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1
Wang, Wanteng, Nan Li, Jinhui Zhang, Caihong Zhang, and Liang Zhang. "Thermal Management Analysis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Filled with Phase Change Material in Cooling Channel." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (March 30, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9077046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Passive thermal management using a phase-change material (PCM) for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been proposed and widely used in the thermal management of Li-ion batteries. A three-dimensional and nonisothermal numerical model of a PEMFC with a PCM cooling channel (PCC) is established in this study. The PCC is better than an air-cooling channel (ACC) in terms of reactant distribution and water removal. Its temperature at the interface of the gas diffusion layer and catalyst layer is lower, and the uniformity of temperature is better. The peak current and power density of the PCC are 4.60% and 5.14% higher than those of the ACC, respectively. Furthermore, the PCC does not increase parasitic power, unlike the ACC. In addition, owing to the high temperature near the outlet, the cooling effects of filling 1/3 PCM and filling 2/3 PCM near the outlet and filling of all PCM are investigated, which shows that the filling of 2/3 PCM provides a better cooling performance.
2
M, Ravikumar, and Srinivasan P.S.S. "PCM FOR BUILDING COOLING." International Journal on Design and Manufacturing Technologies 3, no. 1 (2009): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18000/ijodam.70049.
Повний текст джерела
3
Palappan, Rajendran, Avadaiappa Pasupathy, Lazarus Asirvatham, Tharayil Trijo, and Somchai Wongwises. "Heating and cooling capacity of phase change material coupled with screen mesh wick heat pipe for thermal energy storage applications." Thermal Science 24, no. 2 Part A (2020): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180207237p.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thermal performance of a phase change material (PCM) heat pipe system is experimentally analysed using acetone as heat pipe fluid in a heat load range of 10-50 W at different flow rates of the condenser coolant. The evaporator of the heat pipe is enclosed in a chamber which filled with a PCM or water. Heat inputs are applied at the evaporator of the heat pipe through the PCM or water. In this study, the heat retention as well as cooling time of the PCM-water are estimated at different heat loads and flow rates of condenser coolant. Similarly, the thermal resistance, evaporator and condenser heat transfer coefficients are also estimated at different heat loads. It is observed that the PCM takes more time during heating and cooling cycles to reach the steady-state temperatures and the temperature values reached during heating are also higher for PCM compared to water. The use of PCM enhances the thermal storage capacity and shows a maximum enhancement of 200% in heat retention time compared to water at 50 W. Moreover, a maximum enhancement of 63.6% is observed in the steady-state temperature of the PCM compared to water. Similarly thermal resistance, evaporator wall temperature and heat transfer coefficients of the heat pipe also vary for PCM and water. The experimental results indicate that PCM or water can be used in this combined system depending upon requirement of thermal storage or electronics cooling.
4
Tang, Zhi Jun, Qun Zhi Zhu, Jia Wei Lu, and Ming Yan Wu. "Study on Various Types of Cooling Techniques Applied to Power Battery Thermal Management Systems." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1571.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Power battery thermal management system (BTMS) is very important for the safe operation of electric vehicles (EVs). The cooling effect of air cooling, phase change material(PCM)cooling and liquid cooling applyed to BTMS are compared. The experiment results show that, in comparison with air cooling, PCM cooling and liquid cooling methods can reduce the battery temperature rise effectively; in comparison with PCM cooling, liquid cooling has a better effect in the aspect of controlling the battery temperature rise.
5
Kiwan, Suhil, Hisham Ahmad, Ammar Alkhalidi, Wahib O. Wahib, and Wael Al-Kouz. "Photovoltaic Cooling Utilizing Phase Change Materials." E3S Web of Conferences 160 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016002004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A theoretical analysis based on mathematical formulations and experimental test to a photovoltaic system cooled by Phase Change Material (PCM) is carried out and documented. The PCM is attached to the back of the PV panel to control the temperature of cells in the PV panel. The experimental tests were done to solar systems with and without using PCM for comparison purposes. A PCM of paraffin graphite panels of thickness15 mm has covered the back of the panel. This layer was covered with an aluminum sheet fixed tightly to the panel frame. In the experimental test, it was found that when the average cell temperature exceeds the melting point temperature of the PCM, the efficiency of the system increases. However, when the cell temperature did not exceed the melting temperature of the PCM, the use of the PCM will affect negatively the system efficiency.
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Sarafraz, M., Mohammad Safaei, Arturo Leon, Iskander Tlili, Tawfeeq Alkanhal, Zhe Tian, Marjan Goodarzi, and M. Arjomandi. "Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance of a PV/T-PCM (Photovoltaic/Thermal) System Cooling with a PCM and Nanofluid." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 2572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132572.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present work, an experimental investigation is performed to assess the thermal and electrical performance of a photovoltaic solar panel cooling with multi-walled carbon nanotube–water/ethylene glycol (50:50) nano-suspension (MWCNT/WEG50). The prepared nanofluid was stabilized using an ultrasonic homogenizer together with the addition of 0.1vol% of nonylphenol ethoxylates at pH = 8.9. To reduce the heat loss and to improve the heat transfer rate between the coolant and the panel, a cooling jacket was designed and attached to the solar panel. It was also filled with multi-walled carbon nanotube–paraffin phase change material (PCM) and the cooling pipes were passed through the PCM. The MWCNT/WEG50 nanofluid was introduced into the pipes, while the nano-PCM was in the cooling jacket. The electrical and thermal power of the system and equivalent electrical–thermal power of the system was assessed at various local times and at different mass fractions of MWCNTs. Results showed that with an increase in the mass concentration of the coolant, the electricity and power production were promoted, while with an increase in the mass concentration of the nanofluid, the pumping power was augmented resulting in the decrease in the thermal–electrical equivalent power. It was identified that a MWCNT/WEG50 nano-suspension at 0.2wt% can represent the highest thermal and electrical performance of 292.1 W/m2. It was also identified that at 0.2wt%, ~45% of the electricity and 44% of the thermal power can be produced with a photovoltaic (PV) panel between 1:30 pm to 3:30 pm.
7
Grimonia, E., M. R. C. Andhika, M. F. N. Aulady, R. V. C. Rubi, and N. L. Hamidah. "Thermal Management System Using Phase Change Material for Lithium-ion Battery." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The lithium-ion battery is promising energy storage that provides proper stability, no memory effect, low self-discharge rate, and high energy density. During its usage, batteries generate heat caused by energy loss due to the transition of chemical energy to electricity and the electron transfer cycle. Consequently, a thermal management system by cooling methods in the battery is needed to control heat. One of the cooling methods is a passive cooling system using a phase change material (PCM). PCM can accommodate a large amount of heat through small dimensions. It is easy to apply and requires no power in the cooling system. This study aims to find the best type of PCM criteria for a Lithium-ion battery cooling system. The research was conducted by simulations using computational fluid dynamics. The variations were using PCM Capric Acid and PCM Hexacosane, with thickness variations of 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm. Hexacosane PCM with 9 mm thickness indicates the best result to reduce heat up to 6.54°K, demonstrating a suitable passive cooling system for Li-ion batteries.
