age social security, since the PAYG system induces a non-optimal implicit tax over the life cycle. By shifting to an optimal tax policy cannot only the pension claims accrued under the PAYG system be financed, but the shift will also be Pareto-improving. In the third essay the performance of the reformed Latvian pay-as-you-go pension system is evaluated against the background of an exceptional projected decrease in the Latvian labor force. The pension system is designed to handle the upcoming difficulties, and special attention has been given in the design to keep the expenditures low relative to the revenues, by introducing rules dampening the increase in the pension expenditures. In the light of the pessimistic projection of the Latvian demography, the newly reformed PAYG system performs remarkably well. The expenditure reducing rules introduced have significant effects on the system's financial balance. The pension reform also includes the launch of a publicly run defined contributions pension system. It is shown that the resulting implicit tax imposed by the public pension system imposes on labor earnings is negative and increasing with age. That is, savings are subsidized in the public pension system. It is also shown that private savings are fully crowded out as individuals try to offset their savings in the pension system. Since individuals are capital constrained, they will have no private assets at all. From a welfare perspective, this suggests the overall contribution rate to the public pension system to be too high.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2002

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
Cape Verde, as many developing countries, is attempting to extend the social protection toward the independent workers, which represent about 32% of the country employed force. This work project analysis the impacts of the Cape Verde self-employed social security framework, under both individual and scheme perspectives. Based on overlapping generations projections that allows for life-cycle behavior, we find that the returns on the pension contributions are negative for men, and that the scheme might not be financially sustainable, over a sixty year horizon.

Mestrado em Ciências Actuariais
This thesis examines the Malawi pension fund reform using an integrated simulation model. The aim is to explore why the Malawi government moved from Pay as you go (PAYG) system to define contribution (DC) system. Malawi is a relatively young country and its pension schemes are deficient in design, financing, execution and administration. Malawi has persistent macroeconomic fluctuations and an unstable financial sector that make effective pension fund management challenging. Also there are high inflation rates and politically motivated low-yield investment loans. The thesis assumes that in Malawi an average person retires by 50 years and the maximum age of death is 70. The average starting wage ranges from 65,000-75,000 Mk. The contribution rate is 15% of payroll with a transaction cost of 5% of wages. The common investment strategy is a 50-50-0-0-0 approach, i.e. 50% of assets are allocated to bank deposits and government bonds respectively. In addition a risk return analysis is employed to test the portfolio riskiness. The test include the Sharpe ratio, the Jensen measure and the Treynor measure. It was observed following the simulation tests that replacement rates are higher when retirement age rises to 60 or 65, but retiring at 50 had very low replacement rates. Meaning, pensioner can get favourable retirement income when he/she retires at 65 but this is a problem since life expectancy is 54 years. The portfolio risk test indicated very low results meaning low risks. This is as a result of allocating the funds in less risky assets i.e. government bonds which have low investments yield trickling down to low pensions. To improve the current pension system, Malawi needs to redesign its pension system to tackle the life expectancy problem, diversify pension fund portfolios to achieve a high and stable return, and invest in the economy in order to have a stable macro-economy that can protect the real value of pension assets.
Esta tese examina o fundo de pensão de reforma do Malawi usando um modelo de simulação integrada. O objetivo é explorar por que o governo do Malawi passou do sistema Pay as you go (repartição ) para um sistema de contribuição definida (capitalização). Malawi é um país relativamente jovem e os seus regimes de pensões são deficientes em design, financiamentos, execução e administração. Malawi tem flutuações macroeconômicas persistentes e um sector financeiro instável que fazem a gestão eficaz de fundos de pensões desafiante. Além disso, existem altas taxas de inflação e politicamente motivadas empréstimos de investimento de baixo rendimento. A tese parte do princípio de que no Malawi uma pessoa média se aposenta aos 50 anos e de que a idade máxima de morte é de 70 . O salário médio inicial varia de 65,000-75,000 Mk. A taxa de contribuição é de 15% do salário, com um custo de transação de 5% dos salários. A estratégia comum de investimento é uma abordagem 50-50-0-0-0 , ou seja, 50% dos activos são alocados para os depósitos bancários e títulos do governo, respetivamente. Além disso, uma análise de retorno de risco é utilizada para testar o grau de risco da carteira. O teste inclui o índice de Sharpe, a medida Jensen e a medida Treynor. Observou-se nos ensaios de simulação que as taxas de substituição são mais elevados quando a idade da reforma sobe para 60 ou 65 anos, mas se a reforma for aos 50 anos obtêm-se taxas de substituição muito baixas. Ou seja, o pensionista pode obter uma pensão favorável quando se aposenta aos 65 anos , mas existe um problema, já que a expectativa média de vida é de 54 anos. O teste de risco da carteira dá resultados muito baixos indicando baixo risco. Este é o resultado da alocação dos recursos em ativos de menor risco, ou seja, títulos do governo, produzindo pensões baixas. Para melhorar o actual sistema de pensões, Malawi precisa redesenhar o seu sistema de pensões para enfrentar o problema da expectativa de vida, diversificar carteiras dos fundos de pensões para conseguir um retorno alto e estável, e investir na economia, a fim de ter uma macroeconomia estável, que pode proteger o valor real dos ativos de pensões.

