Статті в журналах: "Pavage du plan"

1

Jacob-Da Col, Marie-Andrée. "Applications quasi-affines et pavages du plan discret." Theoretical Computer Science 259, no. 1-2 (May 2001): 245–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(00)00006-2.

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2

Nivat, Maurice. "Sous-ensembles homogènes de et pavages du plan." Comptes Rendus Mathematique 335, no. 1 (January 2002): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-073x(02)02377-4.

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3

Salon, Olivier. "Quelles tuiles ! (Pavages apériodiques du plan et automates bidimensionnels)." Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 1, no. 1 (1989): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/jtnb.1.

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4

Hayes, Ryan J., William M. Wintermantel, Patricia A. Nicely, and Edward J. Ryder,. "Host Resistance to Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus and Lettuce big-vein associated virus and Virus Sequence Diversity and Frequency in California." Plant Disease 90, no. 2 (February 2006): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0233.

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Big vein is an economically damaging disease of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by the Olpidium brassicae-vectored Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV). Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) is also frequently identified in symptomatic plants, but no causal relationship has been demonstrated. Although big vein is a perennial problem in the United States, the extent of MLBVV and LBVaV infection and diversity is unknown. Lettuce cultivars partially resistant to big vein reduce losses, but do not eliminate disease. While Lactuca virosa does not develop big vein symptoms, it has not been tested for infection with MLBVV or LBVaV. Lettuce cultivars Great Lakes 65, Pavane, Margarita, and L. virosa accession IVT280 were evaluated for big vein incidence and virus infection in inoculated greenhouse trials. Additional lettuce samples were collected from field sites in California, classified for symptom severity, and evaluated for virus infection. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing were used to determine infection with MLBVV and LBVaV, and sequence diversity among viral isolates, respectively. Infections with MLBVV and MLBVV/LBVaV were dependent on big vein symptom expression in California production areas, and isolates were closely related to those found in Europe and Japan. Partial big vein resistance was identified in Margarita and Pavane; however, MLBVV infection was found in asymptomatic plants. L. virosa IVT280 remained symptomless and virus free, suggesting that it is immune to MLBVV and LBVaV.

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5

Meulenbroek, E. J., C. P. J. van de Lindeloof, and H. J. Kanne. "'PAVANA' A NEW STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR FROM PLANT RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 567 (January 2002): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.567.35.

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6

Zong, Chuanming. "Can You Pave the Plane with Identical Tiles?" Notices of the American Mathematical Society 67, no. 05 (May 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/noti2075.

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7

VIGNESHWARAN, ANBUKKARASU, MAXIM S. KULIKOVSKIY, ANTON GLUSHCHENKO, JOHN PATRICK KOCIOLEK, and BALASUBRAMANIAN KARTHICK. "A new species of Cymbella (Bacillariophyceae, Cymbellaceae) from the Pavana River, Western Ghats, India." Phytotaxa 395, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.3.5.

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New diatom species from the genus Cymbella is described, Cymbella pavanaensis from the Pavana River situated in Pimpri-Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra, India. The new species description is based on detailed LM and SEM morphological observations. Comparison of the new species with similar, previously-described taxa is made. C. pavanaensis belongs to a group of small-celled species of the genus, which lack differentiated, rounded porelli comprising the apical pore fields. This taxon is reported from a moderately to the highly-polluted urban lotic system, which signifies that even the diatom flora of easily accessible habitats of India is yet to be fully documented.

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Bavaresco, Luigi, Ginevra Canavera, Maria Giulia Parisi, and Luigi Lucini. "Role of foliar biostimulants (of plant origin) on grapevine adaptation to climate change." BIO Web of Conferences 56 (2023): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235601002.

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Heat waves and drought stress are typical aspects of current climate change, significantly affecting the grapevine physiology in many world growing areas. Biostimulants can play an important role in reducing the negative effects of climate change; that’s why this experiment was set up in order to test two new foliar biostimulants (protein hydrolysates of plant origin). The field experiment was carried out in 2017 and 2018 in Oltrepo pavese area (Lombardia region, northwest Italy, 270 m asl), on a six-year-old vineyard of V. vinifera L. cv. Merlot clone 181 grafted on Gravesac, Guyot trellis, 4,000 vines/ha and not irrigated. Two new protein hydrolysates of plant origin were sprayed twice, just after fruit set and 15 days later, by using 2.5 L/ha. Leaf proteomics and metabolomics were studied in 2017, while productive and qualitative data were recorded in both years at harvest (September 1st, 2017 and August 28th 2018). The most significant findings were: (a) the treatments slowed down the grape ripening, by stimulating vegetative activity and reducing sugar accumulation; (b) less heat and drought stress symptoms were observed in the canopies of treated vines, as compared to the control ones.

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9

Pilla, Giorgio, and Patrizio Torrese. "Hydrochemical-geophysical study of saline paleo-water contamination in alluvial aquifers." Hydrogeology Journal 30, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02446-5.

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AbstractAn integrated hydrochemical and geophysical study of the saline paleo-water uprising into the alluvial aquifer of the Oltrepò Pavese plain sector (Po Plain, northern Italy) is presented. This study involved hydrochemical analysis of groundwater, assessment of well logs, and one-, two- and three-dimensional electrical geophysical surveys. The studied area was selected for its characteristic hydrogeological setting. The alluvial aquifer is strongly conditioned by the presence of a buried tectonic discontinuity along which the saline waters are mainly distributed. These waters rise along the discontinuities in the bedrock and flow into the overlying alluvial aquifer. Contamination from saline waters is not spatially and vertically homogeneous within the aquifer. The spatial distribution of Na–Cl waters suggests the existence of plumes of highly mineralized waters that locally reach the aquifer, diffuse and mix with freshwaters. The saline waters show a dilution during upward migration, which is due to mixing with the shallow fresh groundwater. Highly mineralized groundwater is identified even at very shallow depth in correspondence with each plume. On the other hand, there is a lower degree of contamination in those sectors of the aquifer that are further away from the structural discontinuities and this lesser contamination generally only involves the deeper parts of the aquifer.

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10

Guo, Rui Ping, and Chun Lin Yang. "Variance of Atmosphere Dispersion Factor for Accident Release from Nuclear Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1242.

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The growing concern over the effect of atmosphere dispersion resulted from radioactive material was noticeable. This paper demonstrated the variance of atmosphere dispersion factor for accident release from nuclear power plant through running PAVAN (Atmospheric Dispersion of Radioactive Releases from Nuclear Power Plants) model. Also, we investigated the effect of release height (short for H) on atmosphere dispersion factor and compared the correlation between atmosphere dispersion factor and dispersion distance. Our results showed that atmosphere dispersion factor would descend with increased release height. As dispersion distance increasing, the tendency of atmosphere dispersion factor expressed complicated status caused by the difference of wind direction. It was illustrated that the phenomena was caused by the integrated action between the wind direction and release height. The probability distribution of atmosphere dispersion factor also validated that the distribution was depend on the wind direction. Probability analysis indicated that the atmosphere dispersion factor under H=100m was overall less than that under H=75m.

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11

LOIS, EMBER. "Plant Inspections To Pave Way for Chemical Arms Treaty Monitoring." Chemical & Engineering News 67, no. 10 (March 6, 1989): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v067n010.p024.

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12

Wu, Tian-Shung, Chung-Ren Su, and Kuo-Hsiung Lee. "Cytotoxic and Anti-HIV Phenanthroindolizidine Alkaloids from Cryptocarya chinensis†." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 6 (June 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700608.

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Bioassay-guided fractionation of the cytotoxic ethanol extract of Cryptocarya chinensis has led to the isolation of 11 compounds, including two phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids [(-)-antofine (1) and dehydroantofine (2)], five pavine alkaloids (3-7), and four proaporphine alkaloids (8-11). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by means of NMR spectroscopic methods, and supported by HRMS and optical rotation data. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxic activity against four cancer cell lines, L1210, P388, A549, and HCT-8, with 1 being the most potent against A549 and HCT-8 with EC50 values of 0.002 and 0.001 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, 2 is first reported to exhibit significant anti-HIV activity.

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13

Schlüter, Urs, Gerald Bachler, Karen Galea, Henri Heussen, and Dorothea Koppisch. "207b - Exposure modelling in Europe: how to pave the road for the future as part of the European Exposure Science Strategy 2020–2030." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 68, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae035.151.

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Abstract Exposure models are essential in almost all relevant contexts of exposure science. To address the numerous challenges that exist, exposure modelling is one of the priority areas of ISES Europe. Therefore, a strategy was developed, focused on this priority area (Schlüter et al., 2022), with four strategic objectives: (1)improvement of models, (2)development of new methodologies and support for understudied fields, (3)improvement of model use, and (4)regulatory needs for modelling. Exposure modellers from a wide range of European countries and institutions, active in the fields of occupational, population and environmental exposure science pooled their expertise under the umbrella of the ISES Europe Working Group on exposure models. This working group assessed the state-of-the-art of exposure modelling in Europe. They developed an inventory of exposure models used in Europe and reviewed the existing literature on pitfalls associated with exposure modelling, in order to identify crucial modelling-related strategy elements. Decisive actions were defined for ISES Europe stakeholders focused on achieving the long-term goal of developing a best practice in exposure modelling. Additionally, to the strategic objectives, the working group developed an action plan and roadmap for the implementation of the European Exposure Science Strategy for exposure modelling. This strategic plan will foster a common understanding of modelling-related methodology, terminology, training and education, as well as future research in Europe, and have a broader impact on strategic considerations globally.

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14

Fogliani, G., and E. Caffarri. "Ricerche sperimentali nell' Oltrepò Pavese (Valle Padana) sugli aspetti epidemiologici delle ruggini del frumento." Journal of Phytopathology 115, no. 1 (January 1986): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1986.tb00856.x.

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15

Schlüter, Urs, Jessica Meyer, Andreas Ahrens, Francesca Borghi, Frédéric Clerc, Christiaan Delmaar, Antonio Di Guardo, et al. "Exposure modelling in Europe: how to pave the road for the future as part of the European Exposure Science Strategy 2020–2030." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 32, no. 4 (July 2022): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-022-00455-4.

