Статті в журналах: "Pea and"

1

Fukumoto, F., Y. Masuda, and K. Hanada. "Pea Tissue Necrosis Induced by Cucumber mosaic virus Alone or Together with Watermelon mosaic virus." Plant Disease 87, no. 4 (April 2003): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.4.324.

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Necrotic diseases of the stems, petioles, and leaves of pea plants (Pisum sativumL.), leading to wilting and death, occur in the Wakayama and Mie Prefectures of Japan. Based on host range, symptomatology, electron microscopy, and serological relationships, Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and three Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates (PE2, PE3A, and PB1) were isolated from diseased plants in the Wakayama Prefecture. In the Mie Prefecture, CMV (PEAN) also was isolated from pea plants with similar symptoms. Single infection with CMV (PB1 or PEAN) caused stem necrosis and eventual death of pea plants. Similar symptoms developed after double infection with WMV and PE2 or PE3A, whereas single infection with PE2 and PE3A induced symptomless infection in pea plants. We concluded either CMV alone or synergistic effects of mixed infection with CMV and WMV induced pea plant stem necrosis.

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2

Suto, Takeru, Naoki Kawano, Kai Okazaki, Yuma Takebuchi, Hiroyuki Fukushima, Takumi Kato, Daisuke Nakauchi, and Takayuki Yanagida. "Scintillation properties of (C₆H₅C _n H_2nNH₃)₂PbCl₄ (n = 1–4)." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 62, no. 1 (November 22, 2022): 010610. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac8f02.

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Abstract Organic–inorganic perovskite crystals (C6H5C n H2n NH3)2PbCl4 (n = 1: PMA, n = 2: PEA, n = 3: PPA, and n = 4: PBA) were prepared, and their scintillation characteristics were evaluated. A broad emission peak originating from self-trapped excitons (STE) was observed from all of the crystals when excited by 310 nm light. Further, the broad emission was also clearly observed from PMA, PEA, and PBA under X-ray. Moreover, the scintillation light yields under α-ray were calculated to be 1460 (PEA), 439 (PPA), and 120 (PBA) photons/5.5 MeV-α, and the light yield of PEA was higher than that of a ZnO single crystal. In addition, all of the crystals showed a fast decay-time attributable to STE under X-ray.

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3

Politano, Valerie T., Robert M. Diener, Mildred S. Christian, David R. Hawkins, Gretchen Ritacco, and Anne Marie Api. "The Pharmacokinetics of Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA)." International Journal of Toxicology 32, no. 1 (January 2013): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581812471688.

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The present studies were conducted to compare the dermal absorption, plasma pharmacokinetics, and excretion of phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) by pregnant and nonpregnant rats, rabbits, and humans. The PEA is a natural fragrance material that is widely used in perfumes, soaps, and lotions and is a major ingredient of natural rose oil. Following dermal (430, 700, or 1400 mg/kg body weight [bw]), gavage (430 mg/kg bw), or dietary (430 mg/kg bw) administration of PEA to rats, plasma concentrations of PEA were found to be low regardless of the route of administration. The plasma concentrations of phenylacetic acid (PAA, the major metabolite of PEA) greatly exceeded the concentrations of PEA and were highest after gavage, followed by dermal then dietary administration. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion were compared following topical application of 14C-labeled PEA to rats, rabbits, and humans (specific activities of dosing solutions: 58-580, 164, and 50 µCi/mL, respectively). In rabbits, the plasma concentration–time profile for PAA was markedly prolonged compared to rats or humans. In humans, only 7.6% of the applied dose of PEA was absorbed, versus 77% in rats and 50% in rabbits. Based on a human dermal systemic exposure of 0.3 mg/kg per day from the use of multiple consumer personal care products containing PEA, a rat dermal no observed adverse effect level of 70 mg/kg per day, and the percentage of dose absorbed in humans, the margin of safety exceeds 2600 concluding that, under normal fragrance use conditions, PEA is not a developmental toxicity hazard for humans.

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4

Lugito, Graecia, and Eamor M. Woo. "Intertwining lamellar assembly in porous spherulites composed of two ring-banded poly(ethylene adipate) and poly(butylene adipate)." Soft Matter 11, no. 5 (2015): 908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02489c.

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SEM figures show interiors of fracture surfaces for neat poly(butylene adipate) (PBA), neat poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), and 25/75 PBA/PEA blend, respectively, crystallized at 30 °C. The former two show ring-banded spherulites with corrugated-board layers but the latter reveals intertwining lamellae with porosity owing to crystal impingement.

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5

Congdon, B. S., B. A. Coutts, M. Renton, M. Banovic, and R. A. C. Jones. "Pea seed-borne mosaic virus in Field Pea: Widespread Infection, Genetic Diversity, and Resistance Gene Effectiveness." Plant Disease 100, no. 12 (December 2016): 2475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-16-0670-re.

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From 2013 to 2015, incidences of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) infection were determined in semi-leafless field pea (Pisum sativum) crops and trial plots growing in the Mediterranean-type environment of southwest Australia. PSbMV was found at incidences of 2 to 51% in 9 of 13 crops, 1 to 100% in 20 of 24 cultivar plots, and 1 to 57% in 14 of 21 breeding line plots. Crops and plots of ‘PBA Gunyah’, ‘Kaspa’, and ‘PBA Twilight’ were frequently PSbMV infected but none of PSbMV resistance gene sbm1-carrying ‘PBA Wharton’ plants were infected. In 2015, 14 new PSbMV isolates obtained from these various sources were sequenced and their partial coat protein (CP) nucleotide sequences analyzed. Sequence identities and phylogenetic comparison with 39 other PSbMV partial CP nucleotide sequences from GenBank demonstrated that at least three PSbMV introductions have occurred to the region, one of which was previously unknown. When plants of ‘Greenfeast’ and PBA Gunyah pea (which both carry resistance gene sbm2) and PBA Wharton and ‘Yarrum’ (which carry sbm1) were inoculated with PSbMV pathotype P-2 isolate W1, resistance was overcome in a small proportion of plants of each cultivar, showing that resistance-breaking variants were likely to be present. An improved management effort by pea breeders, advisors, and growers is required to diminish infection of seed stocks, avoid sbm gene resistance being overcome in the field, and mitigate the impact of PSbMV on seed yield and quality. A similar management effort is likely to be needed in field pea production elsewhere in the world.

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6

Zhang, Pei, Shirui Zhao, Yaoyao Yu, Huan Wang, Yan Yang, and Chenguang Liu. "Biocompatibility Profile and In Vitro Cellular Uptake of Self-assembled Alginate Nanoparticles." Molecules 24, no. 3 (February 3, 2019): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030555.