Mestrado em Ciências Actuariais
Várias projeções da evolução do sistema de Segurança Social em Portugal indicam que está faltando a sustentabilidade em sua forma atual, daí a necessidade de fazer correções a esta tendência. Em contraste algumas evidências sugerem que o Sistema de Segurança Social em Chile está desfrutando de sustentabilidade. A fim de contribuir para o debate nacional sobre a forma como estes pazes deve ter lugar, uma visão sobre as características de ambos: o sistema de fundos de pensão Português e do modelo chileno será discutido, destacando seus pontos fortes e fracos que nos permitam fazer uma análise custo / benefício para a transição do atual sistema de Português para um sistema mais parecido com o chileno.
Several Projections of the Social Security System evolution in Portugal indicate it's lacking of sustainability in its present form, hence the need to make corrections to this trend. In contrast some evidence suggests that the Social Security System in Chile is enjoying sustainability. In order to contribute to the national discussion on the way these amends should take place, an insight into the characteristics of both: the Portuguese pension fund system and the Chilean model will be discussed, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses that will allow us to do a cost/benefit analysis for the transition of the current Portuguese system to a system more similar to the Chilean.

Система соціального страхування України може бути вдосконаленою за рахунок декількох резервів: позбавлення даної системи від тягаря соціальних виплат різним категоріям пільговиків, а також поступове перенесення функцій щодо пенсійного забезпечення пільгових категорій пенсіонерів з Пенсійного фонду України на роботодавців у рамках діяльності недержавних пенсійних фондів. Дана обставина викликає необхідність дослідження рейтингування недержавних пенсійних фондів.
Ukrainian social insurance system may be improved by means of several reserves: eliminating the burden of social payments for different categories of persons entitled to benefits, step by step transferring the functions of pension providence from Pension Fund of Ukraine towards employers in frames of non-state pension funds activity. This circumstance makes it necessary to pay attention to non-state pension funds rating.

The Thesis analyzes the insurance provided by pension systems against macroeconomic and demographic risks. This purpose is accomplished by simulating individual life-cycle behaviors in a steady-state partial equilibrium model with uncertainty on wages, financial market returns and life expectancy, calibrated so as to reproduce stylized facts of the Italian economy. In particular, stochastic (macroeconomic and demographic) variables, such as wages, financial market returns, social mobility and survival probabilities follow processes that have been estimated based on available data for Italy, mostly over the period 1990-2004. The Thesis is composed of three essays. The first two papers focus on comparing the insurance provided against wage-related risk by a typical Defined Benefit pension system (modeled according to the old Italian pension scheme before the 1992 Amato reform), providing benefits based on the risky wages earned in the last years before retirement on the one hand; and a typical Notional Defined Contribution system (modeled according to the new Italian pension scheme introduced by the 1995 Dini reform), providing benefits based on all working-life contributions, capitalized at a “notional” rate of return i.e. the growth rate of the economy, on the other hand. The first paper considers a model with a representative individual facing uncertainty on aggregate wages and financial market returns as well as mortality risk. The new NDC Italian pension system turns out to improve “ex-ante” individual welfare (namely, individual welfare measured at the beginning of lifetime) with respect to the old DB scheme, from a purely risk-insurance perspective. This relative gain stems from the new regime pooling a longer series of risky wages in computing benefits, thereby yielding a better wage-risk diversification which causes a reduction (in expected terms) in the variance of pensions. The second paper extends the scope of the analysis by considering a model with heterogeneous agents belonging to different social (i.e. labor-income) classes, facing uncertainty on class-specific