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AbstractExposure models are essential in almost all relevant contexts for exposure science. To address the numerous challenges and gaps that exist, exposure modelling is one of the priority areas of the European Exposure Science Strategy developed by the European Chapter of the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES Europe). A strategy was developed for the priority area of exposure modelling in Europe with four strategic objectives. These objectives are (1) improvement of models and tools, (2) development of new methodologies and support for understudied fields, (3) improvement of model use and (4) regulatory needs for modelling. In a bottom-up approach, exposure modellers from different European countries and institutions who are active in the fields of occupational, population and environmental exposure science pooled their expertise under the umbrella of the ISES Europe Working Group on exposure models. This working group assessed the state-of-the-art of exposure modelling in Europe by developing an inventory of exposure models used in Europe and reviewing the existing literature on pitfalls for exposure modelling, in order to identify crucial modelling-related strategy elements. Decisive actions were defined for ISES Europe stakeholders, including collecting available models and accompanying information in a living document curated and published by ISES Europe, as well as a long-term goal of developing a best-practices handbook. Alongside these actions, recommendations were developed and addressed to stakeholders outside of ISES Europe. Four strategic objectives were identified with an associated action plan and roadmap for the implementation of the European Exposure Science Strategy for exposure modelling. This strategic plan will foster a common understanding of modelling-related methodology, terminology and future research in Europe, and have a broader impact on strategic considerations globally.

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16

Wang, Jiyuan, Songtao Jiu, Yan Xu, Irfan Ali Sabir, Lei Wang, Chao Ma, Wenping Xu, Shiping Wang, and Caixi Zhang. "SVP-like gene PavSVP potentially suppressing flowering with PavSEP, PavAP1, and PavJONITLESS in sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.)." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 159 (February 2021): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.013.

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17

Farquharson, Kathleen L. "Blast Effector Proteins May Pave the Way for Hyphal Invasion." Plant Cell 22, no. 4 (April 2010): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.220413.

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18

Ghavzan, N. Jafari, and V. R. Gunale. "Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and their relationship with the environment in the Pavana and Mutha rivers (Pune-India)." International Journal on Algae 9, no. 1 (2007): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjalgae.v9.i1.40.

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19

Karunanithy, Narayan, Emily J. Robinson, Francis Calder, Anthony Dorling, Janet L. Peacock, Yanzhong Wang, Leanne M. Gardner, and Michael G. Robson. "Paclitaxel-assisted balloon angioplasty of venous stenosis in haemodialysis access: PAVE RCT." Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation 8, no. 13 (September 2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/eme08130.

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Background Reliable vascular access is essential for patients receiving haemodialysis. An arteriovenous fistula is the preferred option; however, these are prone to developing stenotic segments. These lesions are treated with angioplasty, but there is a high rate of recurrence. When the PAVE (Paclitaxel-assisted balloon Angioplasty of Venous stenosis in haEmodialysis access) trial was conceived, a number of small studies suggested that restenosis may be reduced by paclitaxel-coated balloons. Objective To test the efficacy of paclitaxel-coated balloons in arteriovenous fistulas. Design A randomised controlled trial. Setting Twenty UK centres. Participants Patients (aged ≥ 18 years) referred with a clinical indication for angioplasty of an arteriovenous fistula (212 patients in total, 106 per group). Interventions High-pressure plain balloon fistuloplasty was performed in all patients. In the intervention arm, the second component was insertion of a paclitaxel-coated balloon. In the control arm, an identical procedure was followed, but using a standard balloon. Main outcome measures The primary end point was time (days) to loss of target lesion primary patency. Secondary patency end points were time to loss of access circuit primary patency and time to loss of access circuit cumulative patency. Other secondary end points included angiographically determined late lumen loss, rate of binary angiographic restenosis, procedural success, number of thrombosis events, fistula interventions, adverse events during follow-up and patient quality of life. Results Primary analysis showed no evidence for a difference in time to end of target lesion primary patency between groups (hazard ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.79; p = 0.440). An adjusted secondary analysis with prespecified clinical covariates gave similar results (hazard ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 1.78; p = 0.664). Prespecified secondary outcomes included the time to intervention anywhere in the access circuit or the time until the fistula was abandoned. There were no differences in these patency-related secondary outcomes or in any other secondary outcomes, such as adverse events. Limitations The PAVE trial was not a fully blinded trial. It was impossible to ensure that treating radiologists were blinded to treatment allocation because of the appearance of the paclitaxel-coated balloon. The extent to which our findings can be generalised to patients with multiple lesions could be questioned, given the proportion randomised. However, if paclitaxel-coated balloons had been effective at a single lesion segment, then there is no plausible reason why they could not be effective in patients with multiple lesions. Conclusions There were no differences in primary or secondary outcomes. Following a plain balloon angioplasty, additional treatment with a paclitaxel-coated balloon does not provide benefit. Future work The reasons for differences between the results of the PAVE trial and of other studies deserve further analysis and consideration. Other interventions to prevent restenosis following a fistuloplasty are needed. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN14284759. Funding This project was funded by the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation programme, a Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) partnership. This will be published in full in Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation; Vol. 8, No. 13. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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20

Tundis, R., M. R. Loizzo, M. Bonesi, M. Leporini, F. Menichini, and N. G. Passalacqua. "A study of Salvia fruticosa Mill subsp. thomasii (Lacaita) Brullo, Guglielmo, Pavone & Terrasi, an endemic Sage of Southern Italy." Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 152, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1255272.

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21

Godoy-Herrera, Raul, Barrie Burnet, and Kevin Connolly. "Hybrid disadvantage in the larval foraging behaviour of the two neotropical species of Drosophila pavani and Drosophila gaucha." Genetica 124, no. 1 (May 2005): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10709-004-5913-8.

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22

TAMBE, Agborante Agbor, Priscilla Mebong MFOMBEP, Defang Taku JULİE, Leonel Enow EGBE, Pascal Tabi TABOT, Orhan DENGİZ, and David Tavi AGBOR. "Tomato varieties superiority assessment under organic and inorganic (granular and foliar) fertilization in sandy clay soil." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 13, no. 1 (September 10, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1365143.

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Tomato is valued for its nutritional importance and contribution to countries' GDP. Despite the importance of tomatoes, tomato cultivation remains a challenge in some cities, particularly Kumba, Cameroon. This results from a vast knowledge gap for a suitable variety and agronomic management practices. Thus this work was set out to investigate the response of three tomato varieties under organic, foliar, and granular inorganic fertilization at the Kumba I subdivision. This work comprised two factors; variety having three levels (Cobra F1, Rio Grande, and Kiara tomato varieties) and fertilization having four levels (control, NPK 20:10:10 granular fertilizer, Foliar NPK 20:10:10 inorganic fertilizer, and Poultry manure) given twelve treatment combinations replicated three times randomly in a factorial design. Data was collected on soil physicochemical properties, plant growth parameters and fruit yield. The results showed that the variety did not significantly affect soil physicochemical properties, but soil physicochemical properties were significantly affected by fertilization. Poultry manure had the best OC (5.22 %), Ntot (1.73 g/kg), and Pavail (14.63 mg/kg), while K was highest (2.93 meq/100g) in NPK 20:10:10 granular fertilization. Rio grande, in combination with poultry manure, had the best plant growth; plant height (77.3 cm), number of branches (17), number of leaves (197), and leaf area (47.1 cm2). Cobra F1, in combination with foliar NPK 20:10:10 granular and poultry manure, had the best fruit yield; 13.42 tha-1 and 13.56 tha-1, respectively while Kiara variety at the control treatment had the lowest yield (8.36 tha-1). Thus Cobra F1 variety in combination with poultry manure yielded the best result from this study and offers the best option for tomato cultivation in the sandy clay soils of Kumba, Cameroon.

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23

Monti, G., R. Poli, and P. Tommi. "Materiale per una flora micologica della provincia di Pisa. 4. I macromiceti del territorio compreso fra l'alta Valle di Cornia ed il torrente Pavone." Webbia 41, no. 2 (January 1987): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.1987.10670408.

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24

Tiwari, Parul, Piyush Bhardwaj, Sarawoot Somin, Wendy V. Parr, Roland Harrison, and Don Kulasiri. "Understanding Quality of Pinot Noir Wine: Can Modelling and Machine Learning Pave the Way?" Foods 11, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 3072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11193072.

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Wine research has as its core components the disciplines of sensory analysis, viticulture, and oenology. Wine quality is an important concept for each of these disciplines, as well as for both wine producers and consumers. Any technique that could help producers to understand the nature of wine quality and how consumers perceive it, will help them to design even more effective marketing strategies. However, predicting a wine’s quality presents wine science modelling with a real challenge. We used sample data from Pinot noir wines from different regions of New Zealand to develop a mathematical model that can predict wine quality, and applied dimensional analysis with the Buckingham Pi theorem to determine the mathematical relationship among different chemical and physiochemical compounds. This mathematical model used perceived wine quality indices investigated by wine experts and industry professionals. Afterwards, machine learning algorithms are applied to validate the relevant sensory and chemical concepts. Judgments of wine intrinsic attributes, including overall quality, were made by wine professionals to two sets of 18 Pinot noir wines from New Zealand. This study develops a conceptual and mathematical framework to predict wine quality, and then validated these using a large dataset with machine learning approaches. It is worth noting that the predicted wine quality indices are in good agreement with the wine experts’ perceived quality ratings.

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Valencia Velasco, Juan David, Felipe A. Estela, Eliana Fierro-Calderón, Leonor Valenzuela, and Daniel Osorio-Domínguez. "Densidad y uso de hábitat de la pava caucana (Penelope perspicax) en los Farallones de Cali, Colombia." Biota Colombiana 23, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): e1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21068/2539200x.1003.

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La pava caucana (Penelope perspicax) es un ave endémica de las laderas del valle geográfico del río Cauca en Colombia, considerada en peligro de extinción. La pérdida de hábitat y la cacería han sido sus principales amenazas, lo que ha generado la reducción y aislamiento de sus poblaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la densidad poblacional en una localidad en los Farallones de Cali y desarrollar modelos de ocupación, para evaluar factores que expliquen el uso de hábitat de la especie. Obtuvimos una densidad de 9 ind.km-2, el valor más bajo de los estimados disponibles para la especie; además, encontramos una relación estrecha entre el área de cobertura boscosa y el uso del hábitat de la especie. Los resultados indican la necesidad de conservar los remanentes de bosque y mantener la conectividad, ya que a pesar de que la especie puede utilizar gran variedad de hábitats, la probabilidad de uso aumenta en relación a las áreas disponibles de bosque. Recomendamos que se aumenten los esfuerzos de muestreo en este núcleo poblacional, asegurando variabilidad temporal y espacial, con el fin de contar con mejor información para su manejo en este núcleo.