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Polymeric nanoparticles could offer promising controlled drug delivery. The biocompatibility is of extreme importance for future applications in humans. Self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles based on phenylalanine ethyl ester (PAE)-modified alginate (Alg) had been successfully prepared and characterized in our lab. However, little is known about their interaction with cells and other biological systems. In this study, nanoparticles (NPs) based on PAE-Alg conjugates (PEA-NPs) with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared and investigated. Our results showed that PEA-NPs had no effects on the proliferation of the human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 1000 μg/mL. Furthermore, the in vitro cellular uptake profile of PEA-NPs, concerning several parameters involved in the application of therapeutic or diagnostic NPs, such as NPs concentration, time and temperature, was described. Different NPs have been adopted for cellular uptake studies and the NPs internalized into Caco-2 cells were quantified. Cellular uptake efficiency could reach 60% within 4 h. PEA-NPs also showed greater cell permeability than oleoyl alginate ester nanoparticles (OAE-NPs) previously prepared in our lab. Our studies reveal that NPs based on PEA conjugate are promising nanosystems for cellular delivery.

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7

Funnell, Deanna L., and Hans D. VanEtten. "Pisatin Demethylase Genes Are on Dispensable Chromosomes While Genes for Pathogenicity on Carrot and Ripe Tomato Are on Other Chromosomes in Nectria haematococca." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 8 (August 2002): 840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.8.840.

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Studies on the wide-host-range fungus Nectria haematococca MP VI have shown a linkage between virulence on pea and five of nine PDA genes that encode the ability to detoxify the pea phytoalexin, pisatin. Most of the PDA genes are on chromosomes of approximately 1.6 megabases (Mb) and two of these genes, PDA1-2 and PDA6-1, have been demonstrated to reside on approximately 1.6-Mb chromosomes that can be lost during meiosis. Prior studies also have shown that the dispensable chromosome carrying PDA6-1 contains a gene (MAK1) necessary for maximum virulence on chickpea. The present study evaluated whether the other approximately 1.6-Mb chromosomes that carry PDA genes also are dispensable, their relationship to each other, and whether they contain genes for pathogenicity on hosts other than pea or chickpea. DNA from the PDA1-1 chromosome (associated with virulence on pea) and the PDA6-1 chromosome (associated with virulence on chickpea) were used to probe blots of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gels of isolates carrying different PDA genes and genetically related Pda¯ isolates. All of the approximately 1.6-Mb PDA-bearing chromosomes hybridized with both probes, indicating that they share significant similarity. Genetically related Pda¯ progeny lacked chromosomes of approximately 1.6 Mb and there was no significant hybridization of any chromosomes to the PDA1-1 and PDA6-1 chromosome probes. When isolates carrying different PDA genes and related Pda¯ isolates were tested for virulence on carrot and ripe tomato, there was no significant difference in lesion sizes produced by Pda+ and Pda- isolates, indicating that genes for pathogenicity on these hosts are not on the PDA-containing chromosomes. These results support the hypothesis that the chromosomes carrying PDA genes are dispensable and carry host-specific virulence genes while genes for pathogenicity on other hosts are carried on other chromosomes.

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8

Lauk, R., and E. Lauk. "Pea-oat intercrops are superior to pea-wheat and pea-barley intercrops." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science 58, no. 2 (June 2008): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064710701412692.

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9

Yousseef, Manhal, Samuel Lubbers, Florence Housson, and Dominique Valentin. "Sensory evaluation as a tool in assessing the quality of new fermented products." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i3.1501.

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Ten starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria were used to ferment five mixtures of milk and pea protein (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of pea) to select the cocktail that can lead to products similar to traditional yogurt. Product quality evaluation was performed by comparing the sensory profile of 49 formulated products with the profile of a milk fermented by commercial lactic ferments. The sensory profiles were analyzed by means of three-way ANOVAs and a principal component analysis (PCA). Substitution of cow milk protein with 40% of pea proteins reduce starter cultures effects and decrease product quality. In contrast, until 30% of pea protein, starter cultures show positive and negative effects. For example, products fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus acidophilus with 30% pea protein have positive characters like creamy and smooth, but Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus + Lactobacillus rhamnosus caused bad quality and negative characters like bitter and astringent even with 100% cow milk.

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10

Coleman, Jeffrey J., Catherine C. Wasmann, Toshiyuki Usami, Gerard J. White, Esteban D. Temporini, Kevin McCluskey, and Hans D. VanEtten. "Characterization of the Gene Encoding Pisatin Demethylase (FoPDA1) in Fusarium oxysporum." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 12 (December 2011): 1482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-11-0119.

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The pea pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi is able to detoxify pisatin produced as a defense response by pea, and the gene encoding this detoxification mechanism, FoPDA1, was 82% identical to the cytochrome P450 pisatin demethylase PDA1 gene in Nectria haematococca. A survey of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi isolates demonstrated that, as in N. haematococca, the PDA gene of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi is generally located on a small chromosome. In N. haematococca, PDA1 is in a cluster of pea pathogenicity (PEP) genes. Homologs of these PEP genes also were found in the F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi isolates, and PEP1 and PEP5 were sometimes located on the same small chromosomes as the FoPDA1 homologs. Transforming FoPDA1 into a pda– F. oxysporum f. sp. lini isolate conferred pda activity and promoted pathogenicity on pea to some transformants. Different hybridization patterns of FoPDA1 were found in F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi but these did not correlate with the races of the fungus, suggesting that races within this forma specialis arose independently of FoPDA1. FoPDA1 also was present in the formae speciales lini, glycines, and dianthi of F. oxysporum but they had mutations resulting in nonfunctional proteins. However, an active FoPDA1 was present in F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli and it was virulent on pea. Despite their evolutionary distance, the amino acid sequences of FoPDA1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi and F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli revealed only six amino acid differences, consistent with a horizontal gene transfer event accounting for the origin of these genes.

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11

Fraś, Anna, Marlena Gzowska, and Magdalena Wiśniewska. "Nutritional Value Evaluation of New Pea Genotypes (Pisum sativum L.) Based on Their Chemical, Amino Acids and Dietary Fiber Composition." Molecules 29, no. 21 (October 25, 2024): 5033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29215033.

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This research concerned the assessment of the utility value of new pea breeding materials intended for registration in the European Union. The research material consisted of sixteen breeding lines and four reference pea varieties. The evaluation was carried out based on the chemical composition of seeds and its variability within the studied genotypes. The contents of protein, starch, lipids, ash and dietary fiber (DF) were determined. The nutritional value of the protein was assessed in vitro using the value of the limiting amino acid index chemical score (CS) and the integrated essential amino acid index (EAAI). The analyzed pea genotypes were characterized by significant diversity in terms of the content of the tested components. The obtained results combined with the PCA analysis were used to select pea genotypes of the highest quality, having the potential as a raw material for the production of food with health-promoting properties. The effect of the conducted research was the identification of three pea genotypes with the greatest potential in terms of protein content and dietary fiber complex.