wages and stochastic intra-generational social mobility during working life, besides riskiness related to financial market returns and life expectancy. In this setting the previous result reverses, in that the new NDC system turns out to decrease welfare in “ex-ante” terms with respect to the old DB system from a purely risk-insurance perspective, for individuals belonging to all social classes. This result is due to the fact that the new pension scheme causes a higher correlation between pensions (the social security “asset”) and working-life wages (deemed as a proxy for “human capital”), thereby increasing the overall uncertainty individuals are confronted with during their whole lifetime. Such effect prevails (therefore yielding a welfare loss) as a substantial part of the overall wage uncertainty stems from stochastic social class mobility. Generally, social security in the model (under both the old and the new system) is slightly desirable only for individuals whose labor income conditions worsen during working life, in terms of individual welfare being measured after agents discover the final social class in which they have ended up. The analysis of the third paper overall investigates the determinants of the individual choice of contributing to supplementary private pension funds, by evaluating the effects of the latest (2004) pension reform in Italy on the behavior of a representative agent facing uncertainty on aggregate wages, financial market returns and life expectancy. The 2004 reform let individuals choose between contributing to two alternative complementary schemes (each in addition to the mandatory contribution to the public social security system), namely the firm-based severance pay scheme (the so-called TFR) on the one hand, and complementary private pension funds on the other hand. Investing in pension funds turns out to be slightly welfare improving with respect to contributing to the severance pay scheme in the model. This result is uniquely due to the fact that pension funds offer a preferred risk-return combination, since individuals in the model generally turn out to prefer receiving the capitalized amount in lump-sum fashion at retirement (as under the severance pay scheme) rather than in the form of annuities from retirement onwards (as under pension funds). The preference towards lump-sum i.e. more liquid retirement assets, despite supplementary private annuities providing insurance against longevity risk (namely the risk of workers outliving their savings after retirement), is due to two main reasons: a) the pre-existence of (sizeable) public annuities, reducing the relative value of additional longevity-risk insurance from private pensions; and b) the convenience of investing considerable resources (out of a lump-sum payout) in rewarding financial markets upon retirement.
La Tesi si propone di analizzare la capacità dei sistemi pensionistici di assicurare gli individui contro rischi di natura macroeconomica e demografica. A tal fine, il lavoro effettua delle simulazioni di comportamenti individuali lungo il ciclo di vita, in un modello di equilibrio parziale in stato stazionario, caratterizzato da incertezza su salari, rendimenti finanziari e aspettativa di vita. Il modello è calibrato in modo da riprodurre fatti stilizzati dell'economia italiana. In particolare le variabili stocastiche (macroeconomiche e demografiche), quali salari, rendimenti finanziari, mobilità sociale e probabilità di sopravvivenza seguono processi stimati sulla base dei dati disponibili per il contesto socio-economico italiano, per lo più nell'arco del periodo 1990-2004. La Tesi si compone di tre saggi. I primi due lavori si prefiggono di confrontare la capacità di assicurare rischi collegati ai salari, ad opera da un lato di un tipico sistema pensionistico di tipo retributivo (di seguito nell'abbreviazione inglese DB, Defined Benefit) che eroga pensioni basate sui salari percepiti negli ultimi anni di lavoro prima del pensionamento, modellato sul sistema pensionistico italiano precedente alla riforma Amato del 1992; dall'altro lato, ad opera di un tipico sistema pensionistico contributivo a capitalizzazione figurativa dei contributi (di seguito nell'abbreviazione inglese NDC, Notional Defined Contribution) che eroga pensioni basate sui contributi versati nel corso dell'intera vita lavorativa e capitalizzati ad un tasso figurativo (“notional”) quale il tasso medio