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Day, Melinda A., Douglas C. Saffran, Tressa Hood, Nikolaus Obholzer, Akanksha Pandey, Charles Y. Lin, Pavan Kumar, and Jorge DiMartino. "Abstract 2639: KB-0742 is active in preclinical MYC high models of TNBC, ovarian, and DLBCL cancers." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2639.

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Abstract MYC is an early-response gene downstream of many receptor complexes, and a component that promotes several pro-growth signal transduction pathways. As a result, MYC expression is highly regulated, but once dysregulated in cancer, MYC promotes tumorigenesis via activation of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. CDK9 is both an upstream and downstream cofactor of MYC. CDK9 promotes MYC expression through its recruitment to super enhancers at the MYC amplicon and acts as a cofactor to drive gene expression programs. Previously, we profiled pan-cancer sensitivity to KB-0742, a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of CDK9, and identified MYC-amplified cancers as being especially sensitive to KB-0742. To better understand the connection between MYC and KB-0742 sensitivity, 11 different tumor types were evaluated preclinically using immortalized cell lines, patient-derived cell lines (PDCs), patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). The 11 indications included head and neck, esophageal, gastric, liver, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic, ovarian, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), prostate, colon, and lymphoma. For 5 of the indications (head and neck, esophageal, gastric, liver, and colon), little activity was observed in cell lines and in vivo with weak correlations to MYC amplification. TNBC, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma showed good responses to KB-0742 treatment. For TNBC and ovarian, immortalized and patient-derived cell lines indicated lower IC50 values with increased MYC amplification or expression, but the results were not statistically significant. However, in vivo assessments using 15 PDX models showed good correlation of tumor growth inhibition (TGI) and MYC amplification/expression, with some tumor regressions observed in several ovarian models. Two PDO models of TNBC with different treatment histories were also treated with KB-0742 and compared to 4 standard-of-care (SOC) compounds. KB-0742 showed much greater activity in the models, with maximal inhibition rates of 100% and 89%. Cell-line screens of blood cancer-derived cell lines showed that lymphocyte-derived cell lines were the most sensitive to KB-0742 as compared to all other cancer types. We tested several PDX models for response to our compound. Treatment with KB-0742 resulted in TGIs of over 50% in several lymphoma models, including a TGI of 56% in 1 model of double-hit diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. These data support the continual development of KB-0742, which is currently being tested in a phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT04718675). The dose-escalation phase is opened to relapsed or refractory solid tumors or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Once a recommend phase 2 dose is determined, we plan to open dedicated expansion arms enrolling patients with MYC over-expression/amplification within the tumor types supported by these studies. Citation Format: Melinda A. Day, Douglas C. Saffran, Tressa Hood, Nikolaus Obholzer, Akanksha Pandey, Charles Y. Lin, Pavan Kumar, Jorge DiMartino. KB-0742 is active in preclinical MYC high models of TNBC, ovarian, and DLBCL cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2639.

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27

Benoist, Yves. "Pavages du plan." Journées mathématiques X-UPS, August 6, 2024, 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/xups.2001-01.

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Nordenstam, Eric, and Benjamin Young. "Correlations for the Novak process." Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science DMTCS Proceedings vol. AR,..., Proceedings (January 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.3070.

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International audience We study random lozenge tilings of a certain shape in the plane called the Novak half-hexagon, and compute the correlation functions for this process. This model was introduced by Nordenstam and Young (2011) and has many intriguing similarities with a more well-studied model, domino tilings of the Aztec diamond. The most difficult step in the present paper is to compute the inverse of the matrix whose (i,j)-entry is the binomial coefficient $C(A, B_j-i)$ for indeterminate variables $A$ and $B_1, \dots , B_n.$ Nous étudions des pavages aléatoires d'une region dans le plan par des losanges qui s'appelle le demi-hexagone de Novak et nous calculons les corrélations de ce processus. Ce modèle a été introduit par Nordenstam et Young (2011) et a plusieurs similarités des pavages aléatoires d'un diamant aztèque par des dominos. La partie la plus difficile de cet article est le calcul de l'inverse d'une matrice ou l’élément (i,j) est le coefficient binomial $C(B_j-i, A)$ pour des variables $A$ et $B_1, \dots , B_n$ indéterminés.

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Massé, Alexandre Blondin, Srecko Brlek, and Sébastien Labbé. "Combinatorial aspects of Escher tilings." Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science DMTCS Proceedings vol. AN,..., Proceedings (January 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.2868.

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International audience In the late 30's, Maurits Cornelis Escher astonished the artistic world by producing some puzzling drawings. In particular, the tesselations of the plane obtained by using a single tile appear to be a major concern in his work, drawing attention from the mathematical community. Since a tile in the continuous world can be approximated by a path on a sufficiently small square grid - a widely used method in applications using computer displays - the natural combinatorial object that models the tiles is the polyomino. As polyominoes are encoded by paths on a four letter alphabet coding their contours, the use of combinatorics on words for the study of tiling properties becomes relevant. In this paper we present several results, ranging from recognition of these tiles to their generation, leading also to some surprising links with the well-known sequences of Fibonacci and Pell. Lorsque Maurits Cornelis Escher commença à la fin des années 30 à produire des pavages du plan avec des tuiles, il étonna le monde artistique par la singularité de ses dessins. En particulier, les pavages du plan obtenus avec des copies d'une seule tuile apparaissent souvent dans son œuvre et ont attiré peu à peu l'attention de la communauté mathématique. Puisqu'une tuile dans le monde continu peut être approximée par un chemin sur un réseau carré suffisamment fin - une méthode universellement utilisée dans les applications utilisant des écrans graphiques - l'objet combinatoire qui modèle adéquatement la tuile est le polyomino. Comme ceux-ci sont naturellement codés par des chemins sur un alphabet de quatre lettres, l'utilisation de la combinatoire des mots devient pertinente pour l'étude des propriétés des tuiles pavantes. Nous présentons dans ce papier plusieurs résultats, allant de la reconnaissance de ces tuiles à leur génération, conduisant à des liens surprenants avec les célèbres suites de Fibonacci et de Pell.

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Panova, Greta. "Lozenge tilings with free boundary." Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science DMTCS Proceedings, 27th..., Proceedings (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.2474.

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International audience We study tilings with lozenges of a domain with free boundary conditions on one side. These correspondto boxed symmetric plane partitions. We show that the positions of the horizontal lozenges near the left flatboundary, in the limit, have the same joint distribution as the eigenvalues from a Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (theGUE-corners/minors process). We also prove the existence of a limit shape of the height function (the symmetricplane partition). We also consider domains where the sides converge to $\infty$ at different rates and recover again theGUE-corners process. Nous étudions les pavages par losanges d’un domaine dont le bord vertical est “libre”. Nous montrons queles positions des losanges horizontaux proches du bord gauche ont la même distribution que les valeurs propres del’ensemble gaussien unitaire. Nous montrons aussi l’existence d’une limite de la forme de la fonction de hauteur (unepartition plane symétrique). Nous considérons aussi des domaines ou des bords différents convergent vers $\infty$ destaux différents et nous retrouvons nouveau les processus EGU au bord.

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Staub, Caroline G., Daniel Perondi, Diego Noleto Luz Pequeno, Patrick Troy, Michael J. Mulvaney, Calvin Perry, Brian Hayes, Willingthon Pavan, and Clyde W. Fraisse. "AgroClimate Crop Season Planning Tool: Reducing the Risk of Extreme Weather Events during Key Stages of Crop Development." EDIS 2018, no. 2 (April 10, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ae525-2018.

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This 5-page publication details a new tool available to growers and Extension professionals to manage risks related to climate during seasonal planning stages. The Crop Season Planning tool is a climate-based tool that enables growers to plan planting strategies that will minimize risk to climate extremes based on historical climate data at their location. Written by Caroline G. Staub, Daniel Perondi, Diego Noleto Luz Pequeno, Patrick Troy, Michael J. Mulvaney, Calvin Perry, Brian Hayes, Willingthon Pavan, and Clyde W. Fraisse, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, March 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae525

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"Plan a Visit to the Exhibits While Attending the AMS 81st Annual Meeting." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81, no. 12 (December 2000): 3010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<3010:pavtte>2.3.co;2.

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33

"France plans to pave roads with solar panels." Physics Today, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.029542.

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Pilla, Giorgio, and Patrizio Torrese. "Saline paleo-water mass transfer induced by piston flow in the continental alluvial aquifer of the Oltrepò Pavese plain (Po Plain, northern Italy)." Hydrogeology Journal, April 20, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02790-2.

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AbstractHydrochemical and geophysical methods were used to assess saline paleo-water mass transfer induced by piston flow in the alluvial aquifer of the Oltrepò Pavese plain (northern Italy). The surface aquifer shows salinity contamination from a Tertiary substrate of marine origin, due to mixing of the shallower fresh groundwater with the Po Plain’s deep brines. The study also used continuous monitoring of groundwater electrical conductivity, temperature and piezometric levels. Well logging and geophysical imaging, conducted at different times, revealed that the contamination varies over time, and that the water salinity and the depth of the transition zone (between the surface freshwaters and the deep saline waters) are subject to modifications. This is due to a pressure transfer—and, subsequently, mass transfer−from the groundwater circuits of the nearby Apennine mountains. It suggests that a hydraulic connection exists between the fractured Apennine water circuits and the deeper Mio-Pliocene and Tertiary saline-water circuits found below the plain’s alluvial aquifer. Coinciding with significant recharge episodes that affect Apennine water circuits (prolonged rainfall and snow melt at mid-high altitudes), there is a pressure transfer transmitted along the water circuits in which saline water resides, providing an impulse to rise along the discontinuities and reach the alluvial aquifer. The conceptual model is supported by evidence that wells constructed in correspondence to hydraulically active tectonic discontinuities are affected by the arrival of saline waters with variable delays, while wells sited in sectors not affected by tectonic discontinuities are diluted by ‘fresh’ waters connected to alluvial aquifer recharge.

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Festini, Mario. "Descriptive elements in the style of O. Honore Bianchi." Radovi. Razdio filoloških znanosti 28, no. 18 (April 22, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/radovifilo.1750.

