Статті в журналах: "Paul Scherrer Institut"

1

Wagner, W. "Paul-Scherrer-Institut baut Neutronenquelle." Physik Journal 47, no. 6 (June 1991): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phbl.19910470620.

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2

Böni, Peter. "NOP99 workshop held at Paul Scherrer Institut." Neutron News 11, no. 2 (January 2000): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448630008233724.

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3

IWASE, Kazuyuki. "Short stay for research at Paul Scherrer Institut." Denki Kagaku 89, no. 4 (December 5, 2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/denkikagaku.21-ot0046.

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4

Auzelyte, Vaida. "Extreme ultraviolet interference lithography at the Paul Scherrer Institut." Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 021204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3116559.

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5

Ferrari, Eugenio, Rasmus Ischebeck, Martin Bednarzik, Simona Bettoni, Simona Borrelli, Hans-Heinrich Braun, Marco Calvi, et al. "The ACHIP experimental chambers at the Paul Scherrer Institut." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 907 (November 2018): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.02.112.

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6

Blau, B., K. N. Clausen, S. Gvasaliya, M. Janoschek, S. Janssen, L. Keller, B. Roessli, et al. "The Swiss Spallation Neutron Source SINQ at Paul Scherrer Institut." Neutron News 20, no. 3 (August 3, 2009): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448630903120387.

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7

Conder, Kazimierz, Albert Furrer, and Ekaterina Pomjakushina. "A Retrospective of Materials Synthesis at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)." Condensed Matter 5, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat5040055.

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8

Morgano, M., S. Peetermans, E. H. Lehmann, T. Panzner, and U. Filges. "Neutron imaging options at the BOA beamline at Paul Scherrer Institut." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 754 (August 2014): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.03.055.

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9

Rosas, Sara, Francesca M. Belosi, Nicola Bizzocchi, Till Böhlen, Stefan Zepter, Petra Morach, Antony J. Lomax, Damien C. Weber, and Jan Hrbacek. "Benchmarking a commercial proton therapy solution: The Paul Scherrer Institut experience." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1107 (March 2020): 20190920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190920.

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Objective: For the past 20 years, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) has treated more than 1500 patients with deep-seated tumors using PSI-Plan, an in-house developed treatment planning system (TPS) used for proton beam scanning proton therapy, in combination with its home-built gantries. The goal of the present work is to benchmark the performance of a new TPS/Gantry system for proton therapy centers which have established already a baseline standard of care. Methods and materials: A total of 31 cases (=52 plans) distributed around 7 anatomical sites and 12 indications were randomly selected and re-planned using Eclipse™. The resulting plans were compared with plans formerly optimized in PSI-Plan, in terms of target coverage, plan quality, organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing and number of delivered pencil beams. Results: Our results show an improvement on target coverage and homogeneity when using Eclipse™ while PSI-Plan showed superior plan conformity. As for OAR sparing, both TPS achieved the clinical constraints. The number of pencil beams required per plan was on average 3.4 times higher for PSI-Plan. Conclusion: Both systems showed a good capacity to produce satisfactory plans, with Eclipse™ being able to achieve better target coverage and plan homogeneity without compromising OARs. Advances in knowledge: A benchmark between a clinically tested and validated system with a commercial solution is of interest for emerging proton therapy, equipped with commercial systems and no previous experience with proton beam scanning.

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10

Lass, Jakob, Henrik Jacobsen, Kristine M. L. Krighaar, Dieter Graf, Felix Groitl, Frank Herzog, Masako Yamada, et al. "Commissioning of the novel Continuous Angle Multi-energy Analysis spectrometer at the Paul Scherrer Institut." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 023302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128226.

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We report on the commissioning results of the cold neutron multiplexing secondary spectrometer CAMEA (Continuous Angle Multi-Energy Analysis) at the Swiss Spallation Neutron Source at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. CAMEA is optimized for efficient data acquisition of scattered neutrons in the horizontal scattering plane, allowing for detailed and rapid mapping of low-energy excitations under extreme sample environment conditions.

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11

Tremsin, A. S., M. Morgano, T. Panzner, E. Lehmann, U. Filgers, J. V. Vallerga, J. B. McPhate, O. H. W. Siegmund, and W. B. Feller. "High resolution neutron imaging capabilities at BOA beamline at Paul Scherrer Institut." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 784 (June 2015): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.026.

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12

Gotta, D. "Precision Measurements in Pionic Hydrogen Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland." Physica Scripta T104, no. 1 (2003): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1238/physica.topical.104a00094.

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13

Lauss, B. "Commissioning of the new high-intensity ultracold neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institut." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 312, no. 5 (September 23, 2011): 052005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/312/5/052005.

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14

Bauer, Günter S. "Operation and development of the new spallation neutron source SINQ at the Paul Scherrer Institut." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 139, no. 1-4 (April 1998): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(97)00956-7.

