Дисертації: "Pays de la Southern African Development Community"

1

Opara, Opimba Lambert. "L'impact de la dynamique de l'intégration régionale sur les pays de la SADC : une analyse théorique et empirique." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00468711.

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Cette étude fait un examen théorique et empirique approfondi des effets de l'intégration économique régionale dans un espace en développement. En prenant le cas de la SADC (Southern African Developpment Community - Communauté des Etats de l'Afrique australe), l'objet est de vérifier si cette coopération Sud-Sud vérifie un ensemble des effets attendus de la régionalisation, à savoir, la création et la déviation de commerce, l'attractivité des investissements directs étrangers, la croissance endogène régionalisée et la synchronisation de l'évolution des économies intégrées. Après avoir présenté la trajectoire du régionalisme austral et les difficultés ainsi que les asymétries des gains liés à ce regroupement basé sur l'hétérogénéité des pays, nous montrons ensuite que l'intégration économique de la SADC génère des effets de création de commerce qui ne découlent pas forcément des effets de détournement, pour cause de raison structurelle. En effet, la SADC est un bloc commercial dont la structure productive ne permet pas de détourner ses échanges avec l'Extérieur, même si certains de nos résultats estiment un léger effet de détournement de commerce de la zone. Dans un autre contexte, nous justifions économétriquement que la SADC est un argument crédible en matière d'attractivité des investissements directs étrangers. La région a fait des efforts pour rendre ses économies attractives. Nos résultats montrent que l'intégration pourrait expliquer les 1/3 des IDE entrants au sein de la région depuis la refondation de l'organisation australe. Le reste des flux entrants serait dû aux effets spécifiques nationaux. On retient également de cette étude que la constitution d'un capital spatial austral semble valider l'hypothèse d'une croissance endogène régionalisée. Autrement dit, la SADC en tant qu'organisation régionale et spatiale serait un facteur de croissance économique pour les pays membres. Les principaux effets induits par la création du bloc austral (créations commerciales et flux des IDE, etc.) ont un impact favorable sur le PIB/tête des pays. Ceci nous amène alors à vérifier si les différents effets issus de la régionalisation australe permettent de surcroît la synchronisation des économies membres dans l'esprit de la théorie de l'endogénéité des critères de la ZMO. D'après nos estimations et nos résultats, il ressort que la teneur de ces effets est insuffisante pour permettre une même trajectoire convergente des économies de la SADC. Cependant, certains signes empiriques montrent que la SADC est une zone disposée à endogénéiser les critères d'optimalité en termes de convergence économique. Autrement dit, elle semble répondre à l'argument de Frankel et Rose (1998), puisque l'effet commercial a un signe négatif malgré le fait qu'il ne soit pas significatif. Enfin, contrairement à ce que l'on peut croire, la création d'une union monétaire au sein de la SADC n'est pas forcément favorable à la synchronisation de l'évolution des économies membres si l'on tient compte de l'évolution actuelle des choses.

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2

Ahmed, Mohamed Ashfaque. "Corporate Governance in the Southern African Development Community." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5502.

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3

Sundkvist, Daniel. "The Southern African Development Community : - A successful regional organisation?" Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5245.

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This essay deals with the topic of regional integration in Africa. Using the Southern African Development Community (SADC) as an example, it seeks to answer the question what constitutes a successful region organisation. To do this a number of criteria defining success were developed and subsequently applied to the SADC, the main one beeing the organisations ability to adapt to change. In order to be able to show whether and how the SADC has reacted to and accommodated changes, the analysis was built around a description of the historical evolution of the SADC(C). The changes made by the SADC (political structure, membership, goals) have been summarised and assessed. Special attention was paid to the (potential) problems identified by Winfried Lang (1982).

Guided by the thoughts of Winfried Lang and the criteria used in this essay defining what constitutes a successful regional organisation, we find that the Southern African Development Community is rather successful. The SADCC seems to have created a good basis for integration, and the organisation has proven ist ability to adapt to changes, even if they are as all-embracing as the end of the apartheid regime in the RSA and the subsequent membership of the former opponent. One can thus suppose that the SADC could, if necessary, accomodate changed circumstances again, and is thus unlikely to become one of the many failed regional organisations in Africa.

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4

Makwaiba, Emmanuel Themba Junior. "Harmonisation of corporate governance laws in the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5082.

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Magister Legum - LLM
In terms of the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), the main objective of the community is to achieve a monetary union through the creation of a regional central bank by 2016 and adoption of a single currency by 2018 in a systematic and progressive manner. The envisaged monetary union in the SADC is premised on a number of economic and financial regulations aimed at stimulating efforts by member states to achieve deeper forms of regional integration. The latter imperatives include a harmonised payment system as well as a corporate governance system among others. Nonetheless it is surprising how the pace of the process has been very subpar taking into consideration that it is the year 2015 and there has been no clear carved out legislation in any form which deals with the aspect of corporate governance raises concerns. This study serves as not only a reminder but also gives guidelines to taking progressive steps towards harmonised systems of law to ensure the efficient running of companies in SADC. This study is predicated upon other successful systems and the lessons that SADC could make use of as examples in creating a robust system of laws to ensure good corporate governance and in the long run the fulfilment of the concept of a monetary union.

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5

Chinembiri, Evans Wally Kudzai. "An analysis of maize trade in the Southern African Development Community." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24920.

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Maize is the most grown staple crop in Africa, and white maize is of particular importance because it is the dominant staple food particularly throughout southern Africa to the extent that maize shortages lead to food security emergencies. These emergencies are compounded by SADC’s limited ability to respond to production and supply shocks. In response to these shocks, SADC countries supplement local maize production with trade and food aid leading to a robust regional white maize market. In an attempt to bolster trade SADC member states sign substantial regional arrangements, with similar objectives and common participants all in the hope of strengthening trade and with it maize trade. This study seeks to find means to improve intra-SADC maize trade relations, through defining the determinants for intra-regional maize trade, and determine if SADC members’ sub-regional groupings have an effect on maize trade. The study makes use of a gravity model to estimate the value of trade; specifically a Tobit model with random effects by Maximum Likelihood Estimation. The partner country population was found to have a positive effect (0.749) on maize trade at 5% level of significance. This suggests that countries that have greater populations and consequently larger market sizes for the regional staple maize tend to trade more. Maize aid distribution was found to be a statistically significant determinant of intra-regional maize trade to the extent that it encourages regional maize trade. Transport infrastructure was also found to positively influence intra-SADC maize trade, as infrastructure transportation systems are critical for the purposes of moving goods and labour to facilitate production and trade. The premise that bilateral maize trade between any two countries is negatively related to the relative importance of economic relationships between the reporter country and the partner countries that are located far away, as opposed to those located nearby, is supported by the negative impact distance has on maize trade (-1.670 significant at 10% level), while the propensity to trade increases if the two trading countries share a common border. The net grain position of member states influences intra-SADC maize trade as shown by the statistically significant positive relationship between trade and a net grain deficit position, suggesting that SADC member states are likely to engage in intra-SADC trade should they find themselves in a deficit trade position presumably from the nearest most accessible surplus state. Sub-regional groups SACU and COMESA were found to have no influence on maize trade.
Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted

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6

Motelle, Sephooko Ignatius. "Competitiveness of the banking industry in the Southern African development community." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12834.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The literature is replete with the determinants of economic growth and identifies financial development as one of the important drivers of growth. Financial development is viewed as a process through which financial intermediaries such as banks lubricate the economy by creating a conduit for resources to flow from surplus sectors to deficit sectors. Effective financial development depends on many factors such as financial integration which facilitates international trade and free mobility of capital. However, in order for the positive impact of financial integration to be fully felt on financial development, it must stimulate competition in the domestic banking market without eroding financial stability. Therefore, the central hypothesis of this study is that financial integration can enhance financial development if such integration makes the local banking industry more competitive without increasing its vulnerability to financial instability. The study employs various panel data techniques to test this hypothesis using the Southern African Development Community (SADC) as a case study. The findings reveal that the banking industry in SADC is characterised by monopolistic competition. In addition, financial integration enhances banking competitiveness in the region through removal of barriers to free flow of capital between countries. Furthermore, higher competition is found to be good for financial development as it reduces the magnitude of the financial intermediation spread. Moreover, the study finds that the flipside of financial integration lies in its potential to cause financial instability in the region with negative repercussions for financial intermediation. The findings imply that, even though financial integration is good for financial development through its ability to increase the degree of competition in the banking industry and reduce the spread between lending and deposit rates, member states must put policies in place to effectively prevent the likely erosion of financial stability. No single policy is sufficient on its own to achieve this. Therefore, this study recommends that as members of SADC move towards deeper financial integration, they must ensure that they formulate and implement sound and appropriate common policies in order to ensure that financial stability is not compromised as restrictions to capital-flows are abolished or reduced. Such a policy-mix requires four ingredients, namely; sound financial liberalisation policies, competition policies, macroeconomic policies and regulatory and supervisory policies.

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7

Hope, Mortimer. "Regulation of international mobile roaming in the Southern African Development Community." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23747.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) experiences high levels of cross border human traffic due to trade, cultural and language links across the fifteen countries. Technological advances and increased domestic competition have contributed to lower domestic retail tariffs for mobile cellular services. Unfortunately, this has not extended to international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs which remain unacceptably high. These high tariffs have attracted harsh criticism from commentators and prompted calls for regulatory intervention. This study investigates the level of international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs, usage and demand elasticity. It further considers whether competition or regulation play a greater role in reducing these tariffs and whether regulatory intervention is likely to reduce competition. The research took the form of a quantitative study and used an online survey questionnaire as the data collection tool. The results of the study confirmed that international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs are indeed high, resulting in poor uptake by cost conscious travellers who pay for their own cellular usage. The finding that competition plays a greater role than regulation in reducing IMR retail tariffs is not significant. It was concluded that neither competition nor regulation are sufficient on their own to provide increased social welfare. The best result is obtained when competition is allowed to flourish, underpinned by an enabling regulatory framework. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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8

Emongor, Rosemary Akhungu. "The impact of South African supermarkets on agricultural and industrial development in the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01192009-132757/.