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Oliviero Honoré Bianchi, tršćanski književnik rodom iz Opatije, opisuje u svom romanu La none del diavolo (»Đavolska noć«) svijet bezvoljnih, propalih i pobijeđenih ljudi. Da bi ostvario tialucinuntnu sliku đavolske noći u kojoj oživljavaju njegovi likovi, taj riječki tršćanin obilato se koristi sintaktičkim konstrukcijama koje mu nudi talijanski jezički institut. Pošto je ukazao na neke Bianchijeve narativne tehnike (od neposrednog kazivanja u trećem licu, preko upravnog i neupravnog govora, do slobodnog neupravnog kazivanja), autor članka analizira podrobnije neke sintaktičke konstrukcije karakteristične za Bianchijev deskriptivni stil. Tu su u prvom redu »apsolutne konstrukcije« čiju je učestalost u talijanskoj književnosti najtemeljitije obradio D. C mecca. Drugi deskriptivni elemenat kojim se Bianchi služi jesu imenske konstrukcije »fu + imenica, infiniliv, prilog odnosno priloška oznaka* a koje nose jasni pečat impresionističke književnosti. U blagoj polemici s G. Ilerzcgom, autor članka svrstava među deskriptivne elemente i sintaktičku konstrukciju »a + infiniliv« za koju Herzeg tvrdi da ima izrazito narativno obilježje. Dosljedan svojoj nakani da stvori što izražajniju sliku ambijenta u kojem se kreću njegovi likovi, Bianchi stvara i sintaktičke konstrukcije u kojima je glagolski elemenat potpuno nestao, premda njegova sintaktička funkcija izbija jasno iz imenica, pridjeva, glagolskih pridjeva pa čak i priloga koji ga zamjenjuju. Uz najavu da će se drugom prilikom pozabavili deskriptivnim funkcijama nekih glagolskih oblika (npr. deskriptivnog imperfekta) autor završava svoj rad osvrtom na jedan deskriptivni elemenat koji najrječitije potvrđuje piščevu nakanu: stvarajući sintagme čiji su sastavni elementi izmijenili uobičajenu sintaktičku funkciju, Bianchi nam nudi čitav niz impresionističkih slika u kojima percepcije (vidne, akustičke, pokretne i opipne) i emocije dolaze u prvi plan s obzirom na njihovo materijalno ishodište. Autor tvrdi da je Bianchi svojim jezičkim izborom uspješno ostvario estetsku sintezu umjetničke intuicije i izraza: šteta što nije ostavio brojnije dokaze te svoje kreativne sposobnosti na koju ukazuju velika imena talijanske književnosti i književne kritike kao Što su Guido Piovenc, Cesare Pavese i Bruno Maier.

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URLACHER-BECHT, Céline. "La « mémoire privée » dans le carm. 1, 6 (= 2 Vogel) d’Ennode de Pavie. Problèmes méthodologiques et essai de reconstruction des circonstances du voyage." Viatica, HS4 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.52497/viatica2071.

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Abstract: After his return from the Roman synod of November 502, which recognized the legitimacy of Pope Symmachus in the Laurentian schism, Ennodius of Pavia composed a dicitio (carm. 1, 6 = 2 Vogel) in which he sings his safe return to his homeland, i.e. Milan. This poem, composed to be declaimed in front of a scholarly audience, is emblematic of the difficulties involved in reading, several centuries after their composition, epidictic discourses that were not written for posterity. In fact, the highly stylized account of his journey tells us almost nothing about the motivations and the conditions of the journey. However, the reasons for this silence are not only that the audience was aware of these factual data : Ennode is situated on another plane, elevating the narrative to an allegorical level. So the fears – real or fictitious – that he would have experienced during his journey (at sea?) suggest the fragility of the victory won by Symmachus.

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37

Caffier, Valérie, Jason Shiller, Marie-Noëlle Bellanger, Jerome Collemare, Pascale Expert, Pierre Gladieux, Claire Pascouau, Mélanie Sannier, and Bruno Le Cam. "Hybridizations between formae speciales of Venturia inaequalis pave the way for a new biocontrol strategy to manage fungal plant pathogens." Phytopathology®, January 26, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-21-0222-sc.

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Hybridization and adaptation to new hosts are important mechanisms of fungal disease emergence. Evaluating the risk of emergence of hybrids with enhanced virulence is then key to develop sustainable crop disease management. We evaluated this risk in Venturia inaequalis, the fungus responsible for the common and serious scab disease on Rosaceae hosts, including apple, pyracantha and loquat. Field isolates from these three hosts and progenies obtained from five crosses between formae speciales isolates collected from pyracantha (f.sp. pyracantha) and apple (f.sp. pomi) were tested for their pathogenicity on the three hosts. We confirmed a strict host specificity between isolates from apple and pyracantha, and showed that most isolates were able to cause disease on loquat. None of the 251 progeny obtained from five crosses between V. inaequalis f.sp. pyracantha and V. inaequalis f. sp. pomi could infect apple. If confirmed on more crosses, the inability of the hybrids to infect apple could lead to a novel biocontrol strategy based on a sexual hijacking of V. inaequalis f.sp. pomi by a massive introduction of V. inaequalis f.sp. pyracantha in apple orchards. This strategy, analogous to the sterile insect approach, could lead to the collapse of the population size of V. inaequalis and dramatically reduce the use of chemicals in orchards.

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38

Hamant, Olivier. "Quantitative imaging strategies pave the way for testable biological concepts." BMC Biology 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-9-10.

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39

Kumar, Anshul, Pankaj Kumar, Ajit Sharma, Dharam Paul Sharma, and Manisha Thakur. "Scientific insights to existing know-how, breeding, genetics, and biotechnological interventions pave the way for the adoption of high-value underutilized super fruit Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)." South African Journal of Botany, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.11.045.

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40

Karunanithy, Narayan, Irene Rebollo Mesa, Anthony Dorling, Francis Calder, Konstantinos Katsanos, Vikki Semik, Emily Robinson, et al. "Paclitaxel-coated balloon fistuloplasty versus plain balloon fistuloplasty only to preserve the patency of arteriovenous fistulae used for haemodialysis (PAVE): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." Trials 17, no. 1 (May 12, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1372-7.

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41

Freire, Herlania Silva, Roque Soares Martins Neto, Felipe Evangelista Verissimo, Pedro Henrique Acioly Guedes Peixoto Vieira, Paulo Goberlânio de Barros Silva, Diego Felipe Silveira Esses, and Andressa Aires Alencar. "Efeito da mepivacaína 2% nos parâmetros cardiovasculares em cirurgias de terceiros molares." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 8, no. 2 (May 14, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v8i2.3271.

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Ao serem administrados, os Anestésicos Locais e Vasoconstritores (VC) iniciam os processos de absorção e eliminação, passando pela circulação sanguínea podendo atingir níveis tóxicos ou induzir alterações cardiovasculares. Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento da atividade cardiovascular nas cirurgias para a remoção de terceiros molares utilizando a mepivacaína 2% com adrenalina na concentração de 1:100.000 em um período de até 120 min após a injeção anestésica. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, interventivo com caráter quantitativo e descritivo, com dados mensuráveis para análise e interpretação, realizado com pacientes da disciplina de clínica cirúrgica do curso de odontologia da UniCatólica. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados através do teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e comparados ao longo do trans-operatório pelos testes ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguidas do pós-teste de Bonferroni ou Friedman seguido do pós-teste de Dunn adotando um nível de 5% de significância (p < 0,05). O procedimento com o anestésico utilizado não provocou alterações na Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) (p=0,712), Pressão Arterial Diastólica (PAD) (p=0,098) bem como da diferença de PAS e PAD (p=0,546). Na Frequência Cardíaca (FC) houve diferença significante nos tempos de 10 min (p=0,013) e 120 min (p=0,013). Já na Saturação Periférica O2 (SPO2) houve diferença estatística significante nos tempos da 1ª visita (p=0,001), 0 (p=0,001), 5 (p=0,001) e 20 (p=0,001). Conclui-se assim, que o anestésico local pode ser utilizado em pacientes normotensivos durante a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos odontológicos, e este leve aumento na FC e SPO2pode estar relacionado à ansiedade e/ou ao estresse emocional dos pacientes.Descritores: Anestésicos Locais; Mepivacaína; Sistema Cardiovascular; Pressão Arterial. ReferênciasAndrade ED. Terapêutica Medicamentosa em Odontologia. 3. ed. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2014.Teixeira RN. Anestesia Local sem Vasoconstritor versus com Vasoconstritor. Porto: Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde; 2014.Malamed SF. Manual de Anestesia Local. 5ª. ed. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2004.Silvestre FJ, Verdu MJ, Sanchis JM, Grau D, Penarrocha M. Effects of vasoconstrictors in dentistry upon systolic and diastolic arterial pressure. Medicina Oral. 2001;6(1):57-63.Ponzoni D, Sanches MG, Okamoto T. Influência de solução anestésica local contendo mepivacaína no processo de reparo em feridas de extração dental: análise histológica em ratos. Rev ABO. 2003;11(5):287-92.Dicionário de Especialidades Farmacêuticas, 2004/05. 33. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora de Publicações Científicas; 2004.Frabett IL, Checchi L, Finelli K. Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with epinephrine in periodontal treatment. Quintessence Int. 1992;23(1):19-24.Lambrecth JT, Filippi A. Arrigoni J, Cardiovascular monitoring and its consequences in oral surgery. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2011;1(2):102-6.Fukayama H, Yagiela J. A. Monitoring of vital signs during dental care. Int Dent J. 2006;56(2):102-8.Dantas MVM, Gabrielli MAC, Hochuli-Vieira E. Efeito da mepivacaína 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000 sobre a pressão sanguínea. Rev Odontol Unesp. 2008;37(3):223-27.Nichols C. Dentistry and hipertension. J Am Dent Assoc. 1997;128(11):1557-62.Zottis D, Bernardes R, Wannmacher L. Efeito de vasoconstritor usado em anestesia local sobre a PA sistêmica e FC durante o atendimento odontológico. Rev ABO. 1999; 7:289-93.Neves RS, Neves IL, Giorgi DM, Grupi CJ, César LA, Hueb W et al. Effects of epinephrine in local dental anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88(5):545-51.Laragnoit AB, Neves RS, Neves IL, Vieira JE. Locoregional anesthesia for dental treatment in cardiac patients: a comparative study of 2% plain lidocaine and 2% lidocaine with epinephrine (1:100,000). Clinics. 2009;64(3):177-82.Silvestre FJ, Salvador-Martínez I, Bautista D, Silvestre-Rangil J. Clinical study of hemodynamic changes during extraction in controlled hyperten- controlled hypertensive patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16(3):e354-58.Dutra RM. Saturação periférica de oxigênio, frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial sistêmica em crianças portadoras de cardiopatia congênita cianogênica com hipofluxo pulmonar durante procedimento odontológico [tese]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Programa de Pneumologia; 2012.Braga AFA, D’Ottaviano LH, Braga FSS, Morais SS. Extração de terceiros molares retidos sob anestesia local. Avaliação de ansiedade, dor, alterações hemodinâmicas e respiratórias. Rev Fac Odontol Porto Alegre. 2010;51(2):9-14.Prado RMS. Efeitos cardiovasculares da mepivacaína com epinefrina seguida hialuronidase: ensaio duplo-cego controlado em cirurgias bilaterais de terceiros molares inferiores [dissertação]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Odontologia da USP; 2007.Alemany-Martinez A, Valmaseda-Castellón E, Berini-Aytés L, Gay-Escoda C. Hemodynamic changes during the surgical removal of lower third molars. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2008;66(3):453-61.Paramaesvaran M, Kingon AM. Alterations in blood pressure and pulse rate in exodontia patients. Aust Dent J. 1994;39(5):282-86.Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Tutorial de Anestesia da Semana - Oximetria de Pulso – parte 1. WILSON, Iain. Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, UK, 2013. Disponível em: <http://grofsc.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/ 2013/ 03/Oximetria-de-pulso-parte-11.pdf>. Acesso em: 22 de novembro, 2016.Tolas AG, Pflug AE, Halter JB. Arterial plasma epinephrine concentrations and hemodynamic responses after dental injection of local anesthetic with epinephrine. J Am Dent Assoc.1982;104(1):41-3.Brand HS, Abraham-Inpijn L. Cardiovascular responses induced by dental treatment. Eur J Oral Sci.1996;104(3):245-52.Takahashi Y, Nakano M, Kanri KST. The effects of epinephrine in local anesthetics on plasma catecholamine and hemodynamic responses. Odontology.2005;93(1):72-9.Muzyka BC, Glick M. The hypertensive dental patient. J Am Dent Assoc.1997;128(8):1109-20.Báguena JC, Chiva F. Efectos de los anestésicos de uso odontológico sobre la presión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca. Rev Eur Odontoestomatol. 1999;1(5):291-95.Eyigor C, Cagiran E, Balcioglu T, Uyar M. Comparação dos efeitos de remifentanil e remifentanil + lidocaína em intubação de pacientes intelectualmente deficientes. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2014;64(4):263-68.Pavan MV, Saura GE, Korkes HÁ, Nascimento KM, Neto NMN, Dávila R, Rodrigues CIS, Almeida FA. Similaridade entre os valores da pressão arterial aferida pelo método auscultatório com aparelho de coluna de mercúrio e o método oscilométrico automático com aparelho digital. J Bras Nefrol. 2012;34(1):43-9.