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15

Trtik, Pavel, Jan Hovind, Christian Grünzweig, Alex Bollhalder, Vincent Thominet, Christian David, Anders Kaestner, and Eberhard H. Lehmann. "Improving the Spatial Resolution of Neutron Imaging at Paul Scherrer Institut – The Neutron Microscope Project." Physics Procedia 69 (2015): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.07.024.

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16

Trtik, Pavel, and Eberhard H. Lehmann. "Progress in High-resolution Neutron Imaging at the Paul Scherrer Institut - The Neutron Microscope Project." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 746 (September 2016): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012004.

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17

Tinti, Gemma, Erik Fröjdh, Eric van Genderen, Tim Gruene, Bernd Schmitt, D. A. Matthijs de Winter, Bert M. Weckhuysen, and Jan Pieter Abrahams. "Electron crystallography with the EIGER detector." IUCrJ 5, no. 2 (February 14, 2018): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252518000945.

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Electron crystallography is a discipline that currently attracts much attention as method for inorganic, organic and macromolecular structure solution. EIGER, a direct-detection hybrid pixel detector developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, has been tested for electron diffraction in a transmission electron microscope. EIGER features a pixel pitch of 75 × 75 µm2, frame rates up to 23 kHz and a dead time between frames as low as 3 µs. Cluster size and modulation transfer functions of the detector at 100, 200 and 300 keV electron energies are reported and the data quality is demonstrated by structure determination of a SAPO-34 zeotype from electron diffraction data.

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18

GOTTA, DETLEV. "PIONIC HYDROGEN." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2005): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05021518.

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The measurement of the pion–nucleon scattering lengths constitutes a high–precision test of the methods of Chiral Pertubation Theory (χPT), which is the low–energy approach of QCD. The πN s–wave scattering lengths and the pion–nucleon coupling constant are related to the strong–interaction shift ∊1s and width Γ1s of the s–states in the pionic hydrogen atom. ∊1s and Γ1s are determined from the measured energies and line widths of X–ray transitions to the 1s ground state when compared to the calculated electromagnetic values. A new experiment, set up at the Paul–Scherrer–Institut (PSI), has completed a first series of measurements.

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19

Papa, Angela. "Charged lepton flavour violation searches at the Paul Scherrer Institut: Status of the MEGII and Mu3e experiments." EPJ Web of Conferences 179 (2018): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817901018.

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The MEG experiment has recently set a new upper limit on the branching ratio of the μ+ → e+γ decay, B(μ+ → e+γ) < 4.2 × 10-13 (at 90% confidence level) and un upgrade of the experiment (the MEGII experiment) is ongoing with the aim of improving the single event sensitivity (SES) by one order of magnitude with respect to the previous MEG experiment’s SES. The strong scientific motivation associated with the charged Lepton Flavour Violation (cLFV) searches pushes also towards searching for the complementary muon cLFV μ+ → e+e+e- decay with the Mu3e experiment aiming at a SES improved by at least three orders of magnitude with respect to the previous SINDRUM experiment’s SES (phase I) up to an ultimate SES of few ×10-16. Both experiments will be hosted at the Paul Scherrer Institut which delivers the most intense continuous low energy muon beam in the world up to few ×108 μ/s. The status of both the MEGII and Mu3e experiments is given.

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20

Sanfilippo, S., V. Vrankovic, M. Negrazus, S. Sidorov, R. Deckardt, R. Felder, S. Reiche, et al. "Design and Magnetic Performance of Small Aperture Prototype Quadrupoles for the SwissFEL at the Paul Scherrer Institut." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2013.2284716.

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21

Lehmann, E., H. Pleinert, T. Williams, and C. Pralong. "Application of new radiation detection techniques at the Paul Scherrer Institut, especially at the spallation neutron source." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 424, no. 1 (November 1999): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)01245-5.

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22

Schumann, Dorothea, and Martin Heule. "Radioanalytics – An Indispensable Tool for Radiological and Nuclear Safety." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.995.

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The exact knowledge on the inventory of a radioactive sample is a precondition to act appropriately in terms of nuclear safety. Radioanalytical methods aimed to determine the radionuclide content of activated material play therefore a central role regarding safe operation of nuclear installations, protection of personnel, inhabitants and environment as well as for the design and construction of new facilities. The article gives an overview on the broad variety of analysis and measurement methods, describes necessary chemical separation procedures and explains the impact for nuclear safety assessment in the field of radioanalytics at the Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen, Switzerland. It addresses both the safe routine operation of nuclear installations, which can be a challenge to our radiometric capabilities and refers to selected radioanalytical research projects.

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23

Weber, D. C., R. Schneider, T. Koch, C. Ares, G. Goitein, and E. Hug. "977 poster SPOT SCANNING PROTON BEAM THERAPY DELIVERED AT THE PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT FOR INTRACRANIAL AND EXTRACRANIAL MENINGIOMAS." Radiotherapy and Oncology 99 (May 2011): S370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(11)71099-4.