8
Casenove, Eric, Loic Pujol, Alexis Vossier, Arnaud Perona, Vincent Goetz, and Alain Dollet. "Assessment of a Phase Change Material (PCM) System for Moderating Temperature Rise of Solar Cells under Concentrated Sunlight." Advances in Science and Technology 74 (October 2010): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.74.205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Experiments and simulations were carried out to assess a passive device for cooling photovoltaic cells under concentrated sunlight. The cooling device was made of a Graphite- Phase Change Material (PCM) composite inserted in an aluminum enclosure. The PCM considered in this work was selected among several commercially available materials. Experimental plots of material temperature versus time were recorded for various incident solar powers and compared to 3D-thermal simulation predictions. Theoretical cell temperature profiles obtained using the PCM-based device were compared to those obtained without PCM, that is, using bulk (PCM-free) aluminum heat sink. The interest of using PCM cooling systems in CPV applications was finally discussed.
9
Lv, Shan, and Zhong Zhu Qiu. "Super-Cooling Suppression of Microencapsulated PCM." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.422.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microencapsulated Phase change material can absorb and release large amounts of latent heat over a defined temperature range as its physical state changes. The microencapsulated PCM has high energy density and isothermal behavior during charging and discharging and can avoid the contradiction of the energy supply and demand unbalance in time and space. Meanwhile, the shell can separate the phase change material from the outside environment in order to protect the core material. But the super-cooling problem is a main barrier for microencapsulated PCM application. So this paper talks about how to dealing with super-cooling based on related literatures and gives an overview about the methodology in this area.
10
Stamatiadou, Marianna E., Dimitrios I. Katsourinis, and Maria A. Founti. "Computational assessment of a full-scale Mediterranean building incorporating wallboards with phase change materials." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 10 (May 4, 2016): 1429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16645384.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, a lightweight residential building in Greece was investigated, focusing on the summer comfort when wallboards with phase change materials (PCM) were installed in the external and internal walls. The effectiveness of the PCM wallboards installed was numerically assessed, while the energy performance of the building was examined, in order to quantify the effect of PCM in the annual cooling load needs, as a way of saving energy. Potential bigger energy savings were evaluated by defining the appropriate PCM melting temperature range and the ‘energy-conscious’ occupant behaviour (passive vs. active). Results were expressed in terms of percentage savings of cooling loads and with comparison to wall elements incorporated with plain gypsumboards instead of the PCM wallboards. The optimum phase change temperature change for the specific location was investigated by examining two-phase change transition temperatures of the PCM wallboards (PCM24 and PCM26 respectively). The use of PCM24 produced a 29% reduction of annual cooling loads, compared to 16% reduction produced by PCM26. Five scenarios were also examined, showing the behaviour of the PCM which was enhanced when a cooling system was installed. The cooling needs were lowered by an average of 25.7%, compared to the respective no-PCM scenarios.
11
Jeong, Su-Gwang, Taemin Lee, and Jeonghun Lee. "Evaluation of Energy Performance and Thermal Comfort Considering the Heat Storage Capacity and Thermal Conductivity of Biocomposite Phase Change Materials." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2021): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The application of phase change materials (PCMs) has been verified as an effective strategy for improving energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Biocomposite PCMs (Bc-PCM) exhibit large latent heat, chemical stability, and a wide temperature range. In this study, thermal conductivity improved Bc-PCM (TBc-PCM) was made via vacuum impregnation with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). Chemical stability analysis and thermal performance analyses of the Bc-PCM and TBc-PCM were carried out as well as building energy simulations and thermal comfort analyses. Our results show Bc-PCM showed a higher heat storage capacity and enthalpy value compared to TBc-PCM. TBc-PCM exhibited a 378% increase in thermal conductivity compared to Bc-PCM. Building energy simulation results revealed that annual heating and cooling energy consumption decreased as the thickness of the PCM layer increased. In addition, the Bc-PCM with a larger PCM capacity was more effective in reducing energy consumption during the heating period. On the other hand, the cooling energy reduction effect was greater when TBc-PCM with high thermal conductivity was applied because of the high heat transfer during the cooling period. Thermal comfort evaluation revealed it was more comfortable when PCM was applied.
12
Singh, Preeti, Sourav Khanna, Sanjeev Newar, Vashi Sharma, K. Reddy, Tapas Mallick, Victor Becerra, Jovana Radulovic, David Hutchinson, and Rinat Khusainov. "Solar Photovoltaic Panels with Finned Phase Change Material Heat Sinks." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 2558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102558.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Phase change material (PCM) based passive cooling of photovoltaics (PV) can be highly productive due to high latent heat capacity. However, the low rate of heat transfer limits its usefulness. Thus, the presented work aims at the improvement in PV cooling by using finned PCM (FPCM) heat sinks. In the present study, PCM heat sink and FPCM heat sinks were investigated numerically for PV cooling and the extracted heat is used for space heating. 4 kWp PV, PV-PCM and PV-FPCM systems were studied under the weather conditions of Southeast of England. It was observed that the PCM heat sinks can drop the peak PV temperature by 13 K, whereas FPCM heat sinks can enhance the PV cooling by 19 K. The PCM heat sinks can increase the PV electrical efficiency from 13% to 14%. Moreover, the daily electricity generation can be boosted by 7% using PCM and 8% by using FPCM heat sinks. In addition, 7 kWh of thermal output was achieved using the FPCM heat sink, and the overall efficiency of system increased from 13% to 19%.
13
Zhou, Tiecheng. "Comparative Study on Cooling Performance of Two PCM-Assisted EAHEs and Traditional EAHE." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 01058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235601058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is well known that the sensible heat storage/release process is accompanied by significant changes in the temperature of storage medium. However, this feature of the sensible heat storage medium, namely soil, is unfavorable to fully exert the potential of traditional EAHE. To overcome this deficiency, two phase change material(PCM)-assisted EAHEs are proposed, one is the hollow cylindrical PCM-assisted EAHE and the other is the cylindrical PCM-assisted EAHE. In order to investigate the actual cooling performance of these novel systems in summer, a three-dimensional numerical model based on the effective heat capacity method is established by FLUENT 16.0. And the calculation results of this model have been validated in previous studies. Then, under the condition of equal air volume, a comparative study between these PCM-assisted EAHEs and the Traditional EAHE has been conducted to evaluate their cooling performance under the high-temperature meteorological conditions in Chongqing (China). The results indicate that the cooling performance of these PCM-assisted EAHE systems has been significantly improved when compared with the Traditional EAHE. And in terms of the improvement on cooling performance, the cylindrical PCM-assisted EAHE performs better than the hollow cylindrical PCM-assisted EAHE. More specifically, the total cooling capacities contributed by the hollow cylindrical PCM-assisted EAHE and cylindrical PCM-assisted EAHE have been respectively improved by 17.68% and 20.05% during the 20-days investigated period. The excellent performance of cylindrical PCM-assisted EAHE ultimately limits the temperature fluctuation of fresh air introduced by this novel system to less than 1 °C.
14
Kumar, Ashish, Dr Sudip Simlandi, and Dr Nilkanta Barman. "OPTIMUM HEIGHT OF PCM USED FOR COOLING OF BUILDINGS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i04.029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
— It is observed that, demand of electricity for cooling of buildings goes on increasing day by day. As a result, more emissions of harmful gases in the environment due to continuous use of electricity. Hence, there is a need of an alternate energy sources for cooling of buildings. Use of Phase Change Material (PCM) is a on the good alternative. PCM is a good thermal storage material, that property makes it important. By keeping PCM on the top of the floor of the building it will absorb heat during day time and release heat during night time. To measure the PCM height that would use on the top of the building, we did an experiment with PCM inclosing in a transparent brick model. During experiment thermal behavior of PCM as well as melting and solidification phenomena of PCM is noted down. As the PCM is placed inside a transparent brick model, pictures of melting and solidification process are taken at different time interval. This experiment give the optimize use of PCM for the cooling of building.
