Статті в журналах: "PEKK composite"

1

Rauch, Angelika, Sebastian Hahnel, Elena Günther, Wolfgang Bidmon, and Oliver Schierz. "Tooth-Colored CAD/CAM Materials for Application in 3-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses in the Molar Area: An Illustrated Clinical Comparison." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 5588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245588.

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The aim of this study was to compare the clinical properties of tooth-colored computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials for the fabrication of a 3-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) in the same clinical scenario. A 53-year-old female patient was supplied with a 3-unit FDP to replace a second premolar in the upper jaw. Restorations were fabricated from 3 mol%, 4 mol%, and 5 mol% yttrium oxide zirconia, zirconia with translucency gradient, indirect composite resin, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). Milling time, weight, and radiopacity were investigated. Esthetics were examined following the US Public Health Service criteria (USPHS). The milling time for zirconia was twice as high as for the indirect composite resin, PEEK, or PEKK. The latter materials had a weight of 2 g each, while zirconia restorations yielded 5 g. Zirconia presented intense radiopacity. PEEK and PEKK required veneering and an opaquer was applied to the PEKK framework. All FDPs showed acceptable esthetics. PEEK and PEKK restorations were featured by a grayish shimmering. A variety of CAD/CAM materials are available to fabricate 3-unit FDPs with esthetically acceptable results. In the esthetic zone, PEEK and PEKK require veneering and an opaquer might be applied. Milling time, weight, and radiopacity were relatively high for zirconia FDPs.

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2

Wang, Quanbin, Deli Jia, Xiaohan Pei, Xuelian Wu, Fan Xu, Huixiong Wang, Minghao Cao, and Haidong Chen. "Investigation of Electromagnetic Pulse Compaction on Conducting Graphene/PEKK Composite Powder." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030636.

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Polymer-composite materials have the characteristics of light weight, high load, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and high oil resistance. In particular, graphene composite has better electrical conductivity and mechanical performance. However, the raw materials of graphene composite are processed into semi-finished products, directly affecting their performance and service life. The electromagnetic pulse compaction was initially studied to get the product Graphene/PEKK composite powder. Simultaneously, spark plasma sintering was used to get the bars to determine the electrical conductivity of Graphene/PEKK composite. On the basis of this result, conducting Graphene/PEKK composite powder can be processed by electromagnetic pulse compaction. Finite element numerical analysis was used to obtain process parameters during the electromagnetic pulse compaction. The results show that discharge voltage and discharge capacitance influence on the magnetic force, which is a main moulding factor affecting stress, strain and density distribution on the specimen during electromagnetic pulse compaction in a few microseconds.

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3

Modi, Vedant, Aswani Kumar Bandaru, Karthik Ramaswamy, Conor Kelly, Conor McCarthy, Tomas Flanagan, and Ronan O’Higgins. "Repair of Impacted Thermoplastic Composite Laminates Using Induction Welding." Polymers 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2023): 3238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15153238.

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The lack of well-developed repair techniques limits the use of thermoplastic composites in commercial aircraft, although trends show increased adoption of composite materials. In this study, high-performance thermoplastic composites, viz., carbon fibre (CF) reinforced Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), were subjected to low-velocity impact tests at 20 J. Post-impact, the damaged panels were repaired using an induction welder by applying two different methods: induction welding of a circular patch to the impacted area of the laminate (RT-1); and induction welding of the impacted laminates under the application of heat and pressure (RT-2). The panels were subjected to compression-after-impact and repair (CAI-R), and the results are compared with those from the compression-after-impact (CAI) tests. For CF/PEKK, the RT-1 and RT-2 resulted in a 13% and 7% higher strength, respectively, than the value for CAI. For CF/PEEK, the corresponding values for RT-1 and RT-2 were higher by 13% and 17%, respectively. Further analysis of the damage and repair techniques using ultrasonic C-scans and CAI-R tests indicated that induction welding can be used as a repair technique for industrial applications. The findings of this study are promising for use in aerospace and automotive applications.

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4

Premanand, Aravind, Mario Prescher, Michael Rienks, Lutz Kirste, and Frank Balle. "Online and Ex Situ Damage Characterization Techniques for Fiber-Reinforced Composites under Ultrasonic Cyclic Three-Point Bending." Polymers 16, no. 6 (March 13, 2024): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16060803.

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With ultrasonic fatigue testing (UFT), it is possible to investigate the damage initiation and accumulation from the weakest link of the composite material in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime in a shorter time frame than conventional fatigue testing. However, the thermal influence on the mechanical fatigue of composites and the scatter in fatigue data for composites under ultrasonic cyclic three-point bending loading still need to be investigated. In this study, we conducted interrupted constant-amplitude fatigue experiments on a carbon-fiber satin-fabric reinforced in poly-ether-ketone-ketone (CF-PEKK) composite material. These experiments were carried out using a UFT system, which operates at a cyclic frequency of 20 kHz with a pulse–pause sequence. Various parameters, such as the CF-PEKK specimen’s surface temperature, acoustic activity, and the ultrasonic generator’s input resonance parameters, were measured during cyclic loading. During experiment interruption, stiffness measurement and volumetric damage characterization in the CF-PEKK specimens using 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM) were performed. The locations of damage initiation and accumulation and their influence on the changes in in situ parameters were characterized. Under fixed loading conditions, damage accumulation occurred at different locations, leading to scattering in fatigue life data. Further, the damage population decreased from the surface to the bulk of the composite material.

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5

Menini, Maria, Francesca Delucchi, Francesco Bagnasco, Domenico Baldi, Luigi Canullo, Paolo Setti, Marco Migliorati, Enrico Simetti, and Paolo Pesce. "Shock Absorption Capacity of High-Performance Polymers for Dental Implant-Supported Restorations: In Vitro Study." Dentistry Journal 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2024): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj12040111.

