Статті в журналах: "Pedal Surfaces"

1

Yusoff, A. R., B. Md Deros, D. D. I. Daruis, and E. H. Sukadarin. "Foot-Transmitted Vibration: Automotive Accelerator Pedal-Pad Vibration on Tarmac and Paved Road." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i1.106.

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Vibration at the pedal-pad may contribute to the discomfort of the foot plantar fascia during driving. In this study, the experiment is conducted using a "five-time repeatability" test of the same procedure and shall determine root-mean-square vibration magnitude and vibration transmissibility on Z-axis or vertical vibration magnitude for the three different sizes of pedal-pad on tarmac and paved surface. ISO 2631-1:1997 is used for frequency-weighting (Wk) in one-third octave step with a range of frequency 0.5 Hz to 80 Hz in vertical vibration. The analysis is divided into two; frequency-weighted acceleration and frequency-weighted root- mean-square acceleration on vibration magnitude; and vibration transmissibility. The result shows that small pedal-pads at a resonance frequency of 4 Hz and 10 Hz give high value on frequency-weighted acceleration compared to medium and large sized pedal-pads. The frequency-weighted RMS acceleration on the tarmac and paved road surfaces show that small pedal-pad also give high value compared to medium and large sized pedal-pads. The International Roughness Index shows that paved road surfaces affect frequency-weighted RMS acceleration differently, which is higher compared with tarmac. The vibration transmissibility result shows that the percentage pedal-pad effective amplitude transmissibility value on paved road surfaces is more than 100% compared with the tarmac road surface on three sizes of pedal- pads. A comparison of frequency-weighted RMS acceleration of pedal- pads and car bodies for three different sizes of the pedal-pad also show that the paved road surface contributes more vibration to pedal-pads compared with the tarmac road surface. It can, therefore, be concluded that the size of the pedal-pads and the type of road surface can influence foot-transmitted vibration.

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2

Yusoff, A. R., B. M. Deros, and Dian Darina Indah Daruis. "Transmissibility of Z-Axis Vibration from Car-Body to Pedal-Pad on Tarmac and Paved Road Surfaces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.469.

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Vibration at the pedal-pad can contribute to discomfort of foot plantar fascia during driving. This study was conducted to determine the Pedal-pad Effective Amplitude Transmissibility (PEAT) value and comparison frequency-weighted root-mean-square (r.m.s) acceleration on z-axis vibration magnitude for three different sizes of pedal-pad on the two different road surfaces (tarmac and paved). ISO 2631-1:1997 was used for frequency-weighting (Wk) and frequency weighting r.m.s acceleration values calculated in one-third octave step with range of frequency 0.5 Hz to 80 Hz in z-axis vibration. The result shows that the percentage of PEAT value on paved road surface is more than 100% and when compared to tarmac road surface are much higher for all three sizes of pedal-pads. Based on frequency-weighted r.m.s acceleration for three different sizes of pedal-pad, the paved road surface contributed more vibration to pedal-pad compared with the tarmac road surface. In conclusion, the paved road surface produced higher Z-axis vibration transmissibility from car-body to pedal-pads compared to tarmac road surface.

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3

Peternell, Martin, Lukas Gotthart, Juana Sendra, and J. Rafael Sendra. "Offsets, conchoids and pedal surfaces." Journal of Geometry 106, no. 2 (November 22, 2014): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00022-014-0251-1.

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4

Antonopoulos, A., and D. Antonopoulou. "PEDAL HYPER-SURFACES AND DOP FACTORS IN GPS." Survey Review 38, no. 296 (April 2005): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.2005.38.296.138.

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5

Al-Osaimy A. S., Al-Osaimy A. S. "Influence of Tread Width of the Brake Pedal Pads on the Friction Coefficient Generated by Bare Foot and Footwear Soles." journal of King Abdulaziz University Engineering Sciences 23, no. 1 (January 12, 2012): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eng.23-1.10.

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The present work discusses the effect of the treads width of the rubber brake pedal pads on the friction coefficient. Measurement of friction coefficient generated by bare foot and rubber footwear soles sliding against the brake pedal pads of different treads width in dry, sand contaminated, water and oil lubricated conditions is discussed. Experiments of the sliding of bare foot against the rubber pedal pad showed that friction coefficient of dry sliding significantly decreased with increasing tread width. The sliding direction has no effect on the friction coefficient for the tested pads. In the presence of sand particles separating the two contact surfaces, load had no influence on friction coefficient. Friction coefficient slightly decreased with increasing tread width. For water wetted pedal pad, friction coefficient displayed higher values than that observed for the condition of presence of sand particles. Friction values showed consistent trend with increasing the tread width. Friction displayed by oil lubricated pedal pads was the lowest and the sliding condition could be considered as unsafe.

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6

Arboleda-Baena, Clara, Claudia Belén Pareja, Isadora Pla, Ramiro Logares, Rodrigo De la Iglesia, and Sergio Andrés Navarrete. "Hidden interactions in the intertidal rocky shore: variation in pedal mucus microbiota among marine grazers that feed on epilithic biofilm communities." PeerJ 10 (September 23, 2022): e13642. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13642.

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In marine ecosystems, most invertebrates possess diverse microbiomes on their external surfaces, such as those found in the pedal mucus of grazing gastropods and chitons that aids displacement on different surfaces. The microbes are then transported around and placed in contact with free-living microbial communities of micro and other macro-organisms, potentially exchanging species and homogenizing microbial composition and structure among grazer hosts. Here, we characterize the microbiota of the pedal mucus of five distantly related mollusk grazers, quantify differences in microbial community structure, mucus protein and carbohydrate content, and, through a simple laboratory experiment, assess their effects on integrated measures of biofilm abundance. Over 665 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) were found across grazers, with significant differences in abundance and composition among grazer species and epilithic biofilms. The pulmonate limpet Siphonaria lessonii and the periwinkle Echinolittorina peruviana shared similar microbiota. The microbiota of the chiton Chiton granosus, keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa, and scurrinid limpet Scurria araucana differed markedly from one another, and form those of the pulmonate limpet and periwinkle. Flavobacteriaceae (Bacteroidia) and Colwelliaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) were the most common among microbial taxa. Microbial strict specialists were found in only one grazer species. The pedal mucus pH was similar among grazers, but carbohydrate and protein concentrations differed significantly. Yet, differences in mucus composition were not reflected in microbial community structure. Only the pedal mucus of F. crassa and S. lessonii negatively affected the abundance of photosynthetic microorganisms in the biofilm, demonstrating the specificity of the pedal mucus effects on biofilm communities. Thus, the pedal mucus microbiota are distinct among grazer hosts and can affect and interact non-trophically with the epilithic biofilms on which grazers feed, potentially leading to microbial community coalescence mediated by grazer movement. Further studies are needed to unravel the myriad of non-trophic interactions and their reciprocal impacts between macro- and microbial communities.