15
Sangwan, Punita, Hooman Mehdizadeh-Rad, Anne Wai Man Ng, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, and Raphael Chukwuka Nnachi. "Performance Evaluation of Phase Change Materials to Reduce the Cooling Load of Buildings in a Tropical Climate." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063171.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tropical region such as Darwin has similar weather patterns throughout the year, thus creating higher energy demands in residential buildings. Typically, buildings consume about 40 per cent of the total energy consumption for indoor heating and cooling. Therefore, building envelopes are linked with design strategies such as the use of thermal energy storage and phase change materials (PCM) to minimize this energy consumption by storing a large amount of thermal energy. Primarily, PCMs are targeted by researchers for use in different components of buildings for thermal efficiency; thus, this study aimed to provide a suitable PCM to optimize indoor thermal comfort and minimize the cooling loads of residential buildings in tropical climates through simulation of a tropical climate building and provide optimum thickness for the selected material. Microencapsulated PCM mixed with gypsum in wallboards were used to reduce the cooling load of a building located in Darwin. The cooling load of the building was calculated using Revit software. A comparison of the cooling load of the building was carried out using PCM-incorporated wallboards of thicknesses of 0 cm, 1 cm and 2 cm in Energy Plus software. The total cooling load decreased by 1.1% when the 1-centimetre-thickness was applied to the wall, whereas a 1.5% reduction was obtained when a 2-centimetre-thick PCM layer was applied. Furthermore, the reduced cooling loads due to impregnation of the PCM-based gypsum wallboard gave reduced energy consumption. Ultimately, the 2-centimetre-thickness PCM-based gypsum wallboard gave a maximum reduction in cooling load with a 7.6% reduction in total site energy and 4.76% energy saving in USD/m2/year.
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Yu, Jinghua, Kangxin Leng, Feifei Wang, Hong Ye, and Yongqiang Luo. "Simulation Study on Dynamic Thermal Performance of a New Ventilated Roof with Form-Stable PCM in Southern China." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 9315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Latent heat storage in phase change material (PCM) is an efficient technology that can be applied in building envelopes. Installing PCM in building roof has been effective in altering space cooling loads. However, the heat absorbed by the PCM during the daytime will be released at night; the cooling load is shifted to the night. So, this study proposed a new ventilated roof with form-stable PCM (VRFP). The night cool air is used for ventilation during summer to remove the solidification heat of PCM and to store the cooling energy in the roof. Form-stable PCM is placed in the upper layer and ventilation duct is placed in the middle layer. The inner surface temperature of this roof is reduced sharply compared with the conventional PCM roof. The thermal performance of this PCM roof with night ventilation in Wuhan, a city in southern China, was studied by through Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. A three-dimensional dynamic numerical model of this roof was built. The effects of melting temperature range, thickness of Form-stable PCM layer and ventilation strategy on the thermal performance were analyzed. Results show that, in Wuhan city, the optimal melting temperature range is 35~38 °C, the appropriate thickness of PCM layer is 30~40 mm and the optimal ventilation speed is 2.4~2.5 m/s. This structure can effectively prevent the stored heat of PCM transferring from the exterior to the interior during the summer and reduce cooling energy consumption.
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Jansen, Kaspar M. B., and Lennart Teunissen. "Analytical Model for Thermoregulation of the Human Body in Contact with a Phase Change Material (PCM) Cooling Vest." Thermo 2, no. 3 (August 29, 2022): 232–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo2030017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cooling vests containing phase change materials (PCMs) are used to reduce heat stress in hot environments and maintain the body core temperature within a safe range. The performance of such cooling vests depends in a complicated way on the PCM material and mass, the insulation value of the clothing layers and heat loss to the environment. Conventionally, these performance parameters are evaluated experimentally or using a numerical model, both of which do need a certain amount of evaluation time. The objective of this paper is to develop a transient heat transfer model which includes metabolic heat production in the human body, as well as clothing and PCM layers and radiation to the environment but which is presented as a series of closed-form equations that can be evaluated without the need of a numerical solver. We present solutions for the body and PCM temperature as well as for the heat flux, cooling power and cooling duration. The model equations are validated by comparing them with experiments of ice PCM packs on a hotplate, as well as with published experimental and numerical data for the core temperature, heat flux and percentage of environmental heat loss using a Glauber salt type of PCM. Both the hotplate experiments and the model predictions show that the cooling power during PCM melting drops from about 70 to 32 W for increasing insulation layer thicknesses. In addition, the model is seen to compare well with experimental and simulation data in the literature. In a parametric study, we show how the equations can be used to evaluate the effects of PCM melting temperature and PCM thickness on cooling performance. The paper, therefore, can be considered as a practical means to help select the best cooling vest configuration for workers in a hot and humid environment.
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Haggag, Mahmoud, Ahmed Hassan, and Shaimaa Abdelbaqi. "Phase Change Material to Reduce Cooling Load of Buildings in Hot Climate." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.416.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the hot climate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the external ambient temperature may reach 50°C in the summer season, almost 75% of the total energy is consumed in air-conditioning (AC). A significant improvement in the AC systems performance during hot summer time aligned with energy conservation could be achieved by pre-cooling of the air entering the condensers. Inclusion of Phase Change Material (PCM) as thermal energy storage (TES) have been widely used as one of the environmentally friendly energy saving materials due to its high energy density. The absorption/releasing of heat by PCM during its phase change, provides a latent heating/cooling for the surrounding. Numerous systems have implemented PCM based-TES for cooling purposes, such as thermally activated building systems (TABS), suspended ceilings, external facades or in the ventilation system. This study examines PCM based air pre-cooling concept and evaluates its performance in extremely hot climate of UAE. The drop in the outlet air temperature of the duct system quantifies the cooling effect. A paraffin based PCM with melting range of 30–33°C integrated in containers placed in the test chamber mimic the air conditioning duct system, and its cooling effect is monitored. A Conjugate heat transfer model employing enthalpy-based formulation is developed to predict the optimized PCM container size and optimum airflow rate validated with experimental data. Single and series columns of PCM containers subjected to different levels of supplied air velocity at range of 1 m/s - 4m/s are evaluated. Employing series of PCM enclosures at low air velocity of 1m/s enhanced the pre-cooling performance and reduced the outlet air temperature to 35°C yielding a temperature drop up to 11°C.
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Li, Quanyi, Jong-Rae Cho, and Jianguang Zhai. "Optimization of Thermal Management System with Water and Phase Change Material Cooling for Li-Ion Battery Pack." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 5312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cooling structure of a battery pack and coupled liquid cooling and phase change material (PCM) were designed in a thermal management system to enhance the cooling performance and extend the service life of lithium-ion battery packs. Numerical simulations were conducted based on the finite volume method. This study focuses on factors such as the layout of the terminal, flow rate of the coolant, different sections of the cooling pipe, position of the cooling pipe, and coupled liquid cooling, and investigates their influences on the operating temperature. The results show that a reasonable terminal layout can reduce heat generation inside the batteries. The appropriate flow rate and position of the cooling pipe effectively reduced the maximum temperature and minimized energy consumption. Then, the PCM was placed between the adjacent batteries near the outlet to enhance the uniformity of the battery pack. The temperature difference was reduced to near 5 K. This study provides a clear direction for improving the cooling performance and extending the service life of battery packs.