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Background: Restorative materials might significantly affect load transmission in peri-implant bone. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the shock absorption capacity of two different polymeric materials to be used for implant-supported prostheses. Methods: A masticatory robot was used to compare the shock absorption capacity of veneered and non-veneered polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), Pekkton®ivory (Cendres+Mètaux), and the glass fiber-reinforced composite (GFRC), TRINIATM (Bicon). Five identical sample crowns for each of the three groups were tested. Forces transmitted at the simulated peri-implant bone were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: The statistical analysis of forces transmitted at the simulated dental implant revealed significant differences between the materials tested and between these materials and zirconia, glass ceramic, composite resin, and acrylic resin. Only differences between PEKK and veneered PEKK and between PEKK and one of the previously tested composite resins were not statistically significant. PEKK samples demonstrated significantly greater shock absorption capacity compared to GFRC. Conclusions: PEKK revealed optimal shock absorption capacity. Further studies are needed to evaluate its efficacy in the case of long-span prostheses with reduced prosthetic volume.

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6

Jin, Jianghai, Yuequan Wang, Jiaqi Shi, and Yu Liu. "CF/PEKK advanced pultrusion thermoforming process temperature field simulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2566, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2566/1/012126.

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Abstract Advanced pultrusion molding technology is one of the composite molding processes. It has unique advantages in the automated manufacturing of long trusses and long beam components. Thermoplastic composites are becoming popular for research in many fields such as aerospace because of their room-temperature storage and secondary use. Since the temperature history is critical to the molding quality of thermoplastic composites, the temperature field variation of CF/PEKK composites in the advanced pultrusion thermoforming process has been explored in the context of studying the advanced pultrusion molding process of thermoplastic composites in this paper. By constructing a 3D model of the temperature field and setting up a complete solution scheme in ANSYS simulation software, the simulated temperature field data were obtained, and a real-time temperature monitoring platform was set up to obtain the measured temperature data, and the comparison showed that the two temperature profiles fit well, which proved the applicability of the model and solution scheme to this study.

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7

Xu, Fan, Ming Gao, Hui-Xiong Wang, Xue-Lian Wu, Hong Liu, Chao Ma, Quan-Tong Yao, and Hui-Yan Zhao. "Effect of Discharge Voltage on the Microstructure of Graphene/PEKK Composite Samples by Electromagnetic Powder Molding." Polymers 15, no. 15 (July 31, 2023): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15153256.

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The light weight, electrical conductivity, environmental friendliness, and high mechanical properties of graphene/PEKK composites make them popular in biomedical, electronic component and aerospace fields. However, the compaction density and carbonization of the specimen influence the microstructure and conductivity of the graphene/PEKK composite prepared by in situ polymerization, so electromagnetic-assisted molding was used to manufacture products to avoid carbonization and enhance the compaction density. The effects of different discharge voltages on the microstructure of the formed graphene/PEKK specimens were compared. Increasing the discharge voltage will lead to a closer distribution of flake graphene in the matrix to improve the compaction density, mechanical performance and conductivity. At the same time, the numerical analysis model was validated by comparison with the compaction density of the experimental results. Based on this research, the stress/strain distribution on the specimen was obtained with increasing discharge voltages.

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8

Quadrini, Fabrizio, Denise Bellisario, Leandro Iorio, Alice Proietti, and Loredana Santo. "Additive Layer Manufacturing of Carbon Fiber/PEKK Composites for Aeronautic Application." Materials Science Forum 1107 (December 6, 2023): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-xa6tlb.

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A 3d printer has been prototyped for additive manufacturing of carbon fiber (CF) poly-ether-ketone-ketone (PEKK) composites. The machine consisted of a SCARA robot, equipped with an extrusion device. The nozzle was designed to allow the deposition of thin unidirectional (UD) tapes without affecting the fiber continuity. An elastic connection between the robot end-effector and the extruder was used for allowing tape agglomeration during manufacturing. Deposition tests were carried out at the extrusion temperature of 400°C and the rate of 130 mm/min, for a maximum number of 3 layers on a CF-epoxy laminate as substrate. The good agglomeration of the 3d printed parts and their adhesion on the composite substrate are shown by the resulted final thickness, and the ability to machine them by end milling. Results show the feasibility of using this technology for the manufacturing of composite shims in the aeronautic sector.

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9

Alsadon, Omar, Duncan Wood, David Patrick, Durgesh Bangalore, and Sarah Pollington. "Optical properties of polyetherketoneketone based indirect dental restorations veneered with composite." Polimery 67, no. 4 (May 13, 2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.4.1.

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In this study, the optical properties of indirect dental restorations based on poly-ether-ketone-ketone (PEKK), zirconia (YZ), and nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) veneered with composite were compared. Based on the spectral reflectance, the CIE L*a*b* color coordinates, the color difference (ΔE), the opacity and the translucency parameter (TP) were determined using a spectrophotometer equipped with a D65 illuminant. The PEKK and Ni-Cr groups demonstrated similar CIE L*a*b* color values on white and black backgrounds. However, the zirconia group on a white backgrounds showed a slight shift in values towards red-yellow shades. The highest recorded ∆E values were 1.3 and 1.61 between PEKK and YZ groups, and Ni-Cr and YZ groups respectively. The opacity and translucency (TP) parameters were consistent with the spectral reflectance data, with the Ni-Cr and PEKK groups being completely opaque (100% and 0 TP). It has been shown that the use of the same indirect light-cured composite veneer with different substructure materials has no clinical effect on the esthetics of the final restoration.

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10

Lu, Wenhsuan, Conglei Li, Jian Wu, Zhongshi Ma, Yadong Zhang, Tianyi Xin, Xiaomo Liu, and Si Chen. "Preparation and Characterization of a Polyetherketoneketone/Hydroxyapatite Hybrid for Dental Applications." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (November 5, 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040220.