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9

Lukamba, Muhiya Jean-Marc. "Evaluating power trading in selected countries of the Southern African development community." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1682.

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Thesis (DTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008
The research explores an evaluation of cross-border electricity trading among countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Understanding this trading achieve through an analysis of various global electricity markets. The research disclose that in the electricity markets in Europe, North America, South America and Asia analysed in this thesis, none managed to successful eliminate power shortages. Their situation, however, is different from that of the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP). The apparent poor design of the SAPP as a regional power pool impacts negatively on power trading within its region. A strategic public management model was used to analyse the organisational dynamics of the electricity companies of the three countries selected for this research (Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa and Zimbabwe). A Strength Weakness Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis carried out on these markets indicated that there are problems among different electricity companies, each requiring a solution. Each country's evaluation highlighted a need for an accountable government to implement a goal-directed policy to militate against any dysfunctional operations by the electricity companies. The quantitative and qualitative data analyses of the fieldwork results showed the SAPP had struggled hard to increase the capacity of members' power trading. The study indicated internal problems in terms of increasing trading volumes. The time series analysis showed power trading in the short-term electricity market had decreased annually. Linear regression analysis also indicated a decline in the capacity of the SAPP. A number of factors could explain the reduction of capacity in the SAPP, but the research results suggested a strong probability that electricity capacity would decrease further, as the countries, trading in the power pool have experienced decreased electricity volume annually because of internal demand. In addition to a number of. recommendations, the research proposes a normative model that could be used by nations to manage and assess the electricity market. An understanding of the input as adapted from Easton inpuUoutput normative 11 transformational systems model, in terms of different governments, should assist policy-makers to transform the power trading generating distribution industry. Global experience shows the need to establish a normative transformation of the electricity industry in the SADC region. It is clear from the results of this study that the SADC electricity markets have been poorly transformed in terms of a particular normative guideline. The situation has also disadvantaged the SAPP, which, in recent times, had less electricity capacity with which to trade. Implementation of the normative model in the context of this study sought to analyse all aspects that might influence the transformation of the electricity sector, and to grow a currently dysfunctional state to that of functionality and reliability. While each country faced its own reality in terms of the transformation of its public enterprises, the study recommends the normative model be implemented in the same way in each selected country.

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10

Zerihun, Mulatu F. "Essays on the proposed monetary integration in the southern African development community." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45868.

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The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the readiness of SADC economies to complete the process of monetary integration in the region and to form a monetary union and adopt a common currency. This is done against the backdrop of optimal currency area (OCA) theory. Given this objective, the study hypothesizes that the majority of SADC economies in the region are potential candidates to bring the proposed monetary union into existence sometime in the future, if not in 2018 as proposed by SADC secretariat. The study uses a mix of different methodologies ranging from developing a conceptual framework to empirical investigation in order to answer the research questions and to test the hypotheses. In addition to theoretical reviews and discussions, four findings emerge as fundamental from the four essays. First, from the Triples test the study has not found significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis of „structural symmetry‟ among ten SADC member countries. 10 out of 15 members (i.e.66.67 percent) have exhibited structural symmetry in their real business cycles over the study period. However, close to 50 percent of the member states have weak cyclical co-movements with a low relative intensity. Taking the experience of the EMU where just five countries are able to create havoc in the entire union, we can safely say that the findings from the combined three tests from the first essay confirm that there is still work that needs to be done to coordinate economic policies in the region to improve real economic integration before entry into the proposed monetary union in 2018. In Essay 2, the study finds that the generalised purchasing power parity (GPPP) hypothesis holds for SADC economies given the stationary panel of RER series with one cointegrating relationship as exhibited by trace statistics and the existence of a long run co-integrating relationship amongst the system of real exchange rates. This implies that there is potential for relative prices to converge in the region in the long run, hence SADC is a potential OCA, based on the criteria of price convergence. However, the slow speed of adjustment towards GPPP long run equilibrium should be a warning for the possible ineffectiveness of policy to defend these countries against external shocks. In Essay 3, the Brock, Dechert, and Scheinkman (BDS) test and Fourier approximation confirm the non linear nature of real exchange series in SADC economies. This finding further supports an OCA in the region comprising those countries included in the study. The findings in this essay further strengthen the findings from the previous two essays that claim that member states could constitute a monetary union in the region at some future date. Lastly, the fourth essay, using a long run dynamic panel model finds that there are common policy variables determining the real exchange rate (RER)/ the real effective exchange rate (REER) series of SADC economies. The RER/REER equilibrium analysis reveals that SADC economies are characterised by persistent misalignment. This calls for further policy coordination and policy harmonisation in the region. By considering findings from all the four essays the study finds that nine SADC countries can potentially constitute SADC-OCA namely; Botswana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and Zambia. Angola and Mauritius disqualified from a SADC-OCA at least for the sample period considered in this study. Lesotho, DRC, and Zimbabwe are not included due to data limitations, otherwise Lesotho could join the qualifying group of countries given long experience with the Common Monetary Area (CMA). To reap benefits SADC economic integration initiatives, it requires realistic time span, political will, common understandings and awareness, commitment and self-disciplined policy actions from member states and their fellow citizens.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Economics
PhD
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11

Graeber, Bernhard. "Genzübergreifende integrierte Elektrizitätsplanung im südlichen Afrika /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9994527.

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12

Botha, Richard Kruger. "The Southern African Development Community's attraction to foreign direct investment." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/926.

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In order to assess the question as to whether the Southern African Development Community in principle attracts foreign direct investment, literature and data have been cited that compared the economic profiles and relative privatisation programs of member states of the Southern African Development Community with relative high inflows of foreign direct investment with the economic profiles and relative privatisation programs of member states with relative low inflows of foreign direct investment. Qualitative research has been conducted, and the author is of opinion that generally the member states with relative high foreign direct investment inflows had economic profiles and relative privatisation programs that encouraged foreign direct investment, and member states with relative low foreign direct investment inflows had economic profiles and relative privatisation programs that deterred foreign direct investment inflows. From the above the author has inferred that the Southern African Development Community in principle attracted foreign direct investment, but not to its full potential. The reason may be that although the member states’ economic profiles are favourable for foreign direct investment, their economic growths tend to fluctuate, and the future economic profiles are therefore unpredictable. With the above in mind this mini-treatise aims to address the question as to what steps the governments of the Southern African Development Community’s member states could follow in order to attract foreign direct investment. iii The author is of opinion that the member states should endeavour to maintain an annual average economic growth rate, and that the governments continue to engage into privatisation programs in order to encourage foreign direct investment.

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13

Ramagoma, Mbavhalelo Justice. "The development of a green energy sector model for the Southern African Development Community (SADC)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5422.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, like most parts of the African continent, faces significant modern energy services access challenges. It is estimated that less than 45% of the SADC region’s populace have access to reliable modern energy forms and the situation is worse in rural areas where access is approximately 30%. Poor energy security is exacerbated by electricity power cuts and load shedding in almost all of the member states in the region. With the advent of battery storage, all forms of green energy have the potential to contribute to the shortfall in the supply of peaking power required to meet the daily (morning and evenings) and seasonal (winter) peaks when most power is required on the grid network. The region is endowed with vast green (renewables/low carbon or clean) energy resources. The purpose of this study is to expand the empirical body of research and knowledge on factors that contribute to widespread access success to green energy in the SADC region. Investments into green energy resources require an understanding of the unique characteristics of the energy sector in the region. In order to achieve this, a conceptual theoretical model was developed and tested empirically. Factors that influence green energy access success were identified through literature reviews and discussions with energy practitioners. All identified factors were then operationalised by carefully defining them in the context of the study. In order to test the proposed theoretical model and the hypothesised relationships, a structured questionnaire was developed and sent to energy practitioners from various sections of the energy sector in the region. STATISTICA 12 was employed to analyse relationships between variables and responses between identified groups. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (Pearson r) was employed to determine correlations between variables. Conclusions about hypotheses six (6) to fifteen (15) were made based on correlations between variables. T-tests were employed to make inferences about the views of various categories of respondents with regard to the twelve (12) identified variables. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) examined associations between the dependent and independent variables with the identified categories of respondents and conclusions about hypotheses one (1) to five (5) and sixteen (16) were also made. The study finds that policy and the regulatory environment are still the main driving force behind energy access in the region. Power generation is managed by authorities’ power utility companies. Unbundling of power utilities supported by new energy business and operating models to accommodate mini and off grid power plants is found to be a key to green energy access in the region. The energy market is transforming in favour of independent power producers (IPPs) and consumers will significantly influence energy access decisions in the future. Green energy power storage to overcome intermittency will feature prominently in the success of green energy access in the region. Widespread access success to green energy will be attained when green energy access is reliable, affordable, efficient, and socially acceptable, meet the demand and reduces environmental pollution. The study recommends that strategic green energy planning must incorporate green energy infrastructure development, projects finance and human capacity development as priorities amongst SADC region’s member countries. Regional energy access enabling institutions must be strengthened; energy policies implemented with vigour and private sector participation enhanced in an integrated energy market.

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14

Tebu, Perminus Waithaka. "Southern African Development Community foreign policy behaviour: the case of trade with external actors." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003044.