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7

Abdelatif, Mohamed, Hamdy Nour Alldeen, Hassan Saoud, and Saleh Suorya. "FINITE TYPE OF THE PEDAL OF REVOLUTION SURFACES IN E3." Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 53, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 909–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4134/jkms.j150336.

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8

As, Engin, and Ayhan Sarioglugil. "On the pedal surfaces of 2-d surfaces with the constant support function in E^4." Pure Mathematical Sciences 4 (2015): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/pms.2015.545.

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9

Griffiths, E., T. H. Webb, J. P. C. Watt, and P. L. Singleton. "Development of soil morphological descriptors to improve field estimation of hydraulic conductivity." Soil Research 37, no. 5 (1999): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98066.

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The wide application of hydraulic conductivity data depends on linking hydraulic parameters to soil morphology. Conventional morphology has been found to be a poor predictor of hydraulic conductivity. In this study we present new methods of characterising soil morphology to provide key morphological descriptors that can be related to hydraulic conductivity. Relationships were established between morphological properties (macrovoids, ped size, and associated surface features), and in situ consistence (degree of packing) with measured saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks and K−40). These relationships were applied to estimate Ks and K−40 classes for soil horizons of pedal and apedal soils. In pedal soils, K is estimated from the area of macrovoids and from the proportions of different-sized peds in each horizon, their closeness of fit, and their degree of packing. Low packing and fine peds with rough surfaces is indicative of rapid conductivity, whereas high packing and coarse peds with smooth/shiny ped surfaces is indicative of slow conductivity. In apedal soils, K is estimated from the area of macrovoids and from degree of packing and particle-size class. Low packing with coarse particles indicates rapid conductivity, whereas high packing with fine particles indicates slow conductivity. Field characterisation of soils to determine functional morphology requires: (i) a dye to measure extent and continuity of cracks and macrovoids; (ii) a metal blade (Singleton Blade) and a hand-held penetrometer to measure soil consistence in situ; and (iii) weighing different-sized peds and describing their surface features.

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10

Wang, Lulu, Luyao Teng, Xiaokang Zhang, Xiaohua Liu, Qianqian Lyu, Yan Yang, and Weizhi Liu. "Discovery and characterization of tyrosinases from sea anemone pedal disc." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 34, no. 17 (March 3, 2020): 1840–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.1731271.

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11

Liu, Wei, Hongwen He, and Jiankun Peng. "Driving Control Research for Longitudinal Dynamics of Electric Vehicles with Independently Driven Front and Rear Wheels." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/408965.

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This paper takes the electric off-road vehicle with separated driven axles as the research object. To solve the longitudinal dynamics driving control problems, vehicle dynamics model, and control strategies were studied and the corresponding simulation was carried out. An 8-DOF vehicle dynamics model with separated driven axles was built. The driving control strategies on the typical roads were put forward. The recognition algorithm of the typical road surfaces based on the wheels’ slip rates was proposed. And the two control systems were designed including the pedal opening degree adjustment control system based on PI algorithm and the interaxle torque distribution control system based on sliding mode control algorithm. The driving control flow of the proposed vehicle combining the pedal adjustment control system with the interaxle torque distribution control system was developed. And the driven control strategies for the typical roads were simulated. Simulation results show that the proposed drive control strategies can adapt to different typical road surfaces, limit the slip rates of the driving wheels within the stable zone, and ensure the vehicle driving safely and stably in accordance with the driver's intention.

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12

Hill, Richard W., Eric J. Armstrong, Kazuo Inaba, Masaya Morita, Martin Tresguerres, Jonathon H. Stillman, Jinae N. Roa, and Garfield T. Kwan. "Acid secretion by the boring organ of the burrowing giant clam, Tridacna crocea." Biology Letters 14, no. 6 (June 2018): 20180047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0047.

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The giant clam Tridacna crocea , native to Indo-Pacific coral reefs, is noted for its unique ability to bore fully into coral rock and is a major agent of reef bioerosion. However, T. crocea 's mechanism of boring has remained a mystery despite decades of research. By exploiting a new, two-dimensional pH-sensing technology and manipulating clams to press their presumptive boring tissue (the pedal mantle) against pH-sensing foils, we show that this tissue lowers the pH of surfaces it contacts by greater than or equal to 2 pH units below seawater pH day and night. Acid secretion is likely mediated by vacuolar-type H + -ATPase, which we demonstrate (by immunofluorescence) is abundant in the pedal mantle outer epithelium. Our discovery of acid secretion solves this decades-old mystery and reveals that, during bioerosion, T. crocea can liberate reef constituents directly to the soluble phase, rather than producing sediment alone as earlier assumed.

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13

Crouch, T. N., D. Burton, N. A. T. Brown, M. C. Thompson, and J. Sheridan. "Flow topology in the wake of a cyclist and its effect on aerodynamic drag." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 748 (April 28, 2014): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.678.

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AbstractThree-dimensional flows around a full-scale cyclist mannequin were investigated experimentally to explain the large variations in aerodynamic drag that are measured as the legs are positioned around the $360^\circ $ crank cycle. It is found that the dominant mechanism affecting drag is not the small variation in frontal surface area over the pedal stroke but rather due to large changes in the flow structure over the crank cycle. This is clearly shown by a series of detailed velocity field wake surveys and skin friction flow visualizations. Two characteristic flow regimes are identified, corresponding to symmetrical low-drag and asymmetrical high-drag regimes, in which the primary feature of the wake is shown to be a large trailing streamwise vortex pair, orientated asymmetrically in the centre plane of the mannequin. These primary flow structures in the wake are the dominant mechanism driving the variation in drag throughout the pedal stroke. Topological critical points have been identified on the suction surfaces of the mannequin’s back and are discussed with velocity field measurements to elucidate the time-average flow topologies, showing the primary flow structures of the low- and high-drag flow regimes. The proposed flow topologies are then related to the measured surface pressures acting on the suction surface of the mannequin’s back. These measurements show that most of the variation in drag is due to changes in the pressure distribution acting on the lower back, where the large-scale flow structures having the greatest impact on drag develop.

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14

Lincoln, B. J., T. R. E. Simpson, and J. L. Keddie. "Water vapour sorption by the pedal mucus trail of a land snail." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 33, no. 3-4 (February 2004): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2003.10.013.