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12

Yadav, Saurabh, Rajinder Kumar Dhall, Hira Singh, Parteek Kumar, Dharminder Bhatia, Priyanka Kumari, and Neha Rana. "Assessing Elemental Diversity in Edible-Podded Peas: A Comparative Study of Pisum sativum L. var. macrocarpon and var. saccharatum through Principal Component Analysis, Correlation, and Cluster Analysis." Horticulturae 10, no. 8 (August 22, 2024): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080890.

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This study assessed eleven elements in 24 edible-podded peas, including sugar snap pea and snow pea genotypes aiming to identify promising parents for nutraceutical breeding. Elemental concentrations of pods (dry weight basis) were estimated through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ranges for these elements varied significantly, highlighting the diverse elemental profiles within the edible-podded pea genotypes. All the elements exhibited a high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation along with considerable heritability and hereditary progress. Positive and significant correlations were recorded among all elements, suggesting the potential for simultaneous selection for these traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two components accounted for 80.56% of the variation. Further, cluster analysis, based on Euclidean distance, grouped the 24 cultivars into two major clusters. Cluster I exhibited higher means for all estimated concentrations compared to Cluster II. Notably, Dwarf Grey Sugar and Arka Sampoorna from the snap pea group and PED-21-5 and Sugar Snappy from the sugar snap pea in Cluster II demonstrated superior elemental concentration in whole pods. The selected edible-podded pea genotypes serve as valuable genetic resources for new cultivar development, particularly in biofortification efforts targeting whole pod nutrient composition.

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13

Gixhari, B., M. Pavelková, H. Ismaili, H. Vrapi, A. Jaupi, and P. Smýkal. "Genetic diversity of Albanian pea (Pisum sativum L.) landraces assessed by morphological traits and molecular markers." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 2 (June 12, 2014): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/227/2013-cjgpb.

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In order to investigate the genetic diversity present in the pea germplasm stored in the Albanian genebank, we analyzed 28 local pea genotypes of Albanian origins for 23 quantitative morphological traits, as well as 14 retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphism (RBIP) molecular markers. The study of morphological characters carried out during three growing seasons (2010, 2011 and 2012) had the objective of characterization of traits useful in breeding programs. RBIP marker analysis revealed the genetic similarity in range from 0.06 to 0.45. ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis was used to visualize the association among different traits. Most of the quantitative morphological traits showed significant differences. PCA and cluster analysis (Ward’s method) carried out for morphological traits divided the local pea genotypes into three clusters. Finally, the study identified the agronomicaly important traits which will facilitate the maintenance and agronomic evaluation of the collections.

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14

Rahmawati, Laila, Muhammad Fahri Reza Pahlawan, Hari Hariadi, and Rudiati Evi Masithoh. "Detection of encapsulant addition in butterfly-pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract powder using visible–near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics analysis." Open Agriculture 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0135.

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Abstract Butterfly-pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract powder is a functional product with numerous benefits obtained by extraction followed by the drying process. During drying, encapsulations can be added to protect the color and antioxidants of the samples. Using visible-near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, this research aimed to detect maltodextrin and soybean protein isolate (SPI) added as encapsulants to butterfly-pea extract powder. Butterfly-pea extract powder were added with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% concentrations of maltodextrin and SPI. Spectral data were acquired using a Vis–NIR fiber optic spectrometer at 350–1,000 nm. The chemometric methods used were principal component analysis (PCA), PCA-discriminant analysis (PCA–DA), partial least square regression (PLSR), and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results showed that PCA can discriminate pure and maltodextrin- and SPI-added samples using low principal components. PCA-DA determined the accuracy levels of 88% for maltodextrin and 94.67% for SPIs. The PLSR models predicted the addition of maltodextrin with the following variables: coefficient of determination of calibration (R c 2), 0.98; coefficient of determination of prediction (R p 2), 0.98; root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), 2.1%; and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), 4.02%. The values for the addition of SPI were R c 2 of 0.97, R p 2 of 0.97, RMSEC of 2.72%, and RMSEP of 2.83%. The PLS-DA models resulted in an accuracy of 98 and 91% for the identification of maltodextrin and SPI, respectively. In conclusion, this research showed the potency of Vis–NIR spectroscopy combined with a proper chemometric analysis to detect additives in butterfly-pea extract powders.

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15

Qinjuan, Luo, Wang Lianming, Zhao Xiaoqing, Qian Hua, and Yan Lei. "Research on Detection Method of Pea Seed Vigor based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (August 26, 2021): 1072–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.116.

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Rapid and noninvasive detection methods of seed vigor, an important index to evaluate seed quality, have been the research focus in recent years. In this paper, the detection method of pea seed vigor based on hyperspectral imaging technology was researched. First, the spectral images of different vigor grade samples with artificial aging were captured, and the original spectrum was pretreated with multiple scattering correction. Secondly, SPA and PCA were used to select respective bands. Finally, PLS-DA and LS-SVM model were established to identify the seed vigor of the pea seed, based on the whole band spectrum, the characteristic bands extracted by SPA and PCA respectively. The results showed that PLS-DA and LS-SVM models are effective, but LS-SVM had better performance. Through comparison, the method using full band spectrum was more accurate, the efficiency of method using 5 characteristic bands extracted by PCA was the highest while the way of extracting the representative band by SPA was the most meaningful to this study which achieved similar accuracy to the full band with only 20 bands. The SPA-LS-SVM method afforded the recognition accuracy (100%) for modeling set and validation set used to determine the vigor of pea seeds. The overall results suggest that hyperspectral imaging technology is useful for classification of different vitality pea seeds with non-destructive manner, which can provide a basis for further development of online scoring devices

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16

McPhee, Kevin. "Garden Pea." Journal of New Seeds 6, no. 2-3 (February 15, 2005): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j153v06n02_14.

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17

Taylor, Steve L., Justin T. Marsh, Stef J. Koppelman, Jamie L. Kabourek, Philip E. Johnson, and Joseph L. Baumert. "A perspective on pea allergy and pea allergens." Trends in Food Science & Technology 116 (October 2021): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.017.

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18

Christian, David A., and Lee A. Hadwiger. "Pea saponins in the pea-Fusarium solani interaction." Experimental Mycology 13, no. 4 (December 1989): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5975(89)90037-6.

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19

Chen, Yun, Changhua Liu, Peter R. Chang, Debbie P. Anderson, and Michel A. Huneault. "Pea starch-based composite films with pea hull fibers and pea hull fiber-derived nanowhiskers." Polymer Engineering & Science 49, no. 2 (December 15, 2008): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21290.