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This thesis is structured around two main and interwoven assumptions operating at two levels. On the one level the external dimension of security threat in Southern Africa is assumed to be the most critical factor for regional renewal and stability. It hinges on pertinent regional issues such as negative trade balances, economic dependence, poverty, unemployment, poor economic growth rates and so forth. The corollary of this assumption is that within the operative framework of SADC, Southern African states are assumed capable of effectively integrating their economies through trade and related arrangements with dominant external actors in the highly competitive global economy. The European Union (EU) and the United States (US) are used as the focal points for illumination. A structured interaction between SADC and the EU within a revised North-South framework of interaction is hypothesized and critically examined. On the other hand, SADC-US interactions are assessed within the context of the new US Africa policy. At another level, the assumption is also made that the post-apartheid democratic state possesses both the political will and the wherewithal to provide regiol].al Leadership. This latter assumption is put to test within the framework of South Africa's regional foreign policy. Adopting an explicit regional unit of analysis, the study utilizes international regime theory as the theoretical and conceptual point of departure. The realist conception of the international system and the underlying assumptions usually considered as obstacles to international cooperation are critically examined in the context of the post-Cold War expanded security agenda. Regime theory is used to provide insight on the motivations that lead states to cooperate in situations of mutual dilemma by institutionalizing patterns of interaction at the regional and international systemic levels. Interstate economic relations at these levels are explained as state actions that are influenced by certain norms and that such norm-governed behaviour is wholly consistent with the pursuit of national interest. Application of the theory explains why such foreign policy behaviour of states is particularly relevant in the post-Cold War era. The thesis has argued that SADC states are capable of conducting a coordinated trade foreign policy in which regional positions are elaborated and adopted. It is argued further that a regional capacity to institute trade and economic policies that reflect local circumstances (necessary for effective integration with the world economy) calls for strong regional developmental democracies in the tradition of social market economy. Regional leadership by South Africa is considered indispensable where Sbuth Africa must find a sustainable balance between its national and regional interests.

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15

Blaauw, Lesley. "Transcending state-centrism : new regionalism and the future of Southern African regional integration /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1355/.

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16

Larue, Stéphan. "Analyse comparative de la politique étrangère des pays de la Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5261.

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17

Muvingi, Onai. "Restructuring air transport to meet the needs of the Southern African development community." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7915.

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An efficient air transport system is an important part of social and economic development of Southern African Development Community (SADC). Efficient intra-SADC air service connections enhance regional integration, access to the global economy, international tourism and contribute towards the vision to establish the African Economic Community by 2034. SADC, in July 1998, embarked on liberalisation of the regional civil aviation sector in order to enhance the efficiency of air transport services. In the United States of America and European Union, the liberalisation of air transport has transformed civil aviation networks. The fragmentation of air service connections on the intra-SADC network in the midst of the liberalisation process is symptomatic of a poor implementation strategy coupled with air transport market imperfections. The purpose of this thesis is to examine, understand and explain the factors that influence the disintegration of the intra-SADC air transport network .The aim is to identify how regional air transport services can be transformed to meet the social and economic demands of the region. This research adopts network theory, as the conceptual framework of the investigation. Assuming a graph approaching maximal connection as the sought after state of affairs for SADC; this study benchmarked the post liberalisation network structure to the regional economic communities of ASEAN and MERCOSUR. The aim of the benchmarking is to identify the extend of the differences in air transport network in those two regions, resulting from the policies adopted and to establish how the SADC policies may be improved and implemented more efficiently. The findings of the study are that, in comparison to the two developing regions, SADC’s liberalisation measures have failed. The study developed and evaluated an econometric model which analysed demand patterns on the intra-SADC passenger air transport network. Although low levels of passenger demand seem to characterise the majority of SADC city-pairs, the study identified nodes with sufficient demand to justify direct connections which would in turn reduce network fragmentation. This research also establishes that the absence of a realistic detailed roadmap, an ill-defined programme of action and inadequate resources contributed to the failure of SADC’s liberalisation strategy. In its final sections, this study proposes an ideal demand-driven network configuration and offers specific recommendations to SADC member states for that network to be functional. The proposed network improves network connectivity from the current poor levels, where a connectivity measure of 15% suggests underdevelopment, to levels over 40%. The study however, acknowledges that air transport liberalisation does not necessarily guarantee equitable distribution of network efficiency in developing regions. There are communities that cannot sustain commercially viable air service connections without economic subvention, probably in the form of the Public Service Obligation (PSO) programme adopted in the EU.

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18

Mukwevho, Shavhani Abraham. "The Southern African Development Community (SADC) intervention in the Lesotho conflict in 1998." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32878.

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What role does regional organisation play when peace and security is at stake in the region? Although several literatures on the Lesotho conflict of 1998 have been written, the intervention by Southern African Development Community does not answer the question if the intervention was carried out in compliance with the SADC Treaty and Protocols on Peace and Security. The effectiveness of a regional organisation in resolving conflicts, strengthens regionalism and create environment conducive for economic growth and political stability. While the Lesotho conflict in 1998 was resolved through the use of armed forces, it posed challenges for an empirical approach, in that regard the qualitative approach was followed to obtain information from the existing literature, journals and magazines on the conflict resolution and management. The Lesotho conflict of 1998 serves as a good case study to illustrate the role of SADC on peace and security and the impact on regional integration. In order to comprehend and make efficient analysis of the impact of the SADC interventions in the Lesotho conflict 1998, the theories and approaches that define the characteristics of actors and behavioural patterns leading to the integration while some might provide strategies for conflict resolution were considered. The discussion on normative and institutional framework of SADC on peace and security, serves as a platform to analyse the SADC's Organ on Politics, Defence, Security and Cooperation. The study further analyses the nature and the root causes of conflict and the role players such as the military forces from member states in conflict resolution and management. The study concludes that SADC's intervention in Lesotho conflict 1998 was without full mandate of member states as the decision was not recommended from the cluster Ministerial Committee to be approved by the Summit or the Organ on Troika. The armed forces that intervened were from South Africa and Botswana whose interest did not represent the region as whole. However, it is argued that when the state's peace and security is at stake, the choices are limited and therefore it could be justified to take any action to resolve the conflict without necessarily following all the procedures, and that simply justify the intervention by the South Africa National Defence Force in resolving the Lesotho conflict in 1998.

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19

Chapeyama, Salome. "Developing a regional competition regulatory framework in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4765.

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Magister Legum - LLM
This study aims to evaluate the prospective benefits and challenges of developing a regional competition regulatory framework in SADC. Further, the study seeks to identify important lessons from the EU and COMESA that are crucial for the pursuance of a regional competition regulatory framework.

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20

Moyo, Clement Zibusiso. "Financial liberalisation and economic growth in SADC countries." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5748.

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Attaining high levels of economic growth and development has been one the goals of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). This paper investigates the relationship between financial liberalisation and economic growth in SADC countries. Annual data for the 15 SADC countries for the period 1985-2011 was used to develop a fixed effect model, generalised method of moments (GMM) as well as the fully-modified OLS (FMOLS) cointegration test. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between financial liberalisation and economic growth in SADC but there is no long-run relationship between the two variables. It is recommended that the SADC adopt measures to increase the level of financial openness in the region in order to increase economic growth but this policy should be supplemented by other growth enhancing policies in order to increase economic growth over the long-term. However, prior to the increase in the level of financial openness, well-defined property rights and a sound regulatory framework should be in place to monitor the financial liberalisation process in order to avoid financial crises.

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21

Radebe, Zandisiwe. "State sovereignty and alternative community in southern Africa : exploring the Zion Christian Church as the building block for deeper notions of regional community /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1680/.

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Thesis (M.A. (Political & International Studies)) - Rhodes University, 2009.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Politics at Department of Political and International Studies.

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22

Roux, Pieter G. Van Der Byl. "Economic development in the Southern African Development Community region : is Rainbow Biotech the next big thing?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14636.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the feasibility and sustainability of producing biodiesel from Jatropha, which contains oil in its seeds by using the Rainbow Biotech economic intervention or also known as the Distributed Food and Fuel Plantation (DFFP) model. The DFFP model is an effective mechanism for producing food and fuel in conjunction with each other, without the biodiesel production influencing the production of food in an adverse way. This is very important, as food security is a high priority for Africa, in order to address the problem of hunger and poverty. Biodiesel produced from Jatropha is an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to fossil fuel diesel, as it is a carbon neutral fuel. Jatropha cultivation will also create much needed employment in the rural areas of Africa, which has the highest need for socio-economic development on the continent. Jatropha also has the ability to grow on marginal soils and wastelands. Africa has vast open spaces on which Jatropha, as a biodiesel source, can be cultivated without infringing on food production areas. The energy return of the whole production cycle of Jatropha biodiesel is nevertheless a source of much debate. Most stakeholders felt that the energy return is negative. No agreement has yet been reached about whether the energy content of the by-products from biodiesel must be included in the integrated energy balance equation. In order to make biodiesel from Jatropha a sustainable alternative for small farmers in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), government and regional policies will have to support it by promoting it actively. This will generate interest from global biodiesel investors who will then be willing to invest in projects based on the DFFP model of economic development. The DFFP model offers investors economic returns on investment of between 29 and 33 per cent and payback periods of less than four years. It is a very attractive economic development instrument, as it will ensure equitable and sustainable economic and rural expansion in SADC. Ultimately, this model has the potential to create a better life for all the inhabitants on the African continent. Rainbow Biotech (the DFFP model), as an economic development mechanism, will therefore indeed be the next big thing for the SADC in the future.

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23

Roux, Pieter Gerhardt Van der Byl. "Economic development in the Southern African Development Community region: is Rainbow Biotech the next big thing?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18195.