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24

Adamczak, A., A. Antognini, N. Berger, T. E. Cocolios, R. Dressler, A. Eggenberger, R. Eichler, et al. "Nuclear structure with radioactive muonic atoms." EPJ Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819304014.

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Muonic atoms have been used to extract the most accurate nuclear charge radii based on the detection of X-rays from the muonic cascades. Most stable and a few unstable isotopes have been investigated with muonic atom spectroscopy techniques. A new research project recently started at the Paul Scherrer Institut aims to extend the highresolution muonic atom spectroscopy for the precise determination of nuclear charge radii and other nuclear structure properties of radioactive isotopes. The challenge to combine the high-energy muon beam with small quantity of stopping mass is being addressed by developing the concept of stopping the muon in a high-density, a high-pressure hydrogen cell and subsequent transfer of the muon to the element of interest. Status and perspectives of the project will be presented.

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25

Dworkowski, Florian, Ezequiel Panepucci, Claude Pradervand, Martin Fuchs, Anuschka Pauluhn, Vincent Olieric, Simon Ebner, Vincent Thominet, and Meitian Wang. "Recent developments at the MX beamline X10SA at the SLS." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314082680.

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The three macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) rank among the most productive in Europe. The very successful design of the first beamline, X06SA, inaugurated in 2001, was the basis for the second beamline, X10SA, operated by the Paul Scherrer Institut and financed by the partners Max Planck Society, Novartis and Hofmann-La Roche. To keep up with the increasing demand for high throughput crystallographic experiments, especially in an industrial environment, as well as the rising interest in more challenging targets, the beamline is under constant development. Here we will present the recent advances in usability and performance, including software integration and automation with the completely new data acquisition software DA+, in-situ screening for diffraction candidates, (serial) micro-crystallography with micro-beam, and beamline hardware.

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26

Braccini, Saverio, Tommaso Carzaniga, Giulia Pisegna, and Paola Scampoli. "Proton Radiography by Multiple Coulomb Scattering with Nuclear Emulsion Detectors." Instruments 3, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments3010019.

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The possibility of performing proton radiography by using the proton angular spread due to Coulomb multiple scattering was investigated, for the first time, with an emulsion film detector. Two different phantoms were irradiated with the therapeutic proton beam at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) in Villigen, Switzerland. The first one is a simple polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) block having two different thicknesses (4 cm and 3 cm), and the second one is a PMMA cube with five aluminum rods embedded along a diagonal. Only one emulsion film was needed to perform the radiography, an important issue as the analysis of this kind of detector is time-consuming. Furthermore, the method showed an enhanced contrast when high atomic-number materials are traversed. This gives an advantage, when compared to proton range radiography.

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27

Papadionysiou, Marianna, Kim Seongchan, Mathieu Hursin, Alexander Vasiliev, Hakim Ferroukhi, Andreas Pautz, and Joo Han Gyu. "COUPLING OF nTRACER TO COBRA-TF FOR HIGH-FIDELITY ANALYSIS OF VVERs." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124702008.

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Paul Scherrer Institut is developing a high-resolution multi-physics core solver for VVER analysis. This work presents the preliminary stages of the development, specifically the coupling of the 3D pin-by-pin neutronic solver nTRACER to the sub-channel thermal-hydraulic code COBRA-TF for single assembly multi-physics steady state calculations. The coupling scheme and the modifications performed in the codes are described in details. The results of the coupled nTRACER/COBRA-TF calculations are compared to the ones of a standalone nTRACER calculation where the feedbacks are provided by a simplified 1D thermal-hydraulic solver. The agreement is very good with fuel temperature differences around 10 K which can be attributed to the different correlations used in the various solvers. The cross-comparison of the two multi-physics computational routes serves as a preliminary verification of the coupling scheme developed between nTRACER and COBRA-TF.

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28

Glatstein, E. "Results of Spot-Scanning Proton Radiation Therapy for Chordoma and Chondrosarcoma of the Skull Base: The Paul Scherrer Institut Experience." Yearbook of Oncology 2007 (January 2007): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-1741(08)70502-5.

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29

Weber, Damien C., Hans Peter Rutz, Eros S. Pedroni, Alessandra Bolsi, Beate Timmermann, Jorn Verwey, Antony J. Lomax, and Gudrun Goitein. "Results of spot-scanning proton radiation therapy for chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base: The Paul Scherrer Institut experience." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 63, no. 2 (October 2005): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.02.023.

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30

Andrä, Marie, Jiaguo Zhang, Anna Bergamaschi, Rebecca Barten, Camelia Borca, Giacomo Borghi, Maurizio Boscardin, et al. "Development of low-energy X-ray detectors using LGAD sensors." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 4 (June 18, 2019): 1226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519005393.