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15

Kossowski, Marek. "Extrinsic Euler characteristic of a non-immersed hypersurface (focal surfaces, pedal images, and extrinsic Morse indices)." Differential Geometry and its Applications 25, no. 1 (February 2007): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.difgeo.2006.08.008.

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16

Khatri, Shailendra, Shreemat Shrestha, Ganga Ram Bhandari, and Sanjeet Kumar Jha. "ASSESSMENT AND ADAPTATION OF A NAERC PEDAL MILLET THRESHER FOR THRESHING SORGHUM (Junelo) IN NEPAL." Acta Mechanica Malaysia 4, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/amm.02.2021.27.33.

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Traditional threshing (pounding, animal trampling, beating the harvested heads with sticks on bare ground or in bags), a most common manual threshing practice for majority of the farm households is a slow, tedious, drudgerious and labor intensive practices in Nepal. Therefore, there is need of threshing mechanization option suitable for smallholder farmers to replace the manual threshing of sorghum. As most of the farmers have small land holding, poor economy and insufficient electric power supply, a pedal operated millet thresher was playing important role especially for threshing millet in Nepal. Hence, a study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a NAERC pedal millet thresher for threshing sorghum. Thresher was evaluated in terms of different performance parameters such as threshing capacity, threshing efficiency, grain loss, and associated threshing labour and cost. In addition, the physical and engineering properties of sorghum grain namely, moisture content, linear dimensions, 1000 grain weight, particle and bulk density, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, equivalent diameter, shape index, sphericity, aspect ratio, porosity, repose angle and friction properties behavior on different surfaces were studied. The average threshing capacity of the pedal thresher (machine threshing) for sorghum was obtained as 28.20±3.07 kg/hr with a threshing efficiency of 93.36% at an average moisture content of 11.44%, and concave clearance of 6 mm, respectively while that of stick beating (manual method) was 12.2±0.2 kg/hr. The average broken grain losses of 5.00±1.19% and 6.8±0.9% were found in machine threshing and manual threshing, however, unthreshed grain was higher in thresher (6.6±0.91%) than stick beating (4.1±1.2%). Considering economic perspectives, a labour saving of 46.41% was achieved by the use of pedal thresher (47.85 man-hr/mt) compared to manual threshing (103.9 man-hr/mt). Manual threshing needs almost 2.15 hours to thresh equal mass as that by thresher in one hour. Similarly, cost saving of 24.24 % was occurred in custom hired machine threshing (NRs 7000/mt) with respect to manual method (NRs 9239.7/mt). Conclusively, this technology is widely accepted by farmers for threshing finger millet, thus this study on sorghum threshing explored its multi-use benefit in maximizing thresher use per year and increase profitability.

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17

Turhan, Essin. "PEDAL CURVES OF TANGENT SURFACES OF BIHARMONIC B-GENERAL HELICES ACCORDING TO BISHOP FRAME IN HEISENBERG GROUP Heis³." Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática 32, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5269/bspm.v32i1.19180.

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18

Le, An-Phong, Somi Kang, Lucas B. Thompson, Stanislav S. Rubakhin, Jonathan V. Sweedler, John A. Rogers, and Ralph G. Nuzzo. "Quantitative Reflection Imaging of Fixed Aplysia californica Pedal Ganglion Neurons on Nanostructured Plasmonic Crystals." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 117, no. 42 (May 30, 2013): 13069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp402731f.

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19

Zulhilmi, I. M., M. H. Peeie, S. M. Asyraf, I. M. Sollehudin, and I. M. Ishak. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Emergency Braking without Anti-Lock Braking System to Vehicle Dynamics Behaviour." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 7832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.2.2020.02.0583.

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An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a basic skid control system that can prevent the tire from locking up. In an emergency braking situation, a high possibility that the skidding phenomenon can occur without ABS. This incident become worse when an emergency braking is applied either on wet or dry surfaces. Although ABS is crucial to prevent the collision, some vehicles still do not have ABS. This study is aimed to analyse the vehicle’s dynamic behaviour during emergency braking on wet and dry surface condition. The experimental vehicle model is a Malaysian sedan car namely Proton Persona. This instrumented car is equipped with sensors,video camera and data acquisition systems to determine the vehicle’s motion. In the experiment,when the vehicle reached a maximum speed of 60 km/h, the driver push the brake pedal firmly until the car stop. From the experimental results, the effect of emergency braking without ABS is clearly seen at the wheel speed. The tire locked up can be observed when emergency braking was applied on the wet surface. However, for the emergency braking on the dry surface, the tire decreased gradually. This finding shows that without ABS, the vehicle is unsafe and accident can occur. The experimental data from this study also can be used as a guideline to a researcher and manufacturer in the development of ABS and safety system of the vehicle

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20

Wheeler, Jeffrey B., Robert J. Gregor, and Jeffrey P. Broker. "A Dual Piezoelectric Bicycle Pedal with Multiple Shoe/Pedal Interface Compatibility." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.8.3.251.

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In response to the popularity of clipless bicycle pedals with float designs, an instrumented force pedal system with multicompatibility for different shoe/pedal interfaces is presented. A dual piezoelectric element pedal has been modified for use with popular clipless pedal interfaces. The dual transducer arrangement permits measurement of three components of uniaxial load, location of the applied load, and calculation of the moment Mz about an axis through the position of the applied load and orthogonal to the pedal surface. Quantification of lower extremity kinetics using float feature pedals and the investigation of the pathomechanics of lower extremity cycling overuse injuries, especially knee injuries, is warranted. Qualitative descriptions of lower extremity pathomechanics related to overuse injuries have suggested that foot constraint may induce undesirable knee kinematics and kinetics. The instrumented force pedal system described here permits a comparison between pedal kinematics and kinetics of popular shoe/pedal interfaces with varying degrees of float allowance.

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21

Murugan, N. Arul, and S. Yashonath. "Effect of Pressure on Pedal Motion in Stilbene Molecular Crystals and Its Dependence on the Crystallographic Site." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109, no. 24 (June 2005): 12107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp044676i.

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22

Murugan, N. Arul, and S. Yashonath. "Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Pedal-Like Motion in Stilbene from Molecular Simulation and ab Initio Calculations." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108, no. 45 (November 2004): 17403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0468859.

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23

Lin, Cheng, and Xingqun Cheng. "A Traction Control Strategy with an Efficiency Model in a Distributed Driving Electric Vehicle." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/261085.