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Research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration at the University of Stellenbosch
Thesis (MBA (Graduate School of Business))--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study is to investigate the feasibility and sustainability of producing biodiesel from Jatropha, which contains oil in its seeds by using the Rainbow Biotech economic intervention or also known as the Distributed Food and Fuel Plantation (DFFP) model. The DFFP model is an effective mechanism for producing food and fuel in conjunction with each other, without the biodiesel production influencing the production of food in an adverse way. This is very important, as food security is a high priority for Africa, in order to address the problem of hunger and poverty. Biodiesel produced from Jatropha is an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to fossil fuel diesel, as it is a carbon neutral fuel. Jatropha cultivation will also create much needed employment in the rural areas of Africa, which has the highest need for socio-economic development on the continent. Jatropha also has the ability to grow on marginal soils and wastelands. Africa has vast open spaces on which Jatropha, as a biodiesel source, can be cultivated without infringing on food production areas. The energy return of the whole production cycle of Jatropha biodiesel is nevertheless a source of much debate. Most stakeholders felt that the energy return is negative. No agreement has yet been reached about whether the energy content of the by-products from biodiesel must be included in the integrated energy balance equation. In order to make biodiesel from Jatropha a sustainable alternative for small farmers in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), government and regional policies will have to support it by promoting it actively. This will generate interest from global biodiesel investors who will then be willing to invest in projects based on the DFFP model of economic development. The DFFP model offers investors economic returns on investment of between 29 and 33 per cent and payback periods of less than four years. It is a very attractive economic development instrument, as it will ensure equitable and sustainable economic and rural expansion in SADC. Ultimately, this model has the potential to create a better life for all the inhabitants on the African continent. Rainbow Biotech (the DFFP model), as an economic development mechanism, will therefore indeed be the next big thing for the SADC in the future.

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24

Da, Conceição Filomena Pensar Abudo Alicénia. "La coopération dans la prévention et la recherche des infractions entre le Mozambique et les autres États de la Communauté pour le développement de l'Afrique australe." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT3002.

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L'étude de la coopération pour la prévention et la recherche des infractions entre le Mozambique et les autres États de la Communauté pour le développement de l'Afrique australe (SADC) s'impose en raison de plusieurs facteurs induits par l'évolution de la société et qui facilitent les activités criminelles dans cette région du monde : le processus d'intégration en cours en Afrique australe, la suppression des visas entre certains États de la région qui conduit à une augmentation de la mobilité des personnes d'un pays à l'autre, le développement des technologies d'information et de communication. Ces principaux facteurs constituent des défis pour la sécurité publique dans la région de l'Afrique australe et exigent des États la reconnaissance et la réaffirmation de la nécessité de coopérer, y compris la mise en place d'actions concertées pour lutter plus efficacement contre des formes de criminalité traditionnelles qui évoluent ou des formes de criminalités plus nouvelles. Parmi ces deux catégories, on remarque la présence de la criminalité organisée, le trafic de stupéfiants, la cybercriminalité sans oublier les trafics de véhicules ou d'êtres humains.L'objet de la recherche concerne l'existence et l'efficacité de la coopération pour prévenir et lutter contre ces formes de criminalité, qu'elles soient transnationales ou ayant un lien d'extraterritorialité. Pour ce faire, un état des lieux des textes applicables est utile ; il permet une compréhension éclairée du dispositif. Or ces textes sont nombreux et variés au motif de leur origine bilatérale, régionale ou internationale. Leurs liens sont également complexes en raison des différentes criminalités qui existent dans cette région. Enfin, leur mise en œuvre est rendue difficile. Elle l'est d'une part au regard de l'histoire de la région de l'Afrique australe qui a connu, à partir des déclarations d'indépendance, une période pendant laquelle des coopérations policières régionales existaient sans support légal. L'intégration de la SARPCCO dans la SADC a permis de mettre un terme à cette pratique. Elle l'est d'autre part à cause des souverainetés qui, encore relativement prégnantes, sont des obstacles à la coopération. Notre recherche a donc nécessité de faire le point sur les antécédents historiques de la coopération policière dans la région de la SADC en particulier et dans les relations avec d'autres États ou régions du monde, sur le développement des mécanismes juridiques et institutionnels de coopération, sur l'institution et la consolidation de la coopération policière dans les structures de la SADC, enfin sur le comité des chefs de police et ses liens avec Interpol. Ces éléments ont permis d'apprécier les principaux progrès et les limites de cette coopération
The cooperation study for the prevention and the research of infringements between Mozambique and the other states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) decree on account of several factors resulting in the evolution of the society and that facilitates the criminal activities in this region of the world: the ongoing integration process in Southern Africa, the abolition of visas between certain states of the region that leads to an increase in mobility of people from one country to another, the development of information and communication technologies. These main factors constitute as some challenges for public security in the region of Southern Africa and demand some states the acknowledgement and the reassertion as a necessity to cooperate, including the arrangement of joint actions to fight more effectively against the traditional crime forms that evolve or the more recent crime forms. Among these two categories, we notice the presence of organised crimes, the trafficking of narcotics, cybercrime without forgetting the trafficking of stolen vehicles and human beings.The objective of the research concerns the existence and the effectiveness of the cooperation to prevent and fight against these crime forms, that they are transnational/cross-border or having an extraterritorial link. In order to do this, an inventory of the applicable texts is necessary; it allows an enlightened understanding of the measures. But these texts are numerous and diverse on the basis of their bilateral, regional or international origins. Their links are equally complex due to the different crime forms that exist in this region. Finally, their implementation is rendered difficult. It is on one hand in view of the history of the region of Southern Africa that was known from the independence declarations, a period during which some of the regional police cooperation existed without legal support. The integration of SARPCCO in SADC allowed putting an end to this practise. It is on the other hand due to sovereignty that still relatively significant are some of the obstacles at the cooperation. Our research has thus required to focus on preceding history of the police cooperation in the region of SADC in particular and in relations with other states or regions of the world, on the development of the cooperation's legal and institutional mechanism, on the establishment and the strengthening of the police cooperation in the SADC organization, and finally on the Council of Police Chiefs and his links with Interpol. These elements have authorized to appraise the principal progress and the restrictions of this organization

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25

Bezuidenhout, Henri. "Trade patterns and foreign direct investment in the Southern African development community / Henri Bezuidenhou." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1576.

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26

Chimbombi, Ame Rebecca. "Regional integration of financial services regulation and supervision in the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4799.

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Magister Legum - LLM
The purpose of this research is to examine the legal and institutional framework of financial services supervision and regulation in SADC. In doing so the study will probe the various models of financial services regulation with the purpose of discerning what each model sets out to do and how, in doing so, it effectively exercises its function. This study answers the question: Is there a model of financial services regulation and supervision that is legally sound and best embraces SADC’s circumstances? The legal soundness will be extracted by examining which model achieves the main objectives of independence and accountability to the greatest extent. The first objective of the study is to discuss the structure and operations of each of the identified primary models of financial services regulation with the aim of determining whether certain cardinal administrative law principles are upheld. Secondly, it then takes a practical look at how the primary models are applied and effectively work within some of the SADC Member States. Similarly, the study’s main focus will be to discern whether the financial services regulation models are ‘tangible’ when country dynamics are introduced. Thereafter, the study reconnoitres the possibility of SADC adopting a ‘harmonised’ financial services regulator and supervisor. It is worth noting that ideal as it may be; the author has no intention of prescribing one of the primary models but merely uses them as a springboard to ascertaining the viability of a single financial services regulator and supervisor in SADC. The objective is to assess how best SADC can deepen its integration levels in this area of concern. The ultimate result may very well be that such deeper relations are not feasible or that different components from the primary models be adopted to make SADC’s ‘unique’ model of financial services regulation and supervision.

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27

Balchin, Neil Gregory. "Investigating product market Integration in the southern African development community : a price-based approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15483.