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20

Kreuzmann, J., and M. Liška. "Pea Variety Terno." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, No. 2 (November 21, 2011): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6059-cjgpb.

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21

Kreuzman, J., R. Drdla, and P. Liška. "Pea variety Herold." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 39, No. 1 (November 23, 2011): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6099-cjgpb.

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22

Kreuzman, J. "Pea variety Slovan." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 44, No. 4 (January 22, 2009): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/76/2008-cjgpb.

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23

Spencer, G. E., N. I. Syed, K. Lukowiak, and W. Winlow. "Halothane-induced synaptic depression at both in vivo and in vitro reconstructed synapses between identified Lymnaea neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 2604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2604.

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1. In the present study we tested the ability of the general anesthetic, halothane, to affect synaptic transmission at in vivo and in vitro reconstructed peptidergic synapses between identified neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. An identified respiratory interneuron, visceral dorsal 4 (VD4), innervates a number of postsynaptic cells in the central ring ganglia of Lymnaea. Because VD4 has previously been shown to exhibit immunoreactivity for FMRFamide-related peptides, it was hypothesized that these peptides may be utilized by VD4 during synaptic transmission. In the intact, isolated CNS of Lymnaea, we have identified novel connections between VD4 and the pedal A (PeA) cells. We demonstrate that VD4 makes inhibitory connections with the PeA neurons, in particular PeA4, and that these synaptic responses are mimicked by exogenous application of FMRFamide. 3. The synaptic transmission between VD4 and the PeA cells in an intact, isolated CNS preparation was completely blocked in 2%, but not 1% halothanc. Interestingly, the postsynaptic responses (PeA) to exogenous FMRFamide were maintained in the presence of both 1 and 2% halothane. 4. To determine the specificity of the observed responses and to determine the precise synaptic site of anesthetic action, we reconstructed the VD4/PeA synapses in vitro. After isolation from their respective ganglia, both cell types extended processes and established neuritic contact. We demonstrated that not only did the presynaptic neuron reestablish the appropriate inhibitory synapses with the PeA neurons, but that the PeA cells also maintained their responsiveness to exogenous FMRFamide. 5. Superfusion of the in vitro synaptically connected VD4 and PeA cells with 2% halothane completely abolished the synaptic transmission between these cells. However, even higher concentrations of 4% halothane failed to block the responsiveness of the PeA neurons to exogenous FMRFamide. Moreover, both 1 and 2% halothane enhanced the duration of the postsynaptic response to exogenously applied FMRFamide. These data suggest that the halothane-induced depression of synaptic transmission most likely occurred at the presynaptic level. 6. This study provides the first direct evidence that peptidergic transmission in the nervous system may also be susceptible to the actions of general anesthetics. In addition, we utilized a novel approach of in vitro reconstructed synapses for studying the effects of general anesthetics on monosynaptic transmission in the absence of other synaptic influences.

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Velaga, Swetha Bindu, Muneeswar Gupta Nittala, Michael S. Ip, Luc Duchateau, and SriniVas R. Sadda. "Post hoc analysis of ellipsoid zone changes beyond the central subfield in symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion patients from the OASIS trial." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 6, no. 1 (June 2021): e000648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000648.

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Background/aimsOASIS is a Phase IIIb trial (NCT01429441) assessing long-term outcomes in subjects with symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA). The purpose of this study is to report on the frequency, severity, location and time course of ellipsoid zone (EZ) alterations in ocriplasmin-treated and sham control eyes in the OASIS study.Methods220 patients (146 ocriplasmin, 74 sham) subjects with VMA were enrolled in this masked post hoc analysis phase IIIb, randomised, sham-controlled double-masked multicentre clinical trial. A masked post hoc analysis of OCT images was performed at the Doheny Image Reading Center from subjects enrolled in the OASIS trial. The status of the EZ band was assessed in three different macular regions: the central subfield (CS) (≤1 mm diameter), the parafoveal area (PAA) (>1 to ≤3 mm) and the perifoveal area (PEA) (>3 to ≤6 mm). The EZ band was rated as normal/intact, full thickness macular hole (FTMH), abnormal but continuous, discontinuous/disrupted or absent at visits from baseline (pretreatment) to week 1 (day 7), month 1 (day 28), month 3, month 6, month 12 and the final follow-up at month 24. EZ band status was compared in both study and control eyes.ResultsA total of 208 patients (138 ocriplasmin, 70 sham) were included in this analysis. At baseline, FTMH was present in 48.6%, 8.0%, 0% and 52.8%, 2.9%, 0% in the CS, PAA and PEA of the ocriplasmin and sham groups, respectively. The EZ was graded to be abnormal but continuous, discontinuous/disrupted or absent at Baseline in 21.0%, 4.3%, 2.8% in the CS, PAA and PEA, respectively, of the ocriplasmin group; and 12.9%, 10.0%, 4.3% in the CS, PAA and PEA of the sham group. For the ocriplasmin group in the PAA, this frequency increased to 6.6% at week 1, was 9.8% at month 1, but improved to 3.8% at month 3, and remained stable to 1.6% at month 24. These differences, however, were not statistically significant.ConclusionsOcriplasmin treatment for symptomatic VMA was associated with EZ abnormalities in a small percentage of patients that was best assessed in regions (PEA) relatively unaffected by the VM interface disease at baseline. The EZ abnormalities were apparent by week 1, persisted at month 1, and appeared to resolve in the majority of cases by month 3.Trial registration numberNCT01429441

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Assen, Kedir Yimam, Gebeyaw Achenef Haile, and Aliyi Robsa Shuro. "Genetic Diversity of Field Pea Genotypes (Pisum sativum L.) in Relation to their Plant Type using Multivariate and Genotype-by-Trait Biplot Analysis." International Journal of Economic Plants 11, Nov, 4 (November 21, 2024): 464–74. https://doi.org/10.23910/2/2024.5662.

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The present study was conducted during June–November, 2019 at Bekoji and Kofele substation of Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center (KARC) with the aim to assess the genetic diversity among field pea genotypes for desired morpho-agronomic traits. A total of 49 Field pea genotypes, representing two different plant types were evaluated for 13 characters. Through cluster analysis, the genotypes were grouped into five categories based on the Euclidean distance matrix using the complete linkage method. Cluster one had the most genotypes (20), while cluster five had the fewest (2). Genetic distances among genotypes estimated by Euclidean distances from 13 traits ranged from 14.76 to 5514.77. Principal component and biplot analyses showed that seed yield, plant height, days to 90% maturity, number of pods per plant and seeds per plant were the main factors contributing to genotype divergence. Additionally, genotypes in the prostrate (leafed) type of field pea had a greater genetic distance (diversity) compared to those in the erect (semi-leafless) type. In general this study showed the presence of considerable diversity for the studied traits in field pea genotypes, with differences between plants types even though the dendrogram and PCA didn’t show clear cut (distinct) grouping pattern in field pea genotypes with respect to their plant types and sources. This implies an opportunity for improving desired traits in a field pea breeding program through selection or hybridization of these divergent genotypes. Thus, crossbreeding promising parents, especially selected from advanced prostrate and erect types, can result in a good level of genetic recombination.

