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1
Wang, Guozhi, Qing Lei, Zhu Huang, Gang Liu, Yuzhen Fu, Na Li, and Jinlong Liu. "Genetic Relationship between Mississippi Valley-Type Pb–Zn Mineralization and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Wusihe Deposits, Southwestern Margin of the Sichuan Basin, China." Minerals 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111447.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The coexistence of numerous Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb–Zn deposits and oil/gas reservoirs in the world suggests a close genetic relationship between mineralization and hydrocarbon accumulation. The Wusihe MVT Pb–Zn deposits are located along the southwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin. Based on the spatiotemporal relation between Pb–Zn deposits and paleo-oil/gas reservoirs, ore material sources, and processes of mineralization and hydrocarbon accumulation, a new genetic relationship between mineralization and hydrocarbon accumulation is suggested for these deposits. The Wusihe Pb–Zn deposits are hosted in the Ediacaran Dengying Formation dolostone, accompanied by a large amount of thermally cracked bitumen in the ore bodies. The Pb–Zn deposits and paleo-oil/gas reservoirs are distributed along the paleokarst interface; they overlap spatially, and the ore body occupies the upper part of the paleo-oil/gas reservoirs. Both the Pb–Zn ore and sphalerite are rich in thermally cracked bitumen, in which µm sized galena and sphalerite may be observed, and the contents of lead and zinc in the bitumen are higher than those required for Pb–Zn mineralization. The paleo-oil/gas reservoirs experienced paleo-oil reservoir formation, paleo-gas reservoir generation, and paleo-gas reservoir destruction. The generation time of the paleo-gas reservoirs is similar to the metallogenic time. The source rocks from the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation not only provided oil sources for paleo-oil reservoirs but also provided ore-forming metal elements for mineralization. Liquid oil with abundant ore-forming metals accumulated to form paleo-oil reservoirs with mature organic matter in source rocks. As paleo-oil reservoirs were buried, the oil underwent in situ thermal cracking to form overpressure paleo-gas reservoirs and a large amount of bitumen. Along with the thermal cracking of the oil, the metal elements decoupled from organic matter and H2S formed by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) and minor decomposition of the organic matter dissolved in oilfield brine to form the ore fluid. The large-scale Pb–Zn mineralization is mainly related to the destruction of the overpressured paleo-gas reservoir; the sudden pressure relief caused the ore fluid around the gas–water interface to migrate upward into the paleo-gas reservoirs and induced extensive metal sulfide precipitation in the ore fluid, resulting in special spatiotemporal associated or paragenetic relations of galena, sphalerite, and bitumen.
2
Lien, Nguyen Thi, and Nguyen Van Pho. "Formation of secondary nonsulfide zinc ore in Cho Dien Pb-Zn deposits." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12615.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Viet Nam, non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit has been exploited for a long time. Up to the present, zinc ore remains the major exploited ore in Cho Dien. There are numerous studies of Pb-Zn ore in Cho Dien. However, most of the studies have dedicated only to description of mineralogical and chemical composition of Pb-Zn ore. There has been no publication on this non-sulfide zinc ore. Based on the mineralogical studies, the content of Pb and Zn in groundwater determined by reflective microscope, SEM, EPMA and ICP-MS methods, the study explained the formation of secondary non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit. Strong weathering process makes the upper part of ore bodies completely oxidized. Difference in geochemical behavior of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the oxidation process of Pb-Zn ore is the reason to form non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit. Oxidation of primary Pb-Zn ore is mainly sphalerite, pyrite, galena minerals which creates a low pH environment and transforms of zinc from immobile (sphalerite - ZnS) to mobile (Zn2+) and retained in solution under acid pH conditions whereas lead has the tendency to form soluble minerals (anglesite, cerussite). The acid neutralization actions of the surrounding rocks make zinc precipitate, to form secondary non-sulfide zinc minerals.ReferencesAndreas Nuspl, 2009. Genesis of nonsulfide zinc deposits and their future utilization (www.geo.tu-frei berg.de/oberseminar/OS_09/Andreas_Nuspl.pdf.Boland M.B., et al., 2003. The Shaimerden supergene zinc deposit, Kazakhstan: Economic Geology, 98(4), 787-795.Chau N.D., Jadwiga P., Adam P., D.V. Hao, L.K. Phon, J. Paweł, 2017. General characteristics of rare earth and radioactive elements in Dong Pao deposit, Lai Chau, Vietnam, Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 39(1), 14-26.Dao Thai Bac, 2012. Characteristics and distribution law of lead-zinc metallogenic fomations in Viet Bac region. Doctoral thesis.Heyl A.V., Bozion C.N., 1962. Oxidized zinc deposits of the United States, Part 1. General Geology: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1135-A.Hoa T.T., et al., 2010. By-products in lead-zinc and copper ores of Northeast Vietnam. J. Sci. of the Earth, 289-298 (in Vietnamese).Hoang Minh Thao, Tran Thi Hien, Dao Duy Anh, Pham Thi Nga, 2017. Mineralogical characteristics of graphite ore from Bao Ha deposit, Lao Cai Province and proposing a wise use. Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 39(4), 324-336.Jurjovec J., et al., 2002. Acid neutralization mechanisms and metal release in mine tailings: A laboratory column experiment: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 1511-1523.Large D., 2001. The geology of non-sulphide zinc Deposits - an Overview: Erzmetall, 54(5), 264-276.Maria Boni, 2003. Nonsulfide Zinc Deposits: a new - (old) type of economic mineralization. Society for geology applied to mineral deposits (SGA) News, Number 15. https://www.e-sga.org/fileadmin/sga/newsletter/news15/art01.html.McPhail D.C., et al., 2003, The geochemistry and mobility of zinc in the regolith: in Roach, I.C., ed., Advances in Regolith, 287-291.Murray W. Hitzman, et al., 2003. Classification, genesis, and exploration guides for non-sulfide zinc deposits: Economic Geology, 98(4), 685-714.Nguyen V.P., 2013. Wet tropical wethering in Viet Nam. Natural Science and Technology Publisher.Nicola Mondillo, 2013. Supergene Nonsulfide Zinc-Lead Deposits: The Examples of Jabali (Yemen) and Yanque (Peru). Doctoral thesis.Nordstrom D.K., Alpers C.N., 1999. Geochemistry of acid mine waste. Review in Economic Geology, the environmental geochemistry of ore deposits/Eds. G.S.Plumlee, M.J. Logsdon. Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues, 6A, 133-160.Reynolds N.A., et al., 2003. The Padaeng Supergene Nonsulfide Zinc Deposit, Mae Sod, Thailand. Economic Geology, 98(4), 773-785.Sangameshwar S.R., Barnes H.L., 1983. Supergene Processes in Zinc-Lead-Silver Sulfide Ores in Carbonates: Economic Geology, 78, 1379-1397.Stumm W., Morgan J.J., 1996. Aquatic Chemistry, Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.Takahashi T., 1960. Supergene alteration of zinc and lead deposits in limestone: Economic Geology, 55, 1083-1115.Thornber M.R. and Taylor G.F., 1992. The mechanisms of sulphide oxidation and gossan formation, in: Butt, C.R.M., and Zeegers H., (Eds.)., Regolith exploration geochemistry in tropical and subtropical terrains, in Govett G.J.S., ed., Handbook of exploration geochemistry: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 4, 119-138.Tran Trong Hoa, 2005. Potential assessment of By- products in lead-zinc and copper deposits of Northeast Vietnam. Final report.Tran Tuan Anh, 2010. Studying accompanying component in the types of potential deposits of basic metals and precious - rare metals of north Viet Nam to improve the efficiency of mining and environmental protection. Final report. KC.08.24/06-10.Tran Tuan Anh, et al., 2011. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and forming conditions of lead - zinc deposits in Lo Gam structure, northern Vietnam. J. Sci. of the Earth, 33(3DB), 393-408 ( in Vietnamese).Vito Coppola et al., 2009. Nonsulfide zinc deposits in the Silesia - Cracow district, Southern Poland. Springer Link, 44, 559-580.Vito Coppola, et al., 2007. Non-sulfide zinc deposits in Upper Silesia, Southern Poland. Proceeding of the Ninth Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin, 1401-1404.Williams P.A., 1990. Oxide zone geochemistry: Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK, 286p.
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Yu, Zhong, Xie, and Li. "Geochronological Study of the Jiashengpan Zn–Pb Deposit in Northern China: Implications for Base Metal Mineralization in Collisional Orogens." Minerals 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100622.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Jiashengpan Zn–Pb deposit is located in the Langshan-Zhaertai region of the North China Craton. Zinc-lead mineralization at the Jiashengpan shows characteristics of shear-zone controlled syn-metamorphic mineralization. The 39Ar/40Ar ages of syn-ore hydrothermal muscovite averages at ~380 Ma, suggesting that the Zn–Pb mineralization took place in the Devonian. These results agree with zircon U–Pb ages of post-ore granite, which constrain the ore formation to be older than 277 ± 2 Ma. Ore formation was coeval with the emplacement of regional orogenic belts that formed as result of subduction associated with the closure of the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean (~400 Ma). The Jiashengpan deposit provides evidence for base metal mineralization associated with metamorphogenic and shear-zone controlled characteristics during continental-continental collision, stressing the significance of orogenic activities for enrichment of base metals.
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Radosavljevic, Slobodan, Jovica Stojanovic, Aleksandar Pacevski, Ana Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic, and Vladan Kasic. "A review of Pb-Sb(As)-S, Cu(Ag)-Fe(Zn)-Sb(As)-S, Ag(Pb)-Bi(Sb)-S and Pb-Bi-S(Te) sulfosalt systems from the Boranja orefield, West Serbia." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 77 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1677001r.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent mineralogical, chemical, physical, and crystallographic investigations of the Boranja orefield showed very complex mineral associations and assemblages where sulfosalts have significant role. The sulfosalts of the Boranja orefield can be divided in four main groups: (i) Pb-Sb(As)-S system with ?Fe and ?Cu; (ii) Cu(Ag)-Fe(Zn)-Sb(As)-S system; (iii) Ag(Pb)-Bi(Sb)-S; (iv) and Pb-Bi-S(Te) system. Spatially, these sulfosalts are widely spread, however, they are the most abundant in the following polymetallic deposits and ore zones: Cu(Bi)-FeS Kram-Mlakva; Pb(Ag)-Zn-FeS2 Veliki Majdan (Kolarica-Centralni revir-Kojici); Sb-Zn-Pb-As Rujevac; and Pb-Zn-FeS2-BaSO4 Bobija. The multi stage formation of minerals, from skarnhydrothermal to complex hydrothermal with various stages and sub-stages has been determined. All hydrothermal stages and sub-stages of various polymetallic deposits and ore zones within the Boranja orefield are followed by a variety of sulfosalts.