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This thesis extends the price-based empirical literature on border effects and product market integration to the South ern African Development Community (SADC). The analysis draws on a unique integrated dataset of district-level monthly average retail product prices spanning a number of districts in Botswana, Malawi, South Africa and Zambia. The thesis is comprised of four main chapters. The first main chapter provides an empirical analysis of the extent to which product prices are integrated within and between the four SADC countries . The results reveal large and persistent absolute deviations from the law of one price both within and between each of the countries over the period from 200 6 to 2009 . Price deviations are found to be higher between SADC countries than within the individual countries, although there is considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude of these deviations across products. On average, absolute price deviations between-country pairs are smaller for countries adjacent to each other and for countries that share common membership in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) . Simple econometric estimates based on the standard regression approach in the literature show that absolute price deviations between district pairs in the region increase the further apart the districts are from each other ; and are 11.8% higher, on average, between districts separated by a national border. Overall, there is no clear evidence that product prices in the SADC region became more integrated between 2006 and 2009 (although product prices between the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa countries did become more integrated over this period), despite the liberalization of tariffs under the SADC Protocol on Trade. The second main chapter critically evaluates the standard empirical methodology used to estimate border effects. The evaluation identifies several different sample selection effects that bias estimates of distance and border effects in the existing literature, and demonstrates the sensitivity of estimates of transaction costs and border effect s for the SADC region to these sample selection biases using quantile regressions. The results show that the standard pooled OLS estimate s reported in much of the existing literature (and in the first main chapter) suffer from a sample selection problem which biases the estimated distance and border coefficients downwards relative to the true cost of trade. The chapter also demonstrates the impact of two additional product and distance sample selection biases that are not dealt with in the Borraz et al. (2012) application of the quantile regression approach. Finally, it shows that not accounting for variation in within product quality across districts results in omitted variable bias which raises the estimated distance and border coefficients . The chapter proposes novel extensions to the quantile regression methodology to allow for the analysis of cross-country border effects; and to account for sample selection bias arising due to product and distance sample selection effects . The third main chapter applies the modified quantile regression methodology to precisely estimate average and individual border effects in the SADC region for the 2006 to 2009 period . The quantile regression results show the effects of borders in raising price dispersion in the region are generally comparatively lower between the SACU (23.1%) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( 26.6%) countries compared to the remaining SADC country pairs (36.2%). There are also clear differences in the magnitude of border effects for contiguous (24.1%) and non-contiguous (41.1%) SADC countries, providing evidence of incremental border effects as products are traded across multiple borders. While the magnitude of the border effect estimates are sensitive to the estimation technique employed, the ranking of the border effects across different regional trade agreements and for contiguous versus non-contiguous countries is robust across different specifications. Finally, the results in the third main chapter reveal that, on average, there was little change in the magnitude of border effects in the SADC region between 2006 and 2009, despite the accelerated liberalization of tariffs on intra-SADC trade over this period. The final main chapter of the thesis unpacks the contribution of preferential tariffs to the South Africa-Zambia border effect over the period from 2002 to 2009. This addresses the lack of studies in the literature of the direct contribution of tariffs to border effects on international relative prices. The estimation results reveal an almost perfect pass-through of preferential tariffs onto domestic prices in Zambia. They also show that preferential tariffs account for a significant portion of the border effect . After accounting for the role of preferential tariffs, the additional increase in prices in the Zambian market caused by the border effect falls from 29.4% to 16.1%. This general result is qualitatively the same even after accounting for variation in the intensity with which products are traded between the two countries. Even so, a simple analysis of the trend in the South Africa-Zambia border effect indicates that the impact of crossing the border in raising Zambian retail prices actually increased between 2002 and 2009. The results do suggest, however, that the increase in the border effect over this period would have been more substantial in the absence of the phasing down of preferential tariffs. On balance, the evidence presented in this thesis indicates that markets in the SADC region remain fragmented, with little sign of greater product market integration either within or between countries. This is despite the explicit policy focus on trade reform that has accompanied the introduction of the SADC Protocol on Trade. Trade liberalization alone appears not to be sufficient in generating greater product market integration within the region.

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28

Likoti, Fako Johnson. "The role of the Southern African Development Community Organ on Politics, Defence and Security." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6897.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The Southern African countries colonial struggles and South African apartheid destabilization policies in the mid-1960s to 1980s compelled Southern African states to establish a Security Organ. This was to assist them to formulate the common defence policy. This Organ became known as the Front Line States (FLS). However, as more countries attained independence and joined FLS, the grouping established the Southern African Coordination Conference (SADCC) that was later renamed the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It was SADC, which decided to establish another arm, which deals with Politics Defence and Security known as the Organ on Politics Defence and Security. The OPDS has experienced major problems in achieving its goals since its inception in June 1996. Member states had become suspicious of this body and as a result some members decided to operate outside the confines of this body. The main aim of this dissertation has been to trace the circumstances and the origin of this Security Organ and to evaluate its achievements. However, in august 2001, OPOS was renamed Organ of Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation (OPDSC). This Organ became accountable to the Summit not to the chair country, as was the case before. The protocol of this Organ is analysed in order to evaluate the roles of this Organ in relations to SADC member states. The dissertation also indicated the success and limitations of this Organ; the political trends of the region are also discussed. Finally, the dissertation deals with the unfinished question, which focuses on the future prospects and challenges of the OPDS as a policy implementation institution of SAOC.

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29

Lazenby, Daniel Jakobus. "A tax-compliance framework for short-term assignments in the Southern African development community - a South African perspective." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41322.

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Short term assignments to other countries are increasing and it is important to take note of the associated potential tax compliance requirements. South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose main objective is to advance the development and economic growth of the member countries through regional integration. It is difficult for persons with limited or no international tax background to identify potential taxes when going on short term assignments to other SADC countries as very little has been published with regard to the procedure to follow. The procedure to follow and the main tax concepts (corporate tax, personal tax, VAT and withholding tax) have not been published in a user friendly, holistic format to enable such persons to identify potential tax implications. In this research a conceptual tax-compliance framework was created and tested to enable persons to follow the procedure to identify potential taxes that could be triggered when going on short term assignments. It also enables them to have an understanding of the concepts of the main tax principles applicable in SADC countries that have double tax agreements in place with South Africa.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
lmchunu2014
Taxation
unrestricted

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30

Shomwe, Tendayi. "The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Millennium Development Goals: Can trade be the vehicle for achieving goal 8?" University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_3974_1177933414.

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The objective of this research was to examine how SADC states can attain goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals set up by the international community through the United Nations in the year 2000, using trade under the mechanism envisaged by the World Trade Organization by the target date of 2015.

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31

Buzdugan, Stephen Robert. "The Limits of Regionalism as a Development Strategy in Southern Africa : A Critical IPE Analysis of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508612.

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32

Goodison, Paul. "Relations between the European Economic Community and the Southern African Development Coordination Conference - an assessment." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383646.

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33

Mutambara, Tsitsi Effie. "The nature of economic integration and co-operation within the South African region and a survey of economic benefits to member states." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002671.

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The transformation of SADCC into the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has paved the way towards closer regional economic integration in southern Africa. The regional grouping no longer only focuses on sectoral cooperation, but is steadily moving towards increased cooperation in trade development and promotion, industrial development and the diversification of national economies, with the aim of increasing regional economic integration. A free trade area ranks second lowest in the steps towards the highest levels of economic integration. Thus, the signing of the SADC Trade Protocol, which serves to pave way for a SADC Free Trade Area, has initiated steps to facilitate and promote the formal economic integration of all countries in the southern African region. It has been noted that at various periods, the region has adopted a variety of approaches to integration. As such, the present study reviews the different approaches to integration, namely the market integration model, the neo-functional integration model, the development integration model and the theory of common markets. Since the essential question with which this thesis is concerned is whether, and to what extent, the benefits expected from SADC and SACU in terms of their aims and objectives have accrued to member states, an insight into the expected benefits arising from the application of each theoretical framework can help to facilitate an evaluation of the benefits which the countries have enjoyed from these two regional groupings. The thesis highlights that throughout the ten years during which the original SADCC was in place, it based its approach to regional integration on the neo-functional and development integration models, although the former tended to be more dominant. With the regional grouping transforming into SADC, the market integration model was adopted, even though the grouping still had features of the aforementioned approaches. The relevance of the three approaches can be seen in: (i) the continued importance of SADC's sectoral projects, particularly in the field of transport and communication: (ii) continued attempts to put in place a suitable regional) industrial development strategy and implement policies to attract foreign investment; and (iii) the signing of the SADCC Trade Protocol to facilitate the implementation of a free trade area. The thesis argues that member states have enjoyed considerable economic benefits from the SADC sectoral projects. However, in some cases, members have lost out on potential benefits as a result of projects failing to be implemented or completed, mainly due to inadequate funding. Further, delays and inefficiencies at some border posts constitute significant non-tariff barriers which could be a hindrance to intra-regional trade. Progress towards diversification of exports has been limited as the region still relies mostly on the export of the traditional agricultural and mineral raw materials. While all countries have made efforts to diversify their industrial bases, attempts at implementing a meaningful regional industrial development strategy have met with limited success. Intra-regional trade has been increasing over the years. Since the SADC Trade Protocol only came into effect in September 2000, the increased levels of trade integration in the region appear to have been a result of the bilateral trade agreements between countries, and the customs union between South Africa and Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS), as well as the structural adjustment programmes and the significant growth experienced in some countries. Outstanding intra-regional trade volumes have been experienced within SACU. In trade terms, benefits have varied between member states, with the more powerful countries like South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mauritius experiencing substantial trade surpluses vis-a.-vis their trade, partners. Countries with bilateral preferential trade agreements have also benefited more due to increased access into each other's markets compared to those without or with bilateral trade agreements of an MFN nature. However, it is important to note that, despite the increase in trade integration in the region, southern Africa is still heavily dependent on the rest of the world for its export markets and as its source of imports. The study finds that intra-industry trade (IIT) exists within the region and, in a number of sectors, high IIT indices are recorded;--although some such sectors do not display significant trade - voIumes. The opening of the region through the implementation of the SADC FTA could promote the expansion of IIT .as-the free trade area )'Till create an enlarged regional market. As such, SADC could benefit from dynamic effects such as scale economies in production and marketing, with member states working on having complementary production structures so as to facilitate specialisation. The thesis argues that the potential for intra-regional trade expansion in the SADC FT A also exists bearing in mind trade complementarity between countries as well as revealed comparative advantages in different sectors. One of the benefits which have accrued to the region as a result of facilitating and promoting greater cooperation and deepening the integration process has been an expansion in cross border investment. The study finds that the 1990s witnessed a gradual increase in cross border investment to take advantage of investment opportunities in member states. South Africa has become the primary source of foreign direct investment flows to a number of SADC countries, with mergers and acquisitions being the dominant mode of its foreign direct investment. Cross border investment helps in supplementing low domestic savings, thus providing substantial parts of the shortfall in capital needed to finance economic growth and development. It can thus promote development in the industrial sector, transfer of capital, skills and technology, and development of infrastructure. Many SADC countries are unable to compete effectively due to lack of export supply capacity. The thesis suggests that capitalising on investment by South African firms could enhance local supply capabilities and raise export competitiveness. The study concludes that for market integration to succeed in the SADC region, the neofunctional and development integration approaches need to be actively pursued simultaneously, particularly with respect to infrastructural and industrial development.