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Wu, Qindong, and Hans D. VanEtten. "Introduction of Plant and Fungal Genes into Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Hairy Roots Reduces Their Ability to Produce Pisatin and Affects Their Response to a Fungal Pathogen." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, no. 7 (July 2004): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.7.798.

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Pisatin is an isoflavonoid phytoalexin synthesized by pea (Pisum sativum L.). Previous studies have identified two enzymes apparently involved in the synthesis of this phytoalexin, isoflavone reductase (IFR), which catalyzes an intermediate step in pisatin biosynthesis, and (+)6a-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM), an enzyme catalyzing the terminal step. To further evaluate the involvement of these enzymes in pisatin biosynthesis, sense- and antisense-oriented cDNAs of Ifr and Hmm fused to the 35s CaMV promoter, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes, were used to produce transgenic pea hairy root cultures. PDA, a gene encoding pisatin demethylating activity (pda) in the pea-pathogenic fungus Nectria haematococca, also was used in an attempt to reduce pisatin levels. Although hairy root tissue with either sense or antisense Ifr cDNA produced less pisatin, the greatest reduction occurred with sense or antisense Hmm cDNA. The reduced pisatin production in these lines was associated with reduced amounts of Hmm transcripts, HMM protein, and HMM enzyme activity. Hairy roots containing the PDA gene also produced less pisatin. To evaluate the role of pisatin in disease resistance, the virulence of N. haematococca on the transgenic roots that produced the lowest levels of pisatin was tested. Hairy roots expressing antisense Hmm were more susceptible than the control hairy roots to isolates of N. haematococca that are either virulent or nonvirulent on wild-type pea plants. This appears to be the first case of producing transgenic plant tissue with a reduced ability to produce a phytoalexin and demonstrating that such tissue is less resistant to fungal infection: these results support the hypothesis that phytoalexin production is a disease resistance mechanism.

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Baggett, J. R., and D. Kean. "Seven Pea Seedborne Mosaic Virus Resistant Pea Breeding Lines." HortScience 23, no. 3 (June 1988): 630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.3.630.

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Abstract Seven breeding lines of peas (Pisum sativum L.), OSU 547-29, OSU 559-6, OSU 564-3, OSU 584-16, OSU 589- 12, OSU 615-15, and OSU 620-1, resistant to pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV) and pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) have been released by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. The lines resulted from three cycles of breeding to transfer pea seedborne mosaic virus resistance from PI lines to commercially usable peas. They have horticultural type approaching that of commercial cultivars, and all have good field resistance to pea enation mosaic virus. The development of cultivars resistant to PSbMV should relieve the pea seed industry of the restrictions and expenses involved in avoidance of PSbMV contamination of seed supplies.

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Chavan, U. D., R. Amarowicz, and F. Shahidi. "HARDNESS PHENOMENON IN BEACH PEA (Lethyrus maritimus L.)." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 1 (April 21, 2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v14n1.2013.36-43.

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Beach pea is mostly grown on seashores and it contains higher amount of protein than other legumes. However, the pea has several undesirable attributes, such as long cooking time and hard to germinate (imbibitions) that limited its use as food. The present investigation aimed to study the physico-chemical properties, cooking characteristics and hull crude fibre structure of beach pea as compare to other similar legumes. Standard methods of processing pulses were used for present study. Beach pea seeds contained very low grain weight, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index than the green pea and field pea. Beach pea had higher amount of crude protein, ash, crude fibre and polyphenols, but lower in starch content than the green pea and field pea. Without any treatment to beach pea seeds the water uptake capacity was very low. Mechanical treatment to beach pea seeds increased<br />the water uptake percentage. The recovery of hull was 3 to 6 times higher in beach pea than that of green pea and field pea. The crude protein content in beach pea hull was 2-5% higher than others. The beach pea hull, dhal and whole seeds were good source of macro- and micro- minerals than that of the other two peas. The electron microscopic structure of beach pea hull crude fibre showed a very close and compact structure than green pea and field pea hull crude fibre structure. Lowering the hardness of beach pea seeds with mechanical or chemical treatments will give more scope for their utilization in the human nutrition.

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Chavan, U. D., R. Amarowicz, and F. Shahidi. "HARDNESS PHENOMENON IN BEACH PEA (Lethyrus maritimus L.)." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 1 (April 21, 2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v14n1.2013.p36-43.

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Beach pea is mostly grown on seashores and it contains higher amount of protein than other legumes. However, the pea has several undesirable attributes, such as long cooking time and hard to germinate (imbibitions) that limited its use as food. The present investigation aimed to study the physico-chemical properties, cooking characteristics and hull crude fibre structure of beach pea as compare to other similar legumes. Standard methods of processing pulses were used for present study. Beach pea seeds contained very low grain weight, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index than the green pea and field pea. Beach pea had higher amount of crude protein, ash, crude fibre and polyphenols, but lower in starch content than the green pea and field pea. Without any treatment to beach pea seeds the water uptake capacity was very low. Mechanical treatment to beach pea seeds increased<br />the water uptake percentage. The recovery of hull was 3 to 6 times higher in beach pea than that of green pea and field pea. The crude protein content in beach pea hull was 2-5% higher than others. The beach pea hull, dhal and whole seeds were good source of macro- and micro- minerals than that of the other two peas. The electron microscopic structure of beach pea hull crude fibre showed a very close and compact structure than green pea and field pea hull crude fibre structure. Lowering the hardness of beach pea seeds with mechanical or chemical treatments will give more scope for their utilization in the human nutrition.

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Ulimaz, Trixie A., Debby Ustari, Virda Aziza, Tarkus Suganda, Vergel Concibido, Jutti Levita, and Agung Karuniawan. "Genetic Diversity of Butterfly Pea [Clitoria ternatea] from Indonesia Based on Flower and Yield Component Traits in Two Land Conditions." Jurnal AgroBiogen 16, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v16n1.2020.p1-6.

