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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Paternity distribution"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Paternity distribution"

Smouse, P. E., and T. R. Meagher. "Genetic analysis of male reproductive contributions in Chamaelirium luteum (L.) gray (Liliaceae)." Genetics 136, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.1.313.

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Abstract Genealogical analysis is a powerful tool for analysis of reproductive performance in both natural and captive populations, but assignment of paternity has always been a stumbling block for this sort of work. Statistical methods for determining paternity have undergone several phases of development, ranging from straightforward genetic exclusion to assignment of paternity based on genetic likelihood criteria. In the present study, we present a genetic likelihood-based iterative procedure for fractional allocation of paternity within a progeny pool and apply this method to a population of Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious member of the Liliaceae. Results from this analysis clearly demonstrate that different males make unequal contributions to the overall progeny pool, with many males contributing essentially nothing to the next generation. Furthermore, the distribution of paternal success among males shows a highly significant departure from (Poisson) randomness. The results from the present analysis were compared with earlier results obtained from the same data set, using likelihood-based categorical paternity assignments. The general biological pattern revealed by the two analyses is the same, but the estimates of reproductive success are only modestly (though significantly) correlated. The iterative procedure makes more complete use of the data and generates a more sharply resolved distribution of male reproductive success.

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RYMAN, NILS, and RANAJIT CHAKRABORTY. "Evaluation of paternity-testing data from the joint distribution of paternity index and rate of exclusion." Hereditas 96, no. 1 (February 14, 2008): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00032.x.

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Cant and Reeve. "Female Control of the Distribution of Paternity in Cooperative Breeders." American Naturalist 160, no. 5 (2002): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3079112.

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Cant, Michael A., and Hudson K. Reeve. "Female Control of the Distribution of Paternity in Cooperative Breeders." American Naturalist 160, no. 5 (November 2002): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/342820.

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DE J. VIEIRA, L., L. F. DE Q. TAVARES FILHO, F. V. D. SOUZA, A. A. C. ALVES, and E. J. DE OLIVEIRA. "Development of interspecific hybrids of cassava and paternity analysis with molecular markers." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 6 (December 10, 2012): 849–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000871.

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SUMMARYThe present paper demonstrates the development of interspecific hybrids between Manihot esculenta Crantz ssp. esculenta (Mee) and M. esculenta Crantz ssp. flabellifolia (Mef) and paternity analysis using microsatellite markers [simple sequence repeat (SSR)]. Three Mef accessions (FLA005, FLA025V and FLA029V) were used for crosses with varieties of Mee: Saracura, Aipim Bravo, COL 1725, Aipim Rosa, Abóbora, Paraná and PER334. The paternity of the interspecific hybrids was investigated using 24 SSRs. The observed heterozygosity (Ho), polymorphic information content (PIC), probability of identity (PI) and paternity exclusion (PE) were evaluated. The rate of breeding success varied from 17 to 92%, and an average of two pollinations were required for each generated hybrid plant. The Ho value ranged from 0·11 to 0·92, and the PIC value ranged from 0·12 to 0·59. The uneven distribution of allele frequencies was accompanied by a high PI average (0·56). However, the combined PE for 21 loci was 0·99, which allows for the determination of the paternity of the hybrids with good discriminatory power. Of the 74 hybrids evaluated, 0·82 had their paternity confirmed using microsatellite markers. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) indicated the presence of eight clusters, of which, one was composed of only Mef varieties and the supposed hybrid Fla52Sar-H7, which was a product of apomixis. The parent Mee and hybrids were allocated in the other seven clusters. The data obtained demonstrate that SSR markers can be routinely used in breeding programmes to verify the paternity of interspecific crosses of cassava.

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Townsend, Robert, Adam Stow, Maria Asmyhr, and Paolo Momigliano. "Multiple paternity in captive grey nurse sharks (Carcharias taurus): implications for the captive breeding of this critically endangered species." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 2 (2015): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14909.

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The grey nurse shark (Carcharius taurus) is listed as threatened throughout much of its global distribution, and as critically endangered in eastern Australia. Captive breeding programs have thus far been largely unsuccessful and little is known of its mating system in this context. Here we carry out a paternity analysis to determine if the mating system in captivity is characterised by multiple mating, and whether poor offspring survival is associated with a particular male. Tissue samples from grey nurse sharks were collected from three potential sires, the two dams and nine pups housed at Manly SEA LIFE Sanctuary in eastern Australia. Each individual was genotyped at seven microsatellite markers and three cases of multiple paternity were inferred. No paternal link to stillborn (5), or scoliotic (2) pups was indicated. For the first time, we show the natural wild phenomenon of multiple paternity occurring in a captive environment.