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Recent advances in segmented low-gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) make them promising for the position-sensitive detection of low-energy X-ray photons thanks to their internal gain. LGAD microstrip sensors fabricated by Fondazione Bruno Kessler have been investigated using X-rays with both charge-integrating and single-photon-counting readout chips developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut. In this work it is shown that the charge multiplication occurring in the sensor allows the detection of X-rays with improved signal-to-noise ratio in comparison with standard silicon sensors. The application in the tender X-ray energy range is demonstrated by the detection of the sulfur K α and K β lines (2.3 and 2.46 keV) in an energy-dispersive fluorescence spectrometer at the Swiss Light Source. Although further improvements in the segmentation and in the quantum efficiency at low energy are still necessary, this work paves the way for the development of single-photon-counting detectors in the soft X-ray energy range.

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31

Kim, Taewan, Victor Petrov, Annalisa Manera, and Simon Lo. "Analysis of Void Fraction Distribution and Departure from Nucleate Boiling in Single Subchannel and Bundle Geometries Using Subchannel, System, and Computational Fluid Dynamics Codes." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2012 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/746467.

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In order to assess the accuracy and validity of subchannel, system, and computational fluid dynamics codes, the Paul Scherrer Institut has participated in the OECD/NRC PSBT benchmark with the thermal-hydraulic system code TRACE5.0 developed by US NRC, the subchannel code FLICA4 developed by CEA, and the computational fluid dynamic code STAR-CD developed by CD-adapco. The PSBT benchmark consists of a series of void distribution exercises and departure from nucleate boiling exercises. The results reveal that the prediction by the subchannel code FLICA4 agrees with the experimental data reasonably well in both steady-state and transient conditions. The analyses of single-subchannel experiments by means of the computational fluid dynamic code STAR-CD with the CD-adapco boiling model indicate that the prediction of the void fraction has no significant discrepancy from the experiments. The analyses with TRACE point out the necessity to perform additional assessment of the subcooled boiling model and bulk condensation model of TRACE.

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32

Papa, Angela. "Towards a new generation of Charged Lepton Flavour Violation searches at the Paul Scherrer Institut: The MEG upgrade and the Mu3e experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 234 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023401011.

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The MEG experiment has recently set a new upper limit on the branching ratio of the µ+ → e+γ decay, ℬ(µ+ → e+γ) < 4.2 × 10−13 (at 90% confidence level) and un upgrade of the experiment (the MEGII experiment) is ongoing with the aim of improving the single event sensitivity (SES) by one order of magnitude with respect to the previous MEG experiment’s SES. The strong scientific motivation associated with the charged Lepton Flavour Violation (cLFV) searches pushes also towards searching for the complementary muon cLFV µ+ → e+e+e− decay with a completely new apparatus, the Mu3e experiment, aiming at a SES improved by at least three orders of magnitude with respect to the previous SINDRUM experiment’s SES (Mu3e phase I). An ultimate SES of few ×10−16 is foreseen requiring 109 µ/s (Mu3e phase II). Both experiments will be hosted at the Paul Scherrer Institut which currently delivers the most intense continuous low energy muon beam in the world up to few ×108 µ/s. The status of both the MEGII and Mu3e phase I experiments is given.

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33

Tinti, G., A. Bergamaschi, S. Cartier, R. Dinapoli, D. Greiffenberg, R. Horisberger, I. Johnson, et al. "Similarities and differences of recent hybrid pixel detectors for X-ray and high energy physics developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut." Journal of Instrumentation 10, no. 04 (April 30, 2015): C04043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/04/c04043.

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34

Kaestner, Anders P., Pavel Trtik, Mohsen Zarebanadkouki, Daniil Kazantsev, Michal Snehota, Katherine J. Dobson, and Eberhard H. Lehmann. "Recent developments in neutron imaging with applications for porous media research." Solid Earth 7, no. 5 (September 6, 2016): 1281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1281-2016.

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Abstract. Computed tomography has become a routine method for probing processes in porous media, and the use of neutron imaging is especially suited to the study of the dynamics of hydrogenous fluids, and of fluids in a high-density matrix. In this paper we give an overview of recent developments in both instrumentation and methodology at the neutron imaging facilities NEUTRA and ICON at the Paul Scherrer Institut. Increased acquisition rates coupled to new reconstruction techniques improve the information output for fewer projection data, which leads to higher volume acquisition rates. Together, these developments yield significantly higher spatial and temporal resolutions, making it possible to capture finer details in the spatial distribution of the fluid, and to increase the acquisition rate of 3-D CT volumes. The ability to add a second imaging modality, e.g., X-ray tomography, further enhances the feature and process information that can be collected, and these features are ideal for dynamic experiments of fluid distribution in porous media. We demonstrate the performance for a selection of experiments carried out at our neutron imaging instruments.

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35

Meents, Alke, Bernd Reime, Maik Kaiser, Xing-Yu Wang, Rafael Abela, Edgar Weckert, and Clemens Schulze-Briese. "A fast X-ray chopper for single-bunch extraction at synchrotron sources." Journal of Applied Crystallography 42, no. 5 (September 8, 2009): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889809027873.