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Osmani, Khaled, Mohamad Ramadan, Ahmad Haddad, Thierry Lemenand, and Bruno Castanier. "An Overview on the Use of Phase Change Material (PCM) for PV Cooling." Key Engineering Materials 922 (June 8, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-t2m41c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thermal management processes for PhotoVoltaic (PV) cooling applications, increase PV systems’ overall efficiency and yield to a maximized power generation. Accordingly, this paper investigates recent PV thermal management methods, which involve the use of Phase Change Material (PCM) under the back of PV modules. Compared to other cooling methods (such as air and water based methods) PCM based techniques show less need for maintenance, are environment-friendly, and have a longer life cycle. Since PCM are diverse in nature, and many methods exist to guide their selection procedure, this paper begins by revealing different types of PCM, which are found to be as Organic, Inorganic, Eutectic and Commercial PCM, with the characteristics of each. After acknowledging different PCM natures, a selection process is established based on either the melting temperature, latent heat, or thermal conductivity of PCM. Results have shown that Commercial PCM are the best option followed by Organic PCM, due to their improved chemical aspects when compared with Inorganic and Eutectic PCM. Concerning PCM selection criteria, the easiest yet sufficient process is based on the melting temperature method, due to the simplified calculations when compared to other thermic quantities. At the end, future work recommendations are declared, related to PCM lifecycle assessment and cooling/heating cycles effects on PV entropy.
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Rokhim, Imam Nur, and Sutopo Purwono Fitri. "Effect of Propylene Glycol on Supercooling NaCl-H<sub>2</sub>O Solution as PCM to Reduce Energy Consumption in Hybrid Reefer Container." Applied Mechanics and Materials 913 (March 3, 2023): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-xkjnsu.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In its use, reefer containers require a lot of energy to operate to cool the cargo inside. Because the cooling system in the reefer container must operate continuously to maintain the temperature in the container. To reduce the operation of the cooling system, reefer containers are equipped with PCM (phase change material) as thermal energy storage which can store heat energy longer to create a lag time for the operation of the cooling system. In previous research, the use of PCM in cold storage can save the cost of using cold storage. From this research, the use of PCM in reefer containers was developed. The eutectic mixture used as PCM is NaCl-H2O with additional ingredients is propylene glycol. Before being applied to the reefer container, the mixture was tested using the cooling chamber methods to determine its thermophysics. The presence of additives in the PCM eutectic mixture is expected to reduce the supercooling phenomenon, reduce corrosive properties and increase the use of PCM based on NaCl-H2O.
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Saber, Dhuha Rasheed, and Mushtaq Ismael Hasan. "Experimental investigation of mini-channel heat sink with nano-enhanced phase change materials." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 13, no. 4 (January 2, 2021): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v13i4.687.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An experimental investigation is conducted to study the potential of enhancement cooling performance for mini channel heat sink by using different cooling mediums which are air, pure paraffin wax, and nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM). Paraffin wax used as phase change material (PCM) and mixed with three types of nanoparticles of alumina (Al2O3 ) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) to improve the thermal conductivity of PCM. Volume fraction values for each type of nanoparticles are (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5)% which dispersed through PCM. A constant heat flux had been applied to the heat sink base with values (449, 963, 1839, and 4946)W/m2. The results showed enhancement in cooling performance when dispersion the nanoparticles through the PCM which mean reducing the temperature of heat sink base as compared with air and pure paraffin wax. The experimental results also indicated that the cooling performance enhancement of NEPCM and reduction the time of melting process continue with increasing the concentrations of nanoparticles for all material types but any surplus addition may cause negative effect due to sedimentation. Optimum cooling performance of mini heat sink is achieved with Al2O3 –PCM then TiO2-PCM as compared with air with percentage of temperature reduction of 23.306 and 22.069% respectively as compared to air.
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Anwar, Choirul, and Agus Suprayitno. "Desain Sistem Pendingin Kemasan Baterai Litium Ion Kapasitas Pengisian Cepat dengan PCM (Phase Change Material) dan Pelat Pendingin." JURNAL KAJIAN TEKNIK MESIN 6, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52447/jktm.v6i1.4325.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Battery performance is affected by the problem of overheating which can cause mechanical damage to the battery and electronic components of the BMS (Battery Management System). With the need for an increase in battery charging time with fast capacity, the internal heat generated by the battery also increases so that the battery pack needs to be equipped with a cooling system. Currently, the cooling system in the battery pack uses a lot of cooling plate, cooling pipe, PCM (Phase Change Material) and cooling fluid. Combining cooling system design based on advantages and disadvantages to produce the best performance was tried using the cooling plate and PCM. The method used is to change the initial design of the battery pack without cooling to a cooling system by making a design and verifying the design. The process of thermal analysis is carried out in the process of charging the battery and removing the battery. The result of the research is the distribution of heat transfer that occurs during the battery charging process and the battery discharge is uniform and the temperature value obtained is the 43,2 °C battery discharge process in the main cooling plate component and the maximum temperature in the charging process is 57,6°C. at BMS. Cooling using a cooling plate and PCM for a closed system is maximized. Keywords: baterai Litium-Ion, Heat Sink, PCM
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Velmurugan, Karthikeyan, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, Pham Van De, Vaithinathan Karthikeyan, Tulja Bhavani Korukonda, Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj, Kanchanok Emsaeng, et al. "A Review of Heat Batteries Based PV Module Cooling—Case Studies on Performance Enhancement of Large-Scale Solar PV System." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14041963.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several studies have concentrated on cooling the PV module temperature (TPV) to enhance the system’s electrical output power and efficiency in recent years. In this review study, PCM-based cooling techniques are reviewed majorly classified into three techniques: (i) incorporating raw/pure PCM behind the PV module is one of the most straightforward techniques; (ii) thermal additives such as inter-fin, nano-compound, expanded graphite (EG), and others are infused in PCM to enhance the heat transfer rate between PV module and PCM; and (iii) thermal collectors that are placed behind the PV module or inside the PCM container to minimize the PCM usage. Advantageously, these techniques favor reusing the waste heat from the PV module. Further, in this study, PCM thermophysical properties are straightforwardly discussed. It is found that the PCM melting temperature (Tmelt) and thermal conductivity (KPCM) become the major concerns in cooling the PV module. Based on the literature review, experimentally proven PV-PCM temperatures are analyzed over a year for UAE and Islamabad locations using typical meteorological year (TMY) data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) data source in 1 h frequency.
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Hu, Wentao, Zu`an Liu, Meng Yuan, Ying Peng, Xi Meng, and Chaoping Hou. "Composite design and thermal comfort evaluation of safety helmet with PCM cooling." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200521250h.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Higher temperature and humidity will adversely affect the thermal comfort of helmet users. In order to improve the comfort level of the helmet and obtain an optimal cooling helmet model, four kinds of helmet models were established by using phase-change material (PCM) heat-absorbing cooling technology and fan cooling technology. Through the air conditioning system, the working states of four kinds of helmet models in the thermal environment of 30? were simulated, and the thermal comfort of four kinds of helmet models was evaluated. The results show that: high temperature environment is an important factor affecting the cooling effect of fan helmet (b) fan, Under high temperature environment, the helmet with fan cooling technology has a certain cooling effect in the early stage, but after 30 minutes, the cooling effect becomes worse and worse. Under high temperature environment, PCM safety helmet (c) has a good cooling effect, but poor ventilation results in the excreted sweat clinging to the scalp and hair, resulting in a poor user experience. There are defects in using phase-change material (PCM) heat absorption cooling technology or fan cooling technology alone. The helmet (d) combines PCM heat absorption cooling technology with fan cooling technology, so that the cooling effect and internal thermal environment stability of the helmet are the best, and the thermal sensation of human body is the best. Therefore, the helmet (d) is an optimal design model.