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Both active safety and fuel economy are important issues for vehicles. This paper focuses on a traction control strategy with an efficiency model in a distributed driving electric vehicle. In emergency situation, a sliding mode control algorithm was employed to achieve antislip control through keeping the wheels’ slip ratios below 20%. For general longitudinal driving cases, an efficiency model aiming at improving the fuel economy was built through an offline optimization stream within the two-dimensional design space composed of the acceleration pedal signal and the vehicle speed. The sliding mode control strategy for the joint roads and the efficiency model for the typical drive cycles were simulated. Simulation results show that the proposed driving control approach has the potential to apply to different road surfaces. It keeps the wheels’ slip ratios within the stable zone and improves the fuel economy on the premise of tracking the driver’s intention.

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24

Wheeler, Jeffrey B., Robert J. Gregor, and Jeffrey P. Broker. "The Effect of Clipless Float Design on Shoe/Pedal interface Kinetics and Overuse Knee injuries during Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 11, no. 2 (May 1995): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.11.2.119.

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Pedal kinetics, including the applied moment (Mz) about an axis orthogonal to the pedal surface and passing through the center of pressure, were measured across three shoe/pedal interface systems (toe-clip and strap, clipless fixed, clipless float) and three workrates (150, 250, 350 W) during steady-state cycling using specially developed multicompatible force pedals. The applied moment (Mz) at the pedal is an important contributor to the corresponding axial moment realized at the knee and has implications for studying overuse injury mechanics and prevention of cycling-related knee pain. Data were collected from 27 knee pain free (KPF) cyclists and 7 cyclists with cycling-related knee pain. The largest applied moments (Mz) were observed when clipless fixed pedals were employed, while clipless float pedals significantly attenuated the applied moment. Cyclists with chronic knee pain exhibited Mz patterns markedly different from the KPF group, supporting the theory that relatively high moments, particularly internally applied moments during the power phase, may be related to knee loads and subsequent overuse injury. Our general conclusion is that clipless pedal float designs quantifiably reduce applied moments at the shoe/pedal interface without compromising power transmitted to the bike.

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25

Medina-González, Paul, Karen Moreno, and Marcelo Gómez. "Why Is the Grass the Best Surface to Prevent Lameness? Integrative Analysis of Functional Ranges as a Key for Dairy Cows’ Welfare." Animals 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040496.

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Lameness is a painful clinical condition of the bovine locomotor system that results in alterations of movement. Together with mastitis and infertility, lameness is the main welfare, health, and production problem found in intensive dairy farms worldwide. The clinical assessment of lameness results in an imprecise diagnosis and delayed intervention. Hence, the current approach to the problem is palliative rather than preventive. The five main surfaces used in free housing systems in dairy farms are two natural (grass and sand) and three artificial (rubber, asphalt, and concrete). Each surface presents a different risk potential for lameness, with grass carrying the lowest threat. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the flooring type influences on cows’ movement capabilities, using all the available information relating to kinematics, kinetics, behavior, and posture in free-housed dairy cows. Inspired by a refurbished movement ecology concept, we conducted a literature review, taking into account kinematics, kinetics, behavior, and posture parameters by reference to the main surfaces used in free housing systems for dairy cows. We built an integrative analysis of functional ranges (IAFuR), which provides a combined welfare status diagram for the optimal (i.e., within the upper and lower limit) functional ranges for movement (i.e., posture, kinematics, and kinetics), navigation (i.e., behavior), and recovery capacities (i.e., metabolic cost). Our analysis confirms grass’ outstanding clinical performance, as well as for all of the movement parameters measured. Grass boosts pedal joint homeostasis; provides reliable, safe, and costless locomotion; promotes longer resting times. Sand is the best natural alternative surface, but it presents an elevated metabolic cost. Rubber is an acceptable artificial alternative surface, but it is important to consider the mechanical and design properties. Asphalt and concrete surfaces are the most harmful because of the high traffic abrasiveness and loading impact. Furthermore, IAFuR can be used to consider other qualitative and quantitative parameters and to provide recommendations on material properties and the design of any surface, so as to move towards a more grass-like feel. We also suggest the implementation of a decision-making pathway to facilitate the interpretation of movement data in a more comprehensive way, in order to promote consistent, adaptable, timely, and adequate management decisions.

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26

Minas, I., N. Morris, S. Theodossiades, and M. O’Mahony. "Noise, vibration and harshness during dry clutch engagement oscillations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 23 (June 3, 2020): 4572–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220927065.

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Determining the root causes of various noise, vibration and harshness phenomena in modern automotive drivetrains is a critical task for industry, since noise, vibration and harshness issues often result in worsened driving experience. The aim of the current research is to investigate the dynamics during dry clutch engagement and the associated – often problematic – oscillations. This paper reports the development and partial validation of numerical models to study dry clutch behaviour. The models are used to investigate the influence of clutch and throttle actuation on the occurrence of unwanted clutch oscillations. The dynamic coefficient of friction between the clutch interacting surfaces was measured using a pin-on-disc rig under different slip speeds and contact pressure conditions, which are representative of a typical clutch engagement manoeuvre. The paper highlights the occurrence of instability issues in clutch dynamics (disc radial mode) as potential generators of aggressive noise, vibration and harshness, particularly during two different clutch pedal actuations. Such analysis has not hitherto been reported in the open literature.

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27

KPAN, TOKOUAHO FLORA, N’GORAN GERMAIN KOUAMÉ, MICHAEL F. BAREJ, PATRICK JOËL ADEBA, MIKE EMMRICH, CALEB OFORI-BOATENG, and MARK-OLIVER RÖDEL. "A new Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae), from the eastern part of the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot, West Africa." Zootaxa 4388, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.5.

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We describe a new species of Phrynobatrachus from swamp forests in the southern border region of Ivory Coast and Ghana. The new species differs from all other known West African Phrynobatrachus by the combination of adult snout-vent-length being between 20 and 30 mm; absence of a spiny tubercle on the eyelid; presence of a dark face mask; a black throat in adult males; narrow and partly indistinct scapular ridges or comma shaped warts; distinct spinulae on males’ throats and dorsal surfaces; pronounced pedal webbing; round finger- and toe tips, not enlarged to discs; a white belly with small blackish spots in both sexes; more than one wide dark cross bar on hind legs; and rosé to reddish colour on ventral parts of hind legs in both sexes. It is further defined by its genetic and acoustic characters. It is morphologically and genetically most similar to P. liberiensis and P. intermedius.

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Madeira, Rafael A., and Dan Sui. "Study on separation factor models for well anti-collision analysis." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 9 (July 20, 2021): 3463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01235-w.

