Готові списки джерел за темами / Payments to victims

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Payments to victims"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Payments to victims"

Sitompul, Rina Melati, and Andi Maysarah. "Initiating Payment of Trafficking Restitution from a Victims Perspective." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 23, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v23i1.18276.

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The objective of this study was to offer policy concept ideas in fulfilling restitution for the victims in accordance with the required attainment of justice. Restitution related to the payment of costs charged to the person based on a court decision that has permanent legally enforceable for the costs suffered by the victim or heir. This study used a normative method using a statutory approach and a case approach. From the three court decisions and one trafficking case in the constabulary, the victim's comprehension of the legal handling experienced is sufficient to accommodate the victim's wishes in obtaining victim's rights. Conclusions are drawn through an inductive to deductive thought process. Of the three decisions reviewed, it proved that the application of restitution payments was not able to fulfill a sense of justice for the victim. In fact, in practice, the fulfillment of compensation payments is in the non-penal space, from the perspective of victim recognition, it is sufficient to accommodate their wishes and hopes for the fulfillment of the expected restitution rights. In order to provide legal certainty for victims of the fulfillment of restitution rights, a legal breakthrough is required. The diversion method as a confirmation of ensuring the payment of the victim's restitution right is an offer. The concept of diversion can be carried out with the limitation of the criteria for the impact experienced by the victim, and the legality of legality is determined through a court decision or decision, as legal achievement through restorative justice is able to restore conflicts from perpetrators and victims.

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Gladfelter, Andrew S., Brendan Lantz, and R. Barry Ruback. "Beyond Ability to Pay: Procedural Justice and Offender Compliance With Restitution Orders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 13 (March 13, 2018): 4314–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18759195.

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Restitution to victims is rarely paid in full. One reason for low rates of payments is that offenders lack financial resources. Beyond ability to pay, however, we argue that fair treatment has implications for offender behavior. This study, a survey of probationers who owed restitution, investigated the links between (a) ability to pay, (b) beliefs about restitution and the criminal justice system, and (c) restitution payment, both the amount paid and number of payments. Results indicate that perceived fair treatment by probation staff—those most directly involved with the collection of restitution payments—was significantly associated with greater payment, net of past payment behavior, intention to pay, and ability to pay. Because restitution has potentially rehabilitative aspects if offenders pay more of the court-ordered amount and if they make regular monthly payments, how fairly probation staff treat probationers has implications for both victims and for the criminal justice system.

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Daly, Kathleen, and Robyn L. Holder. "State Payments to Victims of Violent Crime: Discretion and Bias in Awards for Sexual Offences." British Journal of Criminology 59, no. 5 (March 31, 2019): 1099–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz008.

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Abstract State monetary schemes for victims of violent crime began in the 1960s and operate in 35 countries today, yet knowledge is lacking on who is applying, how decisions are reached, variation in awards and why amounts may differ. Analysing 291 sexual offence cases in Queensland, we ask whether awards differ by victim sex/gender and by societal constructs of ideal, real rape, and credible victims. We found that male child victims received higher awards than female child victims for more serious sexual offences and that awards to females aged 12 and older were affected by elements associated with real rape and credible victims. We call upon researchers and governments to pursue and expand this new area of research.

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Haynes, Stacy Hoskins, Alison C. Cares, and R. Barry Ruback. "Reducing the Harm of Criminal Victimization: The Role of Restitution." Violence and Victims 30, no. 3 (2015): 450–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00049.

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Restitution is a court-ordered payment by offenders to their victims to cover the victims’ economic losses resulting from the crime. These losses can be substantial and can harm victims and victims’ families both directly and indirectly. But most victims do not receive reparation for their injuries, both because judges do not always impose restitution and because of problems with collecting restitution payments, even if there is a court order to do so. In this article, we review the literature on restitution and suggest that this compensatory mechanism is necessary to restore victims to where they were before the crime occurred. But monetary restitution alone is not sufficient. Making victims whole requires not only financial compensation from the offender but also procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice from the criminal justice system.

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Prihatmini, Sapti, Fanny Tanuwijaya, Dina Tsalist Wildana, and Misbahul Ilham. "PENGAJUAN DAN PEMBERIAN HAK RESTITUSI BAGI ANAK YANG MENJADI KORBAN KEJAHATAN SEKSUAL." Rechtidee 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/ri.v14i1.4768.