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Here, we developed a new synthetic method for the production of a new class of polymeric inorganic hybrid biomaterial that has potential for dental implant applications and, in general, other orthopedic applications owing to its excellent mechanical properties and biomechanical compatibility. The new hybrid biomaterial is a composite consisting of polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and hydroxyapatite (HA). This hybrid material boasts several unique features, including its high HA loading (up to 50 wt%), which is close to that of natural human bone; the homogeneous HA distribution in the PEKK matrix without phase separation; and the fact that the addition of HA has no effect on the molecular weight of PEKK. Nanoindentation analysis was used to investigate the mechanical properties of the composite, and its nano/microstructure variations were investigated through a structural model developed here. Through nanoindentation technology, the newly developed PEKK/HA hybrid biomaterial has an indentation modulus of 12.1 ± 2.5 GPa and a hardness of 0.42 ± 0.09 GPa, which are comparable with those of human bone. Overall, the new PEKK/HA biomaterial exhibits excellent biomechanical compatibility and shows great promise for application to dental and orthopedic devices.

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11

Hsu, Wen-Chieh, Tzu-Yu Peng, Chien-Ming Kang, Fan-Yi Chao, Jian-Hong Yu, and Su-Feng Chen. "Evaluating the Effect of Different Polymer and Composite Abutments on the Color Accuracy of Multilayer Pre-Colored Zirconia Polycrystal Dental Prosthesis." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122325.

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With increasing aesthetic awareness and emphasis on time costs in today’s society, monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia ceramics (M-Zr) facilitate aesthetic restorations in a convenient and straightforward manner without the need for veneering porcelain to modify the color. However, the effect of abutment materials on the final color of M-Zr remains unclear. Herein, we placed Vita A1 Shade M-Zr on six different abutment materials, zirconia (Y-TZP), 3D printed composite resin (CR), dental model resin (MR), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), and cobalt–chromium alloy (Co–Cr), to evaluate their effect on the color accuracy of M-Zr. The color attributes (L*, a*, and b*) were measured using a dental spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio, color difference (ΔE) between each background substrate and the Vita A1 Shade Guide, and chroma values (C) were calculated to evaluate the color accuracy of M-Zr. A statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey’s HSD tests (α = 0.05). The experimental results indicate that the TP values and contrast ratio of the M-Zr samples were 14.85 and 0.83, respectively. Co–Cr had the highest ΔE (6.08) and lowest C value (7.52); PEKK had the lowest ΔE (2.60), and PEEK had the highest C value (12.23) (p < 0.05). Notably, the ΔE values of CR (3.13), PEEK (2.86), and PEKK were within clinical indicators (ΔE < 3.7). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the abutment material has a significant effect on the final color of the M-Zr, and PEEK or PEKK resulted in good color accuracy. When choosing the dental MR, traditional zirconia, or metals as abutment materials, colored or opaque cement might be required to eliminate color distortion and achieve desirable optical properties.

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12

Růžek, Roman, Adam Karkulín, Ivan Mlch, Tomáš Mrňa, and Jakub Šedek. "Experimental verification of PEKK stiffened panel under compression." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2692, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2692/1/012019.

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Abstract The paper presents the experimental strain and stress analysis of a thermoplastic composite stiffened panel subjected to compression load. The panel has five stringers with a non-symmetric design. Two panels are investigated. The experimental analysis deals with the pristine panel without any flaws and the panel with an artificial crack at the middle stringer interface with the skin. Panels were made from a thermoplastic polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) carbon composite. The buckling and mechanical analysis is based on digital image correlation, strain gauge measurements, and linear variable differential (LVDT) transducers. The crack subcritical extension was defined and analysed. The results show that crack propagation starts coupled with sudden buckling mode transition. The crack growth behaviour is influenced by the buckling shape, which consists of two main modes (with three and four half-waves) in the longitudinal direction in each skin bay.

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13

Storozhuk, I. P., A. D. Simachev, D. P. Bulkatov, E. V. Filatova, A. I. Leshtaev, R. R. Ivankov, V. S. Buryakov, and A. S. Borodulin. "New superstructural thermoplastics and carbon composite materials based on them." E3S Web of Conferences 413 (2023): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341302032.

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New superconstructional polyarylates with glass transition temperatures from 216 to 280°C and polyethersulfones with glass transition temperatures from 230 to 255°C have been developed. On the basis of these polymers, industrial polysulfone PSFF-30, PSF-150, polyethersulfone E-3010, polyetherimide Ultem 1000, PEEK and PEKK, and two types of carbon fabrics, thermoplastic prepregs and consolidated carbon composite plates were obtained, and their mechanical properties under compression and three-point bending were determined.

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14

Ameen Hakim, Sadiq, and Amaal Kadhim Mohammed. "Effect Of Air Plasma Surface Modification on Bond Strength Between Veneering Resin and PEKK (Polyetherketoneketone)." Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences 10, no. 1 (October 22, 2023): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjds.10.1.2.

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Background: PEKK have been recommended by their manufacturers as a framework material for implant-supported fixed prostheses because of its high biocompatibility, light weight and compatibility with veneering materials. However, achieving high bond strength veneering composite is challenging due to PEKK’s inertness and low surface energy. Purpose: to evaluate the bond strength between PEKK and veneering composite after applying three methods of surface treatment .Material and Methods: A total of 21 PEKK (Pekkton® Ivory, Cendres+Métaux, Bienne, Switzerland) specimens were prepared by using CAD/CAM system, embedded in acrylic resin, polished with (P180 up to P1200), and randomly divided into 3 groups (n=7) (1) Control (sandblasting with 110 μm Al2O3), (2) Air plasma, and (3) Sandblasting with 110 μm Al2O3 + air plasma. After surface pretreat, a qualitative assessment of surface roughness was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With the aid of bonding jig, veneering composite was applied to each specimen and light polymerized. All completed specimens were placed in 37 ℃ water for 1 day for complete polymerization. Shear bond strength of each group was measured and fracture patterns were classified. Statistical analyses were carried out with One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc LSD test.Results: Sandblasting + Air Plasma group showed the highest mean bond strength value of (15.881 ± 1.210 MPa) followed by control group (15.048 ± 1.398 MPa) and Air plasma (9.692 ± 1.333 MPa).Conclusion : air plasma treatment of PEKK surface showed less effect on bonding than sandblasting groups.