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AbstractAnti-collision analysis has been becoming even more important in the past few years with the increasing amount of wells drilled in highly congested fields. The separation factor (SF) is a critical safety parameter to avoid wellbore collisions, where the pedal curve method (PCM) is the commonly used way for the SF calculation. However, such method may be conservative in many situations and possibly triggers an unnecessary early stop drilling due to its conservation. In this study, our work aims to evaluate and compare the different types of the SF models. In addition, an alternative and supplement method of the PCM, called as elliptic cylinder of uncertainty (ECoU) method, is proposed. The radius of the ECoU considers the distance of the intersecting points of the center-to-center line and the cylinder surfaces of both reference and offset wells. By introducing the cylinder surfaces into the SF calculation, it could extend the collision avoidance along the whole well path to reduce multiple-points collision possibility. The findings in the study help us for better understanding of the SF analysis and also show that using the ECoU indication has a great potential in fields applications as a viable method to keep the drilling operations’ safety.

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Anjasmara, Yusia Edvin, Iswanto Iswanto, and Bambang Suwerda. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Magnet sebagai Sumber Energi Listrik pada Lampu LED dan Charger Handphone." Sanitasi: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan 12, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29238/sanitasi.v12i2.1024.

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Because of its characteristics, magnet has important role in supporting the functioning of electronicdevices. However, abandoned magnet or magnet waste has potential harm for environmentand human. The purpose of this study was to reduce the accumulation of magnet waste and utilizeit as a source of electrical energy, by means of rotating the pedal of in the created tools, andthen the energy is then delivered to anchor component and then to capacitor. The study was apre-experiment with post test only design, where the electrical energy was used to LED lampand to charge mobile phone. The results showed that the power plant can turn on LED lights for15 minutes, and can charge mo-bile phone, i.e. in 5 minutes obtained 2% battery increase, in 10minutes 4% increase, and in 15 minutes 6% increase. It can be concluded that the created powergeneration equipment can be a solution to reduce magnet waste accumulation, and as thesource of electrical energy.

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30

Tjolleng, Amir, Jaesik Yang, and Kihyo Jung. "Analysis of Leg Muscle Activities and Foot Angles while Pressing the Accelerator Pedal by Different Foot Postures." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 13025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122413025.

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The accelerator pedal in a vehicle can be pressed by either of two (natural and rotated) foot postures, according to driver preference. Since the rotated foot posture requires only foot motion to switch between the brake and accelerator pedals, most drivers prefer it over the natural foot posture, which requires both leg and foot motions to switch between the pedals. However, the rotated foot posture may require more leg-muscle efforts and an awkward foot posture while operating the accelerator pedal, due to an inappropriate contact between the sole of the foot and the top surface of the accelerator pedal. This study examined the effects of foot postures on leg-muscle activities and foot angles while pressing the accelerator pedal for 10 male drivers. The experimental data revealed that %MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) of leg muscles for the rotated posture (6.39%) was significantly higher than that of the natural posture (3.86%). Both foot postures showed shared patterns in foot angles while pressing the accelerator pedal; however, a slight awkward foot inversion was observed in the rotated posture while pressing the accelerator pedal. The findings of this study suggest that a new design of accelerator pedal is needed for a better user experience while pressing the accelerator pedal with the rotated foot posture.

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31

Sonkusale, Sachin R., Neil H. Di Spigna, and Paul D. Franzon. "Uniformity analysis of wafer scale sub-25nm wide nanowire array nanoimprint mold fabricated by PEDAL process." Microelectronic Engineering 84, no. 5-8 (May 2007): 1523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2007.01.210.

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32

Parés-Casanova, Pere M., Laura Castel-Mas, and Kirian N. Jones-Capdevila. "Asymmetries of Forelimb Digits of Young Cattle." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030083.

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Based on the anatomical premise that, in bovines, the medial (inner) hoof is larger than the lateral (outer) one in the forelimb, we hypothesized that this implies a phalangeal form difference. To test this hypothesis, asymmetries of the forelimb acropodia (phalangeal series) were studied on calves belonging to the Brown Pyrenean breed, a meat breed managed under extensive conditions in NE Spain. Dorso-palmar radiographs were obtained for each acropodium in a sample of 17 paired left and right forelimbs. Size and shape were analysed by means of geometric morphometrics on medial and lateral acropodial series (III and IV series respectively) for each left and right limb. Shape coordinates were computed by Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Medial and lateral acropodial series appeared similar in size, but their shape expressed an especially high directional asymmetry, with distal phalanges (pedal bones) being abaxially (outwards) oriented. Such morphological observations may be an important reconsideration of “normal” radiographic acropodial symmetry evaluation. This can be explained not only by an unevenly distributed ground reaction force between acropodial series, but also between right and left limbs, making medial and lateral hoof surfaces differently prone to overloading and, accordingly, to injuries to the limb.

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33

Saltiel, Jack, Tallapragada S. R. Krishna, Andrzej M. Turek, and Ronald J. Clark. "Photoisomerization of cis,cis-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene in glassy media at 77 K: the bicycle-pedal mechanism." Chemical Communications, no. 14 (2006): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b516319f.

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34

Paul, Gregory S., and Per Christiansen. "Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: implications for gait and locomotion." Paleobiology 26, no. 3 (2000): 450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0450:fpindi>2.0.co;2.

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Ceratopsid dinosaurs traditionally have been restored with sprawling forelimbs and were considered unable to run at high speeds. An alternative view restores the ceratopsids as rhinoceros-like with parasagittal forelimb kinematics and the ability to run faster than extant elephants. Several anatomical difficulties concerning the mounting of ceratopsid skeletons with nearly parasagittal forelimbs stem not from the forelimb itself, but from errors in rib and vertebral articulation. Matching a skeletal restoration to a probable ceratopsid trackway shows that the hands were placed directly beneath the glenoids, and that manual impressions were directed laterally, not medially as in sprawling reptiles. Pedal impressions in trackways are medial to the manual impressions, owing to the slightly averted elbow and to the asymmetrical distal femoral condyles, which directed the crus slightly medially. The limbs of ceratopsians of all sizes display substantial joint flexure, strongly indicating that the elephantine forelimb posture that has sometimes been suggested as the alternative to a sprawling posture is erroneous. The articular surfaces of uncrushed ceratopsian scapulocoracoids and forelimb joints confirm that the forelimb operated in a near-parasagittal plane with the elbows only slightly averted. The maximal running speed of even the largest ceratopsids is inferred to have significantly exceeded that of elephants and was probably broadly similar to that of rhinos.

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35

Qin, Zengzhi, Yujun Shang, Wei Jiang, Hang Li, Hongmei Xu, and Guozhong Zhang. "Comfort Evaluation and Position Optimization of the Clutch Pedal in Agricultural Machinery Based on a Multi-Level Evaluation System." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 6 (2021): 1805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14287.