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Wudarski, Arkadiusz. "Zaskarżenie domniemania ojcostwa w Szwajcarii – ujęcie komparatystyczne." Studia Iuridica, no. 89 (May 2, 2022): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-89.22.

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This paper is devoted to questions of contesting the presumption of paternity in Switzerland. The research covers both substantive and procedural issues, in particular the admissibility and the scope of the claim, the group of entitled persons, the time frame, the distribution of the burden of proof, and the consequences of lifting the presumption. Special attention is paid to the legal position of the biological father who is not the legal father. The analysis of Swiss law is accompanied by a Polish-German comparative legal perspective. The research leads to the conclusion that the mother’s marital status cannot absolutely determine the child’s affiliation. The legally imposed affiliation of the child, based on the principle of pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant, should be made more flexible. The biological father should have independent legal instruments to verify the child’s affiliation. In particular, he should be entitled to the challenge of paternity in the prenatal and postnatal periods. Finally, it is necessary to develop uniform and transparent criteria for questioning paternity, which will be created after carefully balancing all the opposing interests.

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Chakraborty, R., T. R. Meagher, and P. E. Smouse. "Parentage analysis with genetic markers in natural populations. I. The expected proportion of offspring with unambiguous paternity." Genetics 118, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.3.527.

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Abstract Recent studies indicate that polymorphic genetic markers are potentially helpful in resolving genealogical relationships among individuals in a natural population. Genetic data provide opportunities for paternity exclusion when genotypic incompatibilities are observed among individuals, and the present investigation examines the resolving power of genetic markers in unambiguous positive determination of paternity. Under the assumption that the mother for each offspring in a population is unambiguously known, an analytical expression for the fraction of males excluded from paternity is derived for the case where males and females may be derived from two different gene pools. This theoretical formulation can also be used to predict the fraction of births for each of which all but one male can be excluded from paternity. We show that even when the average probability of exclusion approaches unity, a substantial fraction of births yield equivocal mother-father-offspring determinations. The number of loci needed to increase the frequency of unambiguous determinations to a high level is beyond the scope of current electrophoretic studies in most species. Applications of this theory to electrophoretic data on Chamaelirium luteum (L.) shows that in 2255 offspring derived from 273 males and 70 females, only 57 triplets could be unequivocally determined with eight polymorphic protein loci, even though the average combined exclusionary power of these loci was 73%. The distribution of potentially compatible male parents, based on multilocus genotypes, was reasonably well predicted from the allele frequency data available for these loci. We demonstrate that genetic paternity analysis in natural populations cannot be reliably based on exclusionary principles alone. In order to measure the reproductive contributions of individuals in natural populations, more elaborate likelihood principles must be deployed.

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Guay, P. J., and R. A. Mulder. "Skewed paternity distribution in the extremely size dimorphic Musk Duck (Biziura lobata)." Emu - Austral Ornithology 107, no. 3 (September 2007): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu07012.

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Delgado-Acevedo, Johanna, Angeline Zamorano, Randy W. DeYoung, Tyler A. Campbell, David G. Hewitt, and David B. Long. "Promiscuous mating in feral pigs (Sus scrofa) from Texas, USA." Wildlife Research 37, no. 7 (2010): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10052.

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Context Feral pigs represent a significant threat to agriculture and ecosystems and are disease reservoirs for pathogens affecting humans, livestock and other wildlife. Information on the behavioural ecology of feral pigs might increase the efficiency and effectiveness of management strategies. Aims We assessed the frequency of promiscuous mating in relation to oestrous synchrony in feral pigs from southern Texas, USA, an agroecosystem with a widespread and well established population of feral pigs. An association between multiple paternity of single litters and synchrony of oestrous may indicate alternative mating strategies, such as mate-guarding. Methods We collected gravid sows at nine sites in southern Texas during 2005–07. We used a panel of DNA microsatellite markers to estimate frequency of multiple paternity and the distribution of male mating among litters of feral pigs. Conception dates were determined by fitting average fetal crown–rump measurements within litters to expected fetal development relative to gestation time. Key results We found evidence of multiple paternity in 21 of 64 litters (33%) from seven of nine sites sampled. Synchrony of oestrous did not influence promiscuous mating, as we found multiple paternity at sites with synchronous and asynchronous oestrous. Males sired from 8 to 11 offspring at three sites where >10 litters were sampled. Mean litter size (5.4) was less than the best-fit value for the number of offspring, indicating that some males sired offspring with ≥ 2 females. Key conclusions Feral pigs in Texas appear to be promiscuous under a range of demographic conditions, unlike wild boar and feral pigs in other regions. The ecological and behavioural factors affecting multiple paternity are not clear, but may include male–male competition, harassment avoidance, genetic benefits for offspring, response to macro-habitat conditions, or selection. Implications A high incidence of sexual contact among individuals may increase the opportunity for diseases transmitted by oral or venereal routes, such as swine brucellosis and pseudorabies. In addition, fertility-control methods targeting males only are likely to be inefficient if female promiscuity is high; methods targeting females or both sexes jointly may be more effective.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Paternity distribution"

CUTULI, GIULIA. "Female sperm use and paternity distribution in the promiscuous tortoise Testudo hermanni hermanni." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/797259.