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34

Cattaneo, Nicolette Sylvie. "The theoretical and empirical analysis of trade integration among unequal partners : implications for the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002743.

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The re-acceptance of South Africa into the international community has cleared the path for the closer integration of South Africa with its neighbours in a broader southern African regional union. In particular, the countries of the Southern African Development Community {SADC), which South Africa joined in August 1994, have committed themselves to the formation of a free trade area (FTA) over an eight-year period. The most likely impediment to this process is the perception of a highly unequal distribution of the economic gains and losses of such an arrangement. This reflects the particular context of SADC: one of a comparatively undeveloped region, dominated by a relatively large, more industrially advanced country, which is itself small by international standards. The essential question with which this study is concerned, therefore, is whether, despite the existing inequalities in the region, a FTA among SADC members could be mutually beneficial to South Africa and its partners. The thesis applies orthodox and new trade theory to the analysis of economic integration among unequal partners. Using the theoretical analysis, and with reference to empirical studies of such experience elsewhere in the world, it attempts to provide an assessment of the existing body of literature on the possible effects of a SADC FTA. In the light of this discussion, and from its own preliminary empirical analysis of the possible pattern of inter-sectoral versus intra-sectoral specialisation which may result on union, the study suggests ways in which a fuller evaluation of the welfare implications of a southern African FTA may be achieved. The thesis argues that the orthodox theory based on perfect competition provides an insufficient framework for the analysis of the likely effects of a SADC FT A. It finds that, firstly, in an alternative analytical framework which retains the assumption of perfect competition, there may be other criteria for judging the success of a regional union that are neglected by orthodoxy, particularly in the case of developing countries. Secondly, the new trade theory based on imperfect competition and product differentiation provides useful insights into the possible effects of a regional union among countries at unequal levels of development. The formal extension of this body of literature to the theory of economic integration is clearly called for. It is found, however, that neither orthodox customs union theory, nor its suggested alternatives and extensions, enable one to conclude, a priori, that the formation of a FTA in the southern African region could not be beneficial to both South Africa and its smaller partners. Further, the present empirical studies on SADC do not take account of the full range of factors necessary for a complete welfare assessment of the possible effects. Since the outcome of integration depends on the empirical circumstances of the particular case, and since the information necessary for a comprehensive welfare evaluation is not currently available, the study concludes that the countries of the region have committed themselves to a FTA without any definite knowledge of its likely effects.

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35

Seleteng, Monaheng. "Inflation and economic growth nexus in the Southern African Development Community : a panel data investigation." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24274.

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The aim of the thesis is to examine the relationship between inflation and economic growth using the Southern African Development Community (SADC) as a case study. The motivation emanates not only because of the lack of studies analysing this relationship in the SADC region, but also due to the fact that this relationship may differ from the one that exists in developed countries due to the level of economic development and prudent macroeconomic policies being practised in the latter (Sarel, 1996). The relationship may differ because the vast majority of developed countries have established independent central banks with a clear mandate to keep inflation levels within a specific range (adopted an inflation targeting framework). However, in most developing countries, central banks do not have a clear inflation targeting monetary policy framework, for instance, in the SADC region, only South Africa has adopted an inflation targeting monetary policy framework. High inflation episodes are known to contribute to macroeconomic instability, therefore policy makers find it important to understand the kind of the relationship that exists between inflation and economic growth in order to develop and implement sound macroeconomic policies. Therefore, inflation is viewed to be one of the basic indicators of macroeconomic stability; hence it is an indicator of the ability of the government to manage the economy. High levels of inflation may be indicative of a lack of sound governance by the monetary authority of a country. In addition, it is a sign of government that has lost control of its finances (Fischer,1993). The thesis addresses issues of nonlinearities in the inflation-growth nexus by endogenously estimating the threshold level of inflation below which inflation may have no, or positive, impact on economic growth, or above which inflation may be detrimental to economic growth. It also assesses the effects of a shock to inflation in South Africa, being the largest economy in the region, on inflation and economic growth of the rest of the region. First, different panel data methodologies; Fixed Effects (FE), Difference Generalised Method of Moments (DIF-GMM), System Generalised Method of Moments (SYSGMM), and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimators are used in order to examine the relationship between inflation and economic growth in the region. Second, Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) methodology is utilised to examine the nonlinearities in the inflation-growth nexus. In particular, the threshold level of inflation is endogenously estimated and the smoothness of the transition from a low to a high inflation regime in the region is also estimated1. Thirdly, the effects of South African inflation on the inflation and economic growth in the rest of the region are assessed using impulse-response functions derived from estimating a Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model. Overall, the study deals with problems which are normally encountered when using cross-country data such as endogeneity, heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. The main findings of the study are that inflation and economic growth in the region are negatively related, as is also the case in other regions of the world as depicted by the empirical literature (Fischer, 1993 and De Gregorio, 1993). Therefore, in terms of the inflation-growth link, the SADC region is not different from all the other regions around the globe. Secondly, the threshold level of inflation in the region is estimated at 18.9 per cent, which is in line with the findings of authors like Drukker et al. (2005), Mignon and Villavicencio (2011), and Ibarra and Trupkin (2011), who found a threshold level of 19.2 per cent, 19.6 per cent, and 19.1 per cent for developing countries. However, this threshold level marginally exceeds that of Khan and Senhadji (2001), Schiavo and Vaona (2007), Moshiri and Sepehri (2009) and Espinoza et al. (2010), which studies report threshold values between 10 and 12 per cent for developing countries. The empirical results also reveal that shocks to South African inflation have significant economic impact on inflation, openness, investment and economic growth in the rest of the SADC region. In particular, more interestingly, South African inflation is found to have a negative and statistically significant impact on economic growth in the region for up to about 12 years after the shock, after which, it becomes insignificant. The contribution of the thesis to the literature is that, firstly, this looks into the inflation-growth relationship in the context of Africa, in particular the SADC region; as such an investigation or research has not been conducted before. Secondly, the research takes advantage of panel data methodologies so as to provide more robust estimates and confront the potential bias emanating from problems such as endogeneity, heterogeneity and cross-country dependence that may have affected previous empirical work on inflation-growth nexus. This is believed to provide more informative estimates on the inflation-growth link, and therefore deepens our knowledge of the region.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Economics
unrestricted

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36

Mbakile-Moloi, Christine Ega. "Copycat theory testing for fiscal policies harmonization in the Southern African Coordinating Community (SADC) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) /." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12052006-184606/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.
Title from title screen. Sally Wallace, committee chair; James R. Alm, Roy W. Bahl, Carrie L. Manning, William J. Smith, Mary Beth Walker,committee members. Electronic text (235 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 11, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 228-233).

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37

Malgas, Pucuka Penelope. "Regional economic co-operation in Sub-Saharan Africa with special reference to the Southern African Development Communities." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/980.

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Thesis (MTech (Business))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002
South Africa has long been a part of the region although it may be a new comer to some institutions established. One of the reasons why SADC was established was to reduce economic dependence on South Africa. The latter has since its first democratic elections been integrated into the region of South African Development Community which comprises of 14 members. South Africa commands an economy three times the size of all SADC economies. It is believed that the economic spread effects from integration with the South African economy will act as an engine of growth in the region. The effect of South Africa's economic dominant role on other SADC member states is a concern. The study seeks to determine the extent to which South Africa can be of assistance to other member States given its own internal problems such a unemployment and poverty. South Africa has a major role to play in terms of stabilising the region and given the expectations from the international community. It has vested interest in the region as it exports more than it imports from the region. The region has potential for investment opportunities and that is made impossible by political instability and political intolerance in the region. The SADC is faced with a serious question whether a member state can enter in the internal affairs of another member state whose internal activities adversely affect the economy of that particular country and that of other member states.

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38

Chigombe, Courage. "New Economic Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and Africa's quest for regional economic integration: the case of Southern African Development Community (SADC)." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2072.

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Despite according high priority to regional economic integration and being clustered by regional economic schemes, Africa’s regional economic integration record is not inspiring. With the transformation of the OAU to the African Union (AU), the New Partnership for Africa`s Development (NEPAD) was adopted as the development program of the continent to drive the impetus of economic integration through trade. At the time NEPAD was adopted, regional integration schemes in Africa were facing problems of low intra-regional trade levels despite trade being identified as the engine of activity and economic growth for regional economic integration. The study was centered on Southern Africa with precise attention on SADC. Even though trade is accepted as a vital engine of economic growth and development, this is not the case with SADC. The study was looking at the contribution of NEPAD in intra-regional trade in Africa with special focus on SADC. This was prompted by the fact that regional integration is business as usual within the sub region while problems that have been confronting regional schemes are continuing unabated after the adoption of NEPAD. The study used the historical approach because it provides the study with an advantage of accessing existing literature with regards to what is really stalling intra-regional trade in SADC. The study findings noted that NEPAD has not fully addressed the problems of intra-regional trade within SADC and the continent at large. The study lastly concludes by giving a way forward for NEPAD to respond to the specific needs of SADC for the promotion of intra-regional and equitable trade.

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39

Lekhooa, Tumo. "Security community building? : an assessment of Southern African regional integration in the post-apartheid era." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005958.

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The thesis traces Southern African security dimensions from the Cold War and the period of apartheid in South Africa to the post-apartheid era. It makes an attempt to investigate the prospects of Southern Africa becoming a security community and the processes and practices underlying these efforts. Using the constructivist theory approach to international relations, the thesis argues that the preoccupation with principles of sovereignty and non-interference, a lack of political will and the absence of common values that could help SADC institute binding rules and decision-making are the main blocks that prevent the region from asserting itself as a security community. All these militate against the idea of mutual accountability among SADC member states and have a negative impact on the institutional and functional capacity of SADC. This also prevents SADC from dealing with the emerging non-military human security threats in the region. In consideration of this, the thesis argues that the idea of security community building in Southern Africa remains not only a regional issue, but also requires the involvement of extra-regional actors.