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HighlightsComfort evaluation and position parameter optimization of the clutch pedal were conducted.A comprehensive evaluation system was established for sitting comfort and operating comfort.A single-factor test and a response surface optimization test were carried out.Pedal inclination and its left-right distance synergistically influenced operating comfort.Abstract. The clutch pedal is the most frequently used control device in agricultural machinery and is an important component that affects operating comfort and safety. This study focused on the comfort evaluation and position parameter optimization of the clutch pedal based on a multi-degree-of-freedom test platform of an agricultural machinery cab. First, the H point (hip point) was determined based on a human body model of the operator’s sitting posture as a reference. Two position parameters were then determined: the pedal inclination angle, and the left-right distance of the pedal relative to the operator’s centerline. On this basis, a comprehensive evaluation system for sitting comfort and operating comfort was established. Single-factor tests were used to determine the comfort range and optimal levels of the two position parameters. A response surface optimization was then performed to determine the optimal parameter combination, and a first-order regression model of the response surface was established and corrected using the variance analysis method. The analysis results showed that the pedal inclination angle and its interaction with the left-right distance had a significant effect on comfort (a = 0.05). Based on the evaluation results, the mechanism underlying the influence of the position parameters on pedal comfort was analyzed. Finally, optimization and verification of the pedal position parameters were performed. The results showed that the expected comprehensive score for pedal comfort was 0.831, with an average relative error of 3.64% from the measured value, indicating that the optimization of the position parameters was reliable. The findings of this study may provide a reference for the optimal design of clutch pedals in agricultural machinery. Keywords: Agricultural machinery, Clutch pedal, Comfort evaluation, Parameter optimization, Response surface method.

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36

Gianechini, Federico A., Peter J. Makovicky, Sebastián Apesteguía, and Ignacio Cerda. "Postcranial skeletal anatomy of the holotype and referred specimens ofBuitreraptor gonzalezorumMakovicky, Apesteguía and Agnolín 2005 (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia." PeerJ 6 (March 26, 2018): e4558. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4558.

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Here we provide a detailed description of the postcranial skeleton of the holotype and referred specimens ofBuitreraptor gonzalezorum. This taxon was recovered as an unenlagiine dromaeosaurid in several recent phylogenetic studies and is the best represented Gondwanan dromaeosaurid discovered to date. It was preliminarily described in a brief article, but a detailed account of its osteology is emerging in recent works. The holotype is the most complete specimen yet found, so an exhaustive description of it provides much valuable anatomical information. The holotype and referred specimens preserve the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and both fore- and hindlimbs. Diagnostic postcranial characters of this taxon include: anterior cervical centra exceeding the posterior limit of neural arch; eighth and ninth cervical vertebral centra with lateroventral tubercles; pneumatic foramina only in anteriormost dorsals; middle and posterior caudal centra with a complex of shallow ridges on lateral surfaces; pneumatic furcula with two pneumatic foramina on the ventral surface; scapular blade transversely expanded at mid-length; well-projected flexor process on distal end of the humerus; dorsal rim of the ilium laterally everted; and concave dorsal rim of the postacetabular iliac blade. A paleohistological study of limb bones shows that the holotype represents an earlier ontogenetic stage than one of the referred specimens (MPCA 238), which correlates with the fusion of the last sacral vertebra to the rest of the sacrum in MPCA 238. A revised phylogenetic analysis recoveredBuitreraptoras an unenlagiine dromaeosaurid, in agreement with previous works. The phylogenetic implications of the unenlagiine synapomorphies and other characters, such as the specialized pedal digit II and the distal ginglymus on metatarsal II, are discussed within the evolutionary framework of Paraves.

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37

Rosyada, Dina Fitriana, Dian Herawati, Amalia Ula Hazhiyah, Budi Basuki, Harjono Harjono, Rita Dian Pratiwi та Uswatun Khasanah. "Creating Portable Hygiene Hand Washer Stations as an Eﬀort to Prevent COVID-19 Transmission". Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement) 8, № 3 (29 вересня 2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.61633.

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Currently, there is an outbreak of a new infectious disease in Indonesia, namely coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease is spread quickly through close contact and droplets expelled when coughing, sneezing, talking, or contacting contaminated surfaces. Some eﬀective methods include always wearing a mask outside the house, maintaining a distance of at least 2 meters when interacting with people, and diligently washing hands with soap for at least 20 seconds. The community service program aimed to make portable and hygienic handwashing stations as a form of participation in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in the community. The station is easy to move, and users do not need totouch the faucet and soap dispenser. The user only needs to step on the foot pedal to open the faucet and soap dispenser. Viruses, bacteria, or germs can stick to the handle, and the touchless faucet will minimize contact. This station is expected to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. This community service program was carried out in Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta and supported by partners such as, Nglipar I, Ponjong, Tepus 1 and 2, Patuk 1 and 2, Semin 2, Panggang 1 dan 2, Gedangsari 2, and Girisubo Community Health Center. The distribution of the station ran smoothly, and it could be used properly. The Community Health Centers were helped with this program.

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38

Safonau, A. I. "Blending Control of Trolleybus Traction and Brake Drives to Enhance Braking Efficiency of Vehicle." Science & Technique 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2021-20-2-132-141.

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The widespread use of green public transport is a priority strategy to reduce a congestion and pollution from road traffic in many cities. The trolleybus is a type of urban public electric transport, which is considered as a promising tool for increasing the efficiency of public transport and achieving the goals of sustainable development and quality of life in the city. The operation control of service brake system and secondary brake system (braking torque of traction electric motor) is realized with the help of one pedal in the trolleybus. Thus, there are modes of joint operation for these systems during the braking process. The author has focused his main attention on the development of an algorithm for blending control of the traction electric motor and the anti-lock braking system to enhance the overall braking efficiency of a vehicle. For this purpose, a mathematical model of the trolleybus braking dynamics has been developed. Bench and road tests have been carried out on various road surfaces to determine parameters of vehicle braking efficiency and to validate the developed mathematical model. The corresponding experimental data were used to analyse the efficiency of the proposed strategy for combining the blending control of traction electric motor and anti-lock braking system of the trolleybus. As a result, the efficiency of the proposed control algorithm has been confirmed, which provides the required braking efficiency and high braking stability of the vehicle.

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39

Agoada, David, and Patricia Ann Kramer. "The Relationship Between Angular Osteologic and Radiographic Measurements of the Human Talus and Calcaneus." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 109, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/17-200.