di crescita dell'economia, modellato sul nuovo sistema pensionistico italiano introdotto dalla riforma Dini nel 1995. Il primo lavoro considera un modello con un agente rappresentativo, soggetto a incertezza su salari aggregati e rendimenti finanziari nonché al rischio di mortalità. Il nuovo sistema pensionistico italiano di tipo NDC risulta migliorare il benessere individuale “ex-ante” (ossia, il benessere individuale misurato all'inizio della vita economica) rispetto al precedente sistema di tipo DB, in termini puramente assicurativi. Questo guadagno deriva dal fatto che il nuovo regime pensionistico, nel calcolo delle pensioni, aggrega (in “pooling”) una serie più estesa di salari rischiosi, determinando in tal modo una migliore diversificazione del rischio sui salari, che causa una riduzione in termini attesi nella varianza delle pensioni stesse. Il secondo lavoro estende la portata della precedente analisi considerando un modello con agenti eterogenei appartenenti a diverse classi sociali (ossia, a diverse classi di reddito lavorativo), soggetti a incertezza sia sui salari specifici di ciascuna classe sia sulla mobilità sociale (stocastica) intra-generazionale durante la vita lavorativa, oltre che alla rischiosità dei rendimenti finanziari e dell'aspettativa di vita. In questo scenario il precedente risultato si ribalta, in quanto il nuovo sistema NDC risulta peggiorare il benessere “ex-ante” rispetto al precedente sistema DB in termini puramente assicurativi, per individui appartenenti a tutte le classi sociali. Questo risultato è dovuto al fatto che il nuovo schema pensionistico comporta una più alta correlazione tra pensioni (“asset” previdenziale) e salari percepiti nel corso dell'intera vita lavorativa (considerati come proxy per il “capitale umano” individuale), in tal modo aumentando la quantità complessiva di incertezza cui gli individui sono soggetti nel corso della loro intera vita, e questo effetto prevale (causando una perdita di benessere) quando gran parte dell'incertezza salariale è legata alla mobilità sociale stocastica intra-generazionale. In generale, il sistema previdenziale nel modello (sia del tipo DB che del nuovo tipo NDC) risulta leggermente desiderabile esclusivamente per gli individui le cui condizioni reddituali peggiorano durante la vita lavorativa, in termini di benessere individuale misurato dopo che gli agenti hanno scoperto la classe sociale finale cui si trovano ad appartenere. L'analisi del terzo lavoro è complessivamente volta ad investigare le determinanti della scelta individuale di contribuire a forme di previdenza privata complementare, attraverso la valutazione degli effetti dell'ultima riforma previdenziale in Italia (2004) sul comportamento di un agente rappresentativo soggetto a incertezza su salari aggregati, rendimenti finanziari e aspettativa di vita. La suddetta riforma permette agli individui di scegliere tra due schemi alternativi a cui versare contributi (obbligatori), in aggiunta ai contributi per il sistema pensionistico pubblico, ossia lo schema del Trattamento di Fine Rapporto da un lato, e i fondi pensione complementari dall’altro. Investire nei fondi pensione risulta aumentare leggermente il benessere degli individui nel modello, rispetto alla scelta di contribuire allo schema del TFR. Questo esito è dovuto unicamente al fatto che i fondi pensione offrono una migliore combinazione rischio-rendimento, poiché gli individui nel modello preferiscono in generale ricevere il capitale accumulato in somma fissa al pensionamento (come accade nel caso del TFR) piuttosto che sotto forma di rendita dal pensionamento in avanti (come accade nel caso dei fondi pensione). Questa preferenza per il versamento in un'unica soluzione, ossia per forme più liquide di risparmio previdenziale privato, nonostante pensioni erogate sotto forma di rendita forniscano assicurazione contro il rischio di longevità (ossia il rischio che un lavoratore viva più a lungo di quanto atteso, e quindi si ritrovi con insufficienti risorse risparmiate per gli ultimi anni di vita), è dovuta a due motivi principali: a) la pre-esistenza di (cospicue) rendite pensionistiche pubbliche, che riduce il valore relativo dell'assicurazione aggiuntiva fornita da rendite private; b) la convenienza relativa di investire, al momento del pensionamento, nei mercati finanziari ad alto rendimento atteso una quota consistente delle risorse ricevute in somma fissa.