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This paper aims to analyze the mechanism for submitting and granting restitution as the responsibility of perpetrators of crimes. This is to fulfill the rights of children who are victims of criminal acts. The implemented provisions governing the submission and granting of restitution are regulated in PP No. 44 of 2008 and PP No. 43 of 2017. However, the implementation of the restitution provision,which is the right of the child (victim), has not been fully implemented due to a lack of maximum assistance by the relevant government, such us fulfilling the rights of victims to obtain rehabilitation, compensation and restitution as a form of protection of children after the occurrence of a crime for the loss suffered by the child and / or the family of the victim. This study uses doctrinal research (doctrinal legal research), while the approach used is (socio-legal studies) an effort to explore a problem by not only fulfilling the study of legal norms or doctrines, but also looking comprehensively at the context of norms and enforcement. The results showed that the submission of restitution stipulated in Government Regulation No. 43 of 2017 outlines that restitution is a compensation payment charged to the perpetrator based on a court decision. It has permanent legal force for material and immaterial losses suffered by the victim or his family, as in the case of giving restitution for a non specifically regulated the period of payment and a rejection of payments from perpetrators of sexual crimes.

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Wang, Kai, Jun Pang, Dingjie Chen, Yu Zhao, Dapeng Huang, Chen Chen, and Weili Han. "A Large-scale Empirical Analysis of Ransomware Activities in Bitcoin." ACM Transactions on the Web 16, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3494557.

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Exploiting the anonymous mechanism of Bitcoin, ransomware activities demanding ransom in bitcoins have become rampant in recent years. Several existing studies quantify the impact of ransomware activities, mostly focusing on the amount of ransom. However, victims’ reactions in Bitcoin that can well reflect the impact of ransomware activities are somehow largely neglected. Besides, existing studies track ransom transfers at the Bitcoin address level, making it difficult for them to uncover the patterns of ransom transfers from a macro perspective beyond Bitcoin addresses. In this article, we conduct a large-scale analysis of ransom payments, ransom transfers, and victim migrations in Bitcoin from 2012 to 2021. First, we develop a fine-grained address clustering method to cluster Bitcoin addresses into users, which enables us to identify more addresses controlled by ransomware criminals. Second, motivated by the fact that Bitcoin activities and their participants already formed stable industries, such as Darknet and Miner , we train a multi-label classification model to identify the industry identifiers of users. Third, we identify ransom payment transactions and then quantify the amount of ransom and the number of victims in 63 ransomware activities. Finally, after we analyze the trajectories of ransom transferred across different industries and track victims’ migrations across industries, we find out that to obscure the purposes of their transfer trajectories, most ransomware criminals (e.g., operators of Locky and Wannacry) prefer to spread ransom into multiple industries instead of utilizing the services of Bitcoin mixers. Compared with other industries, Investment is highly resilient to ransomware activities in the sense that the number of users in Investment remains relatively stable. Moreover, we also observe that a few victims become active in the Darknet after paying ransom. Our findings in this work can help authorities deeply understand ransomware activities in Bitcoin. While our study focuses on ransomware, our methods are potentially applicable to other cybercriminal activities that have similarly adopted bitcoins as their payments.

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Silverman, Daniel. "Too Late to Apologize? Collateral Damage, Post-Harm Compensation, and Insurgent Violence in Iraq." International Organization 74, no. 4 (2020): 853–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000193.

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AbstractA key piece of conventional wisdom among scholars of modern armed conflict is that collateral damage is often strategically costly in war. Yet most combatants already know this and take actions after mistakes—most prominently, the distribution of “condolence payments” to civilian victims—in order to mitigate these costs. Do these payments work? This question is important not only for policymakers but also for deeper theoretical debates about how civilians respond to combatant signals in war. To examine these issues, I use micro-level conflict event data on 4,046 condolence payments made by Coalition forces to civilian victims during the Iraq War from 2004 to 2008, matching it with corresponding data on collateral damage and insurgent violence. The results of this analysis reveal that post-harm compensation does significantly diminish local rates of insurgent violence, and that this is true across different types of payments (cash handouts or in-kind assistance). Ultimately, these patterns can be best explained by a rationalist mechanism in which civilians update their beliefs about violent events based on new information about combatants’ wartime intentions. The results thus provide a compelling strategic rationale for combatants to compensate their victims in war, and suggest that civilians are not blinded to new information about conflict dynamics by their preexisting biases.

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Indriyani, Indriyani, and Paula Dewanti. "Truecaller's Spam Call and SMS Blocking Solution for Surveillance on Social Media." Jurnal Mekintek : Jurnal Mekanikal, Energi, Industri, Dan Teknologi 13, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/mekintek.v13i1.121.