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Chelonian species are one of the most outstanding examples of promiscuity and long-term female sperm storage. Such characteristics lay the basis for post-copulatory processes such as sperm competition and cryptic female choice. In the last years most of the researches concerning sexual selection in Chelonia tended to focus on turtles (i.e. aquatic species) and till now little is known about the factors influencing mounting and reproductive success of males in tortoises (i.e. terrestrial species). Moreover, no studies investigated the presence and eventually the extent of a cryptic female choice in favour of determinate males: some authors, in fact, have already suggested that courtship intensity could be used by females as an honest signal of male’s health and good genes. Within this framework, my PhD research focused on Testudo hermanni hermanni, being an example of promiscuous species able to store sperm for years. This taxon is one of the three species of Testudo endemic to Europe, and it is becoming endangered in the wild. The main aim of my research was to determine, combining a behavioural and a genetic approach, which factors are more likely to influence male’s success, both in the courtship phase and in the fertilization of eggs. For performing my experiments I used both captive and wild individuals. Thanks to a series of planned controlled matings and to parental genetic assignment of the hatchlings produced by experimental females, first of all I demonstrated that mating order does not influence nor mounting neither reproductive success of males, on the contrary of what observed in other chelonian species. The pattern of paternity distribution found in successive clutches seems instead to support the idea of an optimized use of stored sperm by females, following a sperm viability criterion. Secondly, the time a male spent in copulation with a female does not correlate with his siring success: this result seems to indicate that the male probability of egg fertilization is not linked to the amount of sperm released in the female genital tract, at least during the first reproductive season after mating. Finally, under inter-male competition conditions, my experiments clearly demonstrated that a hierarchy is soon established between the two competitors and that alfa males are more motivated in courting females and achieve a higher mounting success than the beta ones. Notwithstanding, males of higher hierarchy do not obtain a reproductive advantage over males of lower rank. This finding supports the idea that in spite the existence of qualitative differences between partners, females do not seem to operate any post-copulatory active choice in favour of determinate males. I then suggest that best quality males may produce more viable sperm, and thus can acquire a long-term reproductive advantage over others, both in terms of fertilization success and offspring survival. Surely more long-term studies are needed, but this thesis provides an original and fundamental contribution that may help at clarifying, for the first time, the mechanism at the basis of pre- and post- copulatory sexual selection in tortoises.

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Книги з теми "Paternity distribution"

Commission, Great Britain Law. Family law: Distribution on intestacy. London: HMSO, 1989.

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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0001.

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Most cheetah studies have been confined to mesic savannahs, yet much of its distribution range covers arid systems. The prime objective in this study was to examine the species’ adaptations to an arid region, to compare the results with those from other cheetah studies, especially from the Serengeti, and to analyse the data within the framework of carnivore population and behavioural ecology. The study was conducted in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park South Africa/Botswana, an area receiving 180–250 mm rainfall per year. Tracking spoor with the help of Bushmen trackers and continuous follows of 21 VHF radio-collared cheetahs were the main study methods used. These were supported by photographic records for individual identification, DNA studies for genetic aspects including paternity, and the use of doubly labelled water and the fitting of miniature data loggers for energetic studies. The statistical tests used to analyse the data are described.

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Частини книг з теми "Paternity distribution"

Luque, J. A., P. García, R. M. Fernández, M. Crespillo, E. Ramírez, and J. L. Valverde. "Allele Frequency Distribution of Five VNTR Loci and Paternity Testing in North-East of Spain." In 16th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics (Internationale Gesellschaft für forensische Hämogenetik e.V.), Santiago de Compostela, 12–16 September 1995, 575–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80029-0_175.

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Weichhold, G. M., W. Keil, and B. Bayer. "The Y-Linked Locus Y27H39 (DYS19), Frequency Distribution in South Bavarian and Application to Paternity Testing." In 16th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics (Internationale Gesellschaft für forensische Hämogenetik e.V.), Santiago de Compostela, 12–16 September 1995, 641–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80029-0_198.

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Papiha, S. S., and M. Thymann. "Analysis of the Locus D1S80: Frequency Distribution in North-East England and Application to Paternity Testing." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 193–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78782-9_46.

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