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Background: Radiographic imaging of the foot is commonly performed when medical evaluation is indicated. Angular measurements between bones may be assessed as part of the examination for trauma and foot biomechanics. However, angular relationships between surfaces of the physical bone as they compare with the bone's radiographic image has had limited investigation. Methods: For this study, 54 human feet from amputated limbs were imaged in standard radiographic views and skeletonized. Selected angular measurements were taken on each skeletonized talus and calcaneus and were compared with those taken from radiographic images using paired Student t tests and linear regression analysis. Results: Transverse plane measurements of the talus were not significantly different (P ≥ .05), associating strongly (r2 = 0.67–0.75; all P < .001). Most transverse and sagittal plane measurements of the calcaneus were not significantly different (P ≥ .05), with transverse plane measurements more strongly associated (r2 = 0.70–0.77; all P < .001) than sagittal plane measurements (r2 = 0.35–0.78; all P < .001). Conclusions: Selected angular measurements of the talus and calcaneus taken from radiographic images can be compared quantitatively with the physical bone, demonstrating that angular measurements from radiographic images provide useful information concerning both of these bones. This knowledge can be applied to the understanding of the morphology of the calcaneus and talus as it relates to human foot biomechanics and should also be of use in the interpretation of the human fossil pedal record.

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Chang, Hanjui, Guangyi Zhang, Yue Sun, and Shuzhou Lu. "Using Sequence-Approximation Optimization and Radial-Basis-Function Network for Brake-Pedal Multi-Target Warping and Cooling." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132578.

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This paper uses a multi-objective optimization method to optimize the injection-molding defects of automotive pedals. Compared with the traditional automotive pedal material, aluminum alloy, the polymer pedal containing glass fibers not only reduces the aluminum pedal by at least half, but also improves the strength and hardness of the fibers by adjusting the orientation of the fibers in all directions. Injection factors include: filling time, filling pressure, melt temperature, cooling time, injection time, etc. For the optimization process influencing factors, herein, we focus on warpage analyzed via flow simulation, and setting warpage parameters and cycle time as discussed by setting different cooling distributions, pressures and temperature schemes. The multi-objective optimization design was mainly used to describe the relationship between cycle time and warpage, and the Pareto boundary was used for cycle time and warpage to identify the deviation function and radial-basis-function network. We worked with a small DOE for building the surface to run SAO programming—which improved the accuracy of the response surface by adding sampling points—terminating the time when the warpage value met the solution requirements, to find out the global optimal solution of the warpage value under different cooling times. Finally, the results highlighted four influencing parameters that match the experimental image of the actual production.

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Ogunkoya, John Omotola, Taiwo Olufemi Solaja, Akinwale Folarin Ogunlade, and Marion Itohan Ogunmola. "Thoracic Endometriosis: A Presentation of an Uncommon Disease in a Black African Woman." Case Reports in Medicine 2022 (March 17, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2380700.

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Introduction. Endometriosis is defined as a chronic gynecologic disease which is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in anatomical sites and organs outside the uterine cavity. The exact prevalence of endometriosis is difficult to determine because many women remain asymptomatic. However, endometriosis affects about 10% to 15% of women. Thoracic endometriosis (TES) is the most common endometriosis outside the abdominopelvic cavity. It refers to endometriosis within the thoracic cavity including the lung parenchyma, diaphragm, and pleural surfaces. It can manifest as catamenial chest pain, pneumothorax, hemoptysis, hemothorax, catamenial haemoptysis, and pulmonary nodules. Case Summary. A 39-years-old married female presented with recurrent right-sided chest pain of 22 years duration, recurrent cough of more than 20 years and progressive breathlessness of a month duration. The chest pain is pleuritic, and it often starts few days to the onset of her menses and lasts throughout menstrual flow only to abate after the stoppage of menstrual bleeding. Cough was unproductive, paroxysmal often worse with worsening chest pain. It disappears after the end of menstrual bleed. Breathlessness was initially on mild to moderate exertion before progressing to occasional breathlessness at rest. No history of orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and pedal swelling was found. Over the years, she had presented to several clinics where she was said to have menstrual pain referred to the chest. Conclusion. Diagnosis of extrapelvic endometriosis can be challenging and delayed because it presents in a myriad of ways and in some cases, it may be difficult to link symptoms and the menstrual cycle.

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Perell, Karen L., Robert J. Gregor, and A. M. Erika Scremin. "Bicycle Pedal Kinetics Following Force Symmetry Feedback Training in Subjects with Unilateral Cerebrovascular Accident." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 16, no. 2 (May 2000): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.16.2.124.

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The purpose of this sludy was to compare individual pedal reaclion force components following bicycle training with and without effective force feedback in subjects with unilateral cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Eight ambulatory subjects with CVA were studied on a recumbent bicycle equipped with custom-built pedals, which measure normal and tangential components of the load applied to the pedal surface. Comparisons of normal and tangential pedal reaction forces were made following 1 month of bicycle training (3 times/week for 4 weeks) during retention tests performed without feedback. The ratios of involved to contralateral (I/C ratios) force parameters were used to assess symmetry. Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups: (a) a feedback group that received visual/verbal feedback regarding effective force patterns, bilaterally, after each trial; and (b) a no-feedback group dial received no feedback. Two critical results were found: (a) tangential pedal forces were significantly more posteriorly directed bilaterally following training across all subjects, but the change was greater for the no-feedback group relative to the feedback group, and (b) effective force feedback training did not demonstrate improvements in the I/C ratios above that of the control group. A more posteriorly applied tangential pedal force may represent increased dorsiflexion and may suggest that bicycle training facilitated ankle control. The cyclical nature of cycling, however, may allow for natural patterns to develop without feedback or may require less frequent use of feedback based on retention test performance.

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Harman, E., H. G. Knuttgen, and P. Frykman. "Automated data collection and processing for a cycle ergometer." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.831.

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A system is described for collection and processing of data from a cycle ergometer. Cycle pedals, specially made to withstand the extremely high forces exerted during maximal power cycling, contain transducers to measure pedal angle relative to the crank and foot forces both perpendicular and parallel to the pedal surface. An additional transducer monitors crank position. Output signals are conditioned, amplified, digitized by a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter, fed into a computer at 100 Hz/channel, and mathematically smoothed to attenuate noise. For each sample interval, foot force components perpendicular and parallel to the crank arm are calculated. Power generated on each crank revolution is determined from transducer information. Computer graphics display pedaling parameters vs. crank angle in both rectangular and circular format. Data files containing variables descriptive of pedaling force curves are produced to enable computerized statistical analysis of cycling performance.

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Teisala, Hannu, Mikko Tuominen, and Jurkka Kuusipalo. "Adhesion Mechanism of Water Droplets on Hierarchically Rough Superhydrophobic Rose Petal Surface." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/818707.