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Elsheniti, Mahmoud B., Saad Zaheer, Obida Zeitoun, Hassan Alshehri, Abdulrahman AlRabiah, and Zeyad Almutairi. "Experimental Evaluation of a Solar Low-Concentration Photovoltaic/Thermal System Combined with a Phase-Change Material Cooling Technique." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The high operating temperatures of photovoltaic (PV) panels negatively affect both electrical efficiency and material degradation rate. Combining both a water-cooling-based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system and a phase-change material (PCM) with/without low concentration (LC) represents a promising solution for boosting the overall energy conversion efficiency of the PV system. This approach needs to be evaluated in harsh weather where the PCM should have a high melting temperature. Therefore, this study experimentally investigates the performance of three PV cooling systems, namely PV-PCM, PV/T-PCM, and LCPV/T-PCM, compared to a reference PV without cooling, under the weather conditions of Riyadh. The results show that the PV/T-PCM attained the highest daily average electrical and overall efficiencies of 14.24% (5% increase) and 42.7%, respectively, compared to 13.56% electrical efficiency of the reference panel. The electrical efficiency of the PV-PCM was 13.64% due to inefficient natural cooling in the afternoon. The LCPV/T-PCM recorded the best performance during the two hours around noon, with an average increase in electrical power and efficiency of 11.06% and a maximum overall efficiency of 70%. Finally, the LCPV/T-PCM system can be only effectively used to support the higher demand for electricity and thermal energy around noon; otherwise, a new design configuration with low concentration is needed to establish a higher electrical efficiency in most hours of sunlight.
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Ali, Emad, Abdelhamid Ajbar, and Bilal Lamrani. "Modeling and Dynamic Simulation of a Phase-Change Material Tank for Powering Chiller Generators in District Cooling Networks." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 10332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Latent heat storage in district cooling systems (DCS) offers advantages such as energy efficiency, load shifting, and flexibility. It optimizes energy utilization by storing thermal energy during off-peak hours and using it during peak periods. This results in cost savings, a reduced environmental impact, and the enhanced reliability of the cooling system. In the present study, a novel system consisting of a phase-change material (PCM) tank coupled to a 120 kW chiller generator for cooling is proposed. During peak cooling loads, the proposed PCM tank is intended to supply consistent thermal power at an appropriate temperature. The system is modeled using the lumped-capacitance approach, and the effective thermal capacity approach is used to model the PCM’s phase-transition phenomena. The system’s dynamic performance is evaluated, and the impact of various parameters during the PCM-tank discharging process is analyzed. The computational findings are compared to experimental data taken from a real district network, and there is excellent agreement. Results showed that increasing the needed heat rate for the cooling process from 120 kW to 160 kW decreases the PCM tank’s discharging duration by about 20% and increases pump energy consumption. It was also found that increasing the capacity of the PCM tank is advantageous for the cooling process as it extends the duration of 120 kW constant power production by about 62% when the tank volume is increased from 5 m3 to 10 m3. Finally, it was shown that the choice of the PCM type is crucial for improving the cooling performance. Erythritol is a suitable storage medium in the tank compared to A118 and MgCl2·6H2O, and using erythritol instead of PCM A118 increases the period of continuous thermal power generation by about 67%.
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Husainy, Avesahemad S. N., Abhishek M. Funde, Aniket B. Sonalkar, Shoaib I. Mulla, and Rushikesh S. Gote. "Review on PCM Heat Sink for Electronic Thermal Management Application." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2023.12.1.3640.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A significant challenge in thermal management has arisen as a result of the rising demand for high-performance electronic devices. The efficiency, size, and weight of conventional cooling methods like liquid and air cooling are constrained. Due to their high storage of latent heat capacity and isothermal phase transition behavior, phase change materials (PCMs) have become a promising thermal management solution. The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the performance of a PCM heat sink for electronic thermal regulation. The PCM heat sink is made up of a PCM module attached to a typical heat sink. To improve heat dissipation capabilities, the PCM module uses a PCM material with a suitable phase change temperature and encapsulation. The experimental setup involves simulating real-world operating conditions by applying controlled heat loads to electronic components. By observing temperature changes, thermal resistance, and transient response, the PCM heat sink’s thermal performance is assessed. To evaluate the superiority of the PCM heat sink, a comparison is made with traditional air-cooled and liquid-cooled heat sink configurations. The experimental investigation’s findings show that the PCM heat sink performs better in terms of thermal management than traditional cooling techniques. The phase change process used by the PCM efficiently absorbs and stores extra heat produced by electronic parts, improving temperature regulation and lowering temperature gradients. Lower component temperatures and higher operational reliability are the results of the PCM heat sink’s improved thermal resistance and heat dissipation efficiency. A further benefit of the PCM heat sink’s isothermal behavior during the phase transition is that it prevents temperature spikes and lessens the effects of heat stress on the electronic devices. The long cooling times provided by the PCM material’s high latent heat storage capacity allow for prolonged operation without affecting device performance. This experimental study concludes by demonstrating the efficiency of a PCM heat sink for electronic thermal management. The design of heat sinks with PCM integration offers notable enhancements in temperature control, thermal resistance, and system overall reliability. The results of this research help to advance thermal management strategies, which makes it easier to create efficient electronic devices with better cooling capacities.
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Weng, Ying-Che, Hung-Pin Cho, Chih-Chung Chang, and Sih-Li Chen. "Heat pipe with PCM for electronic cooling." Applied Energy 88, no. 5 (May 2011): 1825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.004.
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Domínguez, M*, C. García, and J. M. Arias. "Free Cooling with Phase Change Materials (PCM)." Advanced Materials Research 107 (April 2010): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.107.49.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Phase change materials (PCM) are described along with some of their advantages in air conditioning installations, particularly with regard to taking advantage of the free cooling that can be obtained from the ambient air, by using either sensible heat or evaporation. Certain installations are described and the paper concludes by stating that PCMs in microcapsules will facilitate the use of free cooling.
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Susantez, Ç., E. Akyol, O. Hacıhafızoğlu, and U. Akyol. "Design of air cooling unit with PCM." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 595 (September 20, 2019): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/595/1/012024.
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Ajbar, Abdelhamid, Bilal Lamrani, and Emad Ali. "Dynamic Investigation of a Coupled Parabolic Trough Collector–Phase Change Material Tank for Solar Cooling Process in Arid Climates." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 22, 2023): 4235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of solar energy for cooling processes is advantageous for reducing the energy consumption of conventional air-conditioning systems and protecting the environment. In the present work, a solar-powered cooling system with parabolic trough collectors (PTC) and a phase change material (PCM) tank is numerically investigated in the arid climates of Saudi Arabia. The system contains a 160-kW double-effect absorption chiller powered by solar-heated pressurized water as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) and a shell and tube PCM as a thermal battery. The novelty of this paper is to investigate the feasibility and the potential of using a PTC solar field coupled to a PCM tank for cooling purposes in arid climates. The numerical method is adopted in this work, and a dynamic model is developed based on the lumped approach; it is validated using data from the literature. The functioning of the coupled system is investigated in both sunshine hours (charging period) and off-sunshine hours (discharging period). The PTC area in this work varies from 200 m2 to 260 m2 and the cooling capacity of the chiller ranges from 120 kW to 200 kW. Obtained results showed that the 160-kW chiller is fully driven by the 240 m2-solar PTC during the charging period and about 23% of solar thermal energy is stored in the PCM tank. It was demonstrated that increasing the PTC area from 220 m2 to 260 m2 leads to a reduction in the PCM charging time by up to 45%. In addition, it was found that an increase in the cooling loads from 120 kW to 200 kW induces a decrease in the stored thermal energy in the PCM tank from 450 kWh to 45 kWh. During the discharging period, the PCM tank can continue the cooling process with a stable delivered cooling power of 160 kW and an HTF temperature between 118 °C and 150 °C. The PCM tank used in the studied absorption chiller leads to a reduction of up to 30% in cooling energy consumption during off-sunshine hours.