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Glick, Shannon. "Ethical Need for a Fertility Decision-Aid for Transgender Adults of Reproductive Age." Voices in Bioethics 9 (February 16, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/vib.v9i.10309.

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Photo by Alexander Grey on Unsplash ABSTRACT Current studies show that about half of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people wish to have children in the future. TGD patients who pursue gender-affirmation interventions must be aware of the impact that various treatments can have on fertility, as gender-affirming care through medical or surgical treatment can limit or alter reproductive potential. Many medical professional societies encourage providers to educate and counsel patients about the consequences of treatment and viable options for fertility preservation (FP) as early as possible, though patients may not be aware of all the family formation methods available. There is a significant need for a tool that thoroughly details not only the various opportunities for parenthood but the perceived cost, rates of success, and risks associated with each option. A fertility decision-aid would allow for a more robust informed consent process and shared decision-making for all individuals pursuing gender-affirming care. INTRODUCTION Over 1.6 million adults and youth in the United States, or about 0.6 percent of those age 13 and over, identify as transgender, according to a report released by The Williams Institute in June 2022.[1] Current studies show that approximately half of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people wish to have children in the future, which aligns with the rate of cisgender individuals who desire parenthood in some form.[2] Studies on parenthood show improved quality of life and mental health in TGD adults and decreased incidence of suicide in TGD women.[3] In one study, almost half of the TGD individuals who indicated an interest in parenthood said they wanted genetically related offspring.[4] However, medical or surgical therapies can limit reproductive potential.[5] Recent findings indicate that some TGD adults who underwent medical or surgical paths to affirmation regret decisions that may have led to their inability to have genetic children. Perhaps they did not know it was an option, faced barriers to care, or were not interested at the time.[6] Many medical professional societies, including the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), the Endocrine Society, and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, encourage providers to educate and counsel patients about the consequences of treatment and viable options for fertility preservation as early as possible.[7] This paper argues that TGD patients who pursue gender-affirmation interventions must be aware of the impact treatments can have on fertility and, ultimately, parenthood and that a design tool may help them understand the risks and make informed decisions. l. Gender Affirmation Options Some TGD individuals do not use medical or surgical therapies to feel affirmed in their identity.[8] Non-medical paths to affirmation include social and legal measures.[9] These reversible paths do not impact the individual’s future fertility potential. TGD individuals can follow different paths of gender-affirming care through social, legal, medical, and surgical affirmation.[10] Social affirmation can include using gender-affirming pronouns, names, and clothing.[11] Legal affirmation can include changing the gender and name on a birth certificate and other records in states where this is permissible.[12] Social and legal affirmations are reversible and do not impact fertility potential. Medical affirmation involves the use of gender-affirming hormone therapy. Feminizing or masculinizing hormone therapy allows for the development of secondary sex characteristics that more closely align with the individual's gender identity.[13] No set regimen for treatment exists, as a patient’s goals will determine their individualized plan.[14] Some standard feminizing agents include estrogen, androgen-reducing medications, and progestins, while the common masculinizing agent is testosterone.[15] Gender-affirming hormone therapy is not currently seen as a definitive cause of infertility, as it is possible to discontinue treatment and see a noted reversal of intended effects.[16] Research findings suggest that hormone therapy should stop for a minimum of three months to reverse any treatment effects.[17] The only available data on long-term hormonal therapy use is inconsistent, based on observational studies with varying duration and doses.[18] Individuals can stop gender-affirming hormone therapy, but its lasting impact on fertility is unknown.[19] A TGD individual may choose to undergo surgical interventions that do not impact fertility. These interventions can masculinize or feminize body parts to allow a patient’s physical appearance to align with their gender identity.[20] This care could include breast augmentation for TGD women and Adam’s apple reduction or breast reduction for TGD men.[21] Other surgical interventions will impact TGD individuals’ fertility. Genital surgery for a TGD woman can include the removal of the penis and scrotum (penectomy and orchiectomy) and the construction of a vagina and labia (vaginoplasty and valvuloplasty).[22] A TGD man can have removal of the ovaries and uterus (oophorectomy and hysterectomy) and construction of a penis and scrotum (metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, and scrotoplasty).[23] Following these gender-affirming surgeries, individuals are infertile due to the removal of their reproductive organs.[24] These procedures are irreversible and directly impact reproductive capacity in TGD individuals. ll. Fertility Counseling to Explain Paths to Parenthood Patients receiving gender-affirming care should have the opportunity to learn about the various ways to achieve parenthood, including fertility preservation. Family formation methods include sexual intercourse, artificial insemination, surrogacy, and adoption or foster care.[25] These methods apply to non-TGD people as well. Patients may not be aware of the various means of family-building, so accurate and expansive fertility counseling is essential before initiating medical or surgical affirming care. The frequency with which TGD individuals receive fertility counseling and how thorough it is, is unclear. When surveyed about fertility preservation, healthcare providers reported a lack of confidence in discussing fertility preservation with patients due to gaps in their knowledge on best practices, success rates, and regret rates in patients who did not preserve fertility. They also had varied perceptions of their role in treating patients and whether they should discuss family planning.[26] Patients have reported receiving an overview of fertility options from their primary transgender-healthcare providers before being referred to reproductive specialists.[27] While this is an essential step for patients seeking more information about their opportunities for parenthood, only 16 percent of Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology member clinics share information about options for transgender individuals on their websites.[28] Providers of transgender health care do not, and may not be trained to, provide adequate counsel to patients. Patients also cannot give informed consent for fertility or gender-affirming care interventions without more information on the benefits and burdens of all available treatments. Current literature demonstrates a need for a decision aid that thoroughly details not only the opportunities for parenthood but the perceived cost, rates of success, and risks associated with each option.[29] This tool could foster a more informed dialogue between an individual and their care team. A fertility decision aid would also allow for a more robust informed consent process for all individuals pursuing gender-affirming care. Regardless of the affirmation path chosen, a TGD individual should have early and frequent conversations with their care team regarding fertility. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) asserts that healthcare professionals should discuss fertility preservation options before initiating gender-affirming hormone therapy or surgery. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology states that “fertility and parenting desires should be discussed early in the process of transition, before the initiation of hormone therapy or gender affirmation surgery.”[30] The Endocrine Society writes that “all individuals seeking gender-affirming medical treatment should receive information and counsel on options for fertility preservation prior to initiating puberty suppression in adolescents and prior to treating with hormonal therapy in both adolescents and adults."[31] These conversations are essential even if the patient is not interested in parenthood at the time. WPATH addresses the potential for regret, as cases of individuals who received hormone therapy and genital surgery and later desired genetically related children have been identified.[32] TGD patients pursuing gender-affirming care should assess their individual fertility goals to better understand the many ways to build a family. Surveys of TGD adults show that participants want to become parents in various ways. In one study, 31.3 percent of those surveyed wanted to become parents through adoption, 25 percent wanted children through sexual intercourse, 15.6 percent through surrogacy, 12.5 percent using donor sperm, 9.4 percent using a known sperm donor, and 6.3 percent through the foster care system.[33] TGD women showed a significant interest in adoption (75 percent of participants), whereas more than half of TGD men wanted to become parents through sexual intercourse or pregnancy (58.3 percent).[34] These fertility goals should be acknowledged and discussed with the care team to guide decision-making about fertility preservation. lll. Fertility Preservation Individuals who wish to share their genetic makeup with their child will usually need to speak with a reproductive specialist about fertility preservation options. They are the same as those for cisgender individuals using fertility services before cancer treatment or elective preservation.[35] For TGD adults with ovaries, this includes freezing embryos (using donor or partner sperm) or ovarian tissue.[36] While no longer viewed as an experimental treatment, professionals offer tissue freezing to few patients due to a lack of data on its safety and efficacy.[37] For TGD adults with testicles, freezing sperm and preserving testicular tissue can preserve the ability to have biological children.[38] Fertility preservation numbers for TGD adults remain low. A study showed that 76.6 percent of TGD men and 76.1 percent of TGD women considered fertility preservation, but only 3.1 percent and 9.6 percent, respectively, initiated it.[39] Success rate, cost, need for travel, and elevated risk of gender dysphoria likely lead to lower use of fertility preservation.[40] According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the average cost of an IVF cycle in the US is $12,400.[41] Intrauterine insemination can range in cost from a few hundred dollars to $2,000 per cycle.[42] There are also associated costs to freeze and store sperm and eggs.[43] Insurance coverage and physical location impact the costs and how the patient bears the costs.[44] For those who do not have sufficient or any insurance coverage, fertility preservation may not be feasible. Of additional significance for this population, fertility preservation techniques can exacerbate gender dysphoria as the patient must produce gametes associated with the gender they do not recognize.[45] For TGD women, masturbating in a clinical setting or sperm banking for sperm cryopreservation can cause severe distress.[46] Furthermore, fertility preservation for TGD men can be challenging and invasive. A transvaginal ultrasound exam is a requirement for the cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes.[47] This exam can cause significant distress as the procedure does not align with their male identity.