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<p>Genetic diversity among the butterfly pea genotypes is important information to support breeding program of this underutilized crop. The important characters to be targeted in the breeding program of this crop included yield and yield components of flowers that are strongly affected by the environment and have not been previously reported. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) from Indonesia tested in two land conditions, namely dryland and former paddy fields, based on flower character and yield component traits. The results showed that butterfly pea accessions were divided into two main clusters with dissimilarity coefficient of 0.01–3.99 indicating wide genetic diversity across accessions. The Mantel correlation showed that the genetic distance among accessions studied were not significantly correlated (r = 0.044, P = 0.8709). Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the eigenvalue ranged from 1.69 to 3.34 with a cumulative contribution of 72.64%. The traits that influenced genetic diversity in this study were flower length, weight of one fresh flower, total weight of pods, and weight of 100 seeds. The results of this study should be useful to support future butterfly pea breeding program.</p>

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Trencia, Alessandra, Anna Perfetti, Angela Cassese, Giovanni Vigliotta, Claudia Miele, Francesco Oriente, Stefania Santopietro, et al. "Protein Kinase B/Akt Binds and Phosphorylates PED/PEA-15, Stabilizing Its Antiapoptotic Action." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 13 (July 1, 2003): 4511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.13.4511-4521.2003.

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ABSTRACT The antiapoptotic protein PED/PEA-15 features an Akt phosphorylation motif upstream from Ser116. In vitro, recombinant PED/PEA-15 was phosphorylated by Akt with a stoichiometry close to 1. Based on Western blotting with specific phospho-Ser116 PED/PEA-15 antibodies, Akt phosphorylation of PED/PEA-15 occurred mainly at Ser116. In addition, a mutant of PED/PEA-15 featuring the substitution of Ser116→Gly (PEDS116→G) showed 10-fold-decreased phosphorylation by Akt. In intact 293 cells, Akt also induced phosphorylation of PED/PEA-15 at Ser116. Based on pull-down and coprecipitation assays, PED/PEA-15 specifically bound Akt, independently of Akt activity. Serum activation of Akt as well as BAD phosphorylation by Akt showed no difference in 293 cells transfected with PED/PEA-15 and in untransfected cells (which express no endogenous PED/PEA-15). However, the antiapoptotic action of PED/PEA-15 was almost twofold reduced in PEDS116→G compared to that in PED/PEA-15WT cells. PED/PEA-15 stability closely paralleled Akt activation by serum in 293 cells. In these cells, the nonphosphorylatable PEDS116→G mutant exhibited a degradation rate threefold greater than that observed with wild-type PED/PEA-15. In the U373MG glioma cells, blocking Akt also reduced PED/PEA-15 levels and induced sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand apoptosis. Thus, phosphorylation by Akt regulates the antiapoptotic function of PED/PEA-15 at least in part by controlling the stability of PED/PEA-15. In part, Akt survival signaling may be mediated by PED/PEA-15.

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Gollner, Gabriele, Walter Starz, and Jürgen K. Friedel. "Crop performance, biological N fixation and pre-crop effect of pea ideotypes in an organic farming system." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 115, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-019-10021-4.

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Abstract Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a valuable grain legume in organic crop rotations. Pea rotations provide nitrogen (N) to the system through N fixation and produce animal feed or human food. Because of the high susceptibility of pea to pests, diseases and weeds and due to low profitability, especially in organic systems, pea cropping intensity decreased in the last 15 years in Austria. Therefore, it is important to find strategies for improving pea cropping systems in organic systems, by increasing yields and providing a positive N balance. The objective of this study was to compare pea genotypes of selected field and fodder pea in pure and mixed pea stands for biomass performance, biological N fixation and pre-crop effect under dry site conditions in a 2-year study in Eastern Austria. Pea N fixation was estimated using the extended N-difference method, with oat as the reference crop. The highest grain yield was found for the leafed field pea, with 2.5 Mg dry mass (DM) ha−1, followed by the semi-leafless field pea with 2.1 Mg DM ha−1 and the pea-mixtures with 2.2 Mg DM ha−1. The field pea cultivars yielded more than the fodder pea cultivars with 1.6 Mg DM ha−1. The average N concentration in pea grains was 3.6 mg g−1. The fodder pea type contained 3.8 mg g−1, significantly more N (p < 0.0001) than the semi-leafless and leafed field pea. Pea N fixation ranged from 53 to 75 kg N ha−1, corresponding to 42–50% of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa). No differences in N fixation were found among cultivars, types and field/fodder pea. The fodder pea exported less N from the field because of their lower grain yield. Therefore, the N balance (N-input − N-output) of fodder pea was positive, with + 3.4 kg N ha−1 compared to the negative N balance of − 0.6 to − 3.6 kg N ha−1 for the leafed field pea types. These differences were not reflected in the following winter wheat crop, where the DM grain yield was 3.6–3.9 Mg ha−1 with no differences between cultivars and ideotypes. The results demonstrate that leafed field pea could have a sufficient grain yield and fodder pea could produce high N concentration in the grains. Because there are no differences regarding the effect of pea types on the yield of the following crop, it can be concluded that all tested pea types are suitable for successful organic pea production under dry site conditions. While there were no negative effects on the subsequent crop, the different ideotypes and mixtures may be selected based on different management goals.

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Šišić, Adnan, Jelena Baćanović-Šišić, Fernanda M. Gamba, and Maria R. Finckh. "Didymella pinodella: An Important Pea Root Rot Pathogen in France to Watch Out For?" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10010044.

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Root rot pathogens restrict pea and wheat production globally. In the EU, pea and pea-based cereal mixtures are being promoted; however, root rot pathogen dynamics in such mixtures are poorly understood. Winter pea and wheat were grown either in pure stands or in mixtures in the field in western France, and the severity of root rot in pea, wheat, and their mixtures, as well as the key pathogens associated with these crops, were assessed. Disease severity was moderate in pea and low in wheat, with no effect of sowing pattern. Didymella pinodella, a previously unreported pathogen in the pea–root rot complex in France, emerged as the most dominant pathogen in pea. It also occurred in low frequencies in wheat. Subsequent greenhouse aggressiveness tests showed that ten of the commonly grown pea cultivars in France lack resistance to D. pinodella. Among the Fusarium spp. isolated, F. avenaceum was the most frequent, occurring at similar frequencies in pea and wheat. In conclusion, D. pinodella may be an important pea root rot pathogen in France and there is a lack of resistance in the tested pea cultivars. In addition, F. avenaceum is a shared pathogen of wheat and pea.

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Sinha, Surabhi, Niraj Kumar, Bhavana P., H. C. Lal, Binay Kumar, and C. S. Mahto. "Genetic Diversity Analysis in Medium Duration Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] Germplasm for Different Agronomic Traits and Biotic Factors." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, no. 5 (April 24, 2024): 712–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i5833.