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A new X-ray chopper system based on air-bearing technology was developed in a joint project between the Paul Scherrer Institut and DESY. The X-ray chopper wheel of 150 mm diameter has a slit width of 50 µm, which corresponds to an opening time of 230 ns at 30 000 r min−1. The wheel is equipped with either one or two slits at slightly different radii, resulting in repetition frequencies of 500 and 1000 Hz. To reduce air friction the wheel is operated in a reduced-pressure environment. The chopper is controlled by a specially developed phase lock loop controller, which is synchronized to the master bunch clock of the synchrotron. The very small and constant friction of the bearing and the high mechanical accuracy of all mechanical components in combination with the high-precision controller resulted in a very small long-term jitter of less than 3 ns. The chopper is capable of isolating X-rays generated from a single bunch of the future PETRA III storage ring at DESY operated in 40-bunch mode.

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36

Chiappini, Marco, Marco Francesconi, Satoru Kobayashi, Manuel Meucci, Rina Onda та Patrick Schwendimann. "Towards a New μ→eγ Search with the MEG II Experiment: From Design to Commissioning". Universe 7, № 12 (30 листопада 2021): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7120466.

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The MEG experiment represents the state of the art in the search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating μ+→e+γ decay. With its first phase of operations at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), MEG set the most stringent upper limit on the BR (μ+→e+γ)≤4.2×10−13 at 90% confidence level, imposing one of the tightest constraints on models predicting LFV-enhancements through new physics beyond the Standard Model. An upgrade of the MEG experiment, MEG II, was designed and it is presently in the commissioning phase, aiming at a sensitivity level of 6×10−14. The MEG II experiment relies on a series of upgrades, which include an improvement of the photon detector resolutions, brand new detectors on the positron side with better acceptance, efficiency and performances and new and optimized trigger and DAQ electronics to exploit a muon beam intensity twice as high as that of MEG (7×107 μ+/s). This paper presents a complete overview of the MEG II experimental apparatus and the current status of the detector commissioning in view of the physics data taking in the upcoming three years.

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37

Srinivasan, Sudharsan, and Pierre-André Duperrex. "Dielectric-Filled Reentrant Cavity Resonator as a Low-Intensity Proton Beam Diagnostic." Instruments 2, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments2040024.

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Measurement of the proton beam current (0.1–40 nA) at the medical treatment facility PROSCAN at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) is performed with ionization chambers. To mitigate the scattering issues and to preserve the quality of the beam delivered to the patients, a non-interceptive monitor based on the principle of a reentrant cavity resonator has been built. The resonator with a fundamental resonance frequency of 145.7 MHz was matched to the second harmonic of the pulse repetition rate (72.85 MHz) of the beam extracted from the cyclotron. This was realized with the help of ANSYS HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator) for network analysis. Both, the pickup position and dielectric thickness were optimized. The prototype was characterized with a stand-alone test bench. There is good agreement between the simulated and measured parameters. The observed deviation in the resonance frequency is attributed to the frequency dependent dielectric loss tangent. Hence, the dielectric had to be resized to tune the resonator to the design resonance frequency. The measured sensitivity performances were in agreement with the expectations. We conclude that the dielectric reentrant cavity resonator is a promising candidate for measuring low proton beam currents in a non-destructive manner.

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38

Kujala, Naresh, Mikako Makita, Jia Liu, Alexey Zozulya, Michael Sprung, Christian David, and Jan Grünert. "Characterizing transmissive diamond gratings as beam splitters for the hard X-ray single-shot spectrometer of the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 3 (April 26, 2019): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519003382.

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The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (EuXFEL) offers intense, coherent femtosecond pulses, resulting in characteristic peak brilliance values a billion times higher than that of conventional synchrotron facilities. Such pulses result in extreme peak radiation levels of the order of terawatts cm−2 for any optical component in the beam and can exceed the ablation threshold of many materials. Diamond is considered the optimal material for such applications due to its high thermal conductivity (2052 W mK−1 at 300 K) and low absorption for hard X-rays. Grating structures were fabricated on free-standing CVD diamond of 10 µm thickness with 500 µm silicon substrate support. The grating structures were produced by electron-beam lithography at the Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. The grating lines were etched to a depth of 1.2 µm, resulting in an aspect ratio of 16. The characterization measurements with X-rays were performed on transmissive diamond gratings of 150 nm pitch at the P10 beamline of PETRA III, DESY. In this paper, the gratings are briefly described, and a measured diffraction efficiency of 0.75% at 6 keV in the first-order diffraction is shown; the variation of the diffraction efficiency across the grating surface is presented.

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39

Freixa, J., and A. Manera. "Remarks on Consistent Development of Plant Nodalizations: An Example of Application to the ROSA Integral Test Facility." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/158617.