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Kaliyaperumal, Gopal. "An Experimental Study of Battery Thermal Management using Air Cooling and PCM (Lauric Acid)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 30, 2021): 2780–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36967.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report is on a Thermal management system using air and PCM (Lauric acid) as an electric vehicle cooling module. Hybrid and electric vehicles are emerging with great technology in today’s world, a lot of challenges are being faced by all the manufactures, one of the main problems is the battery thermal management system. Battery thermal management system (BTMS) maintains a standard temperature for the battery to work efficiently. Cooling the battery using air and phase change material (PCM) is the latest and most efficient way of cooling the battery. This enhancement is possible by using CPU fans to direct the atmospheric air to focus and cool the width of the battery through the battery compartment’s air vents. PCM cooling is achieved by using 30/70 mixture of water and Lauric acid respectively, PCM is run around both sides of the battery’s length through copper tubes in which PCM is pumped using a submersible 12v DC pump. DC pump is turned ON and OFF by the Arduino Nano micro-controller and temperature sensor connected to the battery detects the temperature of the battery.
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Kang, Yong-Kwon, Beom-Jun Kim, Soo-Yeol Yoon, and Jae-Weon Jeong. "Experimental evaluation of phase change material in radiant cooling panels integrated with thermoelectric modules." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study proposes a phase change material for use in radiant cooling panels integrated with thermoelectric modules (PCM–TERCP) and evaluates its performance characteristics during the solidification and melting process of phase change materials in design conditions. The PCM–TERCP consists of phase change materials (PCMs), thermoelectric modules (TEMs), and aluminumpanels. TEMs operate to freeze the PCM, and PCM stores the cooling thermal energy to maintain the constant surface temperature of the panel for radiant cooling. The main purpose of thermal energy storage systems is the shift of the electricity consumption from day-time to night-time during the summer season. Therefore, PCM–TERCP can implement off-peak operation according to which energy is expected to be saved. The melting temperature of PCM and the target surface temperatures of the bottom panels of PCM–TERCP were designed to be 16°C. Additionally, the room temperature and mean radiant temperature (MRT) was set to 24°C, while the thickness of the PCM pouch was 10 mm. As a result, the solidification process required 4 h and the total input power was 0.528 kWh. Correspondingly, the melting process can operate passively over a period of 4 h. In most cases, the operating temperature was lower than 19°C, which validates the temperature response of PCM–TERCP.
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Wu, Min, Joe Dong, Andy Zhao, Wai Ching Tang, Willy Sher, Guang Wei Chen, Shuo Chen, Zhi Dan Qin, Yan Zhou, and Yin Wang. "A Cooling Vest for Construction Workers." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.728.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Construction workers are vulnerable to heat stress, and a number of heat-related injuries and deaths have been reported. This study thus introduces a phase change material (PCM) based cooling garment designed for construction workers. The PCM cooling garment will be effective in reducing the workers body temperature and can extend their maximum tolerable time on sites.
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Rubaiee, Saeed, and M. A. Fazal. "The Influence of Various Solar Radiations on the Efficiency of a Photovoltaic Solar Module Integrated with a Passive Cooling System." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249584.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thermal regulation of a silicon photovoltaic (PV) solar system is essential as the module surface temperature beyond 25 °C deteriorates its Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE). The intensity of solar radiation seems to have a crucial impact on the PCE of a PV solar system. The present study aims to assess the effect of solar radiation variations on the PCEs of PV modules integrated with and without passive cooling systems. The used passive cooling systems are (a) multi-pipe copper frame filled with Phase Change Material (PCM) and (b) multi-pipe copper frame filled with ZnO-doped PCM. The tests were conducted at the University of Jeddah in the month of March at various local times. The results show that the ambient and module surface temperatures are directly dominated by solar radiations. The conventional PV solar system presents a higher module surface temperature as compared to that of a PV system integrated with ZnO/PCM. The enhanced module surface temperature decreases the open circuit voltage (Voc) and slightly increases the short circuit current (Isc) indicating its reduced electric efficiency.
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Yu, Ming Guo, Shu Hui Wang, Jia Qiang E, and Xiao Feng Hu. "Heat Transfer Capacity of Composite Cooling System for Automobile Lithium-Ion Battery with Heat Pipe and Phase Change Materials." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 2469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.2469.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Combining high thermal conductivity and high latent heat of phase change Materials (PCM) with heat pipe that has strong ability of heat transfer. A three-dimensional transient heat-transfer model was set up to simulate the temperature distribution in the lithium-ion battery under different conditions of heat generation rate and different ambient temperature. The study revealed that composite cooling system keep the battery temperature below 40.2°C on average working condition, the highest temperature was not exceed 48.7°C even under stressful conditions. However, use PCM without heat pipe as cooling system, the temperature was 2~6°C higher than composite cooling system at the same condition. The composite cooling system was superior to PCM cooling system, especially in high heat generation rate and high ambient temperature.
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Amin, Muhammad, Bambang Ariantara, Nandy Putra, Adjie Fahrizal Sandi, and Nasruddin A. Abdullah. "Thermal Management of Electric Vehicle Batteries Using Heat Pipe and Phase Change Materials." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 03034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186703034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The performance of an electric vehicle depends on the battery used. While, in the operation of an electric vehicle, batteries experience a quick heating especially at the beginning of charging and could cause a fire. Therefore, the solution could be proposed is by employing heat pipe and Phase Change Material (PCM) for cooling of battery. The heat pipe serves to transfer the battery’s heat energy. In other hands, PCM functions as a heat sink when the battery runs, so its performance will stable and extend the lifespan. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of electric vehicle batteries at a temperature of 50°C using the combination of heat pipe and PCM. The ‘L’ type of heat pipe and beeswax PCM were assembled as cooling device. In addition, a battery simulator was employed as a test instrument by varying the heat load of 20, 30, 40, and 50 W. The experiments were successfully conducted, and the results showed that the addition of heat pipe and PCM could keep the surface temperature of battery below 50°C, at heat load of 20 - 50 W. Heat pipe and PCM for battery’s cooling system, can reduce the battery surface temperature significantly and can be proposed as an alternative system for cooling battery.
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Lai, Dandan, Fanru Wei, Yehu Lu, and Faming Wang. "Evaluation of a hybrid personal cooling system using a manikin operated in constant temperature mode and thermoregulatory model control mode in warm conditions." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515622152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, the cooling effect of a portable hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) was investigated on a sweating manikin operated in the constant temperature (CT) mode and the thermoregulatory model control (TMC) mode. Both dry (i.e., no sweating) and wet manikin tests (i.e., sweating) were performed in the CT mode in a warm condition (30℃, 47% relative humidity (RH), air velocity va = 0.4 m/s). For the TMC mode, two case studies were simulated: light work condition (30℃, 47% RH, air velocity va = 0.15 m/s, duration: 60 min, metabolic rate: 1.5 METs) and construction work condition (30℃, 47% RH, va = 1.0 m/s, 40 min exercise [5.5 METs] and 20 min rest [1.2 METs]). Four test scenarios were selected: fans off with no phase change materials (PCMs) (i.e., Fan-off, the Control), fans on with no PCMs (i.e., Fan-on), fans off with fully solidified PCMs (i.e., PCM+Fan-off) and fans on with fully solidified PCMs (i.e., PCM+Fan-on). Under the dry condition, the cooling rate in PCM+Fan-off during the initial stage (e.g., 55 and 50 W for the first 15 min and 20 min, respectively) was higher than that in Fan-on (i.e., 45 ± 1 W); under the wet condition, the cooling rate in PCM+Fan-off (e.g., 45 W for 10 min) was much lower than that in Fan-on (i.e., 282 ± 1 W). The hybrid PCS (i.e., PCM+Fan-on) provided a continuous strong cooling effect. Simulation results indicated that ventilation fans or PCMs alone could provide sufficient cooling while doing light work. For the intensive work condition, the PCS in all three scenarios (i.e., PCM+Fan-off, Fan-on and PCM+Fan-on) exhibited beneficial cooling, and the hybrid PCS showed an optimized performance in alleviating heat strain during both exercise and recovery periods. It was thus concluded that the PCS could effectively remove body heat in warm conditions for moderate intensive activities.