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15

Singh, Rupinder, Gurchetan Singh, Jaskaran Singh, Ranvijay Kumar, Md Mustafizur Rahman, and Seeram Ramakrishna. "Thermomechanical investigations of PEKK-HAp-CS composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 233, no. 11 (September 23, 2019): 1196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919877979.

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In this experimental study, a composite of poly-ether-ketone-ketone by reinforcement of hydroxyapatite and chitosan has been prepared for possible applications as orthopaedic scaffolds. Initially, different weight percentages of hydroxyapatite and chitosan were reinforced in the poly-ether-ketone-ketone matrix and tested for melt flow index in order to check the flowability of different compositions/proportions. Suitable compositions revealed by the melt flow index test were then taken forward for the extrusion of filament required for fused deposition modelling. For thermomechanical investigations, Taguchi-based design of experiments has been used with input variables in the extrusion process as follows: temperature, load applied and different composition/proportions. The specimens in the form of feedstock filament produced by the extrusion process were made to undergo tensile testing. The specimens were also inspected by differential scanning calorimetry and photomicrographs. Finally, the specimen showing the best performance from the thermomechanical viewpoint has been selected to extrude the filament for the fused deposition modelling process.

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16

Hou, Meng, and David De Weger. "Optimisation of Manufacturing Conditions of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) Composite." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.289.

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The effects of different processing conditions (pressure, holding time and temperature) on the impregnation/consolidation quality of CF/PEKK composite were investigated using compression molding process. Microscopic investigation of cross-sections, density measurements and flexural mechanical properties were used to examine the quality of impregnation and consolidation. A qualitative model to describe the impregnation and consolidation process of this material was developed. The model predicts the variations of void content during consolidation as well as the holding time, moulding temperature and pressure required to reach full consolidation. Good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data was achieved. Optimum processing conditions can be determined based on selected void content.

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17

Donadei, Valentina, Francesca Lionetto, Michael Wielandt, Arnt Offringa, and Alfonso Maffezzoli. "Effects of Blank Quality on Press-Formed PEKK/Carbon Composite Parts." Materials 11, no. 7 (June 23, 2018): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071063.

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18

Derisi, B., Suong V. Hoa, D. Xu, M. Hojjati, and R. Fews. "Mechanical Behavior of Carbon/PEKK Thermoplastic Composite Tube Under Bending Load." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 24, no. 1 (May 6, 2010): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705710367978.

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19

Hakim, Sadiq Ameen, and Amaal Khadim Mohammed. "Effect of Piranha Solution on PEKK Bonding to Veneering Composite Resin." Journal of Oral and Dental Research 8, no. 2 (December 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0060330.

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20

Cheng, Zhitong, Junwei Qi, Yuequan Wang, and Jianghai Jin. "Optimization of CF/PEKK molding process by orthogonal experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2566, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2566/1/012123.

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Abstract Composite materials have gradually entered people’s attention due to their advantages such as lightweight, high strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and strong designability. Widely used in aviation, aerospace, automotive and other fields.[1-4].. The basic mechanical properties of the laminates were evaluated through short beam shear and bending tests. The optimum forming process was determined by orthogonal test: forming temperature 380°C, forming pressure 2 MPa, holding time 60 min, cooling rate 2°C/min. The interlaminar shear strength of this process was 103.42 MPa, and the bending strength was 1570 MPa

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21

Grange, Nathan, Pietro Tadini, Khaled Chetehouna, Nicolas Gascoin, Guillaume Bouchez, Samuel Senave, and Isabelle Reynaud. "Experimental determination of fire degradation kinetic for an aeronautical polymer composite material." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-03-2017-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the fire resistance of an innovative carbon-reinforced PEKK composite for aeronautical applications. To this end, thermal degradation analysis under inert and oxidative atmosphere is carried out. Moreover, a linear model fitting approach is compared to a generally used isoconversional method to validate its reliability for kinetic triplet estimation. Design/methodology/approach Thermogravimetric analysis carried out under inert and oxidative atmospheres, between 25 and 1000°C for three different heating rates (5, 15, 25°C/min), followed by a qualitative SEM observation of the samples before and after thermal treatment. After the reaction identification by TG/DTG curves, an isoconversional analysis is carried out to estimate the activation energy as a function of the reaction conversion rate. For the identified reactions, the kinetic triplet is estimated by different methods and the results are compared to evaluate their reliability. Findings In inert case, one global reaction, observed between 500-700°C, seems able to describe the degradation of carbon-PEKK resin. Under oxidative atmosphere, three main reactions are identified, besides the resin degradation, the other two are attributed to char and fiber oxidation. Good agreement achieved between isoconversional and linear model fitting methods in activation energy calculation. The achieved results demonstrate the high thermal resistance of PEKK associated with the ether and ketone bonds between the three aromatic groups of its monomer. Originality/value This paper provides a possible degradation model useful for numerical implementation in CFD calculations for aircraft components design, when exposed to high temperatures and fire conditions.