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Experimental results obtained at integral test facilities (ITFs) are used in the validation process of system codes for the transient analyses of light water reactors (LWRs). The expertise and guidelines derived from this work are later applied to transient analyses of nuclear power plants (NPPs). However, the boundary conditions at the NPPs will always differ from those at the ITF, and hence, the soundness of the ITF model needs to be maximized. An unaltered ITF nodalization should prove to be able to simulate as many tests as possible, before any conclusion is derived to NPP analyses. The STARS group at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) actively participates in several international programs, where ITFs are being used (e.g., ROSA, PKL). Several tests carried out at the ROSA large-scale test facility operated by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) have been simulated in recent years by using the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US-NRC) system code TRACE. In this paper, 5 different posttest analyses are presented, along with the evolution of the employed TRACE nodalization and the process followed to track the consistency of the nodalization modifications. The ROSA TRACE nodalization provided results in a reasonable agreement with all 5 experiments.

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40

de Pury-Gysel, Anne, Eberhard H. Lehmann, and Alessandra Giumlia-Mair. "The manufacturing process of the gold bust of Marcus Aurelius: evidence from neutron imaging." Journal of Roman Archaeology 29 (2016): 477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400072275.

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This paper presents the results of applying neutron imaging methods to the gold bust of Marcus Aurelius, an analytical procedure that was carried out in 2006 at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Villigen (Switzerland). The results have produced a better understanding of the gold repoussé manufacturing techniques for large pieces.Given the number of gold statues that existed at Rome and in its provinces, the preserved pieces represent only a tiny fraction; to recover the precious metal, most gold objects were eventually melted down, with the result that only a very small number of pieces are left. That scarcity explains our difficulties in studying the characteristics of this category. Just 6 gold busts of the Roman period have been documented. The bust of Marcus Aurelius was found in a sewer running beneath a sanctuary of Aventicum (figs. 1, 6a and 16). Then there is the bust of Septimius Severus discovered at Didymoteichon (NE Greece), a small fragment from the shoulder pteriges of a breastplated bust of the 2nd c. A.D. found at the fort of Dambach (Germany), the Late Roman head inserted into the 9th-10th c. statue of St. Fides in the Abbeye of Conques (France), and the much smaller busts of (possibly) Licinius I and of Licinius II probably of the early 4th c.

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41

Scott, Andrew C., Jean Galtier, Neil J. Gostling, Selena Y. Smith, Margaret E. Collinson, Marco Stampanoni, Federica Marone, Philip C. J. Donoghue, and Stefan Bengtson. "Scanning Electron Microscopy and Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Tomographic Microscopy of 330 Million Year Old Charcoalified Seed Fern Fertile Organs." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 2 (March 16, 2009): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090126.

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AbstractAbundant charcoalified seed fern (pteridosperm) pollen organs and ovules have been recovered from Late Viséan (Mississippian 330 Ma) limestones from Kingswood, Fife, Scotland. To overcome limitations of data collection from these tiny, sometimes unique, fossils, we have combined low vacuum scanning electron microscopy on uncoated specimens with backscatter detector and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy utilizing the Materials Science and TOMCAT beamlines at the Swiss Light Source of the Paul Scherrer Institut. In combination these techniques improve upon traditional cellulose acetate peel sectioning because they enable study of external morphology and internal anatomy in multiple planes of section on a single specimen that is retained intact. The pollen organMelissiothecashows a basal parenchymatous cushion bearing more than 100 sporangia on the distal face. Digital sections show the occurrence of pollen in some sporangia. The described ovule is new and has eight integumentary lobes that are covered in spirally arranged glandular hairs. Virtual longitudinal sections reveal the lobes are free above the pollen chamber. Results are applied in taxonomy and will subsequently contribute to our understanding of the former diversity and evolution of ovules, seeds, and pollen organs in the seed ferns, the first seed-bearing plants to conquer the land.

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42

Brunetto, Edoardo L., Fanny Vitullo, Vincent Lamirand, Klemen Ambrožič, Daniel Godat, Michael Buck, Georg Pohlner, Jörg Starflinger, and Andreas Pautz. "High resolution measurements with miniature neutron scintillators in the SUR-100 zero power reactor." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 04029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125304029.

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Three 1-mm3 miniature fiber-coupled scintillators have been used to perform cm-wise resolution measurements of the thermal neutron flux within experimental channels of the SUR-100 facility, a zero power thermal reactor operated by the Institute of Nuclear Technology and Energy Systems at the University of Stuttgart. The detection system is developed at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in collaboration with the Paul Scherrer Institut. Thermal neutrons count rates were measured along the experimental channels I and II, which cross the reactor at the center and tangentially to the core, respectively. The reactor was modelled with the Monte Carlo neutron transport code Serpent-2.1.31. The comparison of experimental and computed reaction rate distributions showed a good agreement within the core region, with discrepancies within 2σ. An unexpected discrepancy, probably caused by a geometric inconsistency in the computational model of the reactor, was observed in the reflector region of the experimental channel I, where a 20% difference (i.e. 8σ) was found between experimental and simulated results. Significant discrepancies, respectively worth 10σ and 15σ, were noticed at distance, in the lead shielding region, for both experimental channels I and II. In addition, reaction rate gradients across the 2.6 cm and 5.4 cm diameters of both channels were measured. A horizontal reaction rate gradient of (9.09 ± 0.20) % was measured within 2.4 cm across the diameter of the experimental channel II, with a difference from computed results of 2%. The absence of a vertical reaction rate gradient inside the experimental channel I was confirmed by measurements.