Institutional investors are increasing their ownership in corporations and therefore their influence on financial markets is expanding. The Swedish public pension funds are one of Sweden’s largest institutional investors, holding capital for pension savers that amount to 1 123 billion Swedish Kronor. Media and non-governmental organizations’ attention on institutional investors’ corporate engagement have put pressure on their work with socially responsible investments. The Swedish public pension funds are no exception. Recent reports reveal that the pension funds are still owners in fossil fuel intensive corporations as well as firms connected with human rights violations. The aim of this study is to identify factors that influence pension funds’ view on socially responsible investments. Particular focus is directed towards the funds’ view on corporations that are highly involved in fossil fuel emissions. The study is presented as a case study in which a comparison of management between two of Sweden´s public pension funds is made in order to define how the attitude towards socially responsible investments affect the choices of instruments of influence that are used in corporate engagement. The findings of the study argue that the two funds use similar instruments of influence in their corporate engagement. However, differences in how the instruments are applied exist and the study reveals that the two funds’ approaches to corporations that are highly involved in fossil fuel emissions are different. Conclusions from the study are that the funds’ work with socially responsible investments is based on the mandate to serve the Swedish citizens and manage their retirement money in a desirable way. The study argues that the funds’ view on socially responsible investments is based on their role as representatives for the majority of individuals in Sweden and that the funds actions, consequently, should reflect the majority opinion of the Swedish society.

In recent years, institutional shareholders have more frequently engaged themselves in dialogue with corporations on corporate social and environmental factors (ESG factors) through a new investment strategy often referred to as socially responsible investments. The Swedish public pension funds work with socially responsible investments and shareholder engagement are based on their mandate to serve the Swedish people and to manage their retirement capital in a desirable way. Since 2019, the AP funds are also legally obliged by the AP Funds Act (2000:192) to contribute to sustainable development by their investments. The findings of this thesis suggest that shareholders can positively influence the social and environmental performance of a corporation. It suggests that shareholder engagement dialogue is an effective influence instrument to generate positive social and environmental outcomes, with an open and constructive dialogue between the shareholder and the corporation. In order to build a successful long-term relationship between the shareholder and investee, it is important for the engager to enhance the preparation and try to stay fully informed on the matters being raised to the investee. This can be achieved by the shareholder by letting the engager focus the engagement on a manageable number of corporations and sectors and by having a dialogue with several different stakeholders throughout the network such as local union trade organisations or other NGOs.

O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o impacto na alteração do regime previdenciário de repartição para um modelo misto, através da criação do fundo complementar previdenciário para os novos servidores federais no Brasil. O estudo apresenta os diagnósticos e os conceitos e modelos de previdência adotados no Brasil e sintetiza as experiências de países latino-americanos que reformaram seus respectivos regimes previdenciários com a finalidade de reduzir o déficit com os inativos. No caso brasileiro, após a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 foram editadas duas Emendas Constitucionais (a de nº 20 de 1998 e a de nº 41 de 2003) que possibilitaram a criação, em 2012, da entidade fechada de previdência complementar, para os novos servidores públicos federais, chamada FUNPRESP. O estudo conclui que com o surgimento deste fundo, será possível equalizar os valores dos benefícios pagos entre os regimes geral e próprio. Nesse sentido, o teto dos benefícios de aposentadorias pagos do regime próprio dos servidores federais estará indexado ao valor do teto do regime geral de previdência social. Assim, caso o servidor decida suplementar ganhos acima deste teto, para fins de aposentadoria, ele deverá aderir ao fundo e contribuir, sobre o salário participação, em uma conta individualizada. Desta forma, o governo buscou garantir equidade nos pagamentos de benefícios entre os regimes de previdência geral e próprio, além de tentar reduzir o déficit das contas públicas previdenciárias no longo prazo.
The objective of the present paper is to check the impact on changing from the actual social security of federal pensions to a mixed model, through a creation of a defined contribution pension plan for new federal public employees in Brazil. The study show off diagnostics and exhibit the concepts of pension models adopted in Brazil and brief international experiences of countries that have altered their social pension schemes in Latin America, with object to reduce government deficits of inactive. In the Brazilian case, after the Federal Constitution of 1988, Constitutional Amendments were enacted (nº 20 of 1998 and nº 41 of 2003) which enabled the creation, in 2012, of a complementary retirement plan for new federal public employees, called FUNPRESP. The study concludes than with the emergence of this fund, it will be possible to equalize the amounts of benefits paid between pension schemes. Thereby, the remuneration limit of the benefits paid to the actual system of federal employees pensions will be indexed to the remuneration limit of the general social security. Therefore, if the public employee decides complement gains above this compensation limit, for pension purposes, they should choose to contribute with a quota to an individualized pension plan. So, the government tried to ensure equity in benefit payments between the pension schemes, as well as tried to reduce the deficit of the social security public finances in the long term.