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Cugerone, Alexandre, Emilien Oliot, Alain Chauvet, Jordi Gavaldà Bordes, Angèle Laurent, Elisabeth Le Goff, and Bénédicte Cenki-Tok. "Structural Control on the Formation of Pb-Zn Deposits: An Example from the Pyrenean Axial Zone." Minerals 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110489.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pb-Zn deposits and specifically Sedimentary-Exhalative (SEDEX) deposits are frequently found in deformed and/or metamorphosed geological terranes. Ore bodies structure is generally difficult to observe and its relationships to the regional structural framework is often lacking. In the Pyrenean Axial Zone (PAZ), the main Pb-Zn mineralizations are commonly considered as Ordovician SEDEX deposits in the literature. New structural field analyzes focusing on the relations between mineralization and regional structures allowed us to classify these Pb-Zn mineralizations into three types: (I) Type 1 corresponds to minor disseminated mineralization, probably syngenetic and from an exhalative source. (II) Type 2a is a stratabound mineralization, epigenetic and synchronous to the Variscan D1 regional deformation event and (III) Type 2b is a vein mineralization, epigenetic and synchronous to the late Variscan D2 regional deformation event. Structural control appears to be a key parameter in concentrating Pb-Zn in the PAZ, as mineralizations occur associated to fold hinges, cleavage, and/or faults. Here we show that the main exploited type 2a and type 2b Pb-Zn mineralizations are intimately controlled by Variscan tectonics. This study demonstrates the predominant role of structural study for unraveling the formation of Pb-Zn deposits especially in deformed/metamorphosed terranes.
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Zhao, Qing, Rongge Xiao, Dehui Zhang, Jianping Wang, Yanfei Zhang, and Panpan Li. "Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting of Ore-Associated Intrusive Rocks in the Baiyinnuoer Zn–Pb Deposit, Southern Great Xing’an Range (NE China): Constraints from Zircon U–Pb Dating, Geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Pb Isotopes." Minerals 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Baiyinnuoer skarn Zn–Pb deposit, located in the Southern Great Xing’an Range, Northeast China, is the largest Zn–Pb deposit of the northern China, with a total reserve of 32.74 Mt at average grades of 5.44% Zn and 2.02% Pb. The Zn–Pb ore bodies are hosted in the Lower Permian Huanggangliang Formation. The results of zircon U–Pb geochronology show that the ore-associated granodiorite porphyry, granodiorite, and diorite were emplaced at 248 ± 1.3, 251 ± 1.8, and 249 ± 1.4 Ma, respectively. The granodiorites and granodiorite porphyry have low P2O5 (0.13–0.23 wt %) and A/CNK (0.79–1.05) values, and their SiO2 and P2O5 contents are negatively correlated, indicating I-type affinity. The positive εNd(t) values (+1.3 to +1.8) and young two-stage model ages (TDM2) (880–916 Ma) of the Baiyinnuoer intrusive rocks suggest that they might have formed by the mixing of both mantle and crustal materials. The variations in the major elements, Rb, Sr, and Ba, and the negative Nb–Ta–Ti anomalies indicate that fractional crystallization might have occurred during magma ascent. In combination with the regional geology, the new geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data reveal that the ore-associated intrusive rocks at Baiyinnuoer were formed in a post-collision setting in the Late Permian.
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Jian, Long, Jian Guo Gao, Yan Dao, and Qing Li Tan. "Wallrock Alteration and Metallogenic Stages of Pb-Zn Deposits in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Border Area Southwest China." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper described the wallrock alteration and mineralization of Pb-Zn deposits in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area Southwest China, and summarized the wallrock alterations what are obvious, which include dolomitization, calcitization, pyritization, carbonation, ferritization, silicification and decolourization. In addition to dolomitization and calcitization,other wallrock alteration are associated with the formation and enrichment of Pb-Zn ore. Meanwhile, based on statistic analysis in mineralization age, and combined with the characteristics of Pb isotope, we confirmed four stages of mineralization in study area.
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Zhai, Degao, Anthony E. Williams-Jones, Jiajun Liu, David Selby, Panagiotis C. Voudouris, Stylianos Tombros, Kuan Li, Peilin Li, and Hongjun Sun. "The Genesis of the Giant Shuangjianzishan Epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit, Inner Mongolia, Northeastern China." Economic Geology 115, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The newly discovered Shuangjianzishan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, with 145 Mt of ore grading 128.5 g/t Ag (locally up to 32,000 g/t) and 2.2 wt % Pb + Zn, is located in the Great Hinggan Range metallogenic belt, northeastern China, and is currently the largest Ag deposit in Asia. The Ag-Pb-Zn orebodies occur as veins and are hosted primarily by a Permian slate. Recent drilling and core logging have identified a partially Mo mineralized granite porphyry intrusion adjacent to the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralized veins. This well-preserved magmatic-hydrothermal system therefore offers an excellent opportunity to evaluate the possible temporal and genetic relationship between Mo-mineralized porphyry intrusions and Ag-Pb-Zn veins. Three primary paragenetic stages of veining have been recognized: (I) early pyrite + quartz ± K-feldspar, (II) main ore sulfide + sulfosalt + quartz + calcite + sericite + chlorite ± epidote, and (III) post-ore quartz. The silver mineralization occurs mainly in the late paragenetic part of Stage II, in which canfieldite (Ag8SnS6), argentite (Ag2S) and freibergite [(Ag, Cu)12Sb4S13] are the dominant Ag-bearing ore minerals. A combination of ore mineral chemical and sulfur isotope geothermometers and physicochemical calculations suggest that the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization took place at a temperature of 250° to 200°C, a pH of 6.7 to 5.6, and a Δlogfo2 (HM) of –2.4 to –8.7. A conspicuous enrichment of Sn and Se in the ore, which is represented by minerals containing the metal suite Ag-Pb-Zn-(Cu-Sn-Se-Sb), likely reflects a close genetic association between the base metal mineralization and a magma. In situ analyses show that the δ34S values of the sulfides and Ag-bearing sulfosalts from the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralized veins vary from –4.67 to +2.44‰; the mean value is –2.11 ± 1.49‰ (n = 77). The calculated mean δ34SH2S value of the ore-forming fluid is –1.65 ± 0.83‰, which is indicative of a magmatic sulfur source. In situ Pb isotope analyses of the ore minerals yielded a narrow range of values (206Pb/204Pb of 18.243–18.310, 207Pb/204Pb of 15.503–15.563 and 208Pb/204Pb of 38.053–38.203, n = 59). Comparisons to corresponding isotopic data for the various rock units in the area and sulfides from nearby ore deposits indicate that there were substantial contributions of Pb and other metals (e.g., Ag and Zn) to the Shuangjianzishan deposit from a Mesozoic granitic source. Diorite-granodiorite dikes and dacite are crosscut by the Ag-Pb-Zn veins, and therefore, predate ore formation. These rock units have zircon U-Pb ages of 250.2 ± 2.0 and 133.9 ± 1.4 Ma, respectively. A concealed, weakly Mo mineralized granite porphyry intrusion proximal to the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralized vein system yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 134.4 ± 1.0 (MSWD = 0.1) and 134.4 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.2), for coarse- and fine-grained facies, respectively. These ages are indistinguishable within the uncertainty from the zircon ages for the dacite and a granite intrusion ~2 km north of the mineralized veins, which has a weighted mean zircon U-Pb age of 135.2 ± 1.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.78). Molybdenite from three quartz vein/veinlet samples hosted by slate immediately above the porphyry intrusion yielded Re-Os model ages from 136.3 ± 0.9 to 133.7 ± 1.2 Ma and a weighted mean Re-Os age of 134.9 ± 3.4 Ma. Finally, three pyrite samples separated from the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralized veins have a weighted mean Re-Os model age of 135.0 ± 0.6 Ma. The very similar zircon U-Pb ages for the Mo-mineralized granite porphyry and dacite, and Re-Os ages for molybdenite and pyrite in the Shuangjianzishan ore district indicate that the Mesozoic magmatic-hydrothermal activity was restricted to a relatively short time interval (~136–133 Ma). They also suggest that the weakly Mo mineralized granite porphyry was likely the source of the fluids and metals that produced the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization. Based on our geological observations and an extensive analytical database, a model is proposed for the genesis of the giant Shuangjianzishan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in which the ore-forming fluid and its metals (i.e., Ag, Pb, and Zn) were exsolved during crystallization of the final phase of a composite granite porphyry intrusion. This fluid transported metals to the distal parts of the system, where they were deposited in preexisting faults or fractures created by the withdrawal of magma during the waning stages of the magmatic-hydrothermal event. The present study of the Shuangjianzishan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit and those of other magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits in the region provide compelling evidence that the widespread Mesozoic felsic magmatism and Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization in the southern Great Hinggan Range took place in an intracontinental extensional tectonic setting, which was synchronous with, and spatially associated to, Paleo-Pacific slab rollback and lithospheric delamination and thinning.
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waliArain, Asfand yar, Abdul Shakoor Mastoi, Asghar Ali Alias Daahar Hakro, Riaz Ahmed Rajper, Muhammad Afzal Jamali, Gulam Raza Bhatti, and Waqar Bhatti. "A PRELIMINARY REVIEW ON THE METALLOGENY OF SEDIMENT-HOSTED PB-ZN DEPOSITS IN BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN." Earth Science Malaysia 5, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2021.19.26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lead and Zinc deposits are very much important economic booster for the country all over the world. Economic geologists are engaged in the search of these economy booster minerals and rocks for three decades. Lead and zinc are profuse resources in the Lasbela-Khuzdar belt of Balochistan province of Pakistan, with reserves of about 50 million tons all over the country. In this paper, we have presented field observations of the Dudder mine area and summarised the work of earlier papers to provide the salient features of these ore mineralizations and deposits. The tectonic settings and important ore controls have been discussed based on field observations and previous work. The Pb-Zn dominantly occupied by exposures of rocks of the Ferozabad Group of Jurassic age in the Mor range, which is comprised of Lower-Middle-Upper Jurassic carbonates and deep-marine siliciclastics rock sequence. This group contains syngenetic and epigenetic Pb-Zn mineralization classified as a stratiform replacement, and vein-type fissure fillings observed at various places of Duddar, Gunga, and Surmai deposit areas. Generally, these deposits are hosted pyrites nuggets with fine-grained sphalerite matrix with galena in black shale, argillaceous limestone, and mudstone. We construct a Pb-Zn deposit predictive tectonic model that regards mineralization as the primary factor and the ore rock as secondary. The tectonics were more active when sedimentation of the Anjira Formation started in a disturbing third-order basin. The Hydrothermal solution comes into the basin along faults and gave rise to syngenetic mineralization of sulfides in the Anjira Formation, and epigenetic one in the underlying Spingwar and Loralai Formations. These deposits are considered as SEDEX deposits according to the distribution of Pb-Zn deposits, we concluded that a multi-period, multi-cycle orogenic environment is the most positive for lead-zinc deposit growth. With this, we analyze the association between tectonic evolution, geological mineralization, and Pb-Zn metallogenic epoch. The tectonic and mineralization mechanism models are expected to ease the detailed study on the geological and geochemical conditions of mineralization in the Ferozabad Group and economic assessment of the resources.