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22

Santos Diamantino, Pedro Jacy, Mariana Gadelho Gimenez, Lais Duarte, Analucia Gebler Phillippi, Mutlu Özcan, Guilherme de Siqueira Ferreira Anzaloni Saavedra, Guilherme Mariz de Oliveira Barra, and Thais Marques Simek Vega Gonçalves. "Effect of polydopamine coating on adhesion of resin composite to polyetherketoneketone (PEKK)." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 125 (July 2023): 103445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2023.103445.

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23

Kutin, A. A., and M. V. Turkin. "Advanced Fiber Laser Perforation Technology for Thermoplastic Pre-Preg Material." Key Engineering Materials 496 (December 2011): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.496.36.

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A study concerning the application of fiber laser to perforate thermoplastic pre-pregs is presented. An IPG fiber laser was used to drill arrays of holes in PEKK carbon-fiber composite pre-preg material. Perforated holes were of the order of 100μm. The effects of laser perforation process parameters including the number of pulses on the geometry of the resultant holes and the thermal damage to the matrix and fibres have been investigated. Dimensional analysis and experimental results have been used to construct the laser perforation process model. Keywords: Laser perforation; Fibre laser; Process modelling; Polymer matrix composites.

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24

Gurchetan, Singh, Kumar Ranvijay, Singh Rupinder, Rahman Md Mustafizur, and Ramakrishna Seeram. "Rheological, mechanical, thermal, tribological and morphological properties of PLA-PEKK-HAp-CS composite." Journal of Central South University 28, no. 6 (June 2021): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-021-4721-y.

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25

Grieder, Stefan, Igor Zhilyaev, Marco Küng, Christian Brauner, Michael Akermann, Jonas Bosshard, Petra Inderkum, João Francisco, Yannick Willemin, and Martin Eichenhofer. "Consolidation of Additive Manufactured Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 12 Composites and the Development of Process-Related Numerical Simulation Methods." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163429.

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Additive manufacturing of high-performance polymers—such as PA12, PPS, PEEK, and PEKK—combined with industrial-grade carbon fibers with a high fiber volume ratio of up to 60% allows a weight reduction of over 40% compared to classic metal construction. Typically, these 3D-printed composites have a porosity of 10–30% depending on the material and the printing process parameters, which significantly reduces the quality of the part. Therefore, the additive manufacturing of load-bearing structural applications requires a proper consolidation after the printing process—the so-called ‘additive fusion technology’—allowing close to zero void content in the consolidated part. By means of the upfront digital modeling of the consolidation process, a highly optimized composite component can be produced while decreasing the number of expensive prototyping iterations. In this study, advanced numerical methods are presented to describe the consolidation process of additive manufactured continuous carbon fiber reinforced composite parts based on the polyamide 12 (PA12) matrix. The simulation of the additive fusion step/consolidation provides immediate accuracy in determining the final degree of crystallization, process-induced deformation and residual stresses, final engineering constants, as well as porosity. The developed simulation workflow is demonstrated and validated with experimental data from consolidation tests on the final porosity, thickness, and fiber–volume ratio.

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26

Chopra, Arushi, Roma Goswami, Deepesh Saxena, and Anshul Trivedi. "To Evaluate and Compare the Effect of Various Surface Treatment Modalities on Shear Bond Strength of Composite to Polyetherketoneketone and SEM Analysis: An In vitro Study." Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 14, no. 3 (2023): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_420_22.

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Abstract Context: It is a challenge to bond resin materials with polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). To increase the bond strength, surface treatments using chemical adhesion, mechanical adhesion, or a combination of both can be used. Aims: The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of PEKK to the composite resin after various surface treatments and to evaluate the fracture mode analyses. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty PEKK specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 30) after three different surface treatments (95% sulfuric acid etching, airborne abrasion with 110 μm aluminum-oxide, and 99% acetone). With the help of polytetrafluorethylene tube, resin composite (3M ESPE) was bonded on all the specimens, thermocycled, and subjected to shear bond strength testing. Thereafter, 15 samples from each group were assessed for fracture mode analyses using a scanning electron microscope. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean, Standard deviation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) f-test, post hoc Tukey’s test. Results: Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA f-test revealed that the results were significant with a P < 0.05 with the maximum value obtained in the case of air abraded group and the minimum value obtained in the case of the untreated group. Adhesive failure mode was the most common among the air-abraded group. Conclusions: The mechanical surface treatment group (air abrasion) showed higher shear bond strength than the chemical surface treatment groups (sulfuric acid and acetone). The mixed-type fracture mode was most commonly noted in the air-abraded group.

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27

Coskun, S., L. A. S. A. Prado, T. S. G. Das, A. Kötter, S. Sterk, and J. Halm. "Circularity studies on high performance thermoplastic demonstrators for the aircraft industry – End-of-Life concepts for PEKK/carbon fiber." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2526, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2526/1/012051.

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Abstract In this study, the circularity of the different end-of-life concepts for PEKK reinforced with high performance carbon fiber composite parts were investigated. For this, two different thermoplastic demonstrators from Clean Sky 2’s ecoTECH Project were used. Recycling and circularity of the thermoplastic components were demonstrated by scraping the continues fiber reinforced thermoplastic fuselage panel parts into small flakes, which then were to be re-used as short fiber reinforced composite particles to produce compression molded Window Frames. For scraping, two different technologies were compared by means of quality, efficiency and environmental impacts. Based on different recycling and re-use options for both thermoplastic fuselage and Window Frame demonstrators, Linear Flow Index (LFI) and Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) parameters were calculated and used to showcase the alternative circularity levels of each scenario

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28

Tan, Wei, and Brian G. Falzon. "Modelling the nonlinear behaviour and fracture process of AS4/PEKK thermoplastic composite under shear loading." Composites Science and Technology 126 (April 2016): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.02.008.

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29

Grange, Nathan, Brady Manescau, Khaled Chetehouna, Nicolas Gascoin, Samuel Senave, and Isabelle Reynaud. "Experimental investigation of the fire behaviour of a carbon-PEKK composite used for aeronautical applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1107 (November 2018): 032023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1107/3/032023.