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40

Fish, Colin. "An investigation into factors impacting on exports from South Africa to the Southern African Development Community (SADC)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1016494.

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Globalisation has changed the world economy. Manufacturers face vigorous competition in both local and export markets and need to have a genuine competitive advantage in order to prosper and grow. South Africa is still predominantly a resource based exporter with high aspirations of developing trade in value-added products. The government has recognised the importance of developing national manufacturing capacity as a means of increasing employment and reducing poverty. To this end the government provides substantial support to both the manufacturing and exporting sectors. The government also negotiated the Southern African Development Community (SADC) agreement which leverages some powerful competitive advantages for South African manufacturers exporting into the region. However, since ratification of the SADC agreement in 2008 there has been no perceptible increase in export activity to the region when compared to other markets. This research study was conducted to determine why this is the case and what factors are influencing the process. A literature review was undertaken encapsulating three principal themes; namely, export barriers, the role of the South African government in the export process, and the SADC agreement. Based on the findings of the literature review a research questionnaire was constructed and subsequently completed by a cross section of manufacturers in the Eastern Cape. It was found that export barriers do not pose a major obstacle to trade into the SADC region. The role the government plays was less conclusive with some successes noted, but on the whole the impact is not meaningfully positive. On the other hand the SADC agreement and the dynamics prevailing in the free trade area do have a positive impact on exports to the region. The level of awareness with regard to the government support initiatives was disappointingly low. The government offers a number of helpful support initiatives which are unknown to more than half the response group. The awareness level of the dynamics prevailing in the SADC region are an improvement but are still surprisingly low. South African manufacturers enjoy significant competitive advantages within the region that are going largely unnoticed. It is recommended, inter alia, that the government consolidates some of its support initiatives, as well as provides a dedicated SADC support desk. Management should adopt an export culture and re-evaluate the opportunity to trade with the SADC region.

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41

Hess, Simon Peter. "The new economic geography of SADC free trade area." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/65/.

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42

Amadi, Victor Tamunoseipiriala. "Facilitating intra-regional trade through the movement of people in the Southern African development community (SADC)." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7133.

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Doctor Legum - LLD
Regional integration has been part of Africa’s overarching strategy for economic transformation. To further enhance sustainable development and economic growth, in the African continent intra-regional trade is equally as important as international trade. Therefore, African countries are faced with the daunting task of adopting comprehensive and well-structured measures to ensure the movement of goods and people across borders are seamless and unrestrictive. Free movement of persons in particular is one of the core tenets of regional integration, building towards a common market. To that effect, the African Union (AU) based on Agenda 2063 has agreed on a Continental Free Trade Area and a Protocol on Movement of Persons indicating a commitment of attaining a single market where goods, persons and services can move freely across national borders. With the Southern African Development Community (SADC) being a Regional Economic Community (REC) recognised under the AU, this thesis seeks to argue for deeper integration by ensuring the movement of persons in the SADC is regulated beyond the scope that is recognised internationally under the International laws influencing the movement of persons. Also, this thesis argues for amendment of certain provisions in the SADC Protocol on the Facilitation of the Movement of Persons to further facilitate intra-regional trade. The SADC operates to an extent as a Free Trade Area (FTA) where goods are traded duty free across borders and the intention is to go higher up the integration ladder to become a Common Market by 2015 and an Economic Union with a Single Currency by 2018. Targets which has not been met to date. Article 5(2) (d) and Article 23 of the SADC Trade Protocol realises the significance of policy development in promoting free movement of people and services within the SADC region. To facilitate the movement of people, the SADC drafted a Protocol on the Free Movement of People in 1995. This Protocol never materialised and it was subsequently replaced by a Protocol on Facilitation on Movement of People which is limited in scope and is not yet operational as ratification by two third majority of Member States has not occurred. In 2012, a Protocol on Trade in Services which also within a limited scope influences the movement of persons in the region was also concluded but is not yet ratified by Member States of the SADC. The absence of a single consistent and comprehensive framework makes people vulnerable to informal practices at the border. Thus, the issue of ensuring free movement of people between SADC Member States still remains debatable and unresolved.

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43

Selebano, Keolebogile Mable. "Assessing socio-economic inequalities in the use of antenatal care in the Southern African Development community." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31074.

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Introduction Despite the unprecedented efforts of national governments along with various NGOs to achieve the third SDG, which is to reduce global maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100 000 live births by 2030, developing countries seem to be lagging far behind in reaching this goal (UNDP, 2016). This paper focuses on socioeconomic inequalities in the use of ANC services as an important aspect of MHC in SADC countries. Methods The data used in this study are obtained from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Three mutually exclusive variables were created to assess ANC inequality, namely, 1) No ANC visits 2) Less than four ANC visits and 3) At least four ANC visits. A fourth variable that assesses the actual number of ANC visits that a pregnant woman had received was created and called 'Intensity’. ANC and SES using the wealth index were used to construct the concentration curves and indices to determine whether health care utilization is concentrated among the poor or the rich. Results Over 70% of all who lived in rural areas had '0 ANC’, with Namibia and Tanzania as the only exception to this finding. In four of the eleven countries, over 58.36% of women were married and were likely to make an adequate number of ANC visits. Namibia and Lesotho are two of the eleven countries that had a great majority of women educated up to the secondary level, 65.61% and 49.90% of which attained at least 4 ANC visits, respectively. Women who worked in agricultural settings had the least likelihood of attaining any ANC visits. Discussions and conclusion ANC use was consistently lower in women with no education, doing agricultural work and those residing in rural areas in the SADC region. Overall, marriage is inconclusive in determining ANC use. Inequality in wealth makes ANC utilization more predominant among the rich. Saving mothers and babies is ultimately saving the population and knowledge of the patterns of maternal health usage is imperative to draw relevant policies that are evidence based.

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44

Mutambara, Tsitsi Effie. "The nature and potential of industrial development within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the facilitating role of trade liberalisation and foreign direct investment in selected countries." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007732.

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To date the SADC region has managed to develop a manufacturing base but this base is still small as evidenced by its low contribution to GDP. For example, only three out of the fourteen SADC countries, viz. Mauritius, South Africa and Swaziland, had over 20 percent of their GDP originating from the manufacturing sector throughout the 1990s. Also to note is that while the manufacturing sector is quite diversified, the sector is dominated by industrial processes which are more of resource and labour-intensive in nature than those processes of scale-intensive, differentiated and science based in nature. TIle trade performance of the manufacturing sector supports these observations and as such the region is heavily dependent on imports for scale-intensive, differentiated and science based commodities. However, despite the fact that the region tends to focus more on resource- and labour-intensive manufacturing activities, products from these manufacturing activities are still significant components of manufactured goods imports into the region. Also to note is that since resource- and labour-intensive industries dominate manufacturing activities; these are the areas in which investment opportunities abound. For example, agro-based manufacturing presents most of the investment opportunities, with food processing presenting the majority of the investment opportunities followed by garments and textiles production. Mineral processing also presents significant investment opportunities. The analyses of the nature of the manufacturing sector also show that in a few SADC countries, viz. Mauritius, South Africa and Zimbabwe; scale-intensive, differentiated and science based industries also form a significant component of the industrial base implying more technologically complex manufacturing sectors. Since high technology and technologically complex manufacturing activities are limited, investment opportunities in these manufacturing sub-sectors are also limited to just a few countries However, with the SADC ITA in place, opportunities could arise for these limited technology-related manufacturing facilities to expand or engage in import substitution production so as to meet the demands of the growing regional market. It is also important to note that, while the region may not have as competitive advantage in these industries as in the resource- and labour-intensive industries, there is a need for the region to selectively identify and target such industries for priority development, a lesson SADC could learn from the East Asian NIC's took in their industrialisation strategy. The study also shows that the manufacturing sector has been a priority sector for both domestic and foreign investors. This has implications for industrial development because a strong and dynamic manufacturing sector would be developed, forming a sound basis for industrialisation as well as being able to effectively link and support all the other sectors of the economy. FDI could help the region to fully utilise the labour-intensive industries and use them as a stepping-stone to higher levels of industrial development. This is a lesson to SADC from the experiences of the East Asian NICs where while industrialisation was initiated by labour-intensive manufacturing, the countries were able to move into capital-intensive manufacturing due to FDI as it enabled the establishment of the industrial bases, thus leading to a rise in the share of manufactured exports. FDI could also help to develop the resource-intensive industries further by promoting further processing of raw materials into products of more value, thus propelling industrialisation through a resource-led industrial development programme as the current resource-intensive industries become fully utilised. The raw materials which occur in great abundance in the region's primary sector would have a ready market in the manufacturing sector where they would serve as inputs to the production of high value products. The currently smaller industrial base for scale-intensive products, differentiated and science-based manufactured products would benefit from the improved technological capabilities and managerial skills that result from FDI. Therefore, by impacting positively on manufacturing activities of both low and high MVA, FDI would thus have a facilitating role in establishing a more solid industrial base, broadening the current manufacturing base, and improving installed capacity utilisation. The study also shows that investment in productive capacity in the form of machinery and equipment is of great importance in the sampled SADC countries. Investment towards the acquisition of this capital is very important as this is directly relevant towards improving productive capacity. FDI could thus play a facilitating role by augmenting the current domestic investment in machinery and equipment. While the manufacturing sector within the region is still small and the current utilisation of installed industrial capacity is low, there is potential for further industrial growth. The current process to usher in the SADC Free Trade Area would have a facilitating role through various ways: viz. increasing the market size and enabling easier access through the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers, promoting regional competitiveness, improved utilisation of regional corridors, increasing opportunities for utilising identified intra-industry trade potentials, and providing opportunities for increased regional cross-border investment. Apart from the SADC FTA, the USA African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and the Cotonou Agreement will also motivate the identification and utilisation of existing and new potentials within the manufacturing sector in SADC. In order to improve the current nature of industries in the region, there is also a need to design and implement appropriate industrial policies and strategies. Such policies should consider the region's trade policies and the recently launched Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP) so as to complement them. The industrial policies should also address issues relating to industrial investment, technology and local technological capabilities development, human resources development, the structure and nature of industry, the competitiveness of industries, as well as facilitating the complementarities between the agricultural and manufacturing sectors. To this end therefore, instead of relying solely on individual national industrial policies, SADC is in the process of formulating a regional industrial policy and strategies which seek to promote and support sustainable industrial growth across the region, thus facilitating industrial development.