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Li, Ying Shu, Yi Ke Zhang, Tian Li, Dong Ming Yang, Da Qing He, Jiao Jiao Chen, and Yan Cai. "Ore-Controlling Structure of Fankou Pb-Zn Mineral Deposit in Guangdong Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 868 (December 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orefield structures of Fankou lead-zinc deposit in Guangdong province is complex and have been argued about for years. By means of comprehensive study of indoor and outdoor,The lambda-type structure made of major fault of F203 of strike northwest and branch fault of F3, F4 of strike northnortheast is ore-controlling structure, which not only controls the shape, the occurrence and spatial distribution of the ore body, but also controls the formation and distribution of the deposit.Key region of next prospecting is near fault of northnortheast direction of hangingwall block of the F203.Key words:Pb-Zn ore deposit;Ore-controlling structure;Fankou in Guangdong Province, China
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Sun, Yong-Gang, Bi-Le Li, Feng-Yue Sun, Ye Qian, Run-Tao Yu, Tuo-Fei Zhao, and Jun-Lin Dong. "Ore Genesis of the Chuduoqu Pb-Zn-Cu Deposit in the Tuotuohe Area, Central Tibet: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and C–H–O–S–Pb Isotopes Systematics." Minerals 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9050285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Chuduoqu Pb-Zn-Cu deposit is located in the Tuotuohe area in the northern part of the Sanjiang Metallogenic Belt, central Tibet. The Pb-Zn-Cu ore bodies in this deposit are hosted mainly by Middle Jurassic Xiali Formation limestone and sandstone, and are structurally controlled by a series of NWW trending faults. In this paper, we present the results of fluid inclusions and isotope (C, H, O, S, and Pb) investigations of the Chuduoqu deposit. Four stages of hydrothermal ore mineralization are identified: quartz–specularite (stage I), quartz–barite–chalcopyrite (stage II), quartz–polymetallic sulfide (stage III), and quartz–carbonate (stage IV). Two types of fluid inclusions are identified in the Chuduoqu Pb-Zn-Cu deposit: liquid-rich and vapor-rich. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions for stages I–IV are 318–370 °C, 250–308 °C, 230–294 °C, and 144–233 °C, respectively. Fluid salinities range from 2.07 wt. % to 11.81 wt. % NaCl equivalent. The microthermometric data indicate that the fluid mixing and cooling are two important mechanisms for ore precipitation. The H and O isotopic compositions of quartz indicate a primarily magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids, with the proportion of meteoric water increasing over time. The C and O isotopic compositions of carbonate samples indicate that a large amount of magmatic water was still involved in the final stage of mineralization. The S and Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides, demonstrate that the ore minerals have a magmatic source. On a regional basis, the most likely source of the metallogenic material was regional potassium-enriched magmatic hydrothermal fluid. Specifically for the Chuduoqu Pb-Zn-Cu deposit, the magmatic activity of a syenite porphyry was the likely heat source, and this porphyry also provided the main metallogenic material for the deposit. Mineralization took place between 40 and 24 Ma. The Chuduoqu deposit is a mesothermal hydrothermal vein deposit and was formed in an extensional environment related to the late stage of intracontinental orogenesis resulting from India–Asia collision. The determination of the deposit type and genesis of Chuduoqu is important because it will inform and guide further exploration for hydrothermal-type Pb and Zn deposits in the Tuotuohe area and in the wider Sanjiang Metallogenic Belt.
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Testa, Francisco, Lejun Zhang, and David Cooke. "Physicochemical Conditions of Formation for Bismuth Mineralization Hosted in a Magmatic-Hydrothermal Breccia Complex: An Example from the Argentine Andes." Minerals 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110486.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The San Francisco de los Andes breccia-hosted deposit (Frontal Cordillera, Argentina) is characterized by complex Bi–Cu–Pb–Zn–Mo–As–Fe–Ag–Au mineralization. After magmatic-hydrothermal brecciation, tourmaline and quartz partially cemented open spaces, followed by quiescent periods where Bi–Cu–Pb–Zn ore formed. Bismuth ore precipitation is characterized by Bi-sulfides, sulfosalts, and tellurosulfide inclusions, which temporally co-exist with Ag-telluride inclusions and chalcopyrite. Three distinct Bi mineralizing stages have been defined based on the following mineral assemblages: (1) Bismuthinite (tetradymite–hessite inclusions); (2) Bismuthinite (tetradymite–hessite inclusions) + cosalite (tetradymite inclusions) + chalcopyrite; and (3) Cosalite (tetradymite inclusions) + chalcopyrite. Overall, Ag-poor bismuthinite hosts both Bi-tellurosulfide and Ag-telluride inclusions, whereas Ag-rich cosalite only hosts tetradymite inclusions.
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Li, Zhenli, Lin Ye, Yusi Hu, Chen Wei, Zhilong Huang, Yulong Yang, and Leonid Danyushevsky. "Trace elements in sulfides from the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan Province, China: Implications for trace-element incorporation mechanisms and ore genesis." American Mineralogist 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1734–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-6950.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic province (SYGMP) is an important region for Pb-Zn resources in China. However, considerable controversy remains as to whether the Pb-Zn deposits are Mississippi Valley Type (MVT). The Maozu deposit, a typical example of the carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in the SYGMP, occurs in the late Ediacaran Dengying Formation and its ore bodies are divided into three types: lower layer (LL), vein layer (VL), and upper layer (UL) ore bodies based on their spatial relationship. In this study, laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to systematically analyze the trace-element compositions of sphalerite and galena in these three ore bodies. The results show that sphalerite is characterized by Cd and Ge enrichment; Fe, Mn, and Co depletion; and local In and Sn enrichment. Most of these elements likely appear as solid solutions in sphalerite and show a wide compositional variation, which is probably related to the medium- and low-temperature mixing of the ore-forming fluids. The local enrichment of In and Sn is likely attributed to the long-distance migration of ore-forming fluids through In-Sn-bearing volcaniclastic rocks. In vs. Sn and (Cu + Sb) vs. (Ag + Ge) show strong correlations and similar element distribution in the mapped images, indicating that these elements may be incorporated into sphalerite via a coupled substitution for Zn as 2In3+ + Sn4+ + 2☐ ↔ 5Zn2+ (☐ = vacancies) and 4(Cu+ + Sb3+) + (Ge4+ + 2Ag+) + 2☐ ↔ 13Zn2+. Galena is enriched in Ag and Sb with minor Cd and Se and depleted in Bi, and most of the elements may occur as solid solutions. Ag vs. Sb in galena displays a strong positive correlation, implying the coupled substitution of Ag+ + Sb3+ ↔ 2Pb2+. Notably, the majority of the trace-element concentrations gradually decrease in the order LL → UL except Fe, Co, Cu, and Ge, while Fe, In, and Sn in sphalerite and Ag and Sb in galena have the highest concentration in the VL, indicating that the VL is a secondary migration channel for the ore-forming fluids. Furthermore, the trace-element compositions of the sulfides in the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit are consistent with the typical MVT deposit (hosted in the carbonate sequence) but are markedly different from sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) and skarn-type deposits. Based on these results, as well as the geological and geochemical characteristics of the deposit, the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit is an MVT deposit.
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Han, Ying, Jing Bin Wang, Xin You Zhu, and Ning Ning Guo. "Stable Isotope and REE Geological and Geochemiscal Characteristics of the Calcite in the Fankou Zinc-Lead Deposit, Guangdong Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The calcite of Fankou zinc-lead desposit was divided into four kinds, the frist three of them were studied with a depth. The frist calcite was unrelated to mineralization (∑REE=8.277×10-6, LREE/HREE=3.866, δEu=0.997, Pb+Zn=5.02× 10-6, δ13CPDB=-1.307‰, δ18OSMOW=15.7‰, 87Sr/86Sr=0.7161); the second calcite in mainly metallogenic stage which was fromed by mineralizing fluids (∑REE=43.624×10-6, LREE/HREE=16.047, δEu=2.284, Pb+Zn=9.065×10-6); the third calcite in late metallogenic stage which was fromed by remaining solution (∑REE=14.731×10-6, LREE/HREE=3.112 δEu=0.705, Pb+Zn=4.84×10-6). The second and third calcites were product fromed by the mineralizing hydrothermal (δ13CPDB=-6‰, δ18OSMOW=18.43‰, 87Sr/86Sr=0.7136). Two types of fluids exsist in Fankou Pb-Zn desposit, the frist fluid fromed the first calcite which comed form formation water, unrelated to mineralization; the second fluid fromed the second and third calcite which comed form deep seated hydrothermal of the mine areas, was mineralizing fluid, the properties of the second fluid changed relative reducing in mainly metallogenic stage into relative oxidizing condition in late metallogenic stage. From the surrounding rock to ore, δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr were gradually deceased of the calcite, but Pb, Zn, Cu, ∑REE and δ18O were gradually increased, these laws is similar to that of Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit, and provide guiding significance for prospecting new ore bodies.
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Song, Yucai, Zengqian Hou, Chuandong Xue, and Shiqiang Huang. "New Mapping of the World-Class Jinding Zn-Pb Deposit, Lanping Basin, Southwest China: Genesis of Ore Host Rocks and Records of Hydrocarbon-Rock Interaction." Economic Geology 115, no. 5 (August 1, 2020): 981–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4721.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Jinding is the third-largest known Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn-Pb deposit. It is hosted by a dome containing a suite of complex breccias and sandstones with abundant gypsum and anhydrite. This study presents the results of new geologic mapping of the Jinding open pit and discusses the geology of the deposit in detail. Our new data support a previously proposed model where the deposit is hosted in an evaporite dome created by the diapiric migration of Late Triassic evaporites during Paleocene thrust loading. Nearly all of the mineralization in the deposit is hosted by evaporite diapir-related rocks, including diapiric breccias and laterally extruded material mixed with fluvial sandy sediments (limestone clast-bearing sandstones) and overlying gypsum-sand diapiric units (mainly clast-free sandstones). The new mapping determined that the currently light gray colored sandstones within the Jinding dome were originally red, with the bleaching being a response to calcite and pyrite alteration as a result of pre-ore interaction with hydrocarbons. The bleached sandstones host sphalerite and galena that replaced calcite, and Zn-Pb sulfides also occur in limestone breccias and gypsum-rich rocks as a result of replacement and open space-filling mineralizing processes. The Jinding deposit demonstrates that MVT Zn-Pb mineralization can be hosted by a variety of evaporite diapir-related rocks and indicates that dome structures and the presence of pre-ore hydrocarbons are both important for the formation of Zn-Pb mineralization.