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The advancement of technology and communication has been impressively rapid. That are where emerging cybercrime technologies were born. Cyberspace activities involve the use of Internet users. One of them is a frequent social media user, which allows for communication interactions to take place without the need for face-to-face meetings. The Internet and social media, in addition to having a positive impact on users, also have a negative impact. One of them is a type of crime that is currently prevalent, namely digital cybercrime, which is a crime committed by varied individuals in order to deceive the target using data/information from the victim's social media account. Furthermore, in the current era of the Covid-19 pandemic, many victims have received fraud, such as spam calls and SMS, from people who use various methods to persuade, usually using the victim's family as tactic and overdue in loan payments as trap, and the number of these victims is growing. This study used a comparative study to examine the effectiveness of the Truecaller application in assisting smartphone users who are disturbed by continuous terror by using calls and Spam SMS, as well as overcoming victims' concerns.

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Cartwright, Anna, and Edward Cartwright. "Ransomware and Reputation." Games 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10020026.

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Ransomware is a particular form of cyber-attack in which a victim loses access to either his electronic device or files unless he pays a ransom to criminals. A criminal’s ability to make money from ransomware critically depends on victims believing that the criminal will honour ransom payments. In this paper we explore the extent to which a criminal can build trust through reputation. We demonstrate that there are situations in which it is optimal for the criminal to always return the files and situations in which it is not. We argue that the ability to build reputation will depend on how victims distinguish between different ransomware strands. If ransomware is to survive as a long term revenue source for criminals then they need to find ways of building a good reputation.

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Miers, David. "Compensating deserving victims of violent crime: the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme 2012." Legal Studies 34, no. 2 (June 2014): 242–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12013.

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Following the enactment of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Act 1995, a new Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme came into force, replacing the non-statutory version that was introduced in 1964. The statutory Scheme retained the occasions for compensation but broke the link with common law damages, providing instead for payments to be made on the basis of a tariff of injury awards. But it continued to make payments for loss of earnings, special expenses and additional compensation in fatal cases. Minor revisions were made in 2001 and 2008, but following the government's consultation, ‘Getting it Right for Victims and Witnesses’, a major revision took effect in November 2012. Made largely to reduce public expenditure, this revision substantially limits both the numbers of victims of violent crime to be compensated and the levels of their awards. While this marks a further shift away from the original common law model, the 2012 Scheme remains a unique taxpayer-funded response to victims of violent crime, again prompting the question: why, and to what, extent should the state make financial provision for victims of violent crime that goes beyond welfare? This paper analyses the implications of the government's answer for the Scheme's scope and implementation.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Payments to victims"

Березуцький, Вячеслав Володимирович. "Ризик ненадання домедичної допомоги". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/25290.

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Розглянуті питання визначення якісних та кількісних показників ризиків, стосовно ненадання першої домедичної допомоги у надзвичайних станах. Наведено інформацію, щодо необхідності навчання усіх людей правильним прийомам надання допомоги постраждалим. Показано, що зменшення ризиків, є державним питанням.
The questions determine qualitative and quantitative indicators of risk in relation not to provide first before medical aid in emergency conditions. The information proposals on the need for all people learning correct techniques to assist victims. It was shown that reducing risk is a state issue.

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Книги з теми "Payments to victims"

New York (State). Dept. of Audit and Control. Division of Management Audit. Crime Victims Board: Operating practices relating to grants and payments to crime victims should be improved. [Albany, N.Y]: The Division, 1991.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Payments for certain survivors of Armed Forces members and federal civilian employees killed when 2 United States helicopters were shot down over Iraq in April, 1994: Report (to accompany H.R. 456) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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H.R. 1873, reparations: Does inclusion in federal eligibility calculations destroy their restitutionary character? : hearing before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on H.R. 1873, to require certain payments made to victims of Nazi persecution to be disregarded in determining eligibility for and the amount of benefits or services based on need, November 10, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Gender-based wage discrimination: Hearing of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session on examining the Bureau of Labor Statistics report which provides a full picture of the gender-based wage gap, the reasons for these gaps and the impact this discrimination has on women and families, and the effectiveness of current laws and proposed legislative solutions, and S. 74, amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to provide more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of wages on the basis of sex, June 8, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Gender-based wage discrimination: Hearing of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, on examining the Bureau of Labor Statistics report which provides a full picture of the gender-based wage gap, the reasons for these gaps and the impact this discrimination has on women and families, and the effectiveness of current laws and proposed legislative solutions, and S. 74, amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to provide more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of wages on the basis of sex, June 8, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, Meghana Ayyagari, and Vojislav Maksimovic. Are Innovating Firms Victims Or Perpetrators ? Tax Evasion, Bribe Payments, And The Role Of External Finance In Developing Countries. The World Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5389.