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45

Mwanahawa, Aziza Khauhelo Mdee. "Economic Partership Agreeements and Regional Integration: A Case Study of the Southern Africa Customs Union and the Southern African Development Community." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4724.

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In many respects, developing countries have sought regional integration (RI) as the device to propel them into a new era of development and economic prosperity. Within an African context, the importance of regrouping countries was further strengthened by the need to deconstruct the artificial borders that had been imposed, and thus became a post-colonialism mantra. The belief in the importance of integration and its' consequent pursuit has continued, despite its admittedly limited success on the continent, amidst what has been referred to as a 'puzzling web of overlapping, contradictory and ineffective agreements. In this regard, Southern Africa is no exception. There is a litany of socio-economic challenges that the region faces. Consequently, regional organizations such as Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA) continue to search for new approaches to RI to enable them to tackle these challenges. Although technocrats profess 'integration fatigue', the advancement of regional efforts continues.

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46

Mengelkoch, Sabine. "The right to work in SADC countries : towards free movement of labour in Southern Africa /." Baden-Baden : Nomos-Verl.-Ges, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/326156097.pdf.

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47

Soko, Mumba Martha. "Exploring the livelihood strategies of unemployed black female migrant youth living in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32992.

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Unemployment among youth within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region is one of the major factors that has contributed to migratory movements. Today many youths are leaving their home countries within the region, in search of employment opportunities in stronger economies like that of South Africa. However, the local unemployment rates hinder their chances of employment. This qualitative study explored the livelihood strategies of unemployed black female migrant youth living in Cape Town, South Africa. The study interviewed twenty unemployed black female migrant youth between the ages of 25 and 34 to understand their experiences and perceptions of a) factors or conditions that forced them to immigrate to Cape Town, b) challenges they encountered in trying to secure employment, and vulnerabilities experienced, and c) the livelihood strategies they employed and available social service support. The findings reveal that unemployed black female migrant youth have immigrated to Cape Town for various reasons including political instability, social influences, poor economic conditions, and social factors such as marriage and poverty in their home countries. When they arrive in Cape Town, they face many obstacles in securing employment because of either their nationality or documentation status. They are also vulnerable due to lack of basic needs, living in overcrowded homes, and being in informal settlements where they build temporary shelters. To overcome the challenges they face, they engage in different livelihood strategies such as accessing free government clinics or hospitals for their healthcare. They are dependent on their spouses for support and engage in part-time employment. Besides, they have had limited information about any government or non-governmental organisations that provide support for unemployed black female migrant youth. The need for well-established social networks for unemployed black female migrants, where they can be received and assisted in integrating into society through legitimate channels, is relevant. There need to be centres that offer free English-language training for migrants who are not conversant in English. Established non-governmental organisations or government agencies need to provide facilities that could assist undocumented immigrants who have prolonged their stay in Cape Town. There is also a need to establish support centres that specifically target unemployed black female immigrants. The South African government should enforce sensitization and educate the public and stakeholders about the legitimacy of asylum-seeker permits issued to immigrants. If implemented in conjunction with policy measures, this could increase black female immigrant youth's ability to secure employment. The enforcement of the development of entrepreneurial skills programmes, which specifically vi target unemployed black female youth migrants in Cape Town, is another potentially beneficial strategy.

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Dari, Teurai Thirdgirl. "Tripartite Free Trade Agreement as a solution to increasing intra-African trade." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4786.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Trade has been widely accepted as an important tool in spearheading economic growth and development. In many different parts of the world, countries have alleviated poverty and economically prospered through effective trade. Despite the efforts to dismantle trade restrictions and create a common market, the problem remains that of African disintegrated markets which then lead to poor intra-African trade. There is therefore the need to use intra-African trade as an instrument that effectively serve in the attainment of rapid and sustainable social and economic development. The aim of this study is to therefore determine whether the solution to increasing intra-African trade can be found in the Tripartite FTA.

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49

Shumba, Tapiwa. "Harmonising the law of sale in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) : an analysis of selected models." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86618.

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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally recognised that diversity of laws may act as a barrier to the development of trade, both at international and regional level. In a globalised era, trade is necessary for economic development and ultimately for the alleviation of poverty. Although the WTO has done extensive work towards the removal of tariff barriers, there is also a need to focus on addressing non-tariff barriers which include legal barriers to trade. Institutionalised legal harmonisation at an international level has provided the necessary impetus for the development of harmonised laws in the area of international trade. The creation of regional economic communities within the purview of the WTO has also given rise to the necessity of legal harmonisation to facilitate intra-regional trade. A number of regional economic communities and organisations have noted legal harmonisation as one of their areas of regional cooperation. This study focuses on the need to harmonise the law of international sale within the SADC region in order to facilitate cross-border trade. The study points out that the harmonisation of sales laws in SADC is important for the facilitation of both inter-regional and intra-regional trade with the aim of fostering regional integration, economic development and alleviating poverty. Although the necessity of harmonising sales laws has been identified, no effort to this end exists currently in the SADC region. This study addresses the mechanisms by which such harmonisation could be achieved by analysing three models which have been selected for this purpose, namely the CISG, the OHADA and the proposed CESL. The main issues addressed include whether SADC Member States should adopt the CISG, join OHADA, emulate the CESL or should use any of the other instruments as a model for creating a harmonised sales law for SADC. In conclusion, it is observed that SADC has its own institutional and operational mechanisms that require a process and instrument tailor-made for the unique needs of the region. It is recommended that SADC should create its own common sales law based on the CISG but taking into account lessons learnt from both the OHADA system and the CESL. A number of legislative, institutional and operational transformative and reform mechanisms are recommended to enable the creation of such a community law and ensure its uniform application and interpretation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat regsdiversiteit die ontwikkeling van internasionale en regionale handel kan strem. In 'n geglobaliseerde ekonomie is internasionale handel noodsaaklik vir ekonomiese onwikkeling en die uiteindelike verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie reeds belangrike werk doen om handelsbeperkinge te verlig, is daar ook 'n behoefte om, afgesien van tariewe, ook ander nie-tarief beperkinge op internasionale handel aan te spreek. Regsdiversiteit is een van hierdie beperkinge. Geïnstitusionaliseerde regsharmonisering op 'n internasionale vlak het reeds elders die nodige stukrag verleen vir die harmonisering van die reg van toepassing op internasionale handel. Die totstandkoming van regionale ekonomiese gemeenskappe binne die raamwerk van die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie noodsaak egter verdere regsharmonisering ten einde inter-regionale handel te kan bevorder. 'n Aantal streeksgemeenskappe en –organisasies hanteer reeds regsharmonisering as een van hul areas van samewerking op streeksvlak. Hierdie studie fokus op die behoefte om die internasionale koopreg binne die SAOG streek te harmoniseer ten einde oorgrenshandel te fasiliteer. Die studie toon aan dat harmonisering van die koopreg in die SAOG belangrik is ten einde beide inter-regionale asook intra-regionale handel te fasiliteer met die oog op die bevordering van streeksintegrasie, ekonomiese ontwikkeling en die verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die noodsaaklikheid van 'n geharmoniseerde koopreg geïdentifiseer is, is daar nog geen poging aangewend om dit binne die SAOG streek te bewerkstellig nie. Die studie spreek die meganismes aan waardeur harmonisering bereik kan word deur drie modelle wat vir hierdie doeleindes gekies is te ondersoek, naamlik die Internasionale Koopkonvensie (CISG), OHADA en die voorgestelde gemeenskaplike koopreg-regime van die Europese Unie (CESL). Van die kwessies wat aangespreek word is of the SAOG lidlande die Internasionale Koopkonvensie moet aanneem, by OHADA moet aansluit, alternatiewelik die Europese koopreg of enige van die ander instrumente as model gebruik vir die skep van ‟n geharmoniseerde SAOG koopreg. Ten slotte word daarop gewys dat die SAOG sy eie institusionele en operasionele meganismes het wat vereis dat die proses en instrument pas gemaak moet word vir die streek se unieke behoeftes. Dit word aanbeveel dat die SAOG sy eie gemeenskaplike koopreg moet skep wat op die CISG geskoei is, maar wat ook die lesse geleer uit die OHADA en die EU in ag neem. Ten einde so 'n gemeenskapsreg te kan skep en die uniforme toepassing en interpretasie daarvan te verseker, word 'n aantal wetgewende, institusionele en operasionele hervormingsmeganismes aan die hand gedoen.

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Rowland, David Brian. "U.S.-Chinese relations with the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries how it can make a difference /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/489044755/viewonline.

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