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30

Premanand, Aravind, Michael Rienks, and Frank Balle. "Damage assessment during ultrasonic fatigue testing of a CF-PEKK composite using self-heating phenomenon." International Journal of Fatigue 180 (March 2024): 108084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.108084.

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31

Kumar, Sumodh, Nidhi Ojha, M. R. Ramesh, A. S. S. Balan, and Mrityunjay Doddamani. "Shape memory behavior of 4D printed CF/PEKK high temperature composite under subsequent thermomechanical cycles." Materials Letters 366 (July 2024): 136567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2024.136567.

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32

Sandá, Alejandro, Rocío Ruiz, Miguel Ángel Mafé, Jon Ander Sarasua, and Antonio González-Jiménez. "Scrapping of PEKK-based thermoplastic composites retaining long fibers and their use for compression molded recycled parts." AIMS Materials Science 10, no. 5 (2023): 819–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2023044.

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<abstract> <p>In this work, a novel method for a more sustainable recycling and cost-efficient manufacturing technique of polyether ketone ketone (PEKK) based thermoplastic composite materials is proposed to recover and reprocess waste and end-of-life materials in the aerospace industry. For the recycling of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFrTP), an innovative scrapping process based on mechanical cutting was developed and the properties of the obtained scrap and the recycled panel were analyzed. Thus, a cutting tool was developed for the delamination of the input material so that long fibers can be retained in the resulting scrap. Different processing approaches of material scrapping were evaluated, aiming to obtain manageable scrap that can be subsequently used for a compression molding process. Additionally, an automatic process was evaluated to manage the scrap and perform the corresponding lay-up to manufacture high-quality thermoplastic composite products with recycled materials.</p> </abstract>

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33

Nachtane, M., M. Tarfaoui, Y. Ledoux, S. Khammassi, E. Leneveu, and J. Pelleter. "Experimental investigation on the dynamic behavior of 3D printed CF-PEKK composite under cyclic uniaxial compression." Composite Structures 247 (September 2020): 112474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112474.

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34

Mongan, Patrick G., Vedant Modi, John W. McLaughlin, Eoin P. Hinchy, Ronan M. O’Higgins, Noel P. O’Dowd, and Conor T. McCarthy. "Multi-objective optimisation of ultrasonically welded dissimilar joints through machine learning." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 33, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 1125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-01911-6.

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AbstractThe use of composite materials is increasing in industry sectors such as renewable energy generation and storage, transport (including automotive, aerospace and agri-machinery) and construction. This is a result of the various advantages of composite materials over their monolithic counterparts, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and superior fatigue performance. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge in relation to fusion joining techniques for composite materials. In this work, ultrasonic welding is carried out on a carbon fibre/PEKK composite material bonded to carbon fibre/epoxy composite to investigate the influence of weld process parameters on the joint’s lap shear strength (LSS), the process repeatability, and the process induced defects. A 33 parametric study is carried out and a robust machine learning model is developed using a hybrid genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (GA–ANN) trained on the experimental data. Bayesian optimisation is employed to determine the most suitable GA–ANN hyperparameters and the resulting GA–ANN surrogate model is exploited to optimise the welding process, where the process performance metrics are LSS, repeatability and joint visual quality. The prediction for the optimal LSS was subsequently validated through a further set of experiments, which resulted in a prediction error of just 3%.

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35

M, Younis, Unkovskiy A, Drexler T, Qian J, Wan G, and Spintzyk S. "The impact of non-thermal plasma on the adhesion of polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) to a veneering composite system." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 112 (December 2020): 104065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104065.

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36

Lin, Yu Hua, and Chia Lung Chang. "Using Modal Analysis and Optimization to Determine Elastic Constants of Thick Composite Plates." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.473.

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This paper presents an inverse method to derive the elastic constants of thick composite plates from the resonance frequencies of a free-edge test specimen based on modal vibration test. A mixed numerical experimental identification procedure is used for this purpose. The sum of the squared differences between the experimental frequencies and analytical frequencies from finite element method is chosen as the objective function. The optimization techniques, Hybrid Genetic /Simulated Annealing algorithm, have been applied to determine the elastic constants. As the objective function reaches its minimum, its corresponding design variables are the elastic constants of the material. The present method is applied to determine the elastic constants of AS4/PEKK material. The results indicate that different stacking sequences and numbers of frequencies have effects on the determination of elastic constants of the materials.

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37

Choi, Hyunseok, Chan-Joo Lee, Yong-Jun Jeon, Woo-Chun Choi, and Dongearn Kim. "Press Conduction Welding for Secondary Bonding of Aircraft Skin/Stiffener Assemblies Using Carbon Fiber/PEKK Thermoplastic Composites and PEI Adhesive." Polymers 16, no. 6 (March 9, 2024): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16060750.

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This study investigates the secondary bonding of aircraft skin/stiffener assemblies using press conduction welding with carbon fiber/polyetherketoneketone thermoplastic composites and polyetherimide adhesive. Recognizing the challenges posed by conventional welding methods in maintaining material integrity and uniformity, this research explores an alternative methodology that mitigates these issues while ensuring high-strength bonds. The press conduction welding parameters were selected based on single-lap shear tests and applied in the bonding of skin and omega stiffener components. The temperature range was determined using differential scanning calorimetry. The pressure was held at 1 MPa for 180 s. The welding temperature that produced a high-bonding strength was identified experimentally; these key variables were then used in the welding process of the skin and omega stiffener. By analyzing how the fibers tear and the effectiveness of interdiffusion between the plies, we were able to gain insights into the bonding strength and fractured surface. The findings suggest that press conduction welding provides a viable route for secondary bonding in thermoplastic composite structures, highlighting its advantages in terms of processing efficiency and integrity. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanical behaviors of bonded joints and underscores the significance of temperature control in the welding process.