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43

Hursin, Mathieu, Oskari Pakari, Gregory Perret, Pavel Frajtag, Vincent Lamirand, Imre Pázsit, Victor Dykin, Gabor Por, Henrik Nylén, and Andreas Pautz. "VALIDATION OF AXIAL VOID PROFILE MEASURED BY NEUTRON NOISE TECHNIQUES IN CROCUS." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124708004.

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Recently a joint project has been carried out between the Paul Scherrer Institut, the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne and swissnuclear, an industrial partner, in order to determine the axial void distribution in a channel installed in the reflector of the zero power research reactor CROCUS, using neutron noise techniques. The main objective of the present paper is to report on the validation of the results against an alternative measurement technique using gamma-ray attenuation and simulations with the TRACE code. For the gamma-ray attenuation experiments, the channel used in CROCUS is installed out of the core in a Plexiglass water tank. The source and detector are fixed and the channel is moved axially to keep the geometry of the source/detector arrangement untouched. This is key to measure the void effect by gamma attenuation due to the low contrast of this technique. The paper compares the experimental results obtained with both techniques, with the outcomes of simulations carried out with the TRACE code. Even though the quantitative void fraction estimations are not consistent, the trends obtained with the simulation and experimental techniques are the same. The discrepancies between the various experimental techniques and the simulation outcomes are related to the heterogeneous distribution of the water-air mixture in the radial sections of the channel.

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44

Ayres, Nicholas J., Zurab Berezhiani, Riccardo Biondi, Georg Bison, Kazimierz Bodek, Vira Bondar, Pin-Jung Chiu, et al. "Improved Search for Neutron to Mirror-Neutron Oscillations in the Presence of Mirror Magnetic Fields with a Dedicated Apparatus at the PSI UCN Source." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030503.

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While the international nEDM collaboration at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) took data in 2017 that covered a considerable fraction of the parameter space of claimed potential signals of hypothetical neutron (n) to mirror-neutron (n′) transitions, it could not test all claimed signal regions at various mirror magnetic fields. Therefore, a new study of n−n′ oscillations using stored ultracold neutrons (UCNs) is underway at PSI, considerably expanding the reach in parameter space of mirror magnetic fields (B′) and oscillation time constants (τnn′). The new apparatus is designed to test for the anomalous loss of stored ultracold neutrons as a function of an applied magnetic field. The experiment is distinguished from its predecessors by its very large storage vessel (1.47 m3), enhancing its statistical sensitivity. In a test experiment in 2020 we have demonstrated the capabilities of our apparatus. However, the full analysis of our recent data is still pending. Based on already demonstrated performance, we will reach sensitivity to oscillation times τnn′/cos(β) well above a hundred seconds, with β being the angle between B′ and the applied magnetic field B. The scan of B will allow the finding or the comprehensive exclusion of potential signals reported in the analysis of previous experiments and suggested to be consistent with neutron to mirror-neutron oscillations.

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45

Cinelli, Marco, Matteo Spada, Miłosz Kadziński, Grzegorz Miebs, and Peter Burgherr. "Advancing Hazard Assessment of Energy Accidents in the Natural Gas Sector with Rough Set Theory and Decision Rules." Energies 12, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 4178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214178.

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The impacts of energy accidents are of primary interest for risk and resilience analysts, decision makers, and the general public. They can cause human health and environmental impacts, economic and societal losses, which justifies the interest in developing models to mitigate these adverse outcomes. We present a classification model for sorting energy accidents in the natural gas sector into hazard classes, according to their potential fatalities. The model is built on decision rules, which are knowledge blocks in the form of “if (condition), then (classification to hazard class x)”. They were extracted by the rough sets method using natural gas accident data from 1970–2016 of the Energy-related Severe Accident Database (ENSAD) of the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), the most authoritative information source for accidents in the energy sector. This was the first attempt to explore the relationships between the descriptors of energy accidents and the consequence (fatalities). The model was applied to a set of hypothetical accidents to show how the decision-making process could be supported when there is an interest in knowing which class (i.e., low, medium, high) of fatalities an energy accident could cause. The successful use of this approach in the natural gas sector proves that it can be also adapted for other energy chains, such as oil and coal.

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46

Bührer, Minna, Marco Stampanoni, Xavier Rochet, Felix Büchi, Jens Eller, and Federica Marone. "High-numerical-aperture macroscope optics for time-resolved experiments." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 4 (May 21, 2019): 1161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519004119.