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For the people living in tropical and sub-tropical regions, Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] is a very essential pulse crop because of its high nutrition along with several important features such as feed and fodder for animal consumption, fuel for household work etc. Despite being a multipurpose and attractive crop, its productivity has remained up to 700-800kg ha-1. Along-with low productivity, Pigeon pea is also affected by a number of biotic stresses such as fusarium wilt, pod borer, pod fly. It is therefore, need of the hour to search for the genetic diversity present in the existing cultivars along with wild relatives and landraces. The present investigation was conducted with forty Pigeon pea germplasm to assess the genetic diversity by principal component analysis (PCA). PCA is an important statistical technique which reduces the dimension of the much large data set into a more concise data set while retaining a significant amount of information from the original data. PCA analysis revealed a significant amount of variability present in the germplasm. PC1 contributed maximum variance towards diversity (22.05%) followed by PC2 (15.87%), PC3 (11.39%), PC4 (10.18%), PC5 (9.10%) and PC6 (8.18%). Scatter plot diagram showed that genotypes number 1 (CRG 82), 5 (GJP 1721), 19 (ICPL 15062), and 31 (BAUPP-18-8) exhibited the highest diversity.

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Thavarajah, Dil, Tristan Lawrence, Lucas Boatwright, Nathan Windsor, Nathan Johnson, Joshua Kay, Emerson Shipe, Shiv Kumar, and Pushparajah Thavarajah. "Organic dry pea (Pisum sativum L.): A sustainable alternative pulse-based protein for human health." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 12, 2023): e0284380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284380.

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Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a cool-season food legume rich in protein (20–25%). With increasing health and ecosystem awareness, organic plant-based protein demand has increased; however, the protein quality of organic dry pea has not been well studied. This study determined the genetic variation of individual amino acids (AAs), total AAs (liberated), total protein, and in vitro protein digestibility of commercial dry pea cultivars grown in organic on-farm fields to inform the development of protein-biofortified cultivars. Twenty-five dry pea cultivars were grown in two USDA-certified organic on-farm locations in South Carolina (SC), USA, for two years (two locations in 2019 and one in 2020). The concentrations of most individual AAs (15 of 17) and the total AA concentration significantly varied with dry pea cultivar. In vitro protein digestibility was not affected by the cultivar. Seed total AA and protein for dry pea ranged from 11.8 to 22.2 and 12.6 to 27.6 g/100 g, respectively, with heritability estimates of 0.19 to 0.25. In vitro protein digestibility and protein digestibility corrected AA score (PDCAAS) ranged from 83 to 95% and 0.18 to 0.64, respectively. Heritability estimates for individual AAs ranged from 0.08 to 0.42; principal component (PCA) analysis showed five significant AA clusters. Cultivar Fiddle had significantly higher total AA (19.6 g/100 g) and digestibility (88.5%) than all other cultivars. CDC Amarillo and Jetset were significantly higher in cystine (Cys), and CDC Inca and CDC Striker were significantly higher in methionine (Met) than other cultivars; CDC Spectrum was the best option in terms of high levels of both Cys and Met. Lysine (Lys) concentration did not vary with cultivar. A 100 g serving of organic dry pea provides a significant portion of the recommended daily allowance of six essential AAs (14–189%) and daily protein (22–48%) for an average adult weighing 72 kg. Overall, this study shows organic dry pea has excellent protein quality, significant amounts of sulfur-containing AAs and Lys, and good protein digestibility, and thus has good potential for future plant-based food production. Further genetic studies are warranted with genetically diverse panels to identify candidate genes and target parents to develop nutritionally superior cultivars for organic protein production.

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Górski, Rafał, Anna Płaza, and Robert Rudziński. "Ocena plonowania i zachwaszczenia mieszanek grochu siewnego z pszenżytem jarym uprawianych na zieloną masę w rolnictwie zrównoważonym." Agronomy Science 77, no. 4 (January 25, 2023): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2022.4.9.

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The paper presents the results of a 2016–2018 study to determine the effect of the share of components in the mixture and the harvest date on the weed infestation and yield of mixtures of field pea with spring triticale. Two factors were studied in the experiment: the proportion of components in the mixture: field pea – clean sowing 100%, spring triticale – clean sowing 100%, field pea 75% + spring triticale 25%, field pea 50% + spring triticale 50%, field pea 25% + spring triticale 75%; harvesting date: flowering stage of field pea (BBCH 65), flat green pod stage of field pea (BBCH 79). The results obtained allow us to conclude that the cultivation of pea in mixed sowings with spring triticale reduces the weed infestation in the canopy compared to pea grown in pure sowing. The highest fresh matter yield was obtained from the mixture of field pea and spring triticale with 50% share of both components, harvested at the stage of flat green pod of field pea.

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Hanavan, R. P., and N. A. Bosque-Pérez. "Effects of tillage practices on pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L., Coleoptera: Curculionidae) biology and crop damage: A farm-scale study in the US Pacific Northwest." Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, no. 6 (May 14, 2012): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000272.

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AbstractThe pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus L., is periodically a significant pest of pea, Pisum sativum L., in the Palouse region of northern Idaho and eastern Washington, USA. Previous on-station research demonstrated significantly greater adult pea leaf weevil colonization, immature survival, adult emergence and plant damage in conventional-tillage compared to no-tillage plots of pea. In experiments conducted during the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons, aerial and ground adult pea leaf weevil colonization of large-scale commercial pea fields under different tillage regimes in northern Idaho and eastern Washington was examined for the first time. Initial pea leaf weevil feeding damage, immature weevil densities and subsequent adult emergence from the fields were also assessed. During both years, significantly more adult pea leaf weevils were captured in conventional-tillage than in no-tillage fields during the crop establishment period in May. No-tillage soils remained wet longer in the spring and could not be planted by growers until later than conventional-tillage fields. Pea planted under conventional-tillage emerged earlier and had significantly greater feeding damage by the pea leaf weevil than no-tillage pea. Significantly, greater immature pea leaf weevil densities and subsequent adult emergence were observed in conventional-tillage than in no-tillage pea fields. Delayed development of root nodules in the cooler, moister conditions of no-tillage pea fields likely resulted in escape from attack and injury during the critical growth stages that ultimately influence yield. Results indicate that large-scale commercial no-tillage pea fields are less suitable for colonization and survival of the pea leaf weevil and suffer less weevil damage than fields under conventional tillage.

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Congdon, B. S., B. A. Coutts, M. Renton, and R. A. C. Jones. "Pea seed-borne mosaic virus Pathosystem Drivers under Mediterranean-Type Climatic Conditions: Deductions from 23 Epidemic Scenarios." Plant Disease 101, no. 6 (June 2017): 929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-16-1203-re.