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Wei, Chen, Zhilong Huang, Zaifei Yan, Yusi Hu, and Lin Ye. "Trace Element Contents in Sphalerite from the Nayongzhi Zn-Pb Deposit, Northwestern Guizhou, China: Insights into Incorporation Mechanisms, Metallogenic Temperature and Ore Genesis." Minerals 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Nayongzhi Zn-Pb deposit, located in the southeastern margin of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou (S-Y-G) Zn-Pb metallogenic province, China, has been recently discovered in this region and has an estimated resource of 1.52 Mt of metal at average grades of 4.82 wt % Zn and 0.57 wt % Pb. The ore bodies are hosted in the Lower Cambrian Qingxudong Formation dolostone and occur as stratiform, stratoid and steeply dipping veins. The predominant minerals are sphalerite, galena, dolomite, calcite with minor pyrite, and barite. In this paper, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique has been used to investigate the concentrations of Fe, Cd, Ge, Ga, Cu, Pb, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Co and Mn in bulk grain sphalerite from the Nayongzhi deposit, in an effort to provide significant insights into the element substitution mechanisms, ore-forming temperature and genesis of the deposit. This study shows that those trace elements (i.e., Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ag, and Co) are present in the form of isomorphism in sphalerite, and strong binary correlation among some elements suggests direct substitution as Zn2+↔Fe2+ and coupled substitutions as Zn2+↔Ga3+ + (Cu, Ag)+ and Zn2+↔In3+ + Sn3+ + □ (vacancy), despite there being no clear evidence for the presence of Sn3+. Sphalerite from the Nayongzhi deposit is enriched in Cd, Ge and Ga and depleted in Fe, Mn, In and Co, which is similar to that of the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit and significantly different from that of the Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposit, Sedimentary-exhalative (Sedex) deposit, skarn, and epithermal hydrothermal deposit. Moreover, the ore-forming temperature is relatively low, ranging from 100.5 to 164.4 °C, as calculated by the GGIMFis geothermometer. Geological characteristics, mineralogy and trace element contents of sphalerite suggest that the Nayongzhi deposit is a MVT deposit. In addition, according to the geological characteristics, Ag content in sphalerite, and Pb isotope evidence, the Nayongzhi deposit is distinct from the deposits associated with the Indosinian Orogeny in S-Y-G Zn-Pb metallogenic province (e.g., Huize, Daliangzi, Tianbaoshan and Tianqiao deposits), thus, suggesting that multi-stage Zn-Pb mineralization may have occurred in this region.
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Du, Xin, Chang Hai Yan, Jun Kui Chen, and Xin Fa Li. "Discovery of Yaguila Pb-Zn Polymetallic Deposit in Tibet: A Successful Case of Geochemical Prospecting." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.278.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Yaguila Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit in Tibet is discovered through geochemical exploration techniques. The deposit is located in the eastern section of Longmala-Yaguila fault sag belt in the area of Nyainqentanglha Range. The ore bodies lie in the lithologic interface between tuffaceous sandstones and iron-manganese banded marbles in the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Laigu formation. They occur in bedded and stratoid forms and are consistent with the attitude of strata. The paper reviews the process of discovering the deposit, and analyzes the important role of geochemical exploration in prospecting in the research area. It studies the geological characteristics of ore-forming, distribution of elements and features of anomalies, and finds out the Carboniferous- Permian is the main horizon Pb-Zn polymetallic anomalies form. The deposit type is submarine exhalative sedimentary-magmatic hydrothermal superimposition Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit. Furthermore, the paper also establishes a geology-geochemistry prospecting model for the research area and gives some suggestions to the further work, being of great significance in guiding geological prospecting in the research area.
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Sun, Hairui, Zhilong Huang, Zhicheng Lü, Xiaofei Yu, and Yongsheng Li. "Sulfide S and Pb Isotopic Constraint on the Genesis of Diyanqinamu Mo-Pb-Zn Polymetallic Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China." Minerals 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2020): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Great Hinggan Range (GHR) hosts many large Mo deposits and vein-type Pb-Zn deposits and is one of the most important polymetallic metallogenic belts in China. Although Mo and Pb-Zn deposits are locally closely related in space in the GHR, it is disputed whether the Mo and Pb-Zn deposits have a genetic relationship. The Diyanqinamu Mo deposit located at the middle part of the northern GHR is a Late Jurassic large porphyry Mo deposit and closely adjacent by vein-type Pb-Zn deposit. In this work, we discussed the relationship between Mo and Pb-Zn deposits in Diyanqinamu mine based on the data of S and Pb isotopic geochemistry and geological information. In this mine, the Mo deposit is concentrated in the southern area with a distance of 500 m to the vein Pb-Zn deposit. The δ34SCDT values of the galena and sphalerite from the Mo deposit range from +1.73‰ to +7.29‰ with average of +5.04‰. By contrast, δ34SCDT values of the galena and sphalerite from the Pb-Zn deposit, ranging from +2.38‰ to +5.46‰ with average of +4.04‰, is similar to that of the Mo deposit. The formation temperatures of the Pb-Zn deposit calculated based on the sulfur isotope balance fractionation between sphalerite and co-existed galena range from 220 °C to 315 °C (average 247 °C), which is lower than that of the Mo mineralization (292–510°C). Pb isotopic results show that the 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb values of the Pb-Zn deposit range from 18.326–18.364, 15.541–15.589, and 38.054–38.214, respectively, which are slightly higher than those of the Mo deposit ranging from 18.287–18.331, 15.532–15.569, and 38.034–38.139, respectively. In the 206Pb/204Pb˗207Pb/204Pb diagram, sulfides sampled from the Mo and Pb-Zn deposits overlapped with each other and formed a linear distribution, indicating that they are derived from a mixed metal source with more external contribution to the Pb-Zn mineralization. This mixed signal is further confirmed by the geologic facts that the host rocks of the vein-type Pb-Zn deposit have abnormally high contents of Pb, Zn, and Ag, and experienced strong hydrothermal alteration. Combined with the ore geology, mineral assemblage, and isotopic geochemistry of the two types of mineralization, we propose that the Mo and Pb-Zn deposits in the Diyanqinamu mine represent different faces of the same porphyry system. This Mo-Pb-Zn metallogenic system would provide important clues on further prospecting of Mo and Pb-Zn resources in the GHR.
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Morishita, Yuichi, and Ayaka Wada. "Role of Hydrothermal Fluids in the Formation of the Kamioka Skarn-Type Pb–Zn Deposits, Japan." Geosciences 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11110447.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Kamioka mine, located in Gifu Prefecture in Japan, is famous for the large water Cherenkov detector system, the Super-Kamiokande. The Kamioka skarn-type Pb–Zn deposits are formed in crystalline limestone and are replaced by skarn minerals within the Hida metamorphic rocks. The Kamioka deposits mainly consist of the Tochibora, Maruyama, and Mozumi deposits. The present study focuses on the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid activity in the Kamioka deposits and the peripheral exploration area based on the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of calcite and rare earth element (REE) analyses. The carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of crystalline limestone (as the host rock) are not homogeneous, and depending on the degree of hydrothermal activity, they decreased to various degrees because of the reaction with the ore fluids. Thus, the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of crystalline limestone can be used as an indicator of the influence of the hydrothermal fluids for the ore mineralization. The REE contents in the ores of igneous origin are one order of magnitude higher than the limestone origin. Further, depending on the formation temperatures, calcites precipitated during ore mineralization have a stable carbon isotope ratio and a widely varying oxygen isotope ratios. The Kamioka district fracture system is likely a major control factor on ore mineralization from hydrothermal activity. In addition, the skarnization-related ore-forming fluids are mostly meteoric in origin, confirming the conclusions from previous studies.
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He, Zhiwei, Bo Li, Xinfu Wang, Xianguo Xiao, Xin Wan, and Qingxi Wei. "The Origin of Carbonate Components in Carbonate Hosted Pb-Zn Deposit in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn Metallogenic Province and Southwest China: Take Lekai Pb-Zn Deposit as an Example." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121615.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Lekai lead–zinc (Pb-Zn) deposit is located in the northwest of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou (SYG) Pb-Zn metallogenic province, southwest China. Even now, the source of the metallogenic fluid of Pb-Zn deposits in the SYG Pb-Zn metallogenic province has not been recognized. Based on traditional lithography, rare earth elements (REEs), and carbon–oxygen (C–O) isotopes, this work uses the magnesium (Mg) isotopes of hydrothermal carbonate to discuss the fluid source of the Lekai Pb-Zn deposit and discusses the fractionation mechaism of Mg isotopes during Pb-Zn mineralization. The REE distribution patterns of hydrothermal calcite/dolomite are similar to that of Devonian sedimentary carbonate rocks, which are all present steep right-dip type, indicating that sedimentary carbonate rocks may be serve as the main source units of ore-forming fluids. The C–O isotopic results of hydrothermal dolomite/calcite and the δ13CPDB–δ18 OSMOW diagram show that dolomite formation is closely related to the dissolution of marine carbonate rocks, and calcite may be affected to some extent by basement fluid. The Mg isotopic composition of dolomite/calcite ranges from −3.853‰ to −1.358‰, which is obviously lighter than that of chondrites, mantle, or seawater and close to that of sedimentary carbonate rock. It shows that the source of the Mg element in metallogenic fluid of Lekai Pb-Zn deposit may be sedimentary carbonate rock rather than mantle, chondrites, or seawater. In addition, the mineral phase controls the Mg isotope fractionation of dolomite/calcite in the Lekai Pb-Zn deposit. Based on the geological, mineralogical, and hydrothermal calcite/dolomite REE, C–O isotope, and Mg isotope values, this work holds that the mineralization of the Lekai Pb-Zn deposit is mainly caused by basin fluids, influenced by the basement fluids; the participation of basement fluids affects the scale and grade of the deposit.
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Xiang, Xiao Jun, Yan Shuang, and Kui Gong. "Sulfur and Lead Isotopic Geochemistry of the Shidi Pb-Zn Deposit in Xiushan County, Chongqing." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Shidi Pb-Zn deposit is located in Xiushan County, southern Chongqing, and its orebodies were hosted in marine carbonates of the Cambrian Pingjing Formation. The authors selected sulfide minerals from the deposit for the analysis of sulfur and lead isotopic compositions. Theδ34S values of sulfide minerals vary from 10.8 to 15.6, with an average value of 13.52, indicating these sulfide materials were mainly derived from marine sulfate reduction. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios for sulfide minerals vary within the ranges of 18.319~18.422, 15.740~15.784 and 38.355~38.511, respectively. In the diagrams of Zartman, the Pb isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals fall into the regional upper crust lead zone. According to the characteristics of sulfur and lead isotopic compositions of the Shidi Pb-Zn deposit, the ore-forming materials might have come from the black shales of the Lower Cmabrian Niutitang Formation.