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A novel high-quality custom-made macroscope optics, dedicated to high-resolution time-resolved X-ray tomographic microscopy at the TOMCAT beamline at the Swiss Light Source (Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland), is introduced. The macroscope offers 4× magnification, has a very high numerical aperture of 0.35 and it is modular and highly flexible. It can be mounted both in a horizontal and vertical configuration, enabling imaging of tall samples close to the scintillator, to avoid edge-enhancement artefacts. The macroscope performance was characterized and compared with two existing in-house imaging setups, one dedicated to high spatial and one to high temporal resolution. The novel macroscope shows superior performance for both imaging settings compared with the previous systems. For the time-resolved setup, the macroscope is 4 times more efficient than the previous system and, at the same time, the spatial resolution is also increased by a factor of 6. For the high-spatial-resolution setup, the macroscope is up to 8.5 times more efficient with a moderate spatial resolution improvement (factor of 1.5). This high efficiency, increased spatial resolution and very high image quality offered by the novel macroscope optics will make 10–20 Hz high-resolution tomographic studies routinely possible, unlocking unprecedented possibilities for the tomographic investigations of dynamic processes and radiation-sensitive samples.

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47

Hülsen, Gregor, Christian Broennimann, Eric F. Eikenberry, and Armin Wagner. "Protein crystallography with a novel large-area pixel detector." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 4 (July 15, 2006): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806016591.

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The PILATUS 1M detector, developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut, is a single-photon-counting hybrid pixel detector designed for macromolecular crystallography. With more than 1 million pixels covering an area of 243 × 210 mm, it is the largest such device constructed to date. The detector features a narrow point spread function, very fast readout and a complete absence of electronic noise. Unfortunately, this prototype detector has numerous defective pixels and sporadic errors in counting that complicate its operation. With appropriate experimental design, it was largely possible to work around these problems and successfully demonstrate the application of this technology to structure determination. Conventional coarse ϕ-sliced data were collected on thaumatin and a refined electron density map was produced that showed the features expected of a map at 1.6 Å resolution. The results were compared with the performance of a reference charge-coupled device detector: the pixel detector is superior in speed, but showed higherR-factors because of the counting errors. Complete fine ϕ-sliced data sets recorded in the continuous-rotation mode showed the predicted advantages of this data collection strategy and demonstrated the expected reduction ofR-factors at high resolution. A new readout chip has been tested and shown to be free from the defects of its predecessor; a PILATUS 6M detector incorporating this new technology is under construction.

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Tinti, G., H. Marchetto, C. A. F. Vaz, A. Kleibert, M. Andrä, R. Barten, A. Bergamaschi, et al. "The EIGER detector for low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 5 (August 9, 2017): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577517009109.

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EIGER is a single-photon-counting hybrid pixel detector developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. It is designed for applications at synchrotron light sources with photon energies above 5 keV. Features of EIGER include a small pixel size (75 µm × 75 µm), a high frame rate (up to 23 kHz), a small dead-time between frames (down to 3 µs) and a dynamic range up to 32-bit. In this article, the use of EIGER as a detector for electrons in low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is reported. It is demonstrated that, with only a minimal modification to the sensitive part of the detector, EIGER is able to detect electrons emitted or reflected by the sample and accelerated to 8–20 keV. The imaging capabilities are shown to be superior to the standard microchannel plate detector for these types of applications. This is due to the much higher signal-to-noise ratio, better homogeneity and improved dynamic range. In addition, the operation of the EIGER detector is not affected by radiation damage from electrons in the present energy range and guarantees more stable performance over time. To benchmark the detector capabilities, LEEM experiments are performed on selected surfaces and the magnetic and electronic properties of individual iron nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 8 to 22 nm are detected using the PEEM endstation at the Surface/Interface Microscopy (SIM) beamline of the Swiss Light Source.

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Taguchi, Takeyoshi, Christian Brönnimann, and Eric F. Eikenberry. "Next generation X-ray detectors for in-house XRD." Powder Diffraction 23, no. 2 (June 2008): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.2912455.

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A novel type X-ray detector, called PILATUS, has been developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Switzerland during the last decade. PILATUS detectors are two-dimensional hybrid pixel array detectors, which operate in single-photon counting mode. PILATUS detectors feature a very wide dynamic range (1:1 000 000), very short readout time (<3.0 ms), no readout noise, and very high counting rate (>2×106counts/s/pixel). In addition, a lower energy threshold can be set in order to suppress fluorescence background from the sample, thus a very good signal-to-noise ratio is achieved. The combination of these features for area detectors is unique and thus the PILATUS detectors are considered to be the next generation X-ray detectors. The basic building block of all the detectors is the PILATUS module having an active area of 83.8×33.5 mm2. The PILATUS 100K is a complete detector system with one module. PILATUS detector systems can have other configurations, including large area systems consisting of 20 to 60 modules that can cover up to an area of 431×448 mm2. Such large systems are mainly used for macromolecular structure determination, such as protein crystallography and small angle X-ray scattering. The PILATUS 100K detector can be easily adapted to many systems; the single-module detector is integrated to an in-house X-ray diffraction (XRD) system. Examples of XRD measurements with the PILATUS 100K detector are given.

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Walter, H. K. "The Paul Scherrer Institute." Nuclear Physics News 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10506899308201849.

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