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Yu, Chengbin, and Young Seok Song. "Analysis of Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting with Graphene Aerogel-Supported Form-Stable Phase Change Materials." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092192.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Graphene aerogel-supported phase change material (PCM) composites sustain the initial solid state without any leakage problem when they are melted. The high portion of pure PCM in the composite can absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat during heating and cooling. In this study, these form-stable PCM composites were used to construct a thermoelectric power generator for collecting electrical energy under the external temperature change. The Seebeck effect and the temperature difference between the two sides of the thermal device were applied for thermoelectric energy harvesting. Two different PCM composites were used to collect the thermoelectric energy harvesting due to the different phase transition field in the heating and cooling processes. The graphene nano-platelet (GNP) filler was embedded to increase the thermal conductivities of PCM composites. Maximum output current was investigated by utilizing these two PCM composites with different GNP filler ratios. The thermoelectric energy harvesting efficiencies during heating and cooling were 62.26% and 39.96%, respectively. In addition, a finite element method (FEM) numerical analysis was conducted to model the output profiles.
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Liu, Jiahao, Qingwen Ma, and Xianbin Li. "Numerical Simulation of the Combination of Novel Spiral Fin and Phase Change Material for Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Batteries in Passive Thermal Management." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 8847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238847.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper uses ANSYS Fluent to simulate the heat dissipation of a phase change material (PCM)-based cooling system combined with novel spiral fins for a single battery cell. Compared with a circular fin, a spiral fin with the same contact length can reduce the battery temperature by 0.72 °C, and has a superior temperature uniformity. For the PCM-based system with spiral fins, increasing the spiral width from 2 mm to 8 mm can reduce the battery temperature from 41.27 °C to 39.9 °C. As the number of spiral turns increases from two to eight, the maximum temperature rise of the battery shows a downward trend, and six turns can effectively satisfy the heat dissipation requirements of the battery. With respect to the effect of ambient temperature on the cooling performance, the system with a PCM-spiral fin still exhibits optimal cooling effectiveness compared with the pure PCM and PCM-circular systems.
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Poongavanam, Prasannaa, Aneesh A. Chand, Van Ba Tai, Yash Munnalal Gupta, Madhan Kuppusamy, Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj, Karthikeyan Velmurugan, et al. "Annual Thermal Management of the Photovoltaic Module to Enhance Electrical Power and Efficiency Using Heat Batteries." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 12, 2023): 4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several studies state that phase change material (PCM) improves the electrical power and efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) module. To find the suitable PCM for tropical climatic conditions, multi-PCMs are examined simultaneously with melting temperatures of 31 °C, 35 °C, 37 °C, and 42 °C. In this study, PCM containers are integrated behind the PV module with a thickness of 50 mm. The performance of the multi PV-PCMs is monitored year-round and compared with PV-noPCM. The experimental results show that the selected four PCMs performed the cooling process autonomously in all the climates, such as PCM with a melting temperature of 37 °C and 42 °C enhanced the higher cooling rate in summer, and the same PCMs failed to achieve a higher cooling rate in winter. The lowest temperature drop was noted for pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons due to the low irradiance. On the other hand, the highest temperature drop of 16.33 °C is observed for pre-summer (March) and 15.7 °C, and 17.14 °C for summer (April) as compared to PV-noPCM. The results of the present investigation highlight the requirement for choosing the proper PCM melting temperature based on optimal year-round performance. Further, it is recommended that a single PCM melting temperature for cooling the PV modules year-round in tropical climates is inappropriate, and instead, a cascaded structure with different PCM melting temperatures is recommended.
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Riffat, James, Cagri Kutlu, Emmanuel Tapia-Brito, Yuehong Su, and Saffa Riffat. "A preliminary experimental study of a novel incorporation of chilled ceiling with phase change materials and transparent membrane cover." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctab104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study presents an experimental investigation into a novel incorporation of chilled ceiling with transparent membrane cover and phase-change material (PCM) to form a new type of PCM chilled ceiling panel. The membrane cover is infrared transparent to facilitate radiant cooling, but serves as a barrier of convection to avoid moisture condensation for applications in humid climate regions. As reliable electricity supply is still not accessible to millions of people, especially in sub-Saharan and South Asian countries where these countries also face the combined problems of high cooling demand and inadequate power supply, the use of solar energy would help to overcome these problems. To address such problems, the proposed PCM chilled ceiling can be applied along with a solar photovoltaic (PV) directly driven vapour-compression cooling system. Electricity generated by the photovoltaic (PV) panels drives the variable speed direct current (DC) compressor for cooling production, while excessive cooling is stored in the PCM packs for use at night. The variable speed compressor can adjust to match fluctuation in solar radiation and hence increases the utilization of solar energy. A small-scale experimental setup was prepared using a mini DC compressor refrigeration system. Integration of salt hydrate type PCM in chilled beam and chilled ceiling, respectively, and application of transparent membrane cover in chilled ceiling were tested to verify the proposed design.
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Quesada Allerhand, José, Ongun Berk Kazanci, and Bjarne W. Olesen. "Energy and thermal comfort performance evaluation of PCM ceiling panels for cooling a renovated office room." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The performance of suspended ceiling panels with phase change materials (PCM) for comfort cooling applications in office rooms was studied. The panel consisted of a metal casing, which encapsulates the PCM. Water can circulate through the pipes embedded in the panel to influence the latent energy storage of the material. To evaluate the performance of the PCM panels, a comparison with an all-air system and a thermally active building system (TABS) was made. Using TRNSYS 17, a recently renovated room in the Technical University of Denmark was modelled. The room was simulated during the cooling season with each of the three cooling systems in which the thermal environment and the corresponding energy use were determined. Operative temperature was maintained between 22°C to 27°C at least 90% of the occupied period with each system. Similarities were observed between the PCM and TABS systems. Energy savings of 15% and peak cooling power reduction of 30% compared with the all-air system were observed. This study proved the common claim that PCM ceiling panels and TABS perform similar in terms of the created thermal indoor environment and energy savings, as well in terms of heat removal from the indoor space. Therefore, PCM ceiling panels could be used as an alternative for TABS in renovation projects while providing similar benefits to TABS.