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Ruback, R. Barry. Economic Sanctions in Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682583.001.0001.

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Economic sanctions are court-imposed financial obligations aimed at punishing offenders (fines), funding the government (costs/fees, forfeitures), and compensating victims (restitution). This book examines economic sanctions in the United States, with a focus on the multilevel, multimethod research my students and I conducted in Pennsylvania. The 15 studies described in the book are multiplistic in terms of academic discipline (social psychology, criminology, law), levels of analysis (individual, county, state), actors within the system (victims, offenders, probation officers, district attorneys, judges), type of process involved (imposition, payment, rearrest), and research methods (analyses of state-level computerized archives, coding of county-level paper court and probation records, surveys of individuals, a field-experiment, and follow-up involving probationers). Most of the studies examined the imposition, payment, and effect of paying restitution. Research across methods indicated that offenders are often unable to pay their court-ordered sanctions, that restitution is generally not paid in full, and that both offenders and victims are responsive to procedural justice. Experimental results indicated that randomly assigned probationers delinquent in making payments who received letters informing them of the restitution amounts they owed were more likely to pay restitution and less likely to commit a new crime as compared to randomly assigned delinquent probationers who did not receive letters or who received letters giving them a rationale for payment. Three policy recommendations are made concerning what is fair and effective for victims, offenders, and society: (1) mandating restitution, (2) making fines contingent on ability to pay, and (3) ending the imposition of costs and fees.

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Disaster assistance: Problems in administering payments for nonprogram crops : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.

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Частини книг з теми "Payments to victims"

Zingerle, Andreas, and Linda Kronman. "Internet Crime and Anti-Fraud Activism." In Security and Privacy Management, Techniques, and Protocols, 322–36. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5583-4.ch013.

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Scambaiting is a form of vigilantism that targets internet scammers who try to trick people into advance fee payments. In the past, victims were mainly contacted by bulk emails; now the widespread use of social networking services has made it easier for scammers to contact potential victims – those who seek various online opportunities in the form of sales and rentals, dating, booking holidays, or seeking for jobs. Scambaiters are online information communities specializing in identifying, documenting, and reporting activities of scammers. By following scambaiting forums, it was possible to categorize different scambaiting subgroups with various strategies and tools. These were tested in hands-on sessions during creative workshops in order to gain a wider understanding of the scope of existing internet scams as well as exploring counter strategies to prevent internet crime. The aim of the workshops was to recognize and develop diverse forms of anti-scam activism.

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Metelits, Michael D. "Confessions and Aftermath." In The Arthur Crawford Scandal, 175–204. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498611.003.0009.

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In Chapter 9, Indians speak out. First, we hear from the mamlatdars who overcame pre-trial intimidation and bravely promised to testify against Crawford. They did this less from loyalty to the British rule and more from a sense of duty. Then come the protests of the mamlatdar victims against the drive to fire Indian staff who confessed to paying bribe, irrespective of the pressures that forced them to stop resisting and to pay. Their writings demonstrate the strong sense of wrong they felt and the social inadequacy of the payments that the government offered them for breaking its promise of immunity. The final Indian voices come from voluntary associations in the Bombay Presidency, including ad hoc public meetings in rural towns where the populace requested the government to honour its promise of immunity.

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Daar, Judith. "The Harms of Procreative Deprivation." In The New Eugenics. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300137156.003.0007.

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This chapter examines how recent efforts to address the harms done to several Americans have taken shape as formal apologies and payments to surviving victims. This contemporary hand-wringing is an important acknowledgment that state-sponsored reproductive deprivation is among the most profound offenses a citizen can suffer. The chapter questions whether the harms from deprivation of assisted conception services are of equal impact to those wrought by unconsensual, unwanted, and procreative robbing surgeries. Whatever the comparison, each person deprived of an opportunity to parent by law, policy, or provider suffers gravely in ways that go beyond the first-line harm of forced childlessness. These harms befall patients, providers, children, and society in various ways, strengthening the case that disparities in access to ART warrant attention and reform.