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38

Cevik, Pinar, Martin Schimmel, and Burak Yilmaz. "New generation CAD-CAM materials for implant-supported definitive frameworks fabricated by using subtractive technologies." BioMed Research International 2022 (March 2, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3074182.

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Innovations in digital manufacturing enabled the fabrication of implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (ISFDPs) in a wide variety of recently introduced materials. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milling allows the fabrication of ISFDPs with high accuracy by reducing the fabrication steps of large-span frameworks. The longevity of ISFDPs depends on the overall mechanical properties of the framework material including its fit, and the physical properties of the veneering material and its bond with the framework. This comprehensive review summarizes the recent information on millable CAD-CAM framework materials such as pre-sintered soft alloys, fiber-reinforced composite resins, PEEK, and PEKK in high-performance polymer family, and 4Y-TZP. Even though promising results have been obtained with the use of new generation millable CAD-CAM materials for ISFDPs, clinical studies are lacking and future research should focus on the overall performance of these millable materials in both static and dynamic conditions.

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39

Lee, Ki-Sun, Myoung-Sik Shin, Jeong-Yol Lee, Jae-Jun Ryu, and Sang-Wan Shin. "Shear bond strength of composite resin to high performance polymer PEKK according to surface treatments and bonding materials." Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics 9, no. 5 (2017): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.4047/jap.2017.9.5.350.

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40

Hu, Xinglong, Shiqi Mei, Fan Wang, Jun Qian, Dong Xie, Jun Zhao, Lili Yang, Zhaoying Wu, and Jie Wei. "Implantable PEKK/tantalum microparticles composite with improved surface performances for regulating cell behaviors, promoting bone formation and osseointegration." Bioactive Materials 6, no. 4 (April 2021): 928–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.021.

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41

Lee, Kyo-Moon, Soo-Jeong Park, Tianyu Yu, Seong-Jae Park, and Yun-Hae Kim. "Experimental prediction of internal defects according to defect area on NDI via water absorption behavior." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 14n16 (June 30, 2021): 2140021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797922140021x.

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This study analyzed the relationship between the defect area identified through a C-scan and the void volume in CF-PEKK composite materials through the water absorption behavior to predict the void volume. The water absorption content varies with the defect area; however, the defect area identified through a C-scan and the water absorption content did not show a proportional relationship. This is because voids are distributed in the through-thickness. The results indicated that the absorption behavior could be used to predict the void volume. Irreversible absorption was found to be independent of the void volume. Further, no matrix degradation was seen with water immersion at [Formula: see text]C; however, some local swelling was seen.

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42

Bächle, Jörg, Cordula Merle, Sebastian Hahnel, and Martin Rosentritt. "Bacterial Adhesion on Dental Polymers as a Function of Manufacturing Techniques." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062373.

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The microbiological behavior of dental polymer materials is crucial to secure the clinical success of dental restorations. Here, the manufacturing process and the machining can play a decisive role. This study investigated the bacterial adhesion on dental polymers as a function of manufacturing techniques (additive/subtractive) and different polishing protocols. Specimens were made from polyaryletherketone (PEEK, PEKK, and AKP), resin-based CAD/CAM materials (composite and PMMA), and printed methacrylate (MA)-based materials. Surface roughness (Rz; Ra) was determined using a laser scanning microscope, and SFE/contact angles were measured using the sessile drop method. After salivary pellicle formation, in vitro biofilm formation was initiated by exposing the specimens to suspensions of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis). Adherent bacteria were quantified using a fluorometric assay. One-way ANOVA analysis found significant influences (p < 0.001) for the individual parameters (treatment and material) and their combinations for both types of bacteria. Stronger polishing led to significantly (p < 0.001) less adhesion of S. sanguinis (Pearson correlation PC = −0.240) and S. mutans (PC = −0.206). A highly significant (p = 0.010, PC = 0.135) correlation between S. sanguinis adhesion and Rz was identified. Post hoc analysis revealed significant higher bacterial adhesion for vertically printed MA specimens compared to horizontally printed specimens. Furthermore, significant higher adhesion of S. sanguinis on pressed PEEK was revealed comparing to the other manufacturing methods (milling, injection molding, and 3D printing). The milled PAEK samples showed similar bacterial adhesion. In general, the resin-based materials, composites, and PAEKs showed different bacterial adhesion. Fabrication methods were shown to play a critical role; the pressed PEEK showed the highest initial accumulations. Horizontal DLP fabrication reduced bacterial adhesion. Roughness < 10 µm or polishing appear to be essential for reducing bacterial adhesion.

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43

Vieille, B., A. Coppalle, L. Le Pluart, E. Schuhler, A. Chaudhary, B. Rijal, A. Alia, and N. Delpouve. "Kerosene flame behaviour of C/PEKK composite laminates: Influence of exposure time and laminates lay-up on residual mechanical properties." Composites Part B: Engineering 222 (October 2021): 109046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109046.

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44

Premanand, Aravind, Tomasz Rogala, Dominik Wachla, Jafar Amraei, Andrzej Katunin, Bilal Khatri, Michael Rienks, and Frank Balle. "Fatigue strength estimation of a CF/PEKK composite through self-heating temperature analysis using cyclic bending tests at 20 kHz." Composites Science and Technology 243 (October 2023): 110218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110218.

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45

Nassir, Nassier A., R. S. Birch, W. J. Cantwell, M. Al Teneiji, and Z. W. Guan. "The Perforation Resistance of Aluminum-Based Thermoplastic FMLs." Applied Composite Materials 28, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-021-09873-3.