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Liang, Xingyu, Bo Li, Chengnan Zhang, Huaikun Qin, Gao Li, and Xinyue Zhang. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Carbonates and Their Geological Significance to the Fuli Pb-Zn Deposit, Yunnan Province." Minerals 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101317.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) deposits are among the main types of Pb-Zn deposits that feature carbonate minerals as the main gangue minerals; their formation runs through the entire metallogenic process of MVT deposits. Therefore, carbonate minerals contain rich information on metallogenic fluid evolution and are thus important prospecting indicators. The Fuli Pb-Zn deposit in eastern Yunnan is located in the southeast of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou (SYG) Pb-Zn metallogenic province, which is the biggest producer of zinc and lead in China and contains more than 400 deposits and over 20 million tons of Pb + Zn reserves. The ore occurs in the interlayer fracture zone of Middle Permian Yangxin Formation Dolomite, and the orebody shape is generally stratiform. The main metal-bearing minerals of this deposit are sphalerite, galena, and pyrite; the gangue minerals mainly comprise dolomite and calcite. Three mineralized stages are observed (the early metallogenic period, the main metallogenic period, and the late metallogenic period) according to the characteristics of stratigraphic output, the intercalated contact relationship of gangue minerals, and the alteration characteristics of the wall rock. To determine the source and properties of the ore-forming fluid and the ore-forming process of the Fuli Pb-Zn deposit, different stages of mineralogy and trace element geochemical characteristics of hydrothermal dolomite were systematically studied. The minerals were observed under microscope and subjected to in situ analysis by LA-ICP-MS and C–O isotope test. The δ18OSMOW value of the dolomite in the metallogenic period was between 13.29‰ and 20.55‰, and the δ13CPDB value was between −4.13‰ and 3.5‰. Dolomite of the metallogenic period mainly came from the dissolution of carbonate wall rocks, while C in the ore-forming fluid came from the wall rocks. A few dolomites showed a trend of depleting δ13CPDB and δ18OSMOW at the same time, implying the influence of sedimentary rock contamination in the mantle multiphase system. The lower δ18O was due to the exchange of O isotopes between the wall rocks and the depleted δ18O in ore-forming fluids. From the early to the later stage of mineralization, the ore-forming fluid changed from alkaline to neutral to weakly acidic due to a decrease in the oxygen fugacity and temperature of the fluid; this change resulted in the precipitation of sulfide and dolomite in the deposit. From the early to the late stages of mineralization, Fe and Mn showed a downward trend. Fe and Mn entered the alkaline environment of the carbonate minerals, while Fe and Mn were released into the acidic fluid, indicating that due to the metasomatism from strong to weak, their metallogenic environment evolved from alkaline to acidic. From the early to the late stage of mineralization, Sr showed an upward trend, which might indicate that the continuous reaction between the hydrothermal fluid and the wall rock continuously released Sr into the fluid. The Fe-Sr and Mn-Sr diagrams show that two kinds of fluid mixing occurred in the ore-forming process. The Fuli Pb-Zn deposit may have formed from mineral precipitation caused by the mixing of the metal-rich, oxidized acidic fluid and the sulfur-rich, reduced alkaline fluid. The results show that the Fuli Pb-Zn deposit belongs to MVT deposits.
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Prytchin, M. E., E. I. Soroka, and V. N. Puchkov. "Novel U-Pb isotopic zircon data on the rhyolite of the Saf’yanovskoe Cu-Zn deposit (Middle Urals)." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 6 (December 29, 2021): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-6-884-893.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research subject. Zircons from the Saf’yanovskoe Cu-Zn deposit rhyolite (Middle Urals). For the first time, zircon U-Pb dating for the rhyolite of the ore-bearing volcanic-sedimentary rocks of the Saf’yanovskoe deposit was performed. The volcanites are characterized by an andesite-rhyodacite composition and are localized at the southern edge of the Rezhevskaya structural-formation zone (SFZ) of the Eastern Ural megazone. A number of publications assign these rocks either to the basalt-rhyolite formation of the Middle Devonian, or to the basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite formation of the Lower-Middle Devonian.Aim. To estimate the age of the ore-bearing volcanic rocks under study using the U-Pb SHRIMP-II isotop ic system of zircon from the rhyolite of the eastern side of the Saf’yanovskoe deposit. By its chemical composition, the rhyolite belongs to the silicic varieties of subvolcanic rocks. Methods and results. The U-Pb isotopic system of zircon was studied by 5-collector mass-spectrometer of high precision and emission of the secondary ions SHRIMP-II (ASI, Australia) in the VSЕGEI Institute. U-Pb relations were investigated by a procedure developed by I.S. Williams. The U-Pb data obtained based on 13 zircon grains showed the age of 422.8 ± 3.7 Ma. Conclusions. The U-Pb dating of zircon obtained previously from the lens-shaped andesite bodies of the western side of the Safyanovskoe deposit gave the age of 422.8 Ma, which corresponds to the Przydoli series epoch of the Upper Silurian. We established that, among the volcanic rocks of the Saf’yanovskoe deposit, the effusive formations of the Upper Silurian are present.
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Savva, N. E., A. V. Volkov, N. G. Lyubimtseva, V. Yu Prokofiev, A. A. Sidorov, K. Yu Murashov та N. V. Sidorova. "Golʼtsovoe Ag–Pb–Zn Deposit (Northeastern Russia): Geological Setting, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Ore Formation Conditions". Geology of Ore Deposits 63, № 3 (травень 2021): 185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701521030065.
Повний текст джерела
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Nguyen, Niem Van, Dung Tien Nguyen, Duan Tran, Tu Trong Mai, Nguyen Duc Do, Hieu Cong Duong, and Viet Huu Bui Thanh Hung Pham. "Geochemical - geology characteristics implicating original sources and copper - deposit type in Kon Ra ore - field." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 62, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2021.62(5).02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the research results on petrographic - mineralogical characteristics, tectonic structural features, geochemistry of major and trace elements of the bedrock, alternative rock, ore, soil, mineralogical geochemistry, mineral facies, inclusions, the origin of ore formation related to oxidized granite and skarnoid - typed metasomatic process in Kon Ra copper ore field have been identified. Petrological and mineral characteristics indicate the process of transitional metasomatism between the skarn and hornfels, also known as bimetasomatic stage (skarnoid deposit type). Diopxite represents the Progade skarnoid stage. Tremolite, actinolite, quartz, chlorite, magnetite, molybdenite, less of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite indicate the retrogade skarnoid stage. The following is sulfide - quartz stage (major minerals include: quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, molybdenite). This result is also consistent with the formation temperature 210÷270 0C and the geochemical zoning of elements from intrusive blocks through the outer contact zone that contains the ore and surrounding rocks are as follows: Cu, Zn, Ca (the zone has lime-rich formations), Fe3+, Mo increases in the outer contact zone containing ore closed to acid intrusive rocks. Inversely, the ratios of Pb/Cu, Zn/Cu, and As content increased in the alteration from this zone to the outer one. In addition, uranium mineralization is associated with a later magma stage (pegmatite granite in endo-contact is high uranium radiation: U = 0.17÷0.2%, 3,420,000÷8,020,000 µR/h and contains uraninite).
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Wu, Rong Xue, Wen Chang Li, Wei Liu, and Lei Zeng. "Researching on Geological Characteristics and Economic Significance of Jinla Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit in Cangyuan County, Yunnan." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Jinla Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in Cangyuan county of Yunnan province is occured in the Yungou Formation of Ximeng Group. The occurrence and morphology of the orebody are controlled by the regional tectonic crush belts. The type of the deposit is altered tectonic crush belts, and the mainly metallic minerals are galena, sphalerite, pyrite, siderite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and argentite. The raw ore contain Pb 3.36%, Zn 4.13%. By reviewing the exploitation economic value of the deposit, the deposit meets the requirements of current industry in the technology and economy. The mine is a large-scale mine, which provides a huge reserve of resources for the sustainable development of national economy.
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Kasatkin, S. A., V. V. Ivin, Nguyen Hoang, Pham Thi Dung, and V. V. Ratkin. "STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS OF POLYMETAL MINERALIZATION LOCALIZATION IN THE CHO DIEN ORE CLUSTER IN THE LO GAM METALLOGENIC ZONE, NORTHERN VIETNAM." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 41, no. 6 (2022): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2022-41-6-92-103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Structural research in the Cho Dien ore cluster and its environs has revealed that folds and faults were formed by sublatitudinal stresses. At the Nam Lung deposit, the stratified ore-bearing strata show evidences for upward interlayer migration of ore constituents, which is associated with wide development of interstratal thrusts during the anticline formation. Migrating ore constituents constrained by step faults cutting the anticline hinge zone accumulate to form low-angle ore shoots. Such a mechanism of structural control to mineralization is probably one of the conditions for most commercially important Pb-Zn deposits to be confined to the anticline hinge zone in the Cho Dien ore cluster.
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Borisov, M. V., D. A. Bychkov, N. F. Pchelintseva, and E. A. Ivleva. "Fractionation of rare-earth elements in the processes of hydrothermal ore formation." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2018-4-59-64.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data on the distribution of elements across the Pb-Zn section of the Gatsyrovskaya vein (Upper Zgid, North Ossetia, Russia) showed that during the formation of the vein significant changes in the spectra of rare-earth elements (REE) occur in ore samples. The sharp growth of ratios LaN/YbN, LaN/NdN, GdN/HoN, and GdN/YbN is confined to the vein intervals, where the maximum amount of ore components is deposited. A comparison of the REE spectra of ores with the characteristics of the spectra of the near-vein and host rocks suggests that the deposition of the vein material occurred from solutions whose compositions with respect to the REE varied with time. REE fractionation occurred due to the mobilization of components by hydrothermal solutions during their reaction with the host Paleozoic granites.
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Scheffer, Christophe, Alexandre Tarantola, Olivier Vanderhaeghe, Panagiotis Voudouris, Paul G. Spry, Thomas Rigaudier, and Adonis Photiades. "The Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag–Rich Vein and Breccia Detachment-Related Deposits (Greece): Involvement of Evaporated Seawater and Meteoric Fluids During Postorogenic Exhumation." Economic Geology 114, no. 7 (November 1, 2019): 1415–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4670.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The formation of ore deposits in the Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag district was associated with Miocene detachment that accommodated orogenic collapse and exhumation of high-grade nappes across the ductile-brittle transition. This district consists of (1) low-grade porphyry Mo style, (2) Cu-Fe skarn, (3) high-temperature carbonate replacement Pb-Zn-Ag, and (4) vein and breccia Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. The vein and breccia mineralization locally contains high-grade silver in base metal sulfides that are cemented by fluorite and carbonate gangue. The rare earth element contents of these gangue minerals, chondrite-normalized patterns, and fluid inclusion studies suggest that they precipitated from a low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in fluorite and calcite are characterized by a wide range of homogenization temperatures (92°–207°C) and salinities of up to 17.1 wt % NaCl equiv. Secondary fluid inclusions only represent <5 vol % of the total fluid trapped. Fluids extracted from inclusions in fluorite have values of δD = –82.1 to –47.7‰ (Vienna-standard mean ocean water [V-SMOW]) and δ18O = –10.4 to –5.1‰ (V-SMOW). These data and low ratios of Cl/Br measured by crush-leach analyses for fluids in fluorite (102–315) and calcite (162–188) are compatible with the ore fluid being the result of mixing of meteoric water with evaporated seawater. These data suggest that fluids leading to the deposition of late Pb-Zn-Ag–rich vein- and breccia-style mineralization in Lavrion were related to circulation of mixed evaporated seawater and meteoric fluids that was enhanced by brittle deformation. This contrasts with the fluids of magmatic origin related to the formation of low-grade porphyry Mo, Cu-Fe skarn, and high-temperature carbonate replacement deposits spatially related to the Plaka granodiorite.