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Kesselring, K. J. "‘An Image of Deadly Feud’." In Making Murder Public, 68–93. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835622.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 turns to the history of private satisfaction-seeking, or feuding, and focuses on compensation for homicide. It shows that payments continued longer than we might have thought. When such compensation served as a means to bypass legal sanctions, it hindered the successful imposition of the king’s peace, let alone any emerging notion of a public peace. Mediated through the ancient mechanism of the appeal, however, compensation continued into the sixteenth century and beyond, thanks in part to the needs and actions of victims’ widows. But appeals did decline over the early modern period. Here, too, a statute of 1487 played a part, as did the uses judges made of the new manslaughter verdict. Judges and others derided appeals as ‘suits of revenge’, tainted by association with the feud and an approach to peace-making and satisfaction-seeking that had less and less legitimacy as public justice came to supersede private interests.

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Kneeland, Timothy W. "American Disaster Policy through 1972." In Playing Politics with Natural Disaster, 12–24. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748530.003.0002.

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This chapter traces the history and expansion of federal disaster aid, beginning with the Disaster Relief Act of 1950. Under the Disaster Relief Act of 1950, the federal government assumed a permanent role and new responsibility for assisting local communities and state governments after a disaster. Between the 1950 legislation and the election of Richard Nixon in 1968, U.S. Congress allocated an ever-increasing amount of money toward disaster relief and added new benefits for disaster victims. As a consequence, the number of executive agencies and civil servants involved in dealing with disaster recovery multiplied. Disaster assistance, which was once aimed exclusively at state and local governments, now included direct payments to private citizens affected by natural disaster. This pattern of adding new benefits to disaster legislation culminated in the Disaster Relief Act of 1970, which made permanent all the benefits and programs found in previous acts, making these programs tantamount to a new entitlement. President Nixon was not pleased with the existing entitlement programs and tried to reduce the role of the federal government by empowering the states to prepare for, and deal with, a disaster on their own.

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Ruback, R. Barry. "Payment of Restitution." In Economic Sanctions in Criminal Justice, 101–30. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682583.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 describes studies in Pennsylvania and elsewhere that look at the payment of restitution and the fact that most court-ordered restitution is not paid. Two survey studies, one of victims and one of offenders, examine their perspective on how restitution is ordered and paid. The third study in this chapter is a field experiment aimed at inducing offenders to pay the restitution they owed. Results indicated that that a randomly assigned group of probationers delinquent in paying restitution who received information via letters about what they owed paid more restitution than did both delinquent probationers who received reasons why they should pay restitution and delinquent probationers who did not receive letters. A subsequent survey indicated that, aside from ability to pay, the perception of having been fairly treated was related to the payment of restitution.

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Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. "Blood Money and Financial Compensation (Diya)." In Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, 213–24. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190910648.003.0016.

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Whereas qiṣāṣ is the principal punishment for murder, payment of blood money (diya) is the principal punishment for unintentional killing and culpable homicide. Diya can also be paid in murder cases in which the relatives of the victim waive their right to qiṣāṣ and choose to receive blood money. Issues relating to diya arise in the context of modern conditions, especially pertaining to its related concepts of ʿaqīlah and qasamah, quantity of diya, and how is it applied in modern laws.

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Anderson, Raymond A. "Back-Door." In Credit Intelligence & Modelling, 365–404. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844194.003.0010.

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The ‘back-door’ areas {Collections/Recoveries (C&R) and Fraud} deal with problem accounts, with greater modelling latitude. (1)Collections and Recoveries—manage late payments arising from a variety of factors, whether consumer or business loans. Reasons may be genuine, or not—and collectors can be well versed in the tactics. Collections deals with early delinquencies with a goal to maintain the customer relationship; Recoveries, late delinquency where the relationship may be terminated. (2)Fraud—guards against and pursues cheats at the gambling table. Fraud types vary by i) relationship to account {1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-party}; ii) misrepresentation {embellishment, social engineering, identity theft and synthetics &c}; iii) whether the victim was conned into a voluntary transaction {authorized, unauthorized}. Various countermeasures can be used, whether manual/physical or online/electronic. In recent times, biometrics and multi-factor identification have become the norm. So too have analytical methods, whether to highlight high-risk individuals/transactions or abnormal patterns.

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Donovan, Brian. "The Alimony Panic." In American Gold Digger, 20–56. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660288.003.0002.