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AbstractThe perforation resistance of fibre metal laminates (FMLs) made of an S-glass fibre reinforced poly-ether-ketone-ketone (GF/PEKK) composite and an aluminium alloy (2024-T3) is investigated. Initial attention is focused on assessing the effect of the processing temperature on the tensile strength of the aluminium alloy. Here, it has shown that the processing cycle results in a reduction of approximately 35% in both the tensile strength and yield strength of the aluminium alloy. A comparison of the quasi-static and dynamic perforation responses of the FMLs highlighted the rate-sensitivity of these laminates, with the perforation energy increasing as the loading rate varies from quasi-static to impact. After testing, the FML specimens were sectioned to highlight the prevailing failure modes. An examination of the cross-sections indicated that the impact energy of the projectile is absorbed through plastic deformation and tearing of the metal layers, delamination between the composite plies and metal layers as well as fibre fracture. Finite element models (FEM), using ABAQUS/Explicit, have been developed to predict the behaviour of the FMLs subjected to dynamic loading. The outputs of the FE models were then validated against the measured experimental force–displacement traces and the observed failure modes. The results of the FE models were in a good agreement with the experimental data, in terms of the initial stiffness, maximum force and maximum displacement, as well as the perforation mechanisms.

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46

Vieille, B., A. Coppalle, L. Le Pluart, E. Schuhler, A. Chaudhary, B. Rijal, A. Alia, N. Delpouve, and A. Bourdet. "Influence of a flame-retardant on the fire-behaviour and the residual mechanical properties of C/PEKK composite laminates exposed to a kerosene flame." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 152 (January 2022): 106720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106720.

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47

Wen, Fengyu, Shu Li, Rui Chen, Yashu He, Lei Li, Lin Cheng, Jierun Ma, and Jianxin Mu. "Improved Thermal and Electromagnetic Shielding of PEEK Composites by Hydroxylating PEK-C Grafted MWCNTs." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071328.

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With the rapid rise of new technologies such as 5G and artificial intelligence, electronic products are becoming smaller and higher power, and there is an increasing demand for electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal conductivity of electronic devices. In this work, hydroxyphenolphthalein type polyetherketone grafted carboxy carbon nanotube (PEK-C-OH-g-MWCNTs-COOH) composites were prepared by esterification reaction. The composites exhibited good thermal conductivity, and compared with (MWCNTs-COOH/PEEK) with randomly distributed fillers, (PEK-C-OH-g-MWCNTs-COOH) composites showed a significant advantage, with the same carbon nanotube content, the thermal conductivity of PEK-C-OH-g-MWCNTs-COOH/PEEK (30 wt%) was 0. 71 W/(m-K), which was 206% higher than that of PEEK and 0.52 W/(m-K) higher than that of MWCNTs-COOH/PEEK (26.1 wt%). In addition, the PEK-C-OH-g-MWCNTs-COOH) composite exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding (SE). The SE of 30 wt% PEK-C-OH-g-MWCNTs-COOH/PEEK is higher than the commercially used standard whose value is 22.9 dB (8.2 GHz). Thus, this work provides ideas for the development of thermally conductive functionalized composites.

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48

Juncong, Liu, Li Shuhu, Liu Aiyun, Xing Wenfang, Li Junyan, Li Ping, and Shi Lei. "Research on High-performance PEEK Composites." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 4 (June 1, 2023): 042005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/4/042005.

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Abstract Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has excellent comprehensive properties, but compared with traditional materials, it has many disadvantages, such as small modulus of Elasticity, small impact force, high melting point and so on. In order to improve the properties of PEEK composites, this paper summarized the improvement schemes of the mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, friction resistance, high temperature resistance and other properties of PEEK and its composites. The properties of PEEK composites filled with carbon nano-materials, fibers and whiskers were reviewed, and the research progress of modified PEEK composites in recent years was introduced, the aim is to improve the comprehensive properties of composite materials by adding a small amount of materials. And the development situation and the law were summarized from some certain degree. In the end, the development direction and trend of PEEK composites were prospected.

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49

Chon, Yang, Lee, Kim, Jeon, Jho, and Chung. "Novel PEEK Copolymer Synthesis and Biosafety – I: Cytotoxicity Evaluation for Clinical Application." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2019): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111803.

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In this research, we synthesized novel polyetheretherketone (PEEK) copolymers and evaluated the biosafety and cytotoxicity of their composites for spinal cage applications in the orthopedic field. The PEEK copolymers and their composites were prepared through a solution polymerization method using diphenyl sulfone as a polymerization solvent. The composite of PEEK copolymer showed good mechanical properties similar to that of natural bone, and also showed good thermal characteristics for the processing of clinical use as spine cage. The results of an in vitro cytotoxicity test did not show any evidence of a toxic effect on the novel PEEK composite. On the basis of these cytotoxicity test results, the PEEK composite also proved its in vitro biosafety for application to an implantable spine cage.

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50

Zhu, Chenkai, Jingjing Li, Mandy Clement, Xiaosu Yi, Chris Rudd, and Xiaoling Liu. "The effect of intumescent mat on post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites." Journal of Fire Sciences 37, no. 3 (May 2019): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119849395.

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This study investigated the effect of intumescent mats (M1 and M2) with different compositions on the post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites. The sandwich structure was designed for composites where M1 (carbon fibre reinforced composite-M1) or M2 (carbon fibre reinforced composite-M2) mats were covered on the composite surface. A significant reduction in the peak heat release rate and total heat release was observed from the cone calorimetric data, and carbon fibre reinforced composite-M1 showed the lowest value of 148 kW/m2 and 29 MJ/m2 for peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively. In addition, a minor influence on mechanical properties was observed due to the variation of composite thickness and resin volume in the composite. The post-fire properties of composite were characterised, and the M1 mat presented better retention of flexural strength and modulus. The feasibility of two-layer model was confirmed to predict the post-fire performance of composites and reduce the reliance on the large amounts of empirical data.

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