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Arifin, Zainal, Singgih Dwi Prasetyo, Bhimo Ageng Tribhuwana, Dominicus Danardono Dwi Prija Tjahjana, Rendy Adhi Rachmanto, and Budi Kristiawan. "Photovoltaic Performance Improvement with Phase Change Material Cooling Treatment." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solar energy is a clean, abundant, and low-emission renewable energy source. Photovoltaic (PV) technology can convert solar energy into electrical energy; however, it still has a poor output efficiency since high temperatures can lower PV efficiency. Phase Change Materials (PCM) can absorb latent heat, which can be applied to PV as a passive cooling system. In this study, 50 wp PV was treated without and with PCM as a passive cooling system to determine the PV performance. This study compares three PCM types: soy wax, paraffin, and beeswax. Utilizing the PV-PCM panel temperature modeling technique, the inaccuracy in the experimental data was ascertained. According to the simulation, soy wax, paraffin, and beeswax PV panels had average temperatures of 48.6℃, 45.8℃, and 42.6℃, respectively, at an intensity of 1100 W/m2. The experimental results show that PCM beeswax is the best in reducing the working temperature of PV from 60.7℃ to 52.5℃ at an intensity of 1100 W/m2. The results showed that PV with PCM beeswax treatment as a passive cooler could increase the maximum PV output power of 3.04 Watt and the maximum efficiency of PV by 0.94% by lowering the maximum temperature of PV by 8.2℃ compared to PV without a cooling system.
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Selvan, Jayakumar, and Sreekanth Manavalla. "Numerical Analysis of E-Machine Cooling Using Phase Change Material." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 5594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155594.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cooling of E-machines was investigated using phase change material (PCM). The PCM is widely used in the cooling of electronic components because of its heat-absorbing and cooling properties. In this study, PCM OM35 (50:50) and OM35 (60:40) were used for the cooling of E-Machines, which are commonly known as electric vehicle motors. Three different configurations, viz. no rib, two ribs, and four ribs, were studied to understand the impact of thermal behaviour on bracket cooling. The ribs were added in between the brackets to enhance the heat transfer. Numerical simulations were performed using the volume of fluid multiphase analysis approach to model the behaviour of phase change inside the brackets for 18 KW E-Machines. Based on the study, a four rib configuration showed good performance compared to no rib and two rib configurations, and heat transfer improved by 6%. Heat transfer is thus improved by increasing the number of ribs placed between the brackets. The cyclic heat load was applied to the best performing ribs to study the impact of different PCM materials OM35 (50:50) and OM35 (60:40).
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Chen, Mingyi, Siyu Zhang, Guoyang Wang, Jingwen Weng, Dongxu Ouyang, Xiangyang Wu, Luyao Zhao, and Jian Wang. "Experimental Analysis on the Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Phase Change Materials." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 7354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Temperature is an important factor affecting the working efficiency and service life of lithium-ion battery (LIB). This study carried out the experiments on the thermal performances of Sanyo ternary and Sony LiFePO4 batteries under different working conditions including extreme conditions, natural convection cooling and phase change material (PCM) cooling. The results showed that PCM could absorb some heat during the charging and discharging process, effectively reduce the temperature and keep the capacity stable. The average highest temperature of Sanyo LIB under PCM cooling was about 54.4 °C and decreased about 12.3 °C compared with natural convection in the 2 C charging and discharging cycles. It was found that the addition of heat dissipation fins could reduce the surface temperature, but the effect was not obvious. In addition, the charge and discharge cycles of the two kinds of LIBs were compared at the discharge rates of 1 C and 2 C. Compared with natural convection cooling, the highest temperature of Sanyo LIB with PCM cooling decreased about 4.7 °C and 12.8 °C for 1 C and 2 C discharging respectively, and the temperature of Sony LIB highest decreased about 1.1 °C and 2 °C.
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Millers, Renars, Aleksandrs Korjakins, and Arturs Lesinskis. "Thermally Activated Concrete Slabs with Integrated PCM Materials." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As building codes are pushing towards higher energy efficiency and the arrival of nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) requirements for all new buildings are just around the corner the need for alternative, high efficiency heating and cooling solutions for nZEB’s is greater than ever. Also as experience with renewable energy sources has proven the energy demand and energy generation rarely overlaps and it does not allow to fully utilise some renewable energy sources. This is a simulation study that focuses on integrated cooling and energy storage system utilising phase-change materials (PCM). Several types of thermally activated slabs with different PCM thicknesses were simulated in order to find the most optimal PCM thickness with melting point temperature that can support passive cooling methods based on adiabatic cooling principles. Two calculation tools were used for the study – IDA ICE 4.8 and U-NORM 2012-2 to calculate the properties of the slabs and potential of application in well insulated residential building in Baltic climate. The results showed that the optimal thickness for thermally activated PCM layer (large flat containers) range from 25 mm to 90 mm, and for layers with no thermal activation – 180 mm and more. Moreover the results show that apart from energy storage the thermally activated panel can increase thermal comfort conditions.
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Zhang, Yan Lai, Zhong Hao Rao, Shuang Feng Wang, Hong Zhang, Li Jun Li, and Ming Long Zhang. "Natural Convection Heat Transfer of the PCM Microcapsule Slurry for a Solid Phase State in a Horizontal Rectangular Enclosure." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This experiment on natural convection heat transfer with the PCM microcapsule slurry for a solid phase state of the PCM were performed at a horizontal rectangular enclosure heating from below and cooling from top. In the present study, important parameters affecting the natural convection heat transfer of the slurry with the PCM were taken into account such as the mass concentration of the PCM microencapsulated into the slurry, the temperature difference between heating plate and cooling plate, the Rayleigh number Ra and the aspect ratio (width/height) of the horizontal rectangular enclosure. The heat transfer characteristics of the PCM microcapsule slurry on natural convection were concluded from predicted conditions simplified by classifying the temperature ranges into three sub-regions, in which the PCM in the slurry was in only solid phase state, phase change state or solid-liquid coexistence state and only liquid phase state of the PCM in the microcapsule, respectively. The upper cooling plate was fixed at a constant temperature in each region, and the lower heating plate temperature was varied by carefully adjusting the electric power input of an electric plate heater. And experiment was done under the thermal steady condition in the PCM microcapsule slurry. Emphasis was given on phase changing temperature range, and experiments had been performed for four kinds of enclosures with various heights.
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Dai, Ming, Shiwan Wang, Jianbo Deng, Zhijie Gao, and Zhiyun Liu. "Study on the Cooling Effect of Asphalt Pavement Blended with Composite Phase Change Materials." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 3208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To explore the cooling effect of phase change materials (PCM) on asphalt pavement, a numerical model of the coupled heat transfer process of a typical monolithic subgrade of the G7 Expressway in the eastern Tianshan mountain area was developed. Three types of paraffin materials (OP55E, OP52E, OP47E) were mixed in a 4:3:3 volume ratio and blended into the asphalt upper layer and overall asphalt layer at volume ratios of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The cooling effect of different PCM addition schemes was simulated and analyzed, and the frequency and duration of asphalt pavement high temperature operation status were also measured. The results showed that: (1) Th addition of PCM in the asphalt layer can effectively reduce the frequency of pavement high temperature rutting damage. The number of days and average daily duration of high temperature on the road surface were both reduced. (2) The cooling effect was positively correlated with the PCM volume mixing ratio, and the temperature drop of the pavement also increased with the increase of the PCM blending ratio. As the PCM mixing ratio increased from 5% to 20%, the initial 75 °C pavement cooled by 1.49 °C and 4.66 °C, respectively, and the number of days and hours of pavement temperature over 70 °C decreased to 4 days and 3.3 h, respectively. (3) The cooling effect of the asphalt upper layer PCM scheme was greater at a small mixing ratio (5%), whereas the performance of the overall asphalt layer PCM blended scheme was effectively promoted by increasing the equivalent heat capacity of system under the large mixing ratio (20%).