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Chapter One examines concerns about alimony in the late 1920s, a moral panic at which gold diggers took center stage. Historians have described the first two decades of the twentieth century as the “first sexual revolution,” a time period which drastically altered attitudes about love, marriage, and divorce. The acceleration of romantic love as the primary justification for marriage coupled with new social and economic roles for women, prompted a rise in the divorce rate. As the divorce rate increased, and as the economic basis for family life changed, many Americans expressed widespread concern about men falling victim to alimony-seeking gold diggers. Coinciding with these changes, the parameters of who was considered “white” were in flux, and cultural negotiations of whiteness occurred in gendered and sexualized spaces, like advertising and popular entertainment. Specific white women, like former Ziegfeld star Peggy Hopkins Joyce, came to embody the gold digger and the problem of extravagant alimony awards. Well-publicized stories of greedy gold diggers focused on the high alimony awards sought by Joyce and others but, in reality, alimony payments had not substantially increased. Rather, the social panic about alimony reflected Progressive-Era angst about gender, class, and race.

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Fragoulakis, Vassilis, Elena Athanasiadi, Antonia Mourtzikou, Marilena Stamouli, and Athanassios Vozikis. "The Health Outcomes in Recession." In Health Economics and Healthcare Reform, 98–108. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3168-5.ch006.

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The aim of the present study is to provide an overview of recent reforms in Greece as imposed by the fiscal adjustments. Potential harmful consequences of these vast healthcare reforms are also discussed, as a collateral victim of the recession, in which case the real “patient” is the overall healthcare system. Based on an extended review of the related literature, the economic crisis, currently numbering five years in Greece, was accompanied by vast healthcare reforms and significant cuts in spending. In particular, austerity measures implemented, impose that health expenditure should not exceed 6% as a share of GDP. Savings were expected to be accomplished through vast changes, including the redetermination of both pharmaceutical reimbursement and pricing, reduction of public servants and cost containment regarding payments to the private sector. So far, there is a significant rise in demand for public hospital services, following a significant drop for private providers, including maternity hospitals, dental offices and surgery clinics. At the same time, elevated prevalence of certain diseases is already reported, although many researchers dispute over a causal association between recession and these health outcomes. Conclusively, it can be argued that the financial crisis is a no easy way out, and the Greek healthcare system is challenged as both resources and demand are rapidly changing. What is yet to answer is whether these reforms, along with a co-existing rise in demand of health services, could jeopardize the quality of the system.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Payments to victims"

Alade, Idowu Mojeed. "In Quest for Sanctity and Inviolability of Human Life: Capital Punishment in Herodotus Book 1." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p33.

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It is a common knowledge that workers both in the public and private sector spends their wages on critical needs such as rent, school fees, food, transportation, recharge cards and healthcare (moller,2004). They are also predominantly expose to economic risk, natural risk, health risk, life cycle risks, policy based and institutional risks, social and political risk (Geneva, ILO-STEP). Various government including Nigeria, historically have been able to introduce some forms of ad-hoc interventions programmes such as mortgage rent reduction, reduction in taxes, cancellation or postponement of loan payment and other form of direct subsidies (Townsend, 1994). Majority of these measures are privileges and not “right” in most developing countries including Nigeria (Sigma, 2005; UNDP 2003). Practiced in almost all ancient and traditional societies, with debates for and against, among lawgivers and philosophers, Capital punishment, also known as death penalty, was a part of the Athenian Greek law code as early as the time of Draco during the 7th Century BC. The debates and controversies continue until date. Is it just, unjust or a false justice? As at the year 2018, according to Amnesty International,1 55 countries of modern civilized world retain death penalty while a certain number have completely abolished it. Herodotus, the ancient Greek historian, in his Histories, record many instances of state sanctioned capital punishments. This paper, an attempt to accentuate the unjust nature of capital punishment and support its complete universal abolition, identifies three references to death penalty in Herodotus Book 1: combing, impaling and stoning. Book I of Herodotus was context analysed and interpreted with evidence from other relevant literary and historical sources. Arguments for death penalty include serving as deterrent to potential offenders and some sort of justice for the victims and family, especially in the case of murder; and the state, in the case of treason and other capital offences. Findings, however, revealed that capital punishment seldom curb potential criminals and might embittered and encouraged grievous crimes while discoveries of errors in judgment, among other reasons, could make death sentences unjust. The paper concluded by recommending prevention of such crimes necessitating capital punishments and proffered making greater efforts towards total abolition. Keywords: Capital punishment, Herodotus, Herodotus Histories, Justice, Death penalty.

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