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North, Jon, and D. H. C. Wilton. "Origins of stratiform and stratabound Fe–Cu–Zn horizons in the Lower Proterozoic Moran Lake Group, Labrador Central Mineral Belt." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 837–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zn, Cu, and Fe are concentrated as stratiform and stratabound sulphide-rich beds in the Lower Proterozoic Warren Creek Formation, Moran Lake Group, central Labrador. Upper Member sedimentary rocks have a hydrothermal-like Fe enrichment but a dominantly hydrogenous signature as indicated by high Al2O3 relative to SiO2, and high Al and Fe relative to Mn. The Upper Member shales and sulphide-rich beds were deposited as Fe-rich pelagic sediments. The paucity of Mn and abundance of Fe in typical shale samples and lack of Cu, Pb, and Zn fractionation in stratiform massive sulphide beds that contain up to 4702 ppm Zn, 533 ppm Cu, and 15 ppm Pb suggest that deposition occurred in restricted brine pools (i.e., Cu and Zn were precipitated rapidly and were not fractionated). Stratabound sphalerite mineralization containing > 3.7% Zn and 121 ppm Cu (but no Pb) was deposited in a porous lithology at the top of the Warren Creek Formation and represents a unique style of metal concentration.The stratiform deposits probably formed by advection of low-temperature connate waters in a situation typical of sediment-hosted exhalative mineralization (SEDEX). The potential for ore-grade metal concentration is apparently low because metal associations (Fe,Cu,Pb,Zn,Ba) are unlike those of sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposits, the sediments have a dominantly hydrogenous rather than hydrothermal signature, and the absolute grades of known occurrences are very low. The stratabound Zn deposit was probably formed by converting Zn-rich brines (≤ 200 °C) trapped during development of a hydrothermal convection system during a period of increased geothermal gradient. The potential for this type of occurrence in the Warren Creek area to reach economic grade is limited because the convection cells were shallow, ephemeral, and without the metal associations of sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposits.
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Rożek, Dorota. "Metallophytes in biotopes polluted by waste dumps rich in Zn-Pb, Cd (Olkusz region) – review of previous and planned research." Contemporary Trends in Geoscience 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ctg-2014-0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The aim of that publication was the presentation of previous and planned research concerning selected vascular plants and soils near Olkusz (Southern Poland). The extremely high concentration of heavy metals in soils from that region was caused by the natural geochemical aureoles of dispersed metals (due to weathering of Zn-Pb-Fe ore sulphides) and mining and processing of shallowly occurring metalliferous deposits (containing Ag-Pb and Zn-Pb ores) since XII century. The condition of stress in metals, shortage of water and some plant nutrition led to formation of some adaptable vegetation features by plants growing in that region. Some species called metallophytes have been already detailed investigated. Moreover some geochemical and pedological research of soil have been already done. However the conditions of habitat of pioneering species such as Koeleria glauca and Corynephorus canescens are not still recognized.
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Ivanov, Kirill S., Valery V. Maslennikov, Dmitry A. Artemyev, and Aleksandr S. Tseluiko. "Highly Metalliferous Potential of Framboidal and Nodular Pyrite Varieties from the Oil-Bearing Jurassic Bazhenov Formation, Western Siberia." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2020): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050449.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the Bazhenov Formation, framboidal clusters and nodular pyrite formed in the dysoxic–anoxic interface within organic-rich sediments. Some nodule-like pyritized bituminous layers and pyrite nodules are similar to pyritized microbial mat fragments by the typical fine laminated structure. Framboidal pyrite of the Bazhenov Formation is enriched in redox-sensitive elements such as Mo, V, Au, Cu, Pb, Ag, Ni, Se, and Zn in comparison with the host shales and nodular pyrite. Nodular pyrite has higher concentrations of As and Sb, only. Strong positive correlations that can be interpreted as nano-inclusions of organic matter (Mo, V, Au), sphalerite (Zn, Cd, Hg, Sn, In, Ga, Ge), galena (Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, Ag, Tl), chalcopyrite (Cu, Se) and tennantite (Cu, As, Sb, Bi, Te, Ag, Tl) and/or the substitution of Co, Ni, As and Sb into the pyrite. On the global scale, pyrite of the Bazhenov Formation is very similar to pyrite from highly metalliferous bituminous black shales, associated, as a rule, with gas and oil-and-gas deposits. Enrichment with Mo and lower Co and heavy metals indicate a higher influence of seawater during formation of pyrite from the Bazhenov Formation in comparison to different styles of ore deposits. Transitional elements such as Zn and Cu in pyrite of the Bazhenov Formation has resulted from either a unique combination of the erosion of Cu–Zn massive sulfide deposits of the Ural Mountains from one side and the simultaneous manifestation of organic-rich gas seep activity in the West Siberian Sea from another direction.
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Papavasiliou, K., P. Voudouris, C. Kanellopoulos, D. Alfieris, and S. Xydous. "MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE TRIADESGALANA PB-ZN-AG-AU INTERMEDIATE-HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL MINERALIZATION, MILOS ISLAND, GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11943.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Triades-Galana Pb-Zn-Ag-Au mineralization is a shallow-submarine epithermal mineralization located along NE-trending faults, NW Milos Island, Greece. It is hosted in 2.5–1.4 Ma pyroclastic rocks and is genetically related to andesitic/dacitic lava domes. Mineralization occurs as breccias, quartz-barite galena veins and stockworks within sericite-adularia or kaolinitic altered rocks. The mineralization is enriched in Mo, W and base- and precious metals (e.g. Pb, Zn, Ag) similarly to the neighbouring mineralization at Kondaros-Katsimouti and Vani, indicating common source of metals from a deep buried granitoid feeding western Milos with metals and volatiles. Paragenetic relations suggest early deposition of pyrite, followed by famatinite, polybasite and Ag-rich tetrahedrite, and then by enargite, suggesting fluctuating sulfidation states during ore formation. The evolution from Sb- towards As-rich enrichment indicate a renewed magmatic pulse (probably in the form of magmatic gases) in the hydrothermal system. Silver is present in the structure of sulfosalts (up to 66.2 wt.% in polybasite-pearceite, 15.1 wt.% in tetrahedrite and 60 wt. % in pyrargyrite). Boiling processes (as evidenced by the presence of adularia accompanying intermediate-sulfidation ore) and mixing with seawater (presence of hypogene lead chlorides) and contemporaneous uplift, contributed to ore formation.
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Krainov, S. R., B. N. Ryzhenko, and E. V. Cherkasova. "Hydrodynamic and geochemical conditions of the formation of stratiform Zn-Pb ore mineralization by chloride solutions." Geochemistry International 44, no. 4 (April 2006): 358–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016702906040045.
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Rieger, Philip, Joseph M. Magnall, Sarah A. Gleeson, Richard Lilly, Alexander Rocholl, and Christof Kusebauch. "Sulfur Isotope Constraints on the Conditions of Pyrite Formation in the Paleoproterozoic Urquhart Shale Formation and George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Northern Australia." Economic Geology 115, no. 5 (August 1, 2020): 1003–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4726.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Carpentaria province (McArthur basin and Mount Isa inlier) in northern Australia is one of the most important districts for clastic-dominated (CD-type) massive sulfide deposits. The George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, located in this province, is hosted by the carbonaceous Urquhart Shale Formation (ca. 1654 Ma) in a region that has an active history of metamorphism and tectonism. In this study, paragenetically constrained pyrite in samples from the George Fisher deposit and unmineralized Urquhart Shale have been analyzed in situ using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of sulfur isotopes (δ34S values). Samples were taken from four drill cores through the main orebodies at George Fisher and one drill core through correlative, unmineralized Urquhart Shale (Shovel Flats area). Five generations of pyrite were identified at George Fisher and record a protracted history of sulfate reduction under diagenetic and subsequent hydrothermal conditions: (1) fine-grained, subhedral-spheroidal pyrite (Py-0), (2) coarse-grained, anhedral pyrite (Py-1) associated with ore-stage 1 sphalerite and galena, (3) coarse-grained, euhedral pyrite (Py-2) associated with ore-stage 2 sphalerite, galena, and pyrrhotite, (4) massive subhedral to euhedral pyrite (Py-3) associated with ore-stage 3 chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, and sphalerite, and (5) coarse-grained euhedral pyrite (Py-euh), which occurs only in unmineralized rocks. In the unmineralized Shovel Flats drill core, only Py-0 and Py-euh are present. Whereas pre-ore pyrite (Py-0) preserves negative δ34S values (–8.1 to 11.8‰), the ore-stage pyrites (Py-1, Py-2, and Py-3) have higher δ34S values (7.8–33.3, 1.9–12.7, and 23.4–28.2‰, respectively). The highest δ34S values (7.2–33.9‰) are preserved in Py-euh. In combination with petrographic observations, the δ34S values of pyrite provide evidence of three different processes responsible for the reduction of sulfate at George Fisher. Reduced sulfur in fine-grained pyrite (Py-0) formed via microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) under open-system conditions prior to the first generation of hydrothermal pyrite (Py-1) in ore-stage 1, which most likely formed via thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). During deformation, previously formed sulfide phases were then recycled and replaced during a second hydrothermal event (ore-stage 2), resulting in intermediate sulfur isotope values. Another syndeformational hydrothermal Cu event, involving a sulfate-bearing fluid, formed ore-stage 3 via TSR. This study demonstrates that the fine-grained pyrite formed pre-ore under conditions open to sulfate and outlines the role of multiple stages of sulfide formation in producing high-grade Zn-Pb-Ag orebodies in the Mount Isa inlier.
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Wei, Chen, Lin Ye, Zhilong Huang, Wei Gao, Yusi Hu, Zhenli Li, and Jiawei Zhang. "Ore Genesis and Geodynamic Setting of Laochang Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu Deposit, Southern Sanjiang Tethys Metallogenic Belt, China: Constraints from Whole Rock Geochemistry, Trace Elements in Sphalerite, Zircon U-Pb Dating and Pb Isotopes." Minerals 8, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Laochang Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu deposit, located in the southern margin of the Sanjiang Tethys Metallogenic Belt (STMB), is the typical Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu deposit in this region. Its orebodies are hosted in the Carboniferous Yiliu Formation volcanic-sedimentary cycle and occur as stratiform, stratoid and lenticular. Whether or not the stratabound ore belong to the volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit remains unclear and controversial. In this paper, the whole rock geochemistry, trace elements in sphalerite, U-Pb zircon chronology and Pb isotopes were investigated, aiming to provide significant insights into the genesis and geodynamic setting of the Laochang deposit. Lead isotope ratios of pyrite and sphalerite from the stratabound ore are 18.341 to 18.915 for 206Pb/204Pb; 15.376 to 15.770 for 207Pb/204Pb; and 38.159 to 39.200 for 208Pb/204Pb—which display a steep linear trend on Pb-Pb diagrams. This indicates a binary mixing of lead components derived from leaching between the host volcanic rock and mantle reservoir. Sphalerite from stratabound ores is relatively enriched in Fe, Mn, In, Sn, and Ga—similar to typical VMS deposits. Moreover, the Carboniferous volcanic rock hosting the stratabound Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu ores has a zircon U-Pb age of 312 ± 4 Ma; together with previous geochronological and geological evidences, thus, we consider that the stratabound mineralization occur in the Late Paleozoic (~323–308 Ma). Collectively, these geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data confirm that the stratabound ores should be assigned to Carboniferous VMS mineralization. In addition, volcanic rocks hosting the stratabound ore exhibit elevated high field strength elements (HFSEs, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf) abundance, slight enrichment of light rare earth element (LREE), and depletion of Ba and Sr with obvious Nb-Ta anomalies. Such characteristics suggest that their magma is similar to typical oceanic island basalt. In addition, the oceanic island basalt (OIB)-like volcanic rocks were formed at Late Paleozoic, which could be approximately synchronous with the VMS mineralization at Laochang. Thus, it is suggested that the Laochang VMS mineralization was generated in the oceanic island setting prior to the initial subduction of the Changning-Menglian Paleo-Tethys Ocean.