[48] Controlled ovarian stimulation cycles require two weeks of daily gonadotropin injections, and the patient is given anesthesia for oocyte retrieval.[49] Furthermore, TGD men undergoing fertility preservation must discontinue testosterone use, and menstruation can resume.[50] lV. Other Paths to Parenthood a. Adoption TGD adults can also pursue parenthood through adoption systems, though foster care is a temporary option. While almost one-third of surveyed TGD adults consider adoption a means to parenthood, cost and fear of discrimination can prevent them from following through.[51] TGD individuals have expressed a reluctance to pursue adoption due to the fear of discrimination by adoption agencies, attorneys, or families.[52] Nineteen states in the US allow child welfare agencies to refuse to provide services to LGBTQ+ families if it conflicts with the religious beliefs of the relevant people in the agency.[53] Nineteen states have no laws about discrimination during the adoption process based on sexual orientation or gender identity.[54] Only 29 states have statutory or regulatory protections against discrimination based on orientation and gender identity.[55] b. Surrogacy There are two types of surrogacies: traditional and gestational.[56] In traditional surrogacy, professionals fertilize the surrogate’s egg by the sperm of an intended parent or a sperm donor through intrauterine insemination. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate undergoes IVF to implant the fertilized embryo.[57] Egg donation can be used for gestational surrogacy if necessary. Those considering surrogacy need to understand the specific laws in their state, as they can differ significantly.[58] c. Intercourse TGD individuals who have not undergone genital surgery can have intercourse with the intention of causing pregnancy. TGD men who have not had genital surgery can bear children. For those who have initiated hormonal therapy, limited data has been collected on the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on conception.[59] TGD men have gotten pregnant after discontinuing testosterone use.[60] TGD women who have not had genital surgery can have intercourse with a person with ovaries and produce sperm to fertilize an egg. Gender-affirming hormone therapy possibly affects sperm viability.[61] V. A Decision Aid to Support Informed Consent and Shared Decision Making For individuals pursuing gender-affirming care, time is of the essence when considering fertility preservation. In one review, transgender health doctors reported that most patients did not want to postpone treatment for fertility preservation procedures, even if they wanted children;[62] any delay in treatment can be distressing for those with gender dysphoria.[63] Providers face several challenges when counseling patients about fertility. The WPATH guidelines pose an ethical dilemma for transgender health providers as limited data offers guidance about discussing fertility risks and recommendations with patients.[64] For TGD patients, limited and contradictory data about fertility outcomes before, during, and after gender affirmation exists, particularly for the lasting impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy.[65] For TGD women who have taken estrogen and stopped to pursue fertility preservation, data on sperm quality is mixed.[66] The data on when normal ovarian function resumes is variable for TGD men using testosterone who have stopped to pursue fertility preservation.[67] Much data comes from the oncofertility literature, which indicates that when providers use standardized counseling practices when discussing fertility with their patients, more patients undergo fertility preservation, and patient satisfaction increases.[68] For individuals seeking gender-affirming care, there is a need for a decision aid that providers can utilize across multiple clinics and programs.[69],[70] Patients must be aware of the benefits, risks, and alternatives of any intervention to provide truly informed consent. When discussing fertility for TGD patients, this includes which fertility options are available at each stage of transition and the potential for a live birth with each option.[71] Furthermore, a decision aid would allow for shared decision-making, where the patient is an active participant and co-designer of their treatment plan.[72] Shared decision-making acknowledges the healthcare provider’s beneficence, knowledge, and experience while equally valuing the right to patient autonomy and respecting the ability of the patient to inform the provider.[73] A decision aid can help initiate the conversations between a patient and their provider that allow for a true partnership in decision-making. A recent study investigated the efficacy and impact of a web-based fertility decision aid targeted at TGD adolescents and young adults.[74] This tool, titled Aid for Fertility-Related Medical Decisions (AFFRMED), significantly increased fertility knowledge in both youth and their parents while improving youth’s perceived ability to make fertility decisions.[75] Youth participants and their parents found the tool “feasible, acceptable, and usable.”[76] This initial study was small, with only eight adolescents or young adults and seven parents participating.[77] At large, the effectiveness of the trial will be the next step in determining the legitimacy of the aid for clinical use.[78] A similar decision-making tool designed for TGD adults would also be useful. The tool can present an average range of expected costs as much variability exists and costs change over time. This tool should also include general information on what is required to pursue each path to parenthood. For example, a patient undergoing fertility preservation needs to know what steps are necessary after the cryopreservation of gametes for live birth.[79] CONCLUSION Individuals pursuing gender-affirming care must closely consider the impact of their medical and surgical care on their desire to become parents as early in their affirmation journey as possible. A decision aid can be helpful if it outlines the risks to fertility and options to preserve fertility, with the specific data necessary to make an informed choice. The tool should include the methods of fertility preservation, each step of the protocol and respective risks for each method, the expected timeline from initiation to completion, general success rates, options for remaining gamete disposition, and the average cost of treatment. This should include a list of steps to initiate the process for each method and any potential barriers or obstacles. For surrogacy, the tool should include the two types and the average cost. For intercourse, the aid should include information on risks for discontinuing gender-affirming hormone therapy and general success rates. Clinics and providers could elect to tailor the decision aid for their population to include specific information about local laws and the availability of services. With a standardized fertility decision aid, TGD individuals can have a more thorough understanding of the opportunities and limitations placed on their reproductive capacity. Healthcare providers can feel more confident that their patients have access to relevant information regarding family-building before initiating medical or surgical affirmation. This allows for a more substantial informed consent and shared decision-making process, regardless of the decision made. A trial-tested decision-making tool for TGD adolescents and young adults exists that can serve as a model for creating aid for TGD adults of all ages. A fertility decision aid designed explicitly for TGD adults of reproductive age would be invaluable to support patients and healthcare providers in transgender health. - [1] Herman, J.L., Flores, A.R., O’Neill, K.K. (2022). How Many Adults and Youth Identify as Transgender in the United States? The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law [2] Moravek M. B. (2019). Fertility preservation options for transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, 31(3), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000537 [3] Moravek (2019). [4] Moravek (2019). [5] Access to fertility services by transgender persons: an Ethics Committee opinion. (2015). Access to fertility services by transgender persons: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 104(5), 1111–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.021 [6] Harris, R. M., Kolaitis, I. N., & Frader, J. E.. (2020). Ethical issues involving fertility preservation for transgender youth. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 37(10), 2453–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-020-01873-9 [7] Bizic, M. R., Jeftovic, M., Pusica, S., Stojanovic, B., Duisin, D., Vujovic, S., Rakic, V., & Djordjevic, M. L. (2018). Gender Dysphoria: Bioethical Aspects of Medical Treatment. BioMed research international, 2018, 9652305. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9652305 [8] Rafferty, J., COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, & SECTION ON LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER HEALTH AND WELLNESS (2018). Ensuring Comprehensive Care and Support for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 142(4), e20182162. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2162 [9] Rafferty (2018). [10] Rafferty (2018). [11] Rafferty (2018). [12] Rafferty (2018). [13] Rafferty (2018). [14] WPATH (2012). [15] WPATH (2012). [16] Bizic (2018). [17] Bizic (2018). [18] Moravek (2019). [19] Finlayson, C., Johnson, E. K., Chen, D., Dabrowski, E., Gosiengfiao, Y., Campo-Engelstein, L., Rosoklija, I., Jacobson, J., Shnorhavorian, M., Pavone, M. E., Moravek, M. B., Bonifacio, H. J., Simons, L., Hudson, J., Fechner, P. Y., Gomez-Lobo, V., Kadakia, R., Shurba, A., Rowell, E., & Woodruff, T. K.. (2016). Proceedings of the Working Group Session on Fertility Preservation for Individuals with Gender and Sex Diversity. Transgender Health, 1(1), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0008 [20] Cheng, P. J., Pastuszak, A. W., Myers, J. B., Goodwin, I. A., & Hotaling, J. M.. (2019). Fertility concerns of the transgender patient. Translational Andrology and Urology, 8(3), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.05.09 [21] Cheng (2019). [22] WPATH (2012). [23] WPATH (2012). [24] Bizic (2018). [25] Tornello, S. L., & Bos, H. (2017). Parenting Intentions Among Transgender Individuals. LGBT health, 4(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0153 [26] Sterling (2020). [27] Sterling (2020). [28] Sterling (2020). [29] Sterling (2020). [30] Health care for transgender and gender diverse individuals. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 823. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2021;137:e75–88. [31] Hembree (2017). [32] WPATH (2012). [33] Tornello (2017). [34] Tornello (2017). [35] Moravek (2019). [36] Wiesenthal (2022). [37] Choi, J. Y., & Kim, T. J.. (2022). Fertility Preservation and Reproductive Potential in Transgender and Gender Fluid Population. Biomedicines, 10(9), 2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092279 [38] Wiesenthal (2022). [39] Mayhew (2020). [40] Sterling (2020). [41] American Society of Reproductive Medicine. (n.d.). Is in vitro fertilization expensive? In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Retrieved November 28, 2022, from https://www.reproductivefacts.org/faqs/frequently-asked-questions-about-infertility/q06-is-in-vitro-fertilization-expensive/ [42] American Society of Reproductive Medicine. (n.d.). The difference between IUI and IVF - A patient education micro-video. Reproductive Facts. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://www.reproductivefacts.org/resources/educational-videos/videos/asrmsart-micro-videos/videos/the-difference-between-iui-and-ivf/ [43] Family Equality (2019). [44] Sterling (2020). [45] Bizic (2018). [46] Bizic (2018). [47] Choi (2022). [48] Bizic (2018). [49] Choi (2022). [50] Choi (2022). [51] Tornello (2017). [52] Brown, C.. (2021). Exploring trans people’s experiences of adoption and fostering in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study. International Journal of Transgender Health, 22(1-2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1867396 [53] Movement Advancement Project. "Equality Maps: Foster and Adoption Laws." https://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/foster_and_adoption_laws. Accessed 10/28/2022. [54] Movement Advancement Project. “Equality Maps: Foster and Adoption Laws” (2022). [55] Movement Advancement Project. “Equality Maps: Foster and Adoption Laws” (2022). [56] Torres, G., Shapiro, A., & Mackey, T. K.. (2019). A review of surrogate motherhood regulation in south American countries: pointing to a need for an international legal framework. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2182-1 [57] Family building through gestational surrogacy. Committee Opinion No. 660. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2016;127:e97–103. [58] Family building through gestational surrogacy (2016). [59] Light, A. D., Obedin-Maliver, J., Sevelius, J. M., & Kerns, J. L.. (2014). Transgender Men Who Experienced Pregnancy After Female-to-Male Gender Transitioning. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 124(6), 1120–1127. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000000540 [60] Obedin-Maliver, J., & Makadon, H. J.. (2016). Transgender men and pregnancy. Obstetric Medicine, 9(1), 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753495x15612658 [61] Choi (2022). [62] Bizic (2018). [63] Finlayson (2016). [64] Moravek (2019). [65] Mayhew, A. C., & Gomez-Lobo, V.. (2020). Fertility Options for the Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Patient. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 105(10), 3335–3345. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa529 [66] Mayhew (2020). [67] Mayhew (2020). [68] Sterling (2020). [69] Kolbuck, V. D., Sajwani, A., Kyweluk, M. A., Finlayson, C., Gordon, E. J., & Chen, D.. (2020). Formative development of a fertility decision aid for transgender adolescents and young adults: a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 37(11), 2805–2816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-020-01947-8 [70] Sterling (2020). [71] Sterling (2020). [72] De Snoo-Trimp, J., De Vries, A., Molewijk, B., & Hein, I.. (2022). How to deal with moral challenges around the decision-making competence in transgender adolescent care? Development of an ethics support tool. BMC Medical Ethics, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-022-00837-1 [73] What Does the Evolution From Informed Consent to Shared Decision Making Teach Us About Authority in Health Care?. (2020). What Does the Evolution From Informed Consent to Shared Decision Making Teach Us About Authority in Health Care?. AMA Journal of Ethics, 22(5), E423–429. https://doi.org/10.1001/amajethics.2020.423 [74] Chen, Diane. (2021, June 3 - 2021, October 9). Fertility Decision-Making in Youth and Young Adults. Identifier NCT05175170. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05175170 [75] Chen, D., Kolbuck, V. D., Sajwani, A., Shen, E., Finlayson, C., & Gordon, E. J.. (2022). 51. Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of AFFRMED (Aid For Fertility-Related Medical Decisions), a Web-Based Fertility Decision Aid for Transgender and Non-binary Youth and their Parents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(4), S27–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.164 [76] Chen (2022). 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Sk, Farooq. "Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 Journal > Journal > Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 > Page 6 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE-ETHANOL BLENDS ON PFI-SI ENGINE Authors: D.Vinay Kumar ,G.Samhita Priyadarsini,V.Jagadeesh Babu,Y.Sai Varun Teja, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00051 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Alcohol based fuels can be produced from renewable energy sources and has the potential to reduce pollutant emissions due to their oxygenated nature. Lighter alcohols like ethanol and methanol are easily miscible with gasoline and by blending alcohols with gasoline; a part of conventional fuel can be replaced while contributing to fuel economy. Several researchers tested various ethanol blends on different engine test rigs and identified ethanol as one of the most promising ecofriendly fuels for spark ignition engine. Its properties high octane number, high latent heat of vaporization give better performance characteristics and reduces exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. This paper focuses on studying the effects of blending 50 of ethanol by volume with gasoline as it hardly needs engine modifications. Gasoline (E0) and E50 fuels were investigated experimentally on single-cylinder, four-stroke port fuel injection spark ignition engine by varying engine speed from 1500 rpm to 3500 rpm. Performance Characteristics like torque, brake power, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency and exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, CO2, NOx were studied.. Keywords: Ethanol,Emissions,Gasoline,Port fuel Injection, Refference: I Badrawada, I. G. G., and A. A. P. Susastriawan. “Influence of ethanol–gasoline blend on performance and emission of four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle.” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (2019): 1-6. II Doğan, Battal, et al. “The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis.” Applied Thermal Engineering 120 (2017): 433-443. III Efemwenkiekie, U. Ka, et al. “Comparative Analysis of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Local Ethanol and Gasoline Blends.” Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019): 1079-1086. IV Galloni, E., F. Scala, and G. Fontana. “Influence of fuel bio-alcohol content on the performance of a turbo-charged, PFI, spark-ignition engine.” Energy 170 (2019): 85-92. V Hasan, Ahmad O., et al. “Impact of changing combustion chamber geometry on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline blends.” Fuel 231 (2018): 197-203. VI Mourad, M., and K. Mahmoud. “Investigation into SI engine performance characteristics and emissions fuelled with ethanol/butanol-gasoline blends.” Renewable Energy 143 (2019): 762-771. VII Singh, Ripudaman, et al. “Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine.” International Journal of Engine Research (2019): 1468087419838393. VIII Thakur, Amit Kumar, et al. “Progress in performance analysis of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (2017): 324-340. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR CUSTOMIZED AFO USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Authors: Gamini Suresh,Nagarjuna Maguluri,Kunchala Balakrishna, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00052 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Neurodegenerative conditions and compressed nerves often cause an abnormal foot drop that affects an individual gait and make it difficult to walk normally. Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) is the medical device which is recommended for the patients to improve the walking ability and decrease the risk of falls. Custom AFOs provide better fit, comfort and performance than pre-manufactured ones. The technique of 3D-printing is suitable for making custom AFOs. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a 3D-printing method for custom AFO applications with the desired resistance and material deposition rate. Generally, FDM is a thermal process; therefore materials thermal behaviour plays an important role in optimizing the performance of the printed parts. The objective of this study is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PLA, ABS, nylon and WF-PLA filaments before manufacturing the AFO components using the FDM method. In the study, the sequence of testing materials provides a basic measuring method to investigate AFO device parts thermal stability. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DSC) was carried out before 3D printing is to characterize the thermal stability of each material. Keywords: Additive Manufacturing,Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO),FusedDeposition Modelling,ThermalAnalysis, Refference: I. J. Pritchett, “Foot drop: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology,” Medscape Drugs, Dis. Proced., vol. 350, no. apr27_6, p. h1736, 2014. II. J. Graham, “Foot drop: Explaining the causes, characteristics and treatment,” Br. J. Neurosci. Nurs., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 168–172, 2010. III. Y. Feng and Y. Song, “The Categories of AFO and Its Effect on Patients With Foot Impair: A Systemic Review,” Phys. Act. Heal., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2017. IV. J. H. P. Pallari, K. W. Dalgarno, J. Munguia, L. Muraru, L. Peeraer, S. Telfer, and J. Woodburn” Design and additive fabrication of foot and ankle-foot orthoses”21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2010 (2010) 834-845 V. Y. Jin, Y. He, and A. Shih, “Process Planning for the Fuse Deposition Modeling of Ankle-Foot-Othoses,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 42, no. Isem Xviii, pp. 760–765, 2016. VI. R. K. Chen, Y. an Jin, J. Wensman, and A. Shih, “Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses-A review,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 12, pp. 77–89, 2016. VII. A. D. Maso and F. Cosmi, “ScienceDirect 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis : a design method,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 12, pp. 252–261, 2019. VIII. B. Yuan et al., “Designing of a passive knee-assisting exoskeleton for weight-bearing,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2017, vol. 10463 LNAI, pp. 273–285. IX. R. Spina, B. Cavalcante, and F. Lavecchia, “Diment LE, Thompson MS, Bergmann JHM. Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of 3D printing: a systematic review.,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1960, 2018. X. M. Srivastava, S. Maheshwari, T. K. Kundra, and S. Rathee, “ScienceDirect Multi-Response Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Process Parameters of ABS Using Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) -Based Desirability Analysis,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1972–1977, 2017. XI. E. Malekipour, S. Attoye, and H. El-Mounayri, “Investigation of Layer Based Thermal Behavior in Fused Deposition Modeling Process by Infrared Thermography,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 26, pp. 1014–1022, 2018. XII. A. Patar, N. Jamlus, K. Makhtar, J. Mahmud, and T. Komeda, “Development of dynamic ankle foot orthosis for therapeutic application,” Procedia Eng., vol. 41, no. Iris, pp. 1432–1440, 2012. XIII. Y. A. Jin, H. Li, Y. He, and J. Z. Fu, “Quantitative analysis of surface profile in fused deposition modelling,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 8, pp. 142–148, 2015. XIV. M. Walbran, K. Turner, and A. J. McDaid, “Customized 3D printed ankle-foot orthosis with adaptable carbon fibre composite spring joint,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016. XV. N. Wierzbicka, F. Górski, R. Wichniarek, and W. Kuczko, “The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,” Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 283–288, 2017. XVI. S. Farah, D. G. Anderson, and R. Langer, “Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 367–392, 2016. XVII. S. Wojtyła, P. Klama, and T. Baran, “Is 3D printing safe ? Analysis of the thermal treatment of thermoplastics : ABS , PLA , PET , and,” vol. 9624, no. April, 2017. XVIII. G. Cicala et al., “Polylactide / lignin blends,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2017. XIX. S. Y. Lee, I. A. Kang, G. H. Doh, H. G. Yoon, B. D. Park, and Q. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical properties of wood flour/talc-filled polylactic acid composites: Effect of filler content and coupling treatment,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 209–223, 2008. XX. Y. Tao, H. Wang, Z. Li, P. Li, and S. Q. Shi, “Development and application ofwood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3d printing,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2017. XXI. D. Lewitus, S. McCarthy, A. Ophir, and S. Kenig, “The effect of nanoclays on the properties of PLLA-modified polymers Part 1: Mechanical and thermal properties,” J. Polym. Environ., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 171–177, 2006. XXII. H. J. Chung, E. J. Lee, and S. T. Lim, “Comparison in glass transition and enthalpy relaxation between native and gelatinized rice starches,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 287–298, 2002. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CFD STUDIES OF MIXING BEHAVIOR OF INERT SAND WITH BIOMASS IN FLUIDIZED BED Authors: B.J.M.Rao,K.V.N.S.Rao, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00053 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Agriculture deposits, which remains unused and often causes ecological problems, could play an important role as an energy source to meet energy needs in developing countries ‘ rural areas. Moreover, energy levels in these deposits are low and need to be elevated by introducing efficient operative conversion technologies to utilize these residues as fuels. In this context, the utilization of a fluidized bed innovation enables a wide range of non-uniform-sized low-grade fuels to be effectively converted into other forms of energy.This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of fluidized conversion method for transformation of agricultural by-products such as rice husk, sawdust, and groundnut shells into useful energy. The present investigation was conducted to know the mixing characteristics of sand and fuel have been found by conducting experiments with mixing ratio of rice husk (1:13), saw dust(1:5) and groundnut shells (1:12), the variation of particle movement in the bed and mixing characteristics are analyzed. The impact of sand molecule size on the fluidization speed of two biofuel and sand components is studied and recommended for groundnut shells using a sand molecule of 0.6 mm size and for rice husk, sawdust 0.4 mm sand particle size. Also, establish that the particle size of sand has a significant effect on mingling features in case of sawdust. In the next part of the investigation, the CFD simulations of the fluidized bed are done to investigate the mixing behavior of sand and biomass particles. A set of simulations are conducted by ANSYS FLUENT16; the state of the bed is the same as that of the test. The findings were presented with the volume fraction of sand and biomass particles in the form of contour plots. Keywords: Biomass,sand,mixing behavior,Volume Fraction,CFD model, Refference: I Anil Tekale, Swapna God, Balaji Bedre, Pankaj Vaghela, Ganesh Madake, Suvarna Labade (2017), Energy Production from Biomass: Review, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Volume 2, Issue 10, ISSN No: – 2456 – 2165. II Anil Kumar, Nitin Kumar , Prashant Baredar , Ashish Shukla (2015), A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Reviews 45-530-539. III Zhenglan Li, ZhenhuaXue (2015), Review of Biomass Energy utilization technology, 3rd International Conference on Material, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering. IV Abdeen Mustafa Omer (2011), Biomass energy resources utilisation and waste management, Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development Vol. 3(8), pp. 149 -170 V Rijul Dhingra, Abhinav Jain, Abhishek Pandey, and Srishti Mahajan (2014), Assessment of Renewable Energy in India, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5, No. 5. VI Paulina Drożyner, Wojciech Rejmer, Piotr Starowicz,AndrzejKlasa, Krystyna A. Skibniewska (2013), Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy, Technical Sciences 16(3), 211–220. VII Souvik Das, Swati Sikdar (2016), A Review on the Non-conventional Energy Sources in Indian Perspective, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 02. VIII Maninder, Rupinderjit Singh Kathuria, Sonia Grover, Using Agricultural Residues as a Biomass Briquetting: An Alternative Source of Energy, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE), ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 1, Issue 5 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 11-15. IX H.B.Goyal, DiptenduldDeal, R.C.Saxena (2006) Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 2Pages 504-517. X Digambar H. Patil, J. K. Shinde(2017) A Review Paper on Study of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier, International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 4 XI Neil T.M. Duffy, John A. Eaton (2013) Investigation of factors affecting channelling in fixed-bed solid fuel combustion using CFD, Combustion and Flame 160, 2204–2220. XII Xing Wu, Kai Li, Feiyue and Xifeng Zhu (2017), Fluidization Behavior of Biomass Particles and its Improvement in a Cold Visualized Fluidized, Bio Resources 12(2), 3546-3559. XIII N.G. Deen, M. Van Sint Annaland, M.A. Van der Hoef, J.A.M. Kuipers (2007), Reviewof discrete particle modeling of fluidized beds, Chemical Engineering Science 62, 28 – 44. XIV BaskaraSethupathySubbaiah, Deepak Kumar Murugan, Dinesh Babu Deenadayalan, Dhamodharan.M.I (2014), Gasification of Biomass Using Fluidized Bed, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2. XV Priyanka Kaushal, Tobias Pröll and Hermann Hofbauer, Modelling and simulation of the biomass fired dual fluidized bed gasifier at Guessing/Austria. XVI Dawit DiribaGuta (2012), Assessment of Biomass Fuel Resource Potential and Utilization in Ethiopia: Sourcing Strategies for Renewable Energies, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol.2, and No.1. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 AN APPROACH FOR OPTIMISING THE FLOW RATE CONDITIONS OF A DIVERGENT NOZZLE UNDER DIFFERENT ANGULAR CONDITIONS Authors: Lam Ratna Raju ,Ch. Pavan Satyanarayana,Neelamsetty Vijaya Kavya, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00054 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: A spout is a device which is used to offer the guidance to the gases leaving the burning chamber. Spout is a chamber which has a capability to change over the thermo-compound essentials created within the ignition chamber into lively vitality. The spout adjustments over the low speed, excessive weight, excessive temperature fuel in the consuming chamber into rapid gasoline of decrease weight and low temperature. An exciting spout is used if the spout weight volume is superior vehicles in supersonic airplane machines commonly combine a few sort of a distinctive spout. Our exam is surpassed on the use of programming like Ansys Workbench for arranging of the spout and Fluent 15.0 for separating the streams inside the spout. The events of staggers for the pipe formed spouts have been seen close by trade parameters for numerous considered one of a kind edges. The parameters underneath recognition are differentiated and that of shape spout for singular terrific edges by using keeping up the gulf, outlet and throat width and lengths of joined together and diverse quantities as same. The simultaneous component and throat expansiveness are kept regular over the cases.The surprise of stun became envisioned and the effects exhibited near closeness in direction of motion of Mach circle and its appearance plans as exposed in numerous preliminary considers on advancement in pipe molded particular spouts with assorted edges four°,7°, 10°, Occurrence of stun is seen with higher special factors Keywords: Nozzle,Supersonic Rocket Engine,Divergent edges, Refference: I. Varun, R.; Sundararajan,T.; Usha,R.; Srinivasan,ok.; Interaction among particle-laden under increased twin supersonic jets, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2010 224: 1005. II. Pandey,K.M.; Singh, A.P.; CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2010, ISSN: 2010-0221. III. Natta, Pardhasaradhi.; Kumar, V.Ranjith.; Rao, Dr. Y.V. Hanumantha.; Flow Analysis of Rocket Nozzle Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622,Vol. 2, Issue five, September- October 2012, pp.1226-1235. IV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh. K.M.Pandey, Member, IACSIT and S.K.YadavK.M.Pandey and S.K.Yadav, ―CFD Analysis of a Rocket Nozzle with Two Inlets at Mach2.1, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol 5, No 2, 2010, pp- 308-321. V. Shigeru Aso, ArifNur Hakim, Shingo Miyamoto, Kei Inoue and Yasuhiro Tani “ Fundamental examine of supersonic combustion in natural air waft with use of surprise tunnel” Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, Japan , Acta Astronautica 57 (2005) 384 – 389. VI. P. Padmanathan, Dr. S. Vaidyanathan, Computational Analysis of Shockwave in Convergent Divergent Nozzle, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622 , Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.1597-1605. VII. Adamson, T.C., Jr., and Nicholls., J.A., “On the shape of jets from Highly below improved Nozzles into Still Air,” Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol.26, No.1, Jan 1959, pp. Sixteen-24. VIII. Lewis, C. H., Jr., and Carlson, D. J., “Normal Shock Location in underneath increased Gas and Gas particle Jets,” AIAA Journal, Vol 2, No.4, April 1964, pp. 776-777. Books IX. Anderson, John D.Jr.; Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective, Third edition, 2012 X. Versteeg. H.; Malalasekra.W.; An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics The Finite Volume Method, Second Edition,2009. XI. H.K.Versteeg and W.Malala Sekhara, “An introduction to Computational fluid Dynamics”, British Library cataloguing pub, 4th version, 1996. XII. Lars Davidson, “An introduction to turbulenceModels”, Department of thermo and fluid dynamics, Chalmers college of era, Goteborg, Sweden, November, 2003. XIII. Karna s. Patel, “CFD analysis of an aerofoil”, International Journal of engineering studies,2009. XIV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh “CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software,2017. XV. P. Parthiban, M. Robert Sagayadoss, T. Ambikapathi, Design And Analysis Of Rocket Engine Nozzle by way of the usage of CFD and Optimization of Nozzle parameters, International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol.Three., Issue.5., 2015 (Sept.-Oct.). View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF DRIVE SHAFT FOR AN AUTOMOBILE APPLICATIONS Authors: Govindarajulu Eedara,P. N. Manthru Naik, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00055 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: The driveshaft is a mechanical instrument that is used in automobiles. The other name of the drive shaft is driveshaft is prop shaft. It has one long cylindrical structure consist of two universal joints. By using the driveshaft it transfers the rotary motion to the differential by using the helical gearbox. By using this rotary motion the rare wheels will run. The 3dimensional Model of automobile drive Shaft is designed using CATIA parametric which enables product development processes and thereby brings about an optimum design. Now a day’s steel is using the best material for the driveshaft.In this paper replacing the composite materials (Kevlar, e-glass epoxy) instead of steel material and itreduces a considerable amount of weight when compared to the conventional steel shaft. The composite driveshaft have high modulus is designed by using CATIA software and tested in ANSYS for optimization of design or material check and providing the best datebook Keywords: The driveshaft ,CATIA,automobile,steel,composite materials,ANSYS,Kevla,e-glass epoxy, Refference: I A.R. Abu Talib, Aidy Ali, Mohamed A. Badie, Nur Azienda Che Lah, A.F. Golestaneh Developing a hybrid, carbon/glass-fiber-reinforced, epoxy composite automotive driveshaft, Material and Design, volume31, 2010, pp 514 – 521 II ErcanSevkat, Hikmet Tumer, Residual torsional properties of composite shafts subjected to impact Loadings, Materials, and design, volume – 51, 2013, pp -956-967. III H. Bayrakceken, S. Tasgetiren, I. Yavuz two cases of failure in the power transmission system on vehicles: A Universal joint yoke and a drive shaft, volume-14,2007,pp71. IV H.B.H. Gubran, Dynamics of hybrid shafts, Mechanics Research communication, volume – 32, 2005, pp – 368-374. V Shaw D, Simitses DJ, SheinmanI. Imperfection sensitivity of laminated cylindrical shells in torsion and axial compression. ComposStruct 1985; 4(3) pp:35–60. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AN SI ENGINE USING E10 EQUIVALENT TERNARY GASOLINE- ALCOHOL BLENDS." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00056.

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