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Drivers of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) epidemics in rainfed field pea crops were examined under autumn to spring growing conditions in a Mediterranean-type environment. To collect aphid occurrence and PSbMV epidemic data under a diverse range of conditions, 23 field pea data collection blocks were set up over a 6-year period (2010 to 2015) at five locations in the southwest Australian grain-growing region. PSbMV infection levels in seed sown (0.1 to 13%), time of sowing (22 May to 22 June), and cultivar (Kaspa or PBA Twilight) varied with location and year. Throughout each growing season, rainfall data were collected, leaf and seed samples were tested to monitor PSbMV incidence in the crop and transmission from harvested seed, and sticky traps were used to monitor flying aphid numbers. Winged migrant Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Lipaphis erysimi, Myzus persicae, and Rhopalosiphum padi were identified in green tile traps in 2014 and 2015. However, no aphid colonization of field pea plants ever occurred in the blocks. The deductions made from collection block data illustrated how the magnitude of PSbMV spread prior to flowering is determined by two primary epidemic drivers: (i) PSbMV infection incidence in the seed sown, which defines the magnitude of virus inoculum source for within-crop spread by aphids, and (ii) presowing rainfall that promotes background vegetation growth which, in turn, drives early-season aphid populations and the time of first arrival of their winged migrants to field pea crops. Likely secondary epidemic drivers included wind-mediated PSbMV plant-to-plant contact transmission and time of sowing. PSbMV incidence at flowering time strongly influenced transmission rate from harvested seed to seedlings. The data collected are well suited for development and validation of a forecasting model that informs a Decision Support System for PSbMV control in field pea crops.

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Debata, D. K., and L. K. Das. "Performance of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) and Pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan L.) Intercropping System under North Eastern Ghat Zone of Odisha, India." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 4 (March 4, 2024): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i41903.

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Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) is a significant cash crop cultivated by tribal farmers of Odisha for their sustainanace. Despite favourable agro-climatic conditions, turmeric productivity lags considerably behind the national average, standing at 2.4t/ha compared to the national average of 5.1t/ha. Therefore, the present study was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022 -23 kharif seasons to evaluate the performance of the cropping system to find out suitable planting geometry and row proportions. The different treatments taken were viz.T1 - Sole Turmeric, T2- Sole Pigeon peaT3- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 3:1) – one row of pigeon pea after three rows of turmeric (Additive )T4- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 5:1)- one row of pigeon pea after five rows of turmeric (Additive )T5- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 3:1) -one row of pigeon pea after three rows of turmeric (Replacement ) T6- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 5:1)- one row of pigeon pea after five rows of turmeric (Replacement ) T7- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 6:2)- Two rows of pigeon pea after six rows of turmeric (Replacement ) T8- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 10:2)- one row of pigeon pea after ten rows of turmeric (Replacement).- Sole crop of turmeric fresh rhizome (106.04 q/ha )and pigeon pea grain (14.07 q/ha ) produced the highest yield when compared with other intercropping systems. Turmeric +Pigeon pea (10:2) geometry gave the highest net return and benefit cost ratio over another intercropping system.

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, Debbie McLaren, and Kan-Fa Chang. "Mendel field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08110.

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Mendel, a semi-leafless and powdery mildew resistant field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with green cotyledons, has high seed yielding ability, good lodging resistance, round seed shape and medium seed size. It has good seed bleaching resistance and high green color intensity. The cultivar is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, Debbie McLaren, and Kan-Fa Chang. "Hugo field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08111.

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Hugo is a high-yielding field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with yellow cotyledons. It has a semi-leafless leaf type, and is powdery mildew resistant. It has round seed shape, medium seed size and high seed coat integrity. The cultivar is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description

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Bing, D. J., D. Beauchesne, A. Sloan, Y. Gan, C. Vera, D. McLaren, and K. F. Chang. "Argus field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09082.

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Argus is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has excellent lodging resistance and high seed yield. Argus is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd. (syn. E. polygoni DC.). Argus is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada.Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., powdery mildew resistance, cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Debbie McLaren, and Cecil Vera. "Earlystar field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 1115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-076.

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Bing, D. J., Beauchesne, D., Sloan, A., McLaren, D. and Vera, C. 2011. Earlystar field pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1115–1116. Earlystar is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It is a high-yielding and early-maturing cultivar and is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd. Earlystar is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada.

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Baggett, James R., and Deborah Kean. "`Cascadia' Snap Pea." HortScience 28, no. 12 (December 1993): 1195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.12.1195.

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Tom Warkentin, Deng-Jin Bing,, Allen Xue, Robert Conner, Al Sloan, Yantai Gan, David Gehl, Cecil Vera, Kelly Turkington, George Clayton, and Denise Orr. "Miser field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-082.

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Miser is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with powdery mildew resistance and good yield. It was developed by Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. It has small seeds acceptable to the yellow field pea market. Miser was issued registration number 5627 2003 Apr. 09 by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food In spection Agency. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., powdery mildew resistance, seed size

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Tom Warkentin, Stanford Blade,, and Albert Vandenberg. "Cutlass field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-105.

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Cutlass, a yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was released in 2003 by Alberta Agriculture Food and Rural Development and the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in Saskatchewan and Alberta through the Variety Release Committee of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. Cutlass has semileafless leaf type, powdery mildew resistance, medium-sized, round seeds, and good yielding ability. Cutlass is adapted to the field pea growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Al Sloan, Robert Conner, Tom Warkentin, Allen Xue, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, et al. "Canstar field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 3 (July 7, 2006): 751–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-214.

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Canstar, a yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativumL.) cultivar, has a semi-leafless leaf type, medium maturity, medium-sized and round seeds, good lodging resistance and high yielding ability. Canstar is resistant to powdery mildew and is adapted to the field pea growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Pisum sativum, field pea, powdery mildew resistance, cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Al Sloan, Don Beauchesne, Robert Conner, Tom Warkentin, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, et al. "Reward field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-240.

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Reward, a semi-leafless and powdery mildew resistant yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, has excellent lodging resistance, high yielding ability, round seed shape and medium seed size. It is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Pisum sativum L., field pea, powdery mildew resistance, cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Robert Conner, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, Debbie McLaren, David Gehl, Tom Warkentin, and Kan-Fa Chang. "Agassiz field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-079.

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Agassiz is a semi-leafless and powdery mildew resistant field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with yellow cotyledons, high seed yielding ability, good lodging resistance, round seed shape and medium seed size. It is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description, yellow cotyledons

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Robert Conner, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, Debbie McLaren, David Gehl, Tom Warkentin, and Kan-Fa Chang. "Thunderbird field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-083.

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Thunderbird, a semi-leafless field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with yellow cotyledons, has high seed yielding ability, excellent lodging resistance and improved seed shape compared with check cultivars. It is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC. var pisi. Thunderbird is adapted to all field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description, powdery mildew resistance

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