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Arne, Dennis C., Ian R. Duddy, and Don F. Sangster. "Thermochronologic constraints on ore formation at the Gays River Pb–Zn deposit, Nova Scotia, Canada, from apatite fission track analysis." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fission tracks in detrital apatites from the Cambro-Ordovician metasedimentary basement in the vicinity of the Carboniferous-hosted Gays River Pb–Zn deposit, Nova Scotia, provide a record of final cooling during uplift and erosion of the Meguma Zone and constrain the timing of ore formation. Apatite fission track ages range from 203 to 241 Ma, with typical uncertainties of ± 10 Ma. Mean confined track lengths generally vary between 12.0 and 13.4 μm and indicate that the apatites record "apparent" ages only. An inferred thermal history involving regional heating to paleotemperatures > 110 °C during late Paleozoic burial followed by cooling to ~ 110 °C prior to 240–220 Ma is suggested. A more recent phase or regional heating to paleotem-peratures probably in the range of 60–80 °C during Late Cretaceous – early Tertiary (ca. 100–50 Ma) burial is also indicated by the track length data. Apatite fission track ages and mean track lengths from drill-core samples immediately beneath the Gays River orebody are similar to those for regional outcrop samples. At minimum temperatures > 200 °C estimated for ore formation, sulphide mineralization must either have preceded or accompanied regional heating to paleotemperatures > 110 °C during the late Paleozoic. Sulphide mineralization at Gays River must therefore have taken place at some time after ca. 330 Ma (the stratigraphic age of the lower Windsor Group host rocks) but before ca. 240–220 Ma (the last cooling of Meguma Group basement below 110 °C). These constraints on the timing of ore formation at Gays River are compatible with previous suggestions that Pb–Zn mineralization of Carboniferous strata in Nova Scotia occurred at ca. 300 Ma.
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Pannalal, S. Johari, David TA Symons, and David L. Leach. "Paleomagnetic and mineral magnetic constraints on Zn–Pb ore genesis in the Pend Oreille Mine, Metaline district, Washington, USA." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zinc–lead mineralization in the Metaline mining district of northeastern Washington, USA, is hosted by the Cambrian Metaline Formation and is classified into Yellowhead-type (YO) and Josephine-type (JO) ore based on texture and mineralogy. Paleomagnetic results are reported for four Cambrian Metaline Formation sites, one Ordovician Ledbetter slate site, 12 YO and 13 JO (including two breccia sites) mineralization sites in the Pend Oreille Mine, and eight sites from the nearby Cretaceous Kaniksu granite batholith. Thermal and alternating field step demagnetization, saturation isothermal remanence analysis, and synthetic specimen tests show that the remanence in the host carbonates and Zn–Pb mineralization is carried mostly by pseudosingle (PSD) to single domain (SD) pyrrhotite and mostly by PSD to SD magnetite in the Kaniksu granite. Based on thermomagnetic measurements, sphalerite and galena concentrates and tailings from the mine’s mill contain hexagonal and monoclinic pyrrhotite. The postfolding characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM), known thermal data, and paleoarc method of dating suggest that the Zn–Pb mineralization carries a primary chemical remanent magnetization (CRM), and Metaline Formation carbonates a secondary CRM that were acquired during the Middle Jurassic (166 ± 6 Ma) during the waning stages of the Nevadan orogeny. A paleomagnetic breccia test favours a solution-collapse origin for the Josephine breccia. Finally, the Kaniksu paleopole is concordant with the North American Cretaceous reference paleopole, suggesting the Kootenay terrane has not been rotated since emplacement of the batholith at ~94 Ma.
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Stojanovic, Jovica, Slobodan Radosavljevic, Radule Tosovic, Aleksandar Pacevski, Ana Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic, Vladan Kasic, and Nikola Vukovic. "A review of the Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Bi-W polymetallic ore from the Rudnik orefield, Central Serbia." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique 79, no. 1 (2018): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1879047s.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Rudnik orefield is one of the well-known skarn-replacement and high-temperature hydrothermal Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Bi-W polymetallic sulfide deposits, and is a part of the Sumadija Metallogenic District, Serbia. It comprises ore bodies grouped into several major ore zones. The pseudostratified and platelike ore bodies have relatively high content of valuable metals. The average content varies in wide ranges: Pb (0.94-5.66 wt%), Zn (0.49-4.49 wt%), Cu (0.08-2.18 wt%), Ag (50-297 ppm), Bi (~100-150 ppm), and Cd (~100-150 ppm). Generally, a complex mineral association has been determined. Iron sulfides, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and sulfosalts are abundant minerals in the ore. Carrier minerals of Bi and Ag are Bi-sulfosalts, such as galenobismutite, cosalite, Ag-bearing aschamalmite, vikingite, schirmerite and gustavite. Copper, Ag and Pb-Sb sulfosalts have been found only locally. Complex Ni-minerals (sulfides, arsenides and sulfoarsenid?s) with Fe, Co and Ag were formed under to the influence of present serpentine rocks and their yield of Ni, Co and Cr in the hydrothermal ore-bearing solutions. Significant scheelite mineralizations have been found in the Nova Jama, Gusavi Potok and Azna ore zones. The presence of Bi-sulfosalts and argentopentlandite suggests formation temperatures higher than 350, and lower than 445?C, respectively. Therefore, the mineralization was formed in the temperature range 350 to 400?C. The continuity of pyrite, pyrrhotite and siderite colloform bands in relic aggregates shows frequent changes of fS2 and fO2 in hydrothermal solutions. Isotopic composition of sulfur also confirms that the source of the ore-bearing fluids was magmatic. In addition, the enrichment of Bi and Ag indicates a magmatic origin. The appearance of Biminerals represents a significant genetic indicator for detection of increased Ag concentrations within the ore mineralizations. Typical gangue minerals are quartz, silicates, carbonates, oxides and different oxy-hydroxides. Special attention is given to the paragenetic relationships and the genetic significance of mineral associations as indicators of ore-forming conditions.
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Li, Shunda, Chuan Chen, Lingling Gao, Fang Xia, Xuebing Zhang, Keyong Wang, and Kurbanjan Arkin. "Ore Genesis of the Kuergasheng Pb–Zn Deposit, Xinjiang Province, Northwest China: Constraints from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H–O–C–S–Pb Isotopes." Minerals 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070592.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Kuergasheng Pb–Zn deposit is located in the Western Tianshan Orogen, Xinjiang Province, China. The ore bodies are mainly hosted in sandstone of the Tuosikuertawu Formation and are controlled by NW-trending faults. Three paragenetic stages were identified: early pyrite–chalcopyrite–quartz veins (stage 1), middle galena–sphalerite–quartz veins (stage 2), and late sulfide-poor calcite–quartz veins (stage 3). Fluid inclusions (FIs) include liquid-rich aqueous (LV-type), vapor-rich aqueous (VL-type), halite-bearing (S-type), and monophase liquid aqueous (L-type). Homogenization temperatures for FIs from stages 1–3 are 221–251, 173–220, and 145–172 °C, respectively. Stage 1 fluids in LV-, VL-, and S-type FIs yield salinities of 6.2–9.6, 1.7–3.1, and 32.7–34.9 wt % NaCl equiv., respectively. Stage 2 fluids in LV- and S-type FIs have salinities of 5.1–7.9 and 31.9–32.1 wt % NaCl equiv., respectively. Stage 3 fluids in LV- and L-type FIs have salinities of 3.4–5.9 wt % NaCl equiv. Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotopic data (δ18OH2O = −7.7 to 1.7‰, δDH2O = −99.2 to −83.1‰, δ13CH2O = −16.6 to 9.1‰) indicate that the ore-forming fluids have a hybrid origin —an initial magmatic source with input of meteoric water becoming dominant in the later stage. Sulfur and lead isotopic data for galena (δ34S = 5.6 to 6.9‰, 206Pb/204Pb = 18.002–18.273, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.598–15.643, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.097–38.209) reveal that the ore-forming materials were mainly derived from the Beidabate intrusive body and the Tuosikuertawu Formation.
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Jin, Luying, Kezhang Qin, Guangming Li, Junxing Zhao, Zhenzhen Li, Zhuyin Chu, and Guoxue Song. "Formation of the Chalukou High Fluorine-Type Mo (–Zn–Pb) Deposit, NE China: Constraints from Fluorite and Sphalerite Rare Earth Elements and Sr–Nd Isotope Compositions." Minerals 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fluorite is a widespread mineral in porphyry and hydrothermal vein Mo-polymetallic deposits. Here, fluorite is utilised as a probe to trace the fluid source and reveal the fluid evolution process in the Chalukou giant Mo (Pb‒Zn) deposit, Northeast China, which is characterised as early porphyry Mo and later vein-style Zn–Pb mineralisation. A detailed rare earth element (REE) and Sr–Nd isotope study of fluorite combined with Sr isotopes of sphalerite is conducted for the Chalukou deposit. The chondrite-normalised REE patterns of fluorites from molybdenite veins show light REE (LREE)-enriched patterns, with negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.60) and weakly negative Y anomalies (Y/Y* = 0.72). The fluorites associated with sphalerite veins exhibit rare earth element (REE)-flat patterns with negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.65 to 0.99) and positive Y anomalies (Y/Y* = 1.37 to 3.08). In addition, during the progression from Mo to Zn–Pb mineralisation, the total concentration of REEs decreases from 839 ppm to 53.7 ppm, and Y/Ho ratios increase from 22.1 to 92.5. These features may be explained by the different mobilities of REE complexes during fluid migration. The Eu anomalies are considered to be inherited from source fluids. All the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of fluorite and sphalerite are between those of ore-forming porphyries and wall rocks (rhyolite), with fluorite ratios ranging from 0.706942 to 0.707386 and sphalerite ratios varying from 0.705221 to 0.710417. The majority of εNd(t) values of fluorite varying from −6.4 to −3.6 are also located between the ratios exhibited by ore-forming porphyries and rhyolite, whereas three εNd(t) values of fluorites ranging from −0.26 to 0.36 are close to those of ore-forming porphyries. All the isotopic features indicate that the Sr-Nd isotope ratios of hydrothermal fluid are derived from porphyries and disturbed by fluid–rock reactions. Together with a two-stage Sr–Nd isotope mixing model, we suggest that different sources and fluid‒rock interactions (syn-ore intrusions and strata) finally influence the Sr–Nd isotopes of the ore-forming fluids, which are recorded by the majority of fluorite and sphalerite.