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Extremely hydrophobic surfaces, on which water droplets sit in a spherical shape leaving air entrapped into the roughness of the solid, are often called superhydrophobic. Hierarchically rough superhydrophobic surfaces that possess submicron scale fine structures combined with micron scale structures are generally more hydrophobic, and water droplet adhesion to those surfaces is lower in comparison with surfaces possessing purely micrometric structures. In other words, usually a fine structure on a superhydrophobic surface reduces liquid-solid contact area and water droplet adhesion. Here we show that this does not apply to a high-adhesive superhydrophobic rose petal surface. Contrary to the present knowledge, the function of the fine structure on the petal surface is to build up the high adhesion to water droplets. Understanding of the specific adhesion mechanism on the rose petal gives insight into an interesting natural phenomenon of simultaneous superhydrophobicity and high water droplet adhesion, but, in addition, it contributes to more precise comprehension of wetting and adhesion mechanisms of superhydrophobic surfaces overall.

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Shih, Jiping, Y. Tai Wang, and Manssour H. Moeinzadeh. "Effect of Speed and Experience on Kinetic and Kinematic Factors during Exercise on a Stair-Climbing Machine." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 5, no. 3 (August 1996): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.5.3.224.

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The purpose of this project was to explore the interaction between kinematic and kinetic factors and to investigate whether this relationship was affected by different speed conditions when subjects exercised on stair-climbing machines A secondary purpose was to determine if there were any differences in kinematic and kinetic factors between experienced and inexperienced subjects The kinematic parameters included hip angle, knee angle, and pedal angle The kinetic parameters were maximum force applied on the pedals, maximum force applied on the handrails, maximum hip moment, and maximum knee moment Data from a two-way (Speed × Experience) analysis of variance suggested that there were significant differences in maximum force applied on the pedal maximum force applied on the handrail and maximum hip moment across the speed and experience conditions. In all the testing conditions, using a stair-climbing machine had a smaller impact force on the feet than was found in a previous study that examined impact force for fast walking on a level surface.

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Bhushan, Bharat, and Michael Nosonovsky. "The rose petal effect and the modes of superhydrophobicity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1929 (October 28, 2010): 4713–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0203.

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The wetting of rough surfaces remains a subject of active investigation by scientists. The contact angle (CA) is a traditional parameter used to characterize the hydrophobicity/philicity of a solid surface. However, it was found recently that high CAs can coexist with strong adhesion between water and a solid surface in the case of the so-called ‘rose petal effect’. Several additional parameters have been proposed to characterize the interaction of water with a rough solid surface, including the CA hysteresis, the ability of water droplets to bounce off a solid surface, the tilt angle needed to initiate the flow of a droplet, and the normal and shear adhesion. It is clear now that wetting is not characterized by a single parameter, since several modes or regimes of wetting of a rough surface can exist, including the Wenzel, Cassie, lotus and petal. Understanding the wetting of rough surfaces is important in order to design non-adhesive surfaces for various applications.

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47

Schulte, Anna J., Damian M. Droste, Kerstin Koch, and Wilhelm Barthlott. "Hierarchically structured superhydrophobic flowers with low hysteresis of the wild pansy (Viola tricolor) – new design principles for biomimetic materials." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2 (May 4, 2011): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.2.27.

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Hierarchically structured flower leaves (petals) of many plants are superhydrophobic, but water droplets do not roll-off when the surfaces are tilted. On such surfaces water droplets are in the “Cassie impregnating wetting state”, which is also known as the “petal effect”. By analyzing the petal surfaces of different species, we discovered interesting new wetting characteristics of the surface of the flower of the wild pansy (Viola tricolor). This surface is superhydrophobic with a static contact angle of 169° and very low hysteresis, i.e., the petal effect does not exist and water droplets roll-off as from a lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf. However, the surface of the wild pansy petal does not possess the wax crystals of the lotus leaf. Its petals exhibit high cone-shaped cells (average size 40 µm) with a high aspect ratio (2.1) and a very fine cuticular folding (width 260 nm) on top. The applied water droplets are in the Cassie–Baxter wetting state and roll-off at inclination angles below 5°. Fabricated hydrophobic polymer replicas of the wild pansy were prepared in an easy two-step moulding process and possess the same wetting characteristics as the original flowers. In this work we present a technical surface with a new superhydrophobic, low adhesive surface design, which combines the hierarchical structuring of petals with a wetting behavior similar to that of the lotus leaf.

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48

Akçin, Öznur Ergen. "Micromorphological and anatomical studies on petals of 11 Turkish Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) taxa." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 16, no. 2 (December 5, 2009): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v16i2.3928.

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The petal epidermis and petal anatomy of 11 taxa of Onosma L. were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Differences in epidermal patterns were observed on the dorsal surface. Domed epidermal cells and non-papillae epidermal cells were seen on the petal surface. Papillae types were lithops, cone-like, finger-like or skittle-cell type. Areolate and rugose types were observed on the non-papillae surface. Principal anatomical structures of petals were similar. Micromorphological features on dorsal surfaces of petals could be useful for species-level diagnosis along with other selected morphological and micromorphological features.

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Seratiuk Flores, Heloísa, Wen Liang Yeoh, Ping Yeap Loh, Kosuke Morinaga, and Satoshi Muraki. "Biomechanical Analysis of Recreational Cycling with Unilateral Transtibial Prostheses." Prosthesis 5, no. 3 (August 10, 2023): 733–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5030052.

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Leg prostheses specially adapted for cycling in patients with transtibial amputation can be advantageous for recreational practice; however, their required features are not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of unilateral cycling with a transtibial prosthesis and the characteristics of different attachment positions (middle and tip of the foot) between the prosthetic foot and the pedal. The cycling practice was performed on an ergometer at 40 W and 60 W resistance levels while participants (n = 8) wore custom-made orthoses to simulate prosthesis conditions. Using surface electromyogram, motion tracking, and power meter pedals, biomechanical data were evaluated and compared with data obtained through regular cycling. The results showed that power delivery became more asymmetrical at lower workloads for both orthosis conditions, while hip flexion and muscle activity of the knee extensor muscles in the sound leg increased. While both pedal attachment positions showed altered hip and knee joint angles for the leg wearing the orthosis, the middle of the foot attachment presented more symmetric power delivery. In conclusion, the middle of the foot attachment position presented better symmetry between the intact and amputated limbs during cycling performed for rehabilitation or recreation.

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Parra-Vicente, Sergio, Pablo F. Ibáñez-Ibáñez, Miguel Cabrerizo-Vílchez, Isabel Sánchez-Almazo, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Valverde, and Francisco Javier Montes Ruiz-Cabello. "Understanding the petal effect: Wetting properties and surface structure of natural rose petals and rose petal-derived surfaces." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 236 (April 2024): 113832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113832.

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