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Lazareva, I., S. Shnyukov, A. Aleksieienko, and L. Gavryliv. "ORE-BEARING METASOMATITES OF PERGA AREA AND KOROSTEN PLUTON GRANITOIDS (UKRAINIAN SHIELD): GENETIC RELATIONS ON THE BASIS OF GEOCHEMICAL MODELLING." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (82) (2018): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.82.09.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Geochemistry of the most typical ore-bearing (sulfide-rare metal mineralization) metasomatites formation within tectonic zones (Perga area) spatially associated with Precambrian (1.75-1.8 Ga) Korosten anorthosite-rapakivigranite pluton (Ukrainian Shield) was investigated in detail. Major and trace elements behavior during the multistage alteration of predominantly granites was studied. All investigated altered varieties were classified into several geochemical types of alteration which result in formation of corresponding metasomatites during the multistage processes: (1) Fe – Mg – Na – K – Zn, Pb, Nb, Rb, Cs, Cd (Be, Li, Ta etc.) – apogranites, albitites-I, albite-microcline, microclinealbite, siderophyllite-feldspar and siderophyllite metasomatites; (1a) Na – Nb, Sn (Ta, Be etc.) – albitites-II; (2) Si – (Sn, Be, W etc.) – apogranites and quartz-muscovite greisens. Metasomatites of the 1st (main) type are widely distributed and contain the most of related economic mineralization. Geochemical data obtained were compared to hypothetical compositions of metasomatites, calculated from predesigned geochemical model of the Korosten pluton granitoid evolution based on fractional crystallization equations. A set of zircon, apatite and monazite solubility equations in silicate melts was used in the model designed to estimate magma crystallization temperature in deep chamber and the level of its saturation in H2O. Dependences CL=C0fD-1 (C0 = element concentration in parent magma, CL = element concentration in residual melt, f = weight fraction of liquid phase in magma chamber, D = bulk distribution coefficient of the element) for Zn, Pb, Nb, F and Cl show inverse nature. Their extremum points indicate f value when residual melt reaches saturation in water (aqueous fluid separation beginning). This makes it possible to calculate the KF/L = CF/CL (CF – element concentration in fluid) values and to estimate the Zn, Pb, Nb concentrations in hypothetical (model) metasomatites. Model (calculated) element concentrations correspond to the composition of natural ore-bearing metasomatites of the Perga area. These results confirm the hypothesis that high-temperature metalbearing fluids, which formed metasomatites, were produced by the Korosten pluton granitoids during their magmatic evolution.
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Fu, Wen Chun, Hui Bin Pan, and Zhi Qiang Kang. "Studies on the Composition Characteristics of Pyrite from Dabaoshan Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Northern Guangdong Province." Advanced Materials Research 904 (March 2014): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pyrite composition characteristics can reflect its physical and geochemical formation backgrounds, also are the important parameters to further discuss the genesis of minerals and ore deposit. In this paper, major and trace elements of 13 pyrite samples from Dabaoshan polymetallic ore deposit were analyzed using EPMA, the results suggest that S/Fe atomic ratio of pyrite in dacitic porphyries were similar with reference standard value, however that ratio in granodioritic porphyries is 2.051, which is slightly higher than the reference standard value; trace elements Cu, Zn and Pb show the characteristic of high oxygen fugacity settings, the Co content in pyrite was significantly lower than that of Ni, and Co/Ni is far less than 1, all the evidences show the characteristics of sedimentation-reformation ore deposit.
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Xu, Zhi-tao, Yang Liu, Jing-gui Sun, Xiao-long Liang, and Zhi-kai Xu. "Nature and ore formation of the Erdaohezi Pb-Zn deposit in the Great Xing’an Range, NE China." Ore Geology Reviews 119 (April 2020): 103385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103385.
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Leach, David L., Yu-Cai Song, and Zeng-Qian Hou. "The world-class Jinding Zn–Pb deposit: ore formation in an evaporite dome, Lanping Basin, Yunnan, China." Mineralium Deposita 52, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0668-6.
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Nguyen, D., P. A. Ignatov, T. Th Nguyen, and D. N. Tang. "Mineralogical-geochemical characteristics of lead-zinc deposits in Chodon-Chodien area, North-Eastern Vietnam." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 5 (November 2, 2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2018-5-31-38.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cho Don-Cho Dien is a potential area for lead-zinc deposits with reserves of about 40% of Vietnam’s total lead-zinc ores. Most of the deposits are hidden. The results of geological structural analysis have shown that the lead-zinc mineralization here is mainly concentrated in terrigenous-carbonate sediments of Devonian age and closely related to late Permian-Triassic granite Phia Bioc complex. The paragenetic ores assosiations have been distinguished and a scheme of minerals formation has been designed. By the geochemical composition, lead-zinc ore consist of principal elements (Pb, Zn) and the accompanying elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Bi, As, Ag, Sn, W, Sb). Statistical analysis has indicated that Pb has a strong positive correlation with Sb, a moderate correlation with Ag and a weak correlation with Sn and W. While Zn has strong, moderate and weak correlations with Cd, W and Cu, respectively. The presented data should be used for finding the hidden lead-zinc ore deposits in the Cho Don — Cho Dien area.
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Mârza, Ioan, Călin Gabriel Tămaș, Romulus Tetean, Alina Andreica, Ioan Denuț, and Réka Kovács. "Epithermal Bicolor Black and White Calcite Spheres from Herja Ore Deposit, Baia Mare Neogene Ore District, Romania-Genetic Considerations." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060352.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
White, black, or white and black calcite spheres were discovered during the 20th century within geodes from several Pb-Zn ± Au-Ag epithermal vein deposits from the Baia Mare ore district, Eastern Carpathians, Romania, with the Herja ore deposit being the maiden occurrence. The black or black and white calcite spheres are systematically accompanied by needle-like sulfosalts which are known by the local miners as “plumosite”. The genesis of epithermal spheres composed partly or entirely of black calcite is considered to be related to the deposition of calcite within voids filled by hydrothermal fluids that contain acicular crystals of sulfosalts, mostly jamesonite in suspension. The proposed genetic model involves gravitational concentration of sulfosalt acicular crystals towards the base of open spaces within paleochannels of epithermal fluid flow and the subsequent formation of calcite spheres by geochemical self organization of amorphous calcium carbonate that crystallized to calcite via vaterite.
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Savard, M. M. "Pre-ore burial dolomitization adjacent to the carbonate-hosted Gays River Zn–Pb deposit, Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Gays River Formation of the Lower Windsor Group in the vicinity of the Gays River Zn–Pb deposit was completely dolomitized via a volume for volume transformation prior to mineralization. Premineralization porosity was the precursor limestone porosity, comprising fenestrae, dissolution molds, and intercrystalline, intraskeletal, and growth pores, which remained essentially unchanged through dolomitization. Regionally, the dolomites (one replacement and one cement) overlapped with sediment compaction and dissolution of aragonite. The dolomites are characterized by low δ18OPDB values (−14 to −4[Formula: see text]; average −8[Formula: see text]), slightly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70778–0.70900), and locally high percentages of FeCO3 and MnCO3 (up to 13.5 and 9.5 mol%, respectively). The presented petrographic and geochemical data compiled with existing fluid-inclusion microthermometry data suggest dolomitization by hot brines, in a burial setting. High Fe and Mn concentrations south of the studied area, with progressive depletion towards the northeast and northwest, suggest either a northward flow of an Fe- and Mn-rich fluid or interaction with local sources of Fe and Mn, during single or multiple flows. By preserving the host-rock permeability, dolomitization played a role in ground preparation but was not genetically associated with the Zn– and Pb–rich fluid that mineralized the Gays River deposit.
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Serov, Pavel A. "Selective Neodymium Enrichment of Sulfides as a “Fingerprint” of Late Processes of Ore-Formation: Insight into Sm-Nd Isotopes for Sulfides from Magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE Complexes and Hydrothermal Pb-Zn, Au-Mo, and Gold Deposits." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121634.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of enrichment with Nd in sulfides from magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE complexes and sulfide ores from hydrothermal Pb-Zn, Au-Mo, and gold deposits was found and characterized. This paper concerns the report and analysis of isotopic geochemical data on the sulfide ores from the large Paleoproterozoic mafic–ultramafic magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE complexes of Fennoscandia and the literature data on sulfide ores from the Qingchengzi Pb-Zn deposit (northeastern China), Tokuzbay gold deposit (southern Altai, northwestern China), and Dahu Au-Mo deposit (central China). The mineral/rock partition coefficients for Nd and Sm (the DNd/DSm ratio) are defined as a prospective tool for the reconstruction of the sulfide mineral formation and geochemical substantiation of possible sources of ore-forming fluids for deposits of various genetic types. The observed selective Nd accumulation indicates either hydrothermal or metamorphic (metasomatic) impact, which is associated with increased Nd mobility and its migration or diffusion. Due to this process, there is a relative Nd accumulation in comparison with Sm and a consequent increase in the DNd/DSm ratio. At the isotopic system level, this leads to a sufficient decrease in the Sm/Nd ratio for the secondary sulfides of such kind. The revealed effect may serve as an isotopic geochemical marker of recent processes. These processes are quite frequently associated with the most important ore formation stages, which bear the commercially valuable concentrations of ore components. Sulfides from magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE complexes are more characterized by the selective accumulation of Nd in the sequential sulfide mineral formation. For sulfides from hydrothermal deposits, the effect of Nd enrichment is more intense and closely related to ore-forming fluids, under the influence of which sulfide mineralization is formed in multiple stages. The study aims at expanding the knowledge about fractionation and the behavior of lanthanides in ore-forming processes and allows the development of additional criteria for the evaluation of the ore potential of deposits with different geneses, ages, and formation conditions.
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Essarraj, Samira, Basem Zoheir, Matthew Steele-MacInnis, Matthias Frische, Abdelali Khalifa, and Abdelmalek Ouadjou. "Polymetallic Sulfide–Quartz Vein System in the Koudiat Aïcha Massive Sulfide Deposit, Jebilet Massif, Morocco: Microanalytical and Fluid Inclusion Approaches." Minerals 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Koudiat Aïcha Zn-Cu-Pb deposit (3–Mt ore @ 3 wt.% Zn, 1 wt.% Pb, 0.6 wt.% Cu) in the Jebilet massif (Morocco) comprises stratabound lenticular orebodies and crosscutting sulfide-bearing quartz ± carbonate veins in the lower Carboniferous Sarhlef volcano sedimentary succession. The veins are characterized by abundant pyrrhotite, sphalerite, subordinate chalcopyrite and galena and rare Ag and Au minerals. The stratabound massive sulfide ores are attributed to a “VMS” type, whereas the origin of the sulfide–quartz ± carbonate veins remains poorly understood. New mineralogical and microanalytical data (SEM, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS) combined with fluid inclusion results point to two-stage vein formation. The early stage involved C–H–O–N Variscan metamorphic fluids which percolated through fractures and shear zones and deposited pyrite at >400 °C, followed by the formation of pyrrhotite and sphalerite (300 ± 20 °C) in quartz veins and in banded and breccia ores. The pyrrhotite–sphalerite mineralization was overprinted by aqueous brines (34 to 38 wt% eq. NaCl + CaCl2) that precipitated carbonate and Cu-Pb sulfides (±Ag-Au) at ~180–210 °C through mixing with low-salinity fluids during tectonic reworking of early-formed structures and in late extension fractures. The latter ore fluids were similar to widspread post-Variscan evaporitic brines that circulated in the Central Jebilet. Overlapping or successive pulses of different ore fluids, i.e., metamorphic fluids and basinal brines, led to metal enrichment in the quartz–carbonate veins compared to the massive sulfide ores. These results underscore that even a single deposit may record several distinct mineralizing styles, such that the ultimate metal endowment